Chapter 6 (Previous Papers)

6.4 Faraday’s Law of Induction (mark) 1. On what factors does the magnitude of the emf induced in the circuit due to magnetic flux depend? (Foreign 2013) 6.5 Lenz’s Law and conservation of Energy (1 mark) 2. A long straight current carrying wire passes normally through the centre of circular loop. Ifthe current through the wire increases, will there be an induced emf in the loop? Justify. (Delhi 2017) 3. Predict the polarity of the capacitor in the situation described below: (AI 2017) 4. A bar magnet is moved in the direction indicated by the arrow between two coils PQ and CD. Predict the direction of the induced current in each coil. Pr—owBHP—JO —+ 0 D —@— (AI 2017) 5. What is the direction of induced currents in metal rings 1 and 2 when current [in the wire is increasing steadily ? O! Or (AI2017) 6. A horizontal conducting rod 10 m long extending from east to west is falling with a y ML Years’ Ht POE TO MES CCT ta 10. ue (EAD CBSE Champion Physics Class 12 ' at right angles to the horizontal component of the Earth's magnetic field, 0.3 x 10" Wb m?, value of the emf induced in the rod (2/5, AL 2017) Figure shows a current carrying solenoid moving towards a conducting loop. Find the direction of the current “0 in the loop. speed 5.0 ms Find the instantaneous (Delhi 2015C) ‘The electric current flowing in a wire in the direction from B to A is decreasing. Find out the direction of the induced current in the metallic loop kept above the wire as shown, : 5 (AI 2014) A flexible wire of x x x x x x x irregular shape, abed, as shown in the figure, turns into a shape when placed in a region of * magnetic field which is directed normal to the plane of the loop away from the reader. Predict the direction of the induced current in the wire. (Foreign 2014) Predict the direction of induced current in circular metal rings 1 and 2 when current Jin the wire is steadily decreasing ? 0 ‘ 20 (Delhi 2012) A bar magnet is moved in the direction indicated by the arrow between two coils PQ and CD, Predict the directions of induced current in each coil.-—~ ToT fH) » NS > ® (Al 2012) 12. The closed loop(PQRS) x x x x x x of wire is moved into a P x2, uniform magnetic field ™ "I, at right angles to the x x x x x x plane of the paper as shown in the figure. Predict the direction of the induced current in the loop. (Foreign 2012) (AI20120) 14. Two bar magnets are quickly moved towards a metallic loop connected across a capacitor “Cas shown in the figure. Predict the polarity of the capacitor. (AI 2011) 15. Two loops of different shapes are moved in a region of uniform magnetic field in the directions marked by arrows as shown in the figure. What is the direction of the induced current in each loop? x xX x x x 13, State Lenz’s law. x x x x x r £ b. Assume that only the arm PQ possesses resistance r. When the arm PQ is pulled outward from x = 0 to = 2b and is then moved backward to x = 0 with constant speed v, obtain the expressions for the flux and the induced emf. Sketch the variations of these quantities with distance x=2b (AI 2010) 6.7 Energy Consideration : A Quantitative Study (2 marks) 30. A rectangular loop PQMN with movable arm PQ of length 10 cm and resistance 2 Q is placed in a uniform magnetic field of 0.1 T acting perpendicular to the plane of the loop as is shown in the figure. The resistances of the arms MN, NP and MQ are negligible. Calculate the (i) emf induced in the arm PQ and (ii) current induced in the loop when arm PQ is moved with velocity 20 m/s.ELM (3 marks) Electromagnetic Induction XyX XX Kx pk x xMx x x XOX ® (Delhi 2014C) 31, A rectangular conductor LMNO is placed in a uniform magnetic field of 0.5 T. The field is directed perpendicular to the plane of the conductor. When the arm MN of length of 20 cm is moved towards left with a velocity of 10 m s", calculate the emf induced in the arm, Given the resistance of the arm to be 5 (assuming that other armsare of negligible resistance) find the value of the current in the arm, BE: (AI2013) 32. The figure shows a rectangular conducting frame MNOP of resistance R placed partly in a perpendicular magnetic field B and moved with velocity 7 as shown in the figure. Obtain the expression for the xx x x (a) force acting on the arm ‘ON’ and its direction. (b) power required to move the frame to get a steady emf induced between the arms MNand PO. (AI2019) 33. A metallic rod of length ‘T is rotated with a uniform angular speed @, with one end hinged at the centre and the other end at the circumference of a circular metallic ring of radius R = |, about an axis passing through the 139 centre and perpendicular to the plane of the ring. A constant and uniform magnetic field B parallel to the axis is present everywhere. Deduce the expression for the emf induced in the rod. If ris the resistance of the rod and the metallic ring has negligible resistance, obtain the expression for the power generated. (AI 2013C) BEEN (5 marks) 34, A jet plane is travelling towards west at a speed of 1800 km/h. (Estimate voltage difference developed between the ends of the wing having a span of 25 m if the earth’s magnetic field at the location has a magnitude of 5x 10 T and dip angle is 30°. (ii) How will the voltage developed be affected if the jet changes its direction from west to north? (3/5, AT 2015C) 35. A square loop of side 20 cm is initially kept 30cm away froma region of uniform magnetic field of 0.1 T as shown in the figure. It is then moved towards the right with a velocity of 10cm s" till it goes out of the field, Plot a graph showing the variation of (i) magnetic flux () through the loop with time (1). (ii) induced emf (e) in the loop with time t. (iii) induced current in the loop if it has resistance of 0.1 Q. poner” 10 emis | ae kb wan (3/5, AI 2015C) 36. A metallic rod of length ! and resistance R is rotated with a frequency v, with one end hinged at the centre and the other end at the circumference of a circular metallic ring of radius |, about an axis passing through the centre and perpendicular to the plane of the ring. A constant and uniform magnetic field B parallel to the axis is present everywhere. (a) Derive the expression for the induced emf and the current in the rod, es a 4 i140 (b) Due to the presence of the current in the rod and of the magnetic field, find the expression for the magnitude and direction of the force acting on this rod (©) Hence obtain the expression forthe power required to rotate the rod. (Al 20140) 6.8 Eddy Currents EW 6 mark) 37. Give one example of use of eddy currents. (Foreign 2014) 38. A metallic piece gets hot when surrounded by a coil carrying high frequency alternating current. Why? (Delhi 2014) (2 marks) 39. What are eddy currents? Write any two applications of eddy currents, (A 2011) (Smarks) 40. What are eddy currents ? How are they produced? Describe briefly three main useful applications of eddy currents. (Foreign 2015) 6.9 Inductance Ta ve 41, Define the term ‘self-inductance’ of a coil. Write its S.L unit. (AI 2015) 42. How does the mutual inductance of a pair of coils change when (i) distance between the coils is increased and (ii) number of turns in the coils is increased? (AI 2013) 43. A plot of magnetic flux (9) versus current (J) is shown in the figure for two inductors A and B. Which of the two has larger value of self inductance? ' (Delhi 2010) CBSE Champion Physics Class 12 WEN 2 marks) 44. Starting from the expression for the energy w var, stored in a solenoid of self: inductance J, to build up the current [, obtain the expression for the magnetic energy in terms of the magnetic field B, area A and length 1 of the solenoid having n number of turns per unit length. Hence, show that the energy density is given by B?/2Ho. (Delhi 2013C) (i) Define mutual inductance between two long coaxial solenoids. 45, (ii) Find out the expression for the mutual inductance of inner solenoid of length having the radius r, and the number of turns ‘nm, per unit length due to the second outer solenoid of same length and m, number of turns per unit length. (Delhi 2012) 46. Current in a circuit falls steadily from 5.0 A to 0.0 A in 100 ms. If an average em. of 200 V is induced, calculate the self-inductance of the circuit. (Foreign 2011) 47, Two concentric circular coils C, and C), radius r, and r, (r, << rp) respectively are kept co-axially. If current is passed through Cy then, find an expression for mutual inductance between the two coils, (AI 2011C) 48. Two identical loops, one of copper and the other of aluminium, are rotated with the same angular speed in the same magnetic field. Compare (i) the induced emf and (ii) the current produced in the two coils. Justify your answer. (AI 2010) 49, Twolong co-axial solenoids of the same length but different radii and different number of turns are wound one over the other. Deduce the expression for the mutual inductance of this arrangement. (Foreign 2010) (3 marks) 50. (a) Define the term ‘self-inductance and write its SL unit, (b) Obtain the expression for the mutual inductance of two long co-axial solenoids Sand S, wound one over the other, eachElectromagnetic Induction 53. 55. 56. 57. 58. of length Land radii ry and ry and 1 and ny number of turns per unit length, when a current [is set up in the outer solenoid 5; (Delhi 2017) . Define mutual inductance between a pair of coils. Derive an expression for the mutual inductance of two long coaxial solenoids of same length wound one over the other, (Ar2017) Define self-inductance of a coil. Obi the expression for the energy stored in an inductor L connected across a source of emf. (AI 2017) (i) Define mutual inductance. (ii) A pair of adjacent coils has a mutual inductance of 1.5 H. If the current in one coil changes from 0 to 20 A in 0.5 s, what is the change of flux linkage with the other coil ? (Delhi 2016) (i) Define self-inductance. Write its SI unit. (ii) A long solenoid with 15 turns per cm has a small loop of area 2.0 cm’ placed inside the solenoid normal to its axis If the current carried by the solenoid changes steadily from 20 to 40 A in 0.1 s, what is the induced emf in the loop while the current is changing? (Foreign 2016) Define the term ‘mutual inductance’ between the two coils. Obtain the expression for mutual inductance of a pair of long coaxial solenoids each of length | and radii r; and r, (r, >> r)). Total number of turns in the two solenoids are N; and N, respectively. (AI 2014) Define the term self-inductance of a solenoid. Obtain the expression for the magnetic energy stored in an inductor of self-inductance L to build up acurrent J through it. (AI 2014) ‘The currents flowing in the two coils of self- inductance L, = 16 mH and L, = 12 mH are increasing at the same rate. If the power supplied to the two coils are equal, find the ratio of (i) induced voltages, (ii) the currents and (iii) the energies stored in the two coils ata given instant, (Foreign 2014) Define self-inductance of a coil, Write its SI unit, 141 Derive the expression for self-inductance of a long solenoid of cross-sectional area ‘A’, length ‘f having ‘n’ turns per unit length. (AI 20120) (5 marks) 59. (a) Explain the meaning of the term mutual inductance, Consider two concentric circular coils, one of radius r, and the other of radius fr, < 7) placed coaxially with centres coinciding with each other. Obtain the expression for the mutual inductance of the arrangement. (b) A rectangular coil of area A, having number of turns Nis rotated at ‘f’ revolutions per second in a uniform magnetic field B, the field being perpendicular to the coil. Prove that the maximum emf induced in the coil is 2nf NBA. (12016) 60. (a) Define mutual inductance and write its S.L units. (b) Derive an expression for the mutual inductance of two long co-axial solenoids of same length wound one over the other. (©) In an experiment, two coils C, and C, are placed close to each other. Find out the expression for emf induced in the coil C, due toa change in the current through the coil C,. (Delhi 2015) 61. Define mutual inductance of a pair of coils and write on which factors does it depend. (2/5, AI2015C) 62, ‘The current flowing through an inductor of self inductance L is continuously increasing. Plot a graph showing the variation of (i) Magnetic flux versus the current (ii) Induced emf versus di/at ii) Magnetic potential energy stored versus the current. (Delhi 2014) 63. Deduce an expression for the mutual inductance of two long coaxial solenoids but having different radii and different number of turns, (3/5, AI 2014) 64. (a) Define the term ‘mutual inductance. Deduce the expression for the mutual inductance of two long coaxial solenoids having different radii and different number of turns,142 (b) A coil is mechanically rotated with constant angular speed @ in a uniform magnetic field which is perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the coil. The plane of the coil is initially held perpendicular to the \d Plot a graph showing variation of (i) magnetic flux and (ii) the induced emf in the coil as a function of of (Foreign 2013) 65. (a) Derive the expression for the mutual inductance of two long coaxial solenoids of same length having radii, and ry (r > 1) (b) Show that mutual inductance of solenoid 1 due to solenoid 2, M,3, is the same as that of 2 due to 1 ie, My (Foreign 2011) 6.10 AC Generator SINIM (3 marks) 66. Draw a labelled diagram of an ac. generator. Explain briefly its principle and working. (A12012C) HEE 65 marks) 67. (a) Draw a schematic diagram for an ac generator. Explain its working and obtain the expression for the instantaneous value of the emf in terms of the magnetic field B, number of turns N of the coil of area A rotating with angular frequency «2. Show how an alternating, emfis generated by a loop of wire rotating in a magnetic field. (b) A circular coil of radius 10 cm and 20 turns is rotated about its vertical diameter with angular speed of 50 rad sina uniform horizontal magnetic field of 3.0 x 10° T. (i) Calculate the maximum and average emf induced in the coil. (ii) Ifthe coil forms. closed loop of resistance 10 Q, calculate the maximum current in the coil and the average power loss due to Joule heating, (A12019) State the principle of an ac generator and explain its working with the help of a labelled diagram, Obtain the expression for the emf induced in a coil having N turns each of cross sectional area A, rotating with a constant 69. 70, 71. 72. 73. (EKHED CBSE Champion Physics Class 12 angular speed ‘a’ in a magnetic field B. directed perpendicular to the axis of rotation (3/5, 2018) labelled Derive the expression for the (a) Draw a diagram of ac generator. instantaneous value of the emf induced in the coil. (b) A circular coil of cross-sectional area 200 cm? and 20 turns is rotated about the vertical diameter with angular speed of 50 rads"! in a uniform magnetic field of magnitude 3.0 x 107 T. Calculate the maximum value of the current in the coil. (Delhi 2017) Draw a labelled diagram of an ac generator. Obtain the expression for the emf induced in the rotating coil for N turns each of cross- sectional area A, in the presence of a magnetic field B. (3/5, AI 2017) (a) Draw a schematic sketch of an ac generator describing its basic elements. State briefly its working principle. Show a plot of variation of (i) Magnetic flux and (i) Alternating emf versus time generated by a loop of wire rotating in a magnetic field. (b) Why is choke coil needed in the use of fluorescent tubes with ac mains? (Delhi 2014) (a) Drawa labelled diagram of ac. generator and state its working principle. (b) How is magnetic flux linked with the armature coil changed in a generator? (c) Derive the expression for maximum value of the induced emf and state the rule that gives the direction of the induced emt. (€) Show the variation of the emf generated versus time as the armature is rotated with respect to the direction of the magnetic field (Delhi 2014) (a)_ State the principle on which AC generator works. Draw a labelled diagram and explain ts working, (b) A conducting rod held horizontally along East-West direction is dropped trom rest, from a certain height near the Earths surface.Electromagnetic Induction Why should there be an induced emf across the ends of the rod ? Draw a plot showing the instantaneous variation of emf as a function of time from the instant it begins to fall, (Foreign 2012) 74, (a) State the working of a.c. generator with the help of a labelled diagram, (b) The coil of an a.c. generator having N turns, each of area A, is rotated with a constant angular velocity «. Deduce the expression for the alternating e.m.f. generated in the coil. 143, (c) What is the source of energy generation (AI 2011) Describe briefly, with the help of a labelled diagram, the basic elements of an A.C. generator. State its underlying principle. (b) Show diagrammatically howan alternating emf is generated by a loop of wire rotating in a magnetic field. Write the expression for the instantaneous value of the emf induced in the rotating loop. (Delhi 2010) in this device ? pw PUT LS oe 1. ‘The magnitude of the emf induced in the circuit due to magnetic flux depends on the rate of change of magnetic flux with time through the circuit. _ 40 “ar 2. The magnetic lines of force due to current are parallel to the plane of the loop. So angle between magnetic field and area vector is 90°. Hence, the flux linked with the loop is zero. Hence, there will benno induced emfin the loop. 3. Polarity of plate A will be positive with respect to plate B in the capacitor. Pl es D = ys y -—@— @ According to Lenz’s law direction of current in loop PQ is from P to Q and in loop CD is from CtoD. 5. The direction of induced current in metal ring 1 is clockwise. In metal ring Oo 2 is anticlockwise when current > I in the wire is increasing weal. Gi 6. Blvsin® Given : B = 0.3 x 10 Wb m? (0m, 0 = 90" 3x 104 x 10x5 x sin90° v=Sms'1 = Blvsind = 0. e=15x104V €=15 x10°V=15mV 7. The direction of current in the coil is anti-clock wise. 8 Clockwise, so that the magnetic field produced by the induced current is also directed inwards in direction of decreasing magnetic field of current, in straight line. OQ eas A B 9. ‘The wire is expanding to form a circle, which means that force is acting outwards on each part of the wire because of the magnetic field (acting in the downwards direction). ‘The direction of the induced current should be such that it will produce magnetic field in upward direction (towards the reader). Hence, the force on the wire will be towards inward direction, ie, induced current is flowing in anticlockwise direction in the loop from ¢-b-a-d-c. 10. When the current I in the wire is steadily decreasing, the direction of induced current in ring 1 will be clockwise and anticlockwise in ring 2.as shown in the figure, LL, Refer to answer 4.144 12, ByLenzs lav, the direction of induced current is such that it opposes its own cause of production, ‘The induced current opposes the increase in magnetic flux. Hence the direction of induced current is PSRQP (anticlockwise), 13, Len2’s law states that the direction of the induced emfand the direction of induced current are such that they oppose the « produces them, 14 In this situation, a will become positive with respect to b, as current induced is in clockwise direction. xe which 20 i 5 IN | 0] 15. The induced current always opposes the change in magnetic flux. Loop abc is entering the ‘magnetic field; so magnetic flux linked with loop tends to increase, so current induced in loop abe is anticlockwise to produce magnetic field upward to oppose the increase in flux. Loop defg is leaving the magnetic field; so flux linked with it tends to decrease, the induced current will be clockwise to Produce magnetic field downward to oppose the decrease in magnetic flux. 16. Here, the North pole is approaching the magnet, so the induced current in the face of loop viewed from left side wall flow in such a way that it will behave like North pole, so South pole developed on loop when viewed from right hand side of the loop. The flow of induced current is clockwise, hence A acquires positive polarity and B negative. 17. (a) Toobtain large deflection in galvanometer we can take following steps : (i) Connect the coil C, to a powerful battery for large current. (Gi) Switch on and off the key at a rapid rate. (ili) Develop a relative shift/motion between the ‘two coils. (iv) Use a ferromagnetic material like iron inside the coil C, to increase the magnetic flux (IEBEI CBSE Champion Physics Class 12 (b) Galvanometeris replaced by a torch bulb. Now a relative motion between two coils or switch on and off of the key glows the bulb and shows Presence of induced current 18. Refer to answer 13 fi} oy When the N pole of a magnet is moved towards a coil, the induced current in the coil flows in anticlockwise direction on the side of magnet, 80 as to acquire north polarity and oppose the motion of the magnet towards the coil, by applying repulsive force on it In order to continue the change in magnetic flux linked with the circuit, some work is to be done or some energy is to be spent against the opposition offered by induced EME. This energy spent by the external source ultimately appears in the circuit in the form of electrical energy. Suppose that the Lenz’s law is not valid. Then the induced current flows through the coil in @ direction opposite to one dictated by Lenz's law. ‘The resulting force on the magnet makes it move faster and faster, ie, the magnet Bains speed and hence kinetic energy without expanding an equivalent amount of energy. This sets up a perpetual motion machine, violating the law of conservation of energy. Thus Lenz's law is valid and is a consequence of the law of conservation of energy. 19. Refer to answers 13 and 16. 20. Whenever magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes, it induces an EMF in it, The induced Current set up in the circuit flows in such a direction that it opposes the change in magnetic flux linked with the circuit In order to continue the change in magnetic ux linked with the circuit, some work is to be done or some energy is to be spent against the opposition offered by induced EME. This energy spent by the external source ultimately appeai sin the circuit in the form of electrical energy.This is why a magnet is moved near the closed loop with its N-pole towards the loop, then current is produced in loop on the side of a magnet in anticlockwise direction so as to develop the north pole which applies repulsive force on magnet opposing motion of magnet towards the loop. Similarly when a magnet is moved away from the closed loop with its N-pole towards the loop, the current is produced in the loop on the side of magnet in clockwise direction, so as to develop the south pole which attracts the bar magnet opposing its motion away from the loop. 21. Refer to answer 18. 22. Refer to answer 13. ‘The rod held along east west direction will fall in a perpendicular magnetic field B,, present in N-S direction. Hence an emf will be induced in the rod following the relation for the motional emfe = B,vl. 23. Horizontal component By, = BcosS = 0.4 x cos 60° =02G=02x107°T Induced emf € jae = 40.2107 x(0.5)? x2mx2 =3.14x10°V ‘The emf induced between the axle and the rim of the wheel is independent of number of spokes in the wheel. DA KK KKK : Metallic ring x As the rod is rotated, free electrons in the rod move towards the outer end due to Lorentz force and get distributed over the ring. ‘Thus, the resulting separation of charges produce an emf across the ends of the rod. At a certain value of emf, there 145 is no more flow of electrons and a steady state is reached. ‘The magnitude of the emf generated a length dL. of the rod as it moves at right angle to the magnetic field is given by de = BvdL. Hence, acro: Bol? f p = Jde= J BydL = { Bota = a o oL) 25. Magnitude of induced emf is directly proportional to the rate of area moving out of the field, for a constant magnetic field, ae dt dt For the rectangular coil, the rate of area moving out of the field remains same while it is not so for the circular coil. Therefore, the induced emf for the rectangular coil remains constant. 26. Refer to answer 24. 27. Refer to answer 25. 28. v= 900 kmh”? 900x100 = ms 3600 10 m, By = 5.0 x 10° T, 8 = 30° By = Bsin 8 = By tan 8= 5.0 x 10 x tan 30° =250 mst 5. top ypiett Only the flux-lines of vertical component of field B are cutting across the horizontally moving jet plane, s. induced emf, ©= Byly = x10 x20x250=144V. 3 29. Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction states that whenever there is a change in the ‘magnetic flux linked with a circuit an induced emf is set up in it, which lasts as long as the magnetic flux linked with itis changing and the magnitude of induced emf ‘e’ is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with it ie, Jel“, dt According to the data given in question, during the motion from x = 0 tox =b Initial flux = 0 Final flux = Blb1468 Motionalemfinthearm PQ.e on: en“ During the motion from x = bto.x = 2b, Flux remains constant which is = Blb ©. Motional emf, ¢ = 0 Above values remain same, for the motion of arm PQ from x = 2b to b. During motion from x = bto.x=0, initial flux = Blb, final flux = 0 Motional emf =~ “2 reversed) “ Variation of these quantities is shown in following graph. =+ Bly (direction OUTWARD; INWARD x26 x=b 30. (i) Induced emf e = Bly 0.10.1 20=0.2V 0.2 (ii) Current 7 31. Induced emf ¢ = Bly =0.5x02x10=1V Current 1=£ R 1 5 32. (a) As the rod is moving with a constant velocity, the applied force #, must balance the magnetic force F,, = IIB on the rod when it is carrying the induced current I. eravel RR ‘Thus force acting on arm ‘ON’ is 2p? Foy = om, if loop is =02A partially in the magnetic * «| field. x But Foy = 0 inside the, P= magnetic field (b) Now, power required to move frame to get asteady emf induced between the arms MN and POis, (2EZED CBSE Champion Physics Class 12 p22 Pa hy=2tY R 33. In one revolution change of area dA = nF’ Change in magnetic flux dy = B-dA = BdAcoso? = Bri’ Period of revolution = T 2 (i) Induced emf (e) = a Bl (ii) Induced current t= © = B® r 22/4 Power, P=el= #04 (: @=2nv) r 34. (i) Refer to answer 28. (ii) Now B’ = horizontal component of earth's magnetic field BY = Bos 30° 2 Ws VBV= 1732x3125 =5.4V. 35. Given |= 20 em =0.2 m, B=0.1 T.v=10cms'=0.1 mst (i) Magnetic flux through loop O=B-A=Bix rnax = OL 0.2 x 0.2 = 0.004 Wb x 10° Wb wey 4x105} ° o ii) Induced emf, KN ade ka x—x—xat at Rte x -Bly axe lelmax = 0.1 x 0.2 x 0.1 = 0.002 V=2x 10°V 2x10 ey) 2x 109} a Ly us)Electromagnetic Induction (iii) Induced current, “lel R 2x10% = ~=2x107A OL 4 2x10? ay} > 1(s) -2x105 Y 36. (a) 1f0 is the angle traced by the free electron in time 1, then area swept out, A=nPx (2)-}F0 20 2 Magnetic flux linked, 6 = 2( 4? Jeos 0 [+ = BA cos 6] 1 o= tare According to Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction, apt Induced emf, Induced emf We a3 apo 5 Bea Lap, 78 Be R R 2R (b) Force acting on the rod, mB Induced current, I = F=IB The external force required to rotate the rod opposes the Lorentz force acting on the rod. External force acts in the direction opposite to the Lorentz force. (©) Power required to rotate the rod, 147 mb'l'y R P=Pv 37, Eddy current is used for magnetic braking in trains, Strong electromagnets are situated in the train, just above the rails. When the clectromagnets are activated, the eddy currents induced in the rails oppose the motion of the train, 38. It becomes hot due to the eddy currents produced in it. 39. When magnetic flux linked with a metallic conductor in the form of solid mass changes, then induced currents are set up in the conductor in the form of closed loops known as ‘Eddy currents. ‘Two applications of eddy currents are : (i) Electromagnetic braking in trains (ii) Induction furnace 40. Refer to answer 39. Applications of eddy currents : (i) Magnetic brake : Whenever a train is moving, its axle rotates. A drum attached with its axle also rotates. To stop the train, a magnetic field is applied on the rotating drum. Owing to eddy currents set up in the drum, an opposing couple acts on it and as a result of that the train stops. ‘This system is called the magnetic brake. (ii) Induction furnace : If the resistance of a conductor is very small, eddy currents set up in it are very strong. These currents, therefore, produce a lot of heat in conductor. An induction furnace is based on this principle and is used to prepare alloys by melting the constituent metals. Since the amount of heat produced due to eddy currents is directly proportional to the square of its frequency, currents of high frequency are used in these furnaces, (iii) Speedometer : This instrument is used for the measurement of speeds of the vehicles and is based on the principle of eddy currents AL. Self inductance : When the current in a coil is changed, a back emf is induced in the same coil. ‘This phenomenon is called self-inductance. If L is self-inductance of coil, then Noo I No= LI148, L The unit of self-inductance is henry (H). 42. (i) With the increase in distance between the coils the magnetic flix linked with the coil decre and hence, of the two coils ion betw econdary he mutual inductan ll decrease with the n them, (i) Since, the mutual inductance of the two coils is given as M= onyn,Al. So, with the increas ‘number of turns mutual inductance increases, \crease in separ: 43. Since @=LI=3 L= 2 = slope of 6 ~ I graph Slope of inductor A is greater than slope of inductor B, Hence, the inductor A has larger value of self. inductance, 44, The magnetic energy is, Us=SLP 1 (Bay: 2 Liga} (ince B= Hon, fora solenoid) De ain( BY =}woran( 2) 2 te ig = Pal y ‘The magnetic energy per unit volume is, up = “e (where Vis volume that contains flux) Ue Be Al 2p 45. (i) The phenomena of inducing current in a circuit by changing the current or flux in a neighbouring circuit is called mutual induction. S.L. unit of mutual inductance is Henry denoted byH. (ii) Consider two long coaxial solenoids each of length J. Let m, be the number of turns per unit length of inner solenoid 5, of radius r,, ny be the number of turns per unit length of outer solenoid S, of radius r,, Let N, and N, be the total number of turns of solenoids S, and S, respectively. N, titens When a current J, is passed through S;, the magnetic flux linked with solenoid Sis Nid. = Mph (i) where Mj. is called the mutual inductance of solenoid S, with respect to solenoid 5). It is also referred as the coefficient of mutual induction, ‘The magnetic field due to current I, in Sis By = Mottgly (ii) ‘The magnetic flux linked with S, is NiO, = B,(rtr?)nyl = Hom ngrer? ll, (iii) where mis the total number of turns in solenoid S,. From (i) and (iii), we get My = byngrr?l which is required expression. Similarly, My, = Hom nynr7l wal¥) From (iv) and (v), we get My=My=M Hence, coefficient of mutual induction between two coaxial solenoids is 2 M= tgninsnl on MBN (iv) 46. Change in current (A) = (0.0 - 5.0) A ‘Time taken (At) = 100 x 10 s Induced emf (e) = 200 V Induced emf (e) is given by Ad ACL) Bee TAT L=40HElectromagnetic Induction 47. Let a current I flows through the coil having radius ry, ‘The magnetic field through the coil having radius ry; is, Hol 2r, Total flux through smaller coil 6; = ByAy i) By definition of mutual induction = Mph (ii) So, by equations (i) and (ji) mutual inductance of 2 the pair of coils is w= 91 = Ho™" Dysg 2a 48. (i) Induced emf in both the loops will be same, as the two loops are of same area A and are rotated with same angular speed @ in same magnetic field B ase = BA@sinot. e Fe 80 in copper loop with less resistance, induced current will be more. 49. Refer to answer 45 (ii). 50. (a): Refer to answer 41. (b) Refer to answer 45 (ii). 51. Mutual Inductance The phenomanon according to which an opposing emf is produced as result of change in current or magnetic flux linked with a other coil. Refer to answer 45(ii). 52. ‘The phenomena of induced emf in a solenoid due to change in current or magnetic flux linked with the solenoid is called self inductance of the solenoid. ‘The self inductance of a long solenoid, the core of which consists of a magnetic material of permeability wis given by L=ploAl (ii) As T 149 where, A is the area of cross-section of the solenoid, 1 is the length and 1 is the number of turns per unit length z ——| Consider the circuit shown here, consisting of a inductor L and a resistor R, connected to a source of emfe. As the connections are made, the current grows in the circuit and the magnetic field increases in the inductor. Part of the work done by the battery during the process is stored in the inductor as magnetic field energy and the rest appears as thermal energy in the resistor. Afier sufficient time, the current, and hence the magnetic field, becomes constant and further work done by the battery appears completely as thermal energy. If, I be the current in the circuit at time t, we have Selfinduced emf e= 14! dW =eldt 7 dw= re Idt at dW = LidI Work done by source of emf to supply current I for a small time dt. Now total work done by cell to establish current Jy in inductor hy We faw=Lfrdr=2155 0 Total work done is stored as magnetic energy in the solenoid. 53. (i) Refer to answer 45 (i). (ii) Here, M= 1,5 H, Al, = 20 A, At=0.5 s, A=? ‘We know, emf induced in the second coil, (A$), = MAN, = 1.5 x 20 = 30 Wb 54. (i) Refer to answer 41. (ii) Mutual inductance of solenoid coil system150 ae BoM NaAa I ere, Ny Oem? 5,Ny= 1s lem 2.0% 104m? 10 *m, e Am X10 X 15X10 2.0.x 104 ° 0? 120m x 10° H « Induced emf in the loop Al, &)=M Ar (numerically) =120n x10? 42) oO 2 o1 =7.5x10°V=7.5 NV. 55. Refer to answer 45. 56. Refer to answer 52. = 1203.14 x 10 x 57. (i) Induced voltage V = if it (ii) Power P=1V I, _V,_3 = 2 == (as Pis same) hYy4 3 1 4 (iii) Energy stored B= ; Le 2 Ghee 93 Ey Lip 12 6 4 A 7m 4 58. Refer to answer 41. Consider a long air solenoid having » number of turns per unit length. If current in solenoid is 1, then magnetic field within the solenoid, B= onl Ai) where [ly = 4% x 107 henry / metre is the permeability of free space. If A is cross-sectional area of solenoid, then effective flux linked with solenoid of length ‘, = NBA where N = nl is the number of turns CBSE Champion Physics Class 12 = (nIBA) Substituting the value of B from (i) = nl (Wy IDA = lg? AIL Self-inductance of air solenoid ia $. My PAL If Nis total number of turns in length I, then A N Self-inductance, L = wo( ) Al = HoNTA I 59, (a) Mutual inductance of a pair of coils is defined as the emf induced in one of the coils, when the rate of change of current is unity in the other coil When current [, flows through the outer coil-2, magnetic field produced at its centre is given by 1 B, = #22 directed normal 2 cal to the plane of coils. As >

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