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Phy Lecture 1

Vibrations refer to oscillations about an equilibrium point that can be periodic or random. Oscillatory motion involves a restoring force and opposing damping force that causes the oscillations to slow down over time. Damped oscillations have an amplitude that decreases exponentially with time. The frequency of damped oscillations depends on the natural frequency and damping coefficient. Forced oscillations occur when a damped oscillator is driven by an external periodic force, with the largest amplitudes at resonance where the driving frequency matches the natural frequency.

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39 views

Phy Lecture 1

Vibrations refer to oscillations about an equilibrium point that can be periodic or random. Oscillatory motion involves a restoring force and opposing damping force that causes the oscillations to slow down over time. Damped oscillations have an amplitude that decreases exponentially with time. The frequency of damped oscillations depends on the natural frequency and damping coefficient. Forced oscillations occur when a damped oscillator is driven by an external periodic force, with the largest amplitudes at resonance where the driving frequency matches the natural frequency.

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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Vibrations, motion of an

oscillator

PHY103 Physics 3 9/15/2023 1


 Vibration is a mechanical phenomenon
whereby oscillations occur about an
equilibrium point. The word comes from Latin
vibrationem ("shaking, brandishing"). The
oscillations may be periodic, such as the
motion of a pendulum or random, such as the
movement of a tire on a gravel road.
 Oscillatory motion is therefore a motion of an
object that regularly returns to a given
position
Simple Pendulum
Typically, when something is oscillating, there
is an opposing force (friction or drag) acting
on the oscillation and causing it to slow down
and come to a stop.

If you were to swing a ball attached to the end


of a string hanging on the ceiling, you would
eventually see that it comes to a stop. This is
called damping!
Another example of
damped motion occurs
when an object is
attached to a spring and
submerged in a viscous
liquid
The retarding force can
be expressed as R =-bv
where b is a constant
b is called the damping
coefficient and v is the
speed of the object.
Damped Oscillations cont.

The force is proportional to the speed of the moving object and


acts in the direction opposite the motion.
The retarding force can be expressed as: R = - bv ( where b is
a constant called damping coefficient) and the restoring force of
the system is – kx, then we can write Newton's second law as

 F  kx  bv
x x  max  kx  b
dx
dt
m
d 2x
dt 2

When the retarding force is small compared with the max


restoring force that is, b is small the solution is,
b k b 2
 t  ( )
x(t )  Ae 2m
cos(t   ) m 2m

6
Displacement as a function of time:
x(t) = Ae-bt/2mcos(ωDt+φ) where
The first half of the function for
displacement is an equation describing how the
amplitude changes (shrinks as a result of
damping): A(t) = Ae-bt/2m
The cosine half of the equation describes the
oscillation.
b = drag coefficient with units of kg/s
So, the bigger b is, the bigger the drag force is.
Mass on a spring: w = √k/m
Simple pendulum: w = √g/L
Drag affects frequency, so it’s different in
damped oscillations: w = √wo – (b/2m)2

 For a simple harmonic oscillator; f = 1/T =


w/2π
This is the equation for frequency in damped
oscillations: w = √wo – (b/2m)2
Where ωo changes depending on whether one
is working with a simple pendulum or a mass
on a spring one can then use one of those
natural frequencies.
 The fig. shows the
position as a function in
time of the object
oscillation in the presence
of a retarding force, the
amplitude decreases in
time, this system is know
as a damped oscillator.
The dashed line which
defined the envelope of
the oscillator curve,
represent the exponential
factor
The fig. represent position versus
time:
a- under damped oscillator
b- critical damped oscillator
c- Over damped oscillator.

as the value of "b" in Ae-bt/2m increase the amplitude of the


oscillations decreases more and more rapidly.
When b reaches a critical value bc ( bc / 2m  o ), the system
does not oscillate and is said to be critically damped.
And when bc / 2m  o the system is over damped.

11
Given a system where a mass of 120 g is
oscillating on a spring, the spring constant k
97 N/m and the drag coefficient b is 0.18
kg/s, how long will it take for the amplitude
to decrease to 25% of its original amplitude?
120g

M = 120g, b=0.18 kg/s, k=97 N/m


This is the equation for the displacement of a
damped oscillator:
x(t) = Ae-bt/2mcos(ωDt+φ)
But since the question is only asking about the
amplitude, we only need to use this part of it:
A(t) = Ae-bt/2m
The question asks when the amplitude will be 25% of
the original, so we go from this: A(t) =A0e-bt/2m
to 0.25Ao= Aoe-bt/2m
Here you can see that you don’t actually need to
know the initial amplitude because there’s a term
on both sides, so they cancel out and you get this:
0.25=e-bt/2m

Since we’re solving for time, we need to bring the


power down. We do so by logging both sides
Logging both sides gives you this:
ln0.25 = (-bt/2m)(lne)
The natural log of e is just 1 so you get:
ln0.25 = -bt/2m
m = 120g = 0.12kg
Now you can isolate t and solve for time:

ln0.25 gives you a negative number, which cancels with


the negative in front of the negative 2 to give you a
positive number overall. Kg cancel out to give you time
in seconds. Notice that k wasn’t used at all.
 A simple harmonic oscillator takes 12.0 s to
undergo five
complete Oscillations . Find (a) the period of its
motion,
(b) the frequency in hertz, and (c) the angular
frequency
in radians per second.

 A 7.00-kg object is hung from the bottom end of


a vertical spring fastened to an overhead beam.
The object is set into vertical oscillations having
a period of 2.60 s. Find
the force constant of the spring.
 T= 2.4s
 F = 1/T = ½.4 = 0.42Hz
 W = 2πf = 2*3.142*0.42 = 2.64rad/s
 W = √K/m
 2.64 = √k/7
 (2.64)2 = k/7
It is possible to compensate for the loss of energy in a damped
system by applying an external force

The amplitude of the motion remains constant if the energy


input per cycle exactly equals the decrease in mechanical
energy in each cycle that results from resistive forces.

After a driving force on an initially stationary object begins to


act, the amplitude of the oscillation will increase

After a sufficiently long period of time, Edriving = Elost to internal


Then a steady-state condition is reached
The oscillations will proceed with constant amplitude
Forced Oscillation Cont:
For the forced oscillator is a damped oscillator driven by an
external force that varies periodically
Where;
F (t )  Fo sin t

where ω is the angular frequency of the driving force and Fo is a


constant

The amplitude of a F
driven
o /m
oscillation is
A
 b 
2

(   )  
2 2
o
2

 m 

0 is the natural frequency of the undammed oscillator (b=0).


o  k m

19
For small damping the amplitude is large, when the frequency
of the driving force is near the natural frequency (   0) an
increase in amplitude occurs. The natural frequency 0 is also
called the resonance frequency of the system

This dramatic increase in the amplitude is called resonance.


The reason for large-amplitude oscillations at the resonance
frequency is that energy is being transferred to the system
under the most favorable conditions. We can better
understand this concept by taking the first time derivative of
x in x = A cos (wt +φ) which gives an expression for the
velocity of the oscillator. We find that v is proportional to
sin (wt +φ), which is the same trigonometric function as that
describing the driving force. Therefore, the applied force F is
in phase with the
velocity.
Resonance(maximum
peak) occurs when
driving frequency equals
the natural frequency
The amplitude increases
with decreased damping
The curve broadens as the
damping increases
The shape of the
resonance curve depends
on b

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