19EEE111 : Electrical and Electronic

Engineering (3-0-0-3)

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 Outline

• What is Electromagnetic induction?

• To brief about production of magnetic field
• To understand magnetic circuit parameters
• To understand the similarities between
magnetic and electric circuits
• To introduce equivalent circuit representation
and solve the circuits
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 What is Electromagnetic induction?
Watch the youTube video animation which describes
about the Electromagnetic Induction

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3HyORmBip-w

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 Production of Magnetic Field
We know that any current carrying conductor
produces a magnetic field. The basic law governing
the production of a magnetic field by a current is
Ampere's law:

H = magnetic field
l = core length
Inet = net current
F = Magnetomotive force = Ni

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 Production of Magnetic Field
A magnetic field is characterized
either by (H) the magnetic field
intensity or by (B) the magnetic
flux density vector. These two
vectors are connected by a rather
simple relation:

μ0 =4π ×10-7H/ m is called the

The direction of that field that
can be determined using the

absolute permeability of free space

“right hand rule”

and μr, a dimensionless quantity

called the relative permeability of a
medium (or a material).
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 Production of Magnetic Field

The magnetic field can be visualized by showing lines of

magnetic flux, which are represented with the symbol φ.

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 Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction:
• Faraday discovered is that current flowing through
the coil not only creates a magnetic field in the iron,
it also creates a voltage across the coil that is
proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux
φ in the iron.
• That voltage is called an electromotive force (emf)
and is designated by the symbol e.

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 Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction:
• The sign of the induced emf is always in a direction
that opposes the current that created it, a
phenomenon referred to as Lenz’s law.
• In the magnetic circuit, the driving force, analogous
to voltage, is called the magneto motive force
(mmf), designated by F.
• The magneto motive force is created by wrapping N
turns of wire, carrying current i

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 Electromagnetic induction
• Magneto motive force (mmf ) F = Ni
Unit is (ampere − turns)
F = Ni

Flux in a magnetic
circuit is established by
the presence of mmf

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 Electromagnetic induction

Magnetic field intensity/strength (H):

With N turns of wire carrying current i, the mmf created in
the circuit is Ni ampere-turns. With l representing the mean
path length for the magnetic flux, the magnetic field
intensity is

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 Electromagnetic induction
• The magnetic flux is proportional to the mmf driving force
and inversely proportional to a quantity called reluctance S,
which is analogous to electrical resistance,

• resulting in the “Ohm’s law” of magnetic circuits given by

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 Electromagnetic induction
F = Ni = Hlc = Blc
µ
= Φ lc = ΦS
µA

flux () in a given area is given by:

Hence  NiA
 
lc

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 Analogy of Magnetic Circuit with
Electric Circuits

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 Question 1
While comparing magnetic circuit and electric circuits, the
flux of magnetic circuit is compared with which parameter of
electric circuit?
A) EMF
B) Current
C) Current density
D) Conductivity

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 Question 2
Permeability in a magnetic circuit corresponds to ------------ in
an electric circuit.
A) Resistance
B) Resistivity
C) Conductivity
D) Conductance

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 Equivalent circuits

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 Equivalent circuits

S
S

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 Equivalent circuits

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 Equivalent circuits

Advantage of air gap:

• Air gap increases reluctance;
• Greater values of AT required to
obtain the same values of B for
the circuit without air gap;
• linearize magnetic circuits, ie no
saturation

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 Example 1
• A coil of 200 turns is wound uniformly over a wooden ring
having a mean circumference of 600mm and a uniform
cross-sectional area of 500mm2. If the current through the
coil is 4 A. calculate a) magnetic field strength b) flux
density c) total flux

• H = NI/l
• B= μ0 H
• ϕ= BA

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 Example 1
• A coil of 200 turns is wound uniformly over a wooden ring
having a mean circumference of 600mm and a uniform
cross-sectional area of 500mm2. if the current through the
coil is 4 A. calculate a) magnetic field strength b) flux
density c) total flux

a) mean circumference = 600 mm = 0.6 m

magnetic field strength H = NI/l = 200x4 /0.6
= 1330 A/m

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 Example 1
• A coil of 200 turns is wound uniformly over a wooden ring
having a mean circumference of 600mm and a uniform
cross-sectional area of 500mm2. if the current through the
coil is 4 A. calculate a) magnetic field strength b) flux
density c) total flux

b) flux density B= μ0 H =4p x 10-7 x 1330 =1680  T

c) Area = 500x 10-6 m2
Total Flux ϕ = B A = 0.838  Wb

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 Example 2
• Calculate the MMF required to produce a flux of 0.015 Wb
across an airgap 2.5mm long having an effective area of
200 cm2.

• MMF =NI = ϕ l / ( A) = 1490 AT

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 Example 3
A mild steel ring having a cross sectional area of 500mm2 and
a mean circumference of 400mm has a coil of 200 turns
wound uniformly around it. Calculate (a) the reluctance of the
ring, (b) the current required to produce a flux of 800 Wb in
the ring. Consider relative permeability of steel is 380.
Answer:
(a) Reluctance S = l / (0 r A) = 1.68x106 A/Wb
(b) Current I = ϕ S/ N = 800*1.68/200 =6.72 A

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 Example 4
A magnetic circuit comprises 3 parts in series with
a) Length of 80mm and cross sectional area 50 mm2
b) Length of 60mm and cross sectional area 90 mm2
c) An airgap of length 0.5mm and cross sectional area 150
mm2
A coil of 4000 turns is wound on part b, and the flux density
in the airgap is 0.3T. Assuming that all the flux passes through
the given circuit and r is 1300, estimate the coil current to
produce such a flux density.

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 Example 4
The given magnetic circuit comprises 3
parts in series
a) The same flux will flow through all
three sections
b) The sum of MMF across each section
(Fa, Fb, Fc) will be equal to the total
MMF

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 Example 4
A magnetic circuit comprises 3 parts in series with
a) Length of 80mm and cross sectional area 50 mm2
b) Length of 60mm and cross sectional area 90 mm2
c) An airgap of length 0.5mm and cross sectional area 150 mm2
A coil of 4000 turns is wound on part b, and the flux density in the airgap is 0.3T.
Assuming that all the flux passes through the given circuit and r is 1300, estimate
the coil current to produce such a flux density.
Answer:
(a) Flux ϕ = Bc Ac =0.3 x 1.5 x 10-4 = 0.45x10-4 Wb
(b) Fa = ϕ Sa = ϕ la / (0 r Aa) = 44.1 AT
(c) Fb = ϕ Sb = ϕ lb / (0 r Ab) = 18.4 AT
(d) Fc = ϕ Sc = ϕ la / (0 Ac) = 119.3 AT
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 Example 4
A magnetic circuit comprises 3 parts in series with
a) Length of 80mm and cross sectional area 50 mm2
b) Length of 60mm and cross sectional area 90 mm2
c) An airgap of length 0.5mm and cross sectional area 150 mm2
A coil of 4000 turns is wound on part b, and the flux density in the airgap is 0.3T.
Assuming that all the flux passes through the given circuit and r is 1300, estimate
the coil current to produce such a flux density.
Answer:
(a) F = Fa + Fb +Fc = 181.8 AT
(b) Current I = F /N = 181.8 / 4000 = 45.4 mA

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 Self and Mutual Inductance
For an Introduction…

Watch the YouTube video animations which describes about Self and Mutual
Inductance
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tJQTEpVYNok
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZDBfDTEMGaQ

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 Objectives
• To brief about Faraday’s Laws
• To understand the concept of self inductance and mutual inductance
• To understand the condition of dot convention and series connected
inductances
• To solve the circuits considering mutual inductance

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 Faraday’s Laws
First law: EMF is induced in a coil whenever magnetic field linking
that coil is changed.

Second law: The magnitude of the induced EMF is proportional to the

rate of change of flux linkage.

Lenz’s law: This law states that the induced EMF due to change of flux
linkage by a coil will produce a current in the coil in such a direction
that it will produce a magnetic field which will oppose the cause, that
is the change in flux linkage.

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 Self-induced EMF and Mutually
induced EMF
The EMF induced in a coil due to change in flux linkage when a
changing current flows through the coil is called self-induced EMF.

when a second coil is brought near a coil producing changing flux, EMF
will be induced in the second coil due to change in current in the first
coil. This is called mutually induced EMF.

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 Self-Inductance of a Coil
Self-inductance is the property of the current-carrying coil that resists or
opposes the change of current flowing through it. This occurs mainly
due to the self-induced emf produced in the coil itself.

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 Self-Inductance of a Coil
Self-inductance is the property of the current-carrying coil that resists or
opposes the change of current flowing through it. This occurs mainly
due to the self-induced emf produced in the coil itself.

L is called the coefficient of self inductance or simply self inductance of the coil.

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 Self-Inductance of a Coil
Also

Again

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 Mutual Inductance
 self - inductance s L1
Coil 1 : 
 N 1 turns
 self - inductance s L2
Coil 2 : 
 N 2 turns

Assuming no current in coil 2,

The flux generated by coil 1 is
 1   11   12
d 1 d  1 di 1 di
 v1  N 1  N1  L1 1
dt di 1 dt dt
d 1
where L1  N 1
di 1
d  12 d  12 di 1 di 1
 v2  N  N  M
dt di 1 dt dt
2 2 21

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 Mutual Inductance
• We will see that M12=M21=M.
• Mutual coupling only exists when the inductors or coils are in close
proximity, and the circuits are driven by time-varying sources.
• Mutual inductance is the ability of one inductor to induce a voltage
across a neighboring inductor, measured in henrys (H).

• The dot convention states that a current

entering the dotted terminal induces a
positive polarity of the mutual voltage at
the dotted terminal of the second coil.

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 Dot convention

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 Dot convention

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 Dot convention

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 Dot convention

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 Dot convention

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 Value of M

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 Value of M

Ideal case: when the whole flux produced in one coil links with
all the turns of other coil

But in practice, there is always some leakage flux. So,

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 Magnetically Coupled Circuits
Magnetic circuits are fundamental component of Electrical Machines
and transformers. Magnetically coupled circuits are two or more
electric circuits that are not connected directly but through a coupling
established by magnetic field.

• Conductively coupled circuit means that one loop affects the

neighboring loop through current conduction.
• Magnetically coupled circuit means that two loops, with or without
contacts between them, affect each other through the magnetic field
generated by one of them.

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 Magnetically Coupled Circuits
• Based on the concept of magnetic coupling, the transformer is
designed for stepping up or down ac voltages or currents.

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 Question 1
The property of a coil by which an emf is induced in it when the current
through the coil changes is known as ---------
a) Self inductance
b) mutual inductance
c) Series aiding inductance
d) Series opposing inductance

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 Question 2
In case all the flux from coil 1 links with coil 2, the coefficient of
coupling will be -----------
a) 2
b) 0.5
c) 1
d) zero

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 Question 3
An open coil has -----------
a) Zero resistance and inductance
b) Infinite resistance and zero inductance
c) Infinite resistance and normal inductance
d) Zero resistance and high inductance

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 Question 4
Reversing the field or the current will reverse the force on the conductor
a) Yes
b) No

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 Example 1
• A ferromagnetic ring of cross-sectional area 800
mm2 and of mean radius 170 mm has two windings
connected in series, one of 500 turns and one of 700
turns. If the relative permeability is 1200, calculate
the self-inductance of each coil and the mutual
inductance of each assuming that there is no flux
leakage.

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 Example 1
• A ferromagnetic ring of cross-sectional area 800 mm2 and of mean
radius 170 mm has two windings connected in series, one of 500
turns and one of 700 turns. If the relative permeability is 1200,
calculate the self-inductance of each coil and the mutual inductance
of each assuming that there is no flux leakage.
Answer:

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 Example 1
• A ferromagnetic ring of cross-sectional area 800 mm2 and of mean
radius 170 mm has two windings connected in series, one of 500
turns and one of 700 turns. If the relative permeability is 1200,
calculate the self-inductance of each coil and the mutual inductance
of each assuming that there is no flux leakage.
Answer:

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 Example 1
• A ferromagnetic ring of cross-sectional area 800 mm2 and of mean
radius 170 mm has two windings connected in series, one of 500
turns and one of 700 turns. If the relative permeability is 1200,
calculate the self-inductance of each coil and the mutual inductance
of each assuming that there is no flux leakage.
Answer:

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 Example 2
When two coils are connected in series their effective inductance is
found to be 10H. When the connection of one coil is reversed
inductance is 6H. If the coefficient of coupling is 0.6, calculate the
the self inductance of each coil and mutual inductance.

Answer:
In the first combination:
Resultant Inductance = L1 + L2 +2 K✓ ( L1.L2) = 10
In the second combination :
Resultant Inductance = L1 + L2- 2K✓ ( L1.L2) = 6

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 Example 2
When two coils are connected in series their effective inductance is
found to be 10H. When the connection of one coil is reversed
inductance is 6H. If the coefficient of coupling is 0.6, calculate the
the self inductance of each coil and mutual inductance.

Answer:
On solving
• L2=7.63H or 0.37H
• L1=0.37H or 7.63H
• M=1.0H

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 Example 3
Two inductors of 10mH respectively are connected together in a series
combination so that their magnetic fields aid each other giving
cumulative coupling. Their mutual inductance is given as 5mH.
Calculate the total inductance of the series combination.
Answer:

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 Example 4
Two coils connected in series have a self-inductance of 20mH and
60mH respectively. The total inductance of the combination was found
to be 100mH. Determine the amount of mutual inductance that exists
between the two coils assuming that they are aiding each other.
Answer:

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