ELL 100 Introduction To Electrical Engineering: Ecture
ELL 100 Introduction To Electrical Engineering: Ecture
ELL 100 Introduction To Electrical Engineering: Ecture
Circuit Relay
Breakers Switches
3
Solenoids
APPLICATIONS Hard Disks
MRI
Machines 4
Magnetomotive force (mmf)
In an electric circuit, the current is induced due to the existence of an
electromotive force (emf E, battery voltage). By analogy, we say that in
a magnetic circuit the magnetic flux is induced due to the existence of a
magnetomotive force (mmf F) caused by a current flowing through
one or more turns of coil.
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SOLVED EXAMPLE
Q. Calculate the magnetomotive force required to produce a flux of 0.015 Wb
across an air-gap 2.5 mm long, having an effective area of 200 cm2.
ɸ=100µWb mean
length
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Ans:
l
(a) Reluctance, S
A
0 r 4 *107 *100 4 *105
2
S 3.18*10 6
A / Wb iron core
4 *10 *50*10
5 4 l=2m
mmf NI
(b) Magnetic field strength, H N=250 50 sq. cm
l l
Hl
I ɸ=100µWb mean
N length
B 100*106
H 159.15 A / m
A 50*10 * 4 *104 5
Hl 159.15* 2
I 1.27 A
N 250 13
SOLVED EXAMPLE
Q. The air gap in a magnetic circuit is 1.5 mm long and 2500 mm2 in cross-
sectional area. Calculate (a) The reluctance of the air gap (b) The mmf required to
set up a flux of 800 µWb in the air gap.
l
Ans: (a) Reluctance, S
A
0 r 4 *107 *1 4 *107 ( r of air =1)
3 mmf
Magnetic
S field strength, H 4.77 *105 A / Wb
1.5*10
4 *107 * 2500*106 l
mmf Hl
B 800*106
(b) H 2.55*10 5
A/ m
A 2500*10 * 4 *10
6 7
Flux, ɸ
Reluctance, S
Current, I
Current, I
Potential
MMF= NI Resistance, R
EMF, E difference, V
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SERIES CONNECTION IN MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
The applied mmf is equal to the sum of the mmfs dropped across each
series element, while the flux through each series element is the same.
lcl
c ɸϕ
ii lc
Rcc
R
+ c Ac
NN lgl
g Ni
Ni
- lg
Rg
Rg
g Ag
ɸ R1 R2 R3 Rn
F
ɸ1 ɸ2
+ R1 =
g1/(μ0A1) R1 R22 =
R
Ni g2/(μ0A2)
-
Total mmf F = F1 + F2
= (995 + 796)B = 1791 B
But given total mmf F = N.I = 300×1 = 300
=> B = 300/1791 = 0.1675 Wb/m2 23
EXERCISES
Q. An iron ring of mean circumference 50 cm has an air gap of 1 mm. It is
uniformly wound with a coil having 200 turns. If the relative permeability of iron
is 300 when a current of 1 A flows through the coil, calculate the flux density in
the air gap. Neglect leakage and fringing.
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Experimental Determination of B-H Curve
By means of a fluxmeter F to measure the induced flux ϕ (and thus flux
density B), for a given applied field intensity H (through applied current I)
Now, with switch RS initially at ‘up’ position, switch K is moved over to ‘c’, the
current through P is reversed by moving RS quickly over to ‘down’ position.
As the flux in the ring changes suddenly due to the above process, the e.m.f.
induced in S (Lenz’s law) sends a current through the fluxmeter and produces a
deflection that is proportional to the change of flux-linkages in output coil S.
This fluxmeter deflection θ is noted. 32
Experimental Determination of B-H Curve
If the flux in the ring changes from ϕ to -ϕ when the current through
input coil P is reversed, and if Ns is the number of turns of output coil S,
the change of flux linkages (∝ emf induced) with coil S is
Change of flux*number of turns on S 2 N s (3)
c
Equating (2) and (3), we get 2 N s c =>
2Ns
If A is the cross-sectional area of the ring,
c
Flux density B= Teslas
A 2 AN s 34
Experimental Determination
of B-H Curve
The test is performed with different
values of the current I (hence different
values of applied field strength H);
and the corresponding values of flux
density B are determined (by
measuring the fluxmeter deflection θ).
The B-H data when plotted yield
graphs like the ones shown.
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Magnetization and Hysteresis
A demagnetized magnetic material has B = 0 when H = 0. As the applied
magnetic field strength H is increased, the typical B-H relationship
observed is of the type shown below.
For large values of H, the induced flux density B in the material starts
saturating. ∝ϕ
I
∝I
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Magnetization and Hysteresis
Now if H is reduced back to 0 (by ramping the current back to zero),
the induced flux density B does not follow the same path. There is
residual magnetism (Br) leftover in the material even at H = 0.
∝ϕ
I~0
∝I
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Magnetization and Hysteresis
As H is further reduced to negative values (by reversing the direction of
applied current), B returns to zero only when H = -Hc. The value of Hc
is called “coercive force/field”.
As H is made even more negative, the flux density B in the material
saturates in the negative direction. ∝ϕ
ϕ
∝I
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Magnetization and Hysteresis
Now as H is increased again towards positive values, a residual
magnetism –Br remains at H = 0. Then B = 0 is again reached at H = +Hc,
and finally positive saturation occurs, but arrived via a different path.
This phenomenon of non-conformity (i.e. non-overlapping) of ‘increase’
and ‘decrease’ curves, is called as “hysteresis”. ∝ϕ
ϕ~0
∝I
Ic
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Hysteresis Loop
Thus, when a magnetic material is magnetized (flux induced), the original
state is not returned to when applied magnetizing force/field is removed.
If the magnetizing force is due to an applied AC current, a hysteresis loop
results in every cycle/time period.
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