Designation: C1577 − 14

Standard Specification for

Precast Reinforced Concrete Monolithic Box Sections for
Culverts, Storm Drains, and Sewers Designed According to
AASHTO LRFD1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1577; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope C595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements

1.1 This specification covers single-cell precast reinforced C618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined
concrete box sections cast monolithically and intended to be Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete
used for the construction of culverts and for the conveyance of C822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and Related
storm water, industrial wastes and sewage. Products
C989 Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and
NOTE 1—This specification is primarily a manufacturing and purchas- Mortars
ing specification. However, standard designs per the AASHTO LRFD
C990 Specification for Joints for Concrete Pipe, Manholes,
Bridge Design Specifications are included and the criteria used to develop
these designs are given in Appendix X1. The successful performance of and Precast Box Sections Using Preformed Flexible Joint
this product depends upon the proper selection of the box section, Sealants
bedding, backfill, and care that the installation conforms to the construc- C1116 Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete and
tion specifications. The purchaser of the precast reinforced concrete box Shotcrete
sections specified herein is cautioned that proper correlation of the loading
conditions and the field requirements with the box section specified, and
C1602/C1602M Specification for Mixing Water Used in the
provision for inspection at the construction site, are required. Production of Hydraulic Cement Concrete
C1619 Specification for Elastomeric Seals for Joining Con-
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
crete Structures
as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
C1677 Specification for Joints for Concrete Box, Using
standard.
Rubber Gaskets
2. Referenced Documents 2.2 AASHTO Standards:3
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications
A1064/A1064M Specification for Carbon-Steel Wire and AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications
Welded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, for 2.3 ASCE Standard:4
Concrete ASCE 26–97 Standard Practice for Direct Design of Buried
A615/A615M Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon- Precast Concrete Box Sections
Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
C33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates 3. Terminology
C150 Specification for Portland Cement 3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms relating to concrete
C309 Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Com- pipe, see Terminology C822.
pounds for Curing Concrete
C497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, or 4. Designation
Tile 4.1 Precast reinforced concrete box sections manufactured
in accordance with this specification shall be legibly marked
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on with the specification designation, span, rise, and design earth
Concrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.07 on cover.
Acceptance Specifications and Precast Concrete Box Sections.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2014. Published February 2014. Originally
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as C1577 – 13b. DOI:
3
10.1520/C1577-14. Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM http://www.transportation.org.
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 Alexander
the ASTM website. Bell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http://www.asce.org.

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 C1577 − 14
TABLE 1 Design Requirements for Precast Concrete Box Sections Under Earth, Dead and HL-93 Live Load Conditions
NOTE 1—Design earth loads and reinforcement areas are based on the weight of a column of earth over the width of the box section multiplied by a
soil structure interaction factor as defined in Appendix X1.
NOTE 2—Concrete design strength 5000 psi.
NOTE 3—Steel areas are based on an HL-93 live load without the lane load as permitted by AASHTO, using either the design truck or the design tandem
and taking the controlling case.
NOTE 4—The design earth cover indicated is the height of fill above the top of the box section. Design requirements are based on the material and soil
properties, loading data, and typical section as included in Appendix X1. For alternative or special designs, see 7.2.
NOTE 5—Design steel area in square inches per linear foot of box section at those locations which are indicated on the typical section shown in Fig. 1.
NOTE 6—The top section designation, for example, 3 ft by 2 ft by 4 in. indicates (interior horizontal span in feet) by (interior vertical rise in feet) by
(wall and slab thickness in inches).
NOTE 7—In accordance with the acceptance criteria in 7.2, the manufacturer is not prohibited from interpolating steel area requirements or submitting
independent designs for fill heights between noted increments.
NOTE 8—The “M” dimension given in the tables is the required distance that As1 shall be extended into the top and bottom slabs if it is used as
reinforcement for the negative moment in these areas. This distance is based on the location where the negative moment in the slab becomes zero, plus
an additional development length. Because the live load can be applied at any location along the top slab as the truck drives over it, it is possible for
the “M” dimension to exceed one-half the length of the slab.
NOTE 9—(Advisory)—The reinforcing areas are based on 4 inch circumferential wire spacing. Under design conditions where crack control governs,
an analysis following the design criteria in Table X1.1 with closer steel spacing may result in a reduction in steel area over those in the table.
3 ft by 2 ft by 4 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2A 0.17 0.25 0.16 0.10 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.14
2<3 0.13 0.19 0.18 0.10 31
3-5 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.10 31
10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 31
15 0.10 0.13 0.13 0.10 31
20 0.11 0.17 0.17 0.10 31
25 0.14 0.21 0.21 0.10 31
30 0.17 0.25 0.25 0.10 31
35 0.20 0.29 0.30 0.10 31
A
Top slab 7 in., bottom slab 6 in.
3 ft by 3 ft by 4 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2A 0.17 0.27 0.17 0.10 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.14
2<3 0.10 0.22 0.21 0.10 31
3-5 0.10 0.14 0.14 0.10 31
10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.10 31
15 0.10 0.14 0.15 0.10 31
20 0.10 0.18 0.19 0.10 31
25 0.10 0.23 0.23 0.10 31
30 0.12 0.27 0.28 0.10 31
35 0.14 0.32 0.32 0.10 31
A
Top slab 7 in., bottom slab 6 in.
4 ft by 2 ft by 5 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2A 0.18 0.27 0.15 0.12 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.14
2<3 0.18 0.19 0.17 0.12 38
3-5 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.12 38
10 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 38
15 0.14 0.16 0.16 0.12 38
20 0.18 0.20 0.21 0.12 38
25 0.23 0.25 0.25 0.12 38
30 0.28 0.30 0.30 0.12 38
A
Top slab 7.5 in., bottom slab 6 in.

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4 ft by 3 ft by 5 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2A 0.18 0.31 0.18 0.12 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.14
2<3 0.15 0.23 0.20 0.12 38
3-5 0.12 0.16 0.16 0.12 38
10 0.12 0.14 0.14 0.12 38
15 0.12 0.18 0.18 0.12 38
20 0.14 0.23 0.24 0.12 38
25 0.17 0.29 0.29 0.12 38
30 0.21 0.35 0.35 0.12 38
A
Top slab 7.5 in., bottom slab 6 in.
4 ft by 4 ft by 5 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2A 0.18 0.33 0.20 0.12 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.14
2<3 0.12 0.26 0.23 0.12 38
3-5 0.12 0.18 0.18 0.12 38
10 0.12 0.15 0.15 0.12 38
15 0.12 0.19 0.20 0.12 38
20 0.12 0.25 0.25 0.12 38
25 0.14 0.31 0.31 0.12 38
30 0.17 0.37 0.37 0.12 38
A
Top slab 7.5 in., bottom slab 6 in.
5 ft by 2 ft by 6 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2A 0.19 0.27 0.18 0.14 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.17
2<3 0.22 0.20 0.16 0.14 44
3-5 0.16 0.14 0.14 0.14 44
10 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14 36
15 0.20 0.18 0.18 0.14 36
20 0.26 0.23 0.24 0.14 36
25 0.33 0.29 0.29 0.14 36
30 0.39 0.34 0.35 0.14 36
A
Top slab 8 in., bottom slab 7 in.
5 ft by 3 ft by 6 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2A 0.19 0.31 0.21 0.14 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.17
2<3 0.18 0.24 0.19 0.14 45
3-5 0.14 0.17 0.16 0.14 36
10 0.14 0.16 0.17 0.14 36
15 0.16 0.21 0.22 0.14 35
20 0.21 0.27 0.28 0.14 35
25 0.26 0.34 0.34 0.14 35
30 0.31 0.41 0.41 0.14 35
A
Top slab 8 in., bottom slab 7 in.
5 ft by 4 ft by 6 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2A 0.19 0.33 0.24 0.14 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.17
2<3 0.16 0.27 0.22 0.14 45
3-5 0.14 0.19 0.18 0.14 45
10 0.14 0.18 0.18 0.14 36
15 0.14 0.23 0.24 0.14 35
20 0.17 0.30 0.31 0.14 35
25 0.21 0.37 0.38 0.14 35
30 0.25 0.44 0.45 0.14 35
A
Top slab 8 in., bottom slab 7 in.

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5 ft by 5 ft by 6 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2A 0.19 0.35 0.26 0.14 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.17
2<3 0.14 0.29 0.24 0.14 45
3-5 0.14 0.21 0.20 0.14 45
10 0.14 0.19 0.20 0.14 45
15 0.14 0.24 0.25 0.14 36
20 0.15 0.31 0.32 0.14 35
25 0.18 0.38 0.39 0.14 35
30 0.21 0.46 0.47 0.14 35
A
Top slab 8 in., bottom slab 7 in.
6 ft by 2 ft by 7in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2A 0.23 0.27 0.19 0.17 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.17
2<3 0.25 0.21 0.17 0.17 43
3-5 0.20 0.17 0.17 0.17 43
10 0.20 0.17 0.17 0.17 39
15 0.26 0.20 0.20 0.17 39
20 0.34 0.26 0.26 0.17 39
25 0.43 0.32 0.32 0.17 39
30 0.52 0.38 0.39 0.17 39
A
Top slab 8 in.
6 ft by 3 ft by 7 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2A 0.20 0.31 0.22 0.17 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.17
2<3 0.21 0.24 0.19 0.17 43
3-5 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.17 39
10 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.17 39
15 0.22 0.24 0.24 0.17 38
20 0.28 0.31 0.31 0.17 38
25 0.35 0.38 0.39 0.17 38
30 0.42 0.46 0.46 0.17 38
A
Top slab 8 in.
6 ft by 4 ft by 7 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2A 0.19 0.34 0.25 0.17 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.17
2<3 0.19 0.27 0.21 0.17 43
3-5 0.17 0.21 0.19 0.17 39
10 0.17 0.20 0.21 0.17 39
15 0.18 0.27 0.27 0.17 38
20 0.24 0.34 0.35 0.17 38
25 0.29 0.43 0.42 0.17 38
30 0.35 0.51 0.52 0.17 38
A
Top slab 8 in.
6 ft by 5 ft by 7 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2A 0.19 0.37 0.28 0.17 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.17
2<3 0.17 0.30 0.24 0.17 43
3-5 0.17 0.23 0.21 0.17 43
10 0.17 0.22 0.23 0.17 39
15 0.17 0.28 0.29 0.17 38
20 0.20 0.37 0.38 0.17 38
25 0.25 0.45 0.46 0.17 38
30 0.30 0.54 0.55 0.17 38
A
Top slab 8 in.
6 ft by 6 ft by 7 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2A 0.19 0.38 0.30 0.17 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.17
2<3 0.17 0.32 0.26 0.17 52
3-5 0.17 0.24 0.22 0.17 52
10 0.17 0.23 0.24 0.17 43
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15 0.17 0.29 0.31 0.17 39

20 0.18 0.38 0.39 0.17 39
25 0.23 0.46 0.48 0.17 38
30 0.27 0.55 0.57 0.17 38
A
Top slab 8 in.
7 ft by 2 ft by 8 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.27 0.28 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19
2<3 0.31 0.21 0.20 0.19 58
3-5 0.23 0.19 0.19 0.19 47
10 0.25 0.19 0.19 0.19 47
15 0.33 0.22 0.22 0.19 43
20 0.43 0.28 0.29 0.19 43
25 0.54 0.35 0.35 0.19 43
30 0.65 0.42 0.42 0.19 43
7 ft by 3 ft by 8 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.23 0.31 0.22 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19
2<3 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.19 47
3-5 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 43
10 0.21 0.20 0.21 0.19 43
15 0.28 0.26 0.27 0.19 43
20 0.36 0.34 0.35 0.19 43
25 0.45 0.42 0.43 0.19 43
30 0.54 0.50 0.51 0.19 43
7 ft by 4 ft by 8 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.21 0.34 0.25 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19
2<3 0.23 0.28 0.28 0.19 43
3-5 0.19 0.22 0.19 0.19 43
10 0.19 0.23 0.23 0.19 43
15 0.24 0.30 0.30 0.19 41
20 0.31 0.38 0.39 0.19 41
25 0.38 0.47 0.48 0.19 41
30 0.46 0.57 0.57 0.19 41
7 ft by 5 ft by 8 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.19 0.36 0.27 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19
2<3 0.21 0.31 0.31 0.19 47
3-5 0.19 0.24 0.21 0.19 43
10 0.19 0.25 0.26 0.19 43
15 0.21 0.32 0.33 0.19 41
20 0.27 0.41 0.42 0.19 41
25 0.33 0.51 0.52 0.19 41
30 0.40 0.61 0.62 0.19 41
7 ft by 6 ft by 8 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.19 0.38 0.30 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19
2<3 0.19 0.33 0.34 0.19 59
3-5 0.19 0.25 0.23 0.19 47
10 0.19 0.26 0.27 0.19 43
15 0.19 0.34 0.35 0.19 41
20 0.24 0.43 0.45 0.19 41
25 0.29 0.53 0.55 0.19 41
30 0.35 0.64 0.65 0.19 41
7 ft by 7 ft by 8 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.19 0.40 0.33 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19
2<3 0.19 0.36 0.37 0.19 59
3-5 0.19 0.27 0.25 0.19 59
10 0.19 0.27 0.29 0.19 47
15 0.19 0.35 0.37 0.19 43
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20 0.22 0.44 0.46 0.19 43

25 0.27 0.54 0.57 0.19 43
30 0.32 0.65 0.67 0.19 41
8 ft by 2 ft by 8 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.35 0.31 0.21 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19
2<3 0.40 0.25 0.23 0.19 64
3-5 0.32 0.20 0.20 0.19 55
10 0.34 0.21 0.22 0.19 50
15 0.45 0.28 0.28 0.19 50
20 0.59 0.36 0.37 0.19 50
25 0.74 0.45 0.45 0.19 50
8 ft by 3 ft by 8 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.31 0.35 0.25 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19
2<3 0.35 0.29 0.28 0.19 55
3-5 0.28 0.23 0.24 0.19 50
10 0.29 0.25 0.26 0.19 45
15 0.39 0.33 0.34 0.19 45
20 0.51 0.43 0.44 0.19 45
25 0.63 0.53 0.54 0.19 45
8 ft by 4 ft by 8 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.27 0.38 0.29 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19
2<3 0.31 0.34 0.32 0.19 50
3-5 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.19 50
10 0.26 0.28 0.29 0.19 45
15 0.34 0.37 0.38 0.19 41
20 0.44 0.48 0.49 0.19 41
8 ft by 5 ft by 8 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.24 0.40 0.32 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19
2<3 0.28 0.37 0.35 0.19 50
3-5 0.23 0.29 0.30 0.19 45
10 0.23 0.31 0.32 0.19 45
15 0.30 0.41 0.42 0.19 41
20 0.39 0.52 0.54 0.19 41
8 ft by 6 ft by 8 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.22 0.42 0.35 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19
2<3 0.25 0.40 0.38 0.19 50
3-5 0.21 0.32 0.33 0.19 50
10 0.22 0.33 0.34 0.19 45
15 0.28 0.43 0.45 0.19 41
20 0.36 0.55 0.57 0.19 41
8 ft by 7 ft by 8 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.20 0.44 0.37 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19
2<3 0.23 0.43 0.41 0.19 55
3-5 0.19 0.34 0.35 0.19 55
10 0.20 0.34 0.36 0.19 50
15 0.26 0.45 0.47 0.19 41
20 0.33 0.57 0.60 0.19 41
8 ft by 8 ft by 8 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.20 0.45 0.40 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19
2<3 0.21 0.45 0.44 0.19 65
3-5 0.19 0.36 0.38 0.19 65
10 0.19 0.35 0.38 0.19 55
15 0.24 0.46 0.49 0.19 45
20 0.31 0.59 0.62 0.19 45

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9 ft by 2 ft by 9 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.38 0.30 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
2<3 0.44 0.26 0.22 0.22 71
3-5 0.35 0.22 0.22 0.22 59
10 0.39 0.22 0.23 0.22 54
15 0.52 0.30 0.30 0.22 54
20 0.68 0.38 0.39 0.22 54
25 0.86 0.47 0.48 0.22 54
9 ft by 3 ft by 9 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.34 0.33 0.24 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
2<3 0.39 0.30 0.27 0.22 59
3-5 0.31 0.24 0.23 0.22 54
10 0.34 0.27 0.27 0.22 49
15 0.45 0.35 0.36 0.22 49
20 0.59 0.46 0.46 0.22 49
25 0.74 0.56 0.57 0.22 49
9 ft by 4 ft by 9 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.30 0.36 0.28 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
2<3 0.35 0.34 0.31 0.22 54
3-5 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.22 50
10 0.31 0.30 0.31 0.22 49
15 0.40 0.40 0.41 0.22 49
20 0.52 0.51 0.52 0.22 44
25 0.65 0.64 0.65 0.22 44
9 ft by 5 ft by 9 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.28 0.38 0.31 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
2<3 0.32 0.38 0.34 0.22 54
3-5 0.25 0.30 0.30 0.22 49
10 0.28 0.33 0.34 0.22 49
15 0.36 0.43 0.45 0.22 44
20 0.47 0.56 0.57 0.22 44
25 0.58 0.69 0.71 0.22 44
9 ft by 6 ft by 9 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.25 0.40 0.34 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
2<3 0.29 0.41 0.38 0.22 54
3-5 0.23 0.33 0.33 0.22 49
10 0.26 0.35 0.37 0.22 49
15 0.33 0.46 0.48 0.22 44
20 0.42 0.60 0.61 0.22 44
25 0.52 0.74 0.75 0.22 44
9 ft by 7 ft by 9 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.23 0.42 0.36 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
2<3 0.26 0.44 0.41 0.22 59
3-5 0.22 0.35 0.35 0.22 54
10 0.24 0.37 0.39 0.22 49
15 0.31 0.48 0.51 0.22 44
20 0.39 0.62 0.65 0.22 44
9 ft by 8 ft by 9 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.22 0.43 0.39 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
2<3 0.24 0.46 0.43 0.22 59
3-5 0.22 0.37 0.38 0.22 59
10 0.22 0.39 0.41 0.22 54
15 0.29 0.50 0.53 0.22 44
20 0.36 0.64 0.67 0.22 44
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 C1577 − 14

9 ft by 9 ft by 9 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.22 0.44 0.42 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
2<3 0.23 0.49 0.46 0.22 72
3-5 0.22 0.39 0.40 0.22 72
10 0.22 0.40 0.43 0.22 59
15 0.27 0.51 0.55 0.22 49
20 0.34 0.66 0.69 0.22 49
10 ft by 2 ft by 10 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.42 0.28 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24
2<3 0.48 0.26 0.24 0.24 70
3-5 0.39 0.24 0.24 0.24 64
10 0.44 0.24 0.24 0.24 64
15 0.59 0.31 0.32 0.24 58
20 0.77 0.40 0.41 0.24 58
25 0.97 0.50 0.50 0.24 58
10 ft by 3 ft by 10 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.37 0.31 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24
2<3 0.42 0.31 0.27 0.24 64
3-5 0.35 0.25 0.24 0.24 58
10 0.39 0.28 0.29 0.24 58
15 0.52 0.37 0.38 0.24 52
20 0.68 0.48 0.49 0.24 52
25 0.85 0.59 0.60 0.24 52
10 ft by 4 ft by 10 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.33 0.34 0.27 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24
2<3 0.38 0.35 0.30 0.24 58
3-5 0.31 0.28 0.27 0.24 53
10 0.36 0.32 0.33 0.24 52
15 0.47 0.42 0.43 0.24 52
20 0.61 0.54 0.55 0.24 52
25 0.75 0.67 0.68 0.24 52
10 ft by 5 ft by 10 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.30 0.36 0.30 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24
2<3 0.35 0.39 0.34 0.24 58
3-5 0.28 0.31 0.30 0.24 53
10 0.33 0.35 0.36 0.24 52
15 0.42 0.46 0.47 0.24 47
20 0.55 0.59 0.61 0.24 47
25 0.68 0.73 0.75 0.24 47
10 ft by 6 ft by 10 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.28 0.38 0.33 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24
2<3 0.32 0.42 0.37 0.24 58
3-5 0.26 0.34 0.33 0.24 52
10 0.30 0.38 0.39 0.24 52
15 0.39 0.49 0.51 0.24 47
20 0.50 0.63 0.65 0.24 47
25 0.61 0.78 0.80 0.24 47
10 ft by 7 ft by 10 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.25 0.40 0.36 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24
2<3 0.30 0.45 0.40 0.24 58
3-5 0.24 0.36 0.35 0.24 58
10 0.28 0.40 0.42 0.24 52
15 0.36 0.52 0.54 0.24 47
20 0.46 0.67 0.69 0.24 47
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 C1577 − 14

25 0.56 0.82 0.85 0.24 47

10 ft by 8 ft by 10 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.24 0.41 0.38 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24
2<3 0.27 0.47 0.43 0.24 64
3-5 0.24 0.38 0.38 0.24 58
10 0.26 0.42 0.44 0.24 52
15 0.34 0.54 0.57 0.24 47
20 0.43 0.69 0.72 0.24 47
10 ft by 9 ft by 10 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.24 0.42 0.41 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24
2<3 0.26 0.50 0.46 0.24 70
3-5 0.24 0.40 0.40 0.24 64
10 0.25 0.43 0.46 0.24 58
15 0.32 0.56 0.59 0.24 52
20 0.40 0.71 0.75 0.24 47
10 ft by 10 ft by 10 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.24 0.44 0.44 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24
2<3 0.25 0.52 0.48 0.24 79
3-5 0.24 0.42 0.43 0.24 70
10 0.24 0.44 0.48 0.24 64
15 0.30 0.57 0.61 0.24 52
20 0.38 0.73 0.77 0.24 52
11 ft by 2 ft by 11 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.45 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26
2<3 0.52 0.27 0.26 0.26 75
3-5 0.43 0.26 0.26 0.26 69
10 0.50 0.26 0.26 0.26 69
15 0.66 0.33 0.33 0.26 62
20 0.86 0.42 0.43 0.26 62
25 1.09 0.52 0.53 0.26 62
11 ft by 3 ft by 11 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.39 0.30 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26
2<3 0.45 0.32 0.26 0.26 69
3-5 0.38 0.26 0.26 0.26 62
10 0.45 0.30 0.30 0.26 62
15 0.59 0.39 0.40 0.26 55
20 0.77 0.50 0.51 0.26 55
25 0.96 0.62 0.63 0.26 55
11 ft by 4 ft by 11 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.36 0.33 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26
2<3 0.41 0.36 0.30 0.26 62
3-5 0.34 0.29 0.27 0.26 62
10 0.41 0.34 0.35 0.26 55
15 0.53 0.44 0.45 0.26 55
20 0.69 0.57 0.58 0.26 55
25 0.86 0.70 0.72 0.26 55
11 ft by 6 ft by 11 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.30 0.36 0.33 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26
2<3 0.35 0.43 0.37 0.26 62
3-5 0.29 0.35 0.33 0.26 55
10 0.35 0.40 0.42 0.26 55
15 0.45 0.52 0.54 0.26 50
20 0.57 0.67 0.69 0.26 50
25 0.71 0.83 0.85 0.26 50

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11 ft by 8 ft by 11 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.26 0.40 0.38 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26
2<3 0.30 0.48 0.42 0.26 62
3-5 0.26 0.40 0.38 0.26 62
10 0.30 0.44 0.47 0.26 55
15 0.39 0.58 0.60 0.26 50
20 0.49 0.74 0.77 0.26 50
25 0.61 0.91 0.94 0.26 50
11 ft by 10 ft by 11 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.26 0.45 0.43 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26
2<3 0.27 0.53 0.48 0.26 75
3-5 0.26 0.44 0.43 0.26 69
10 0.28 0.48 0.52 0.26 62
15 0.35 0.61 0.65 0.26 55
20 0.44 0.78 0.83 0.26 50
11 ft by 11 ft by 11 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.26 0.47 0.46 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26
2<3 0.26 0.55 0.51 0.26 86
3-5 0.26 0.46 0.45 0.26 75
10 0.27 0.49 0.54 0.26 69
15 0.34 0.63 0.68 0.26 55
20 0.42 0.80 0.85 0.26 55
12 ft by 2 ft by 12 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.47 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29
2<3 0.55 0.29 0.29 0.29 80
3-5 0.46 0.29 0.29 0.29 73
10 0.54 0.29 0.29 0.29 73
15 0.73 0.34 0.35 0.29 73
20 0.96 0.44 0.45 0.29 73
25 1.20 0.54 0.55 0.29 66
12 ft by 3 ft by 12 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.42 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29
2<3 0.49 0.33 0.29 0.29 73
3-5 0.41 0.29 0.29 0.29 73
10 0.49 0.30 0.31 0.29 66
15 0.66 0.41 0.42 0.29 66
20 0.86 0.53 0.54 0.29 66
25 1.07 0.65 0.66 0.29 66
12 ft by 4 ft by 12 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.38 0.31 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29
2<3 0.44 0.37 0.30 0.29 73
3–5 0.37 0.30 0.29 0.29 66
10 0.44 0.34 0.35 0.29 66
15 0.60 0.46 0.48 0.29 59
20 0.78 0.60 0.61 0.29 59
25 0.97 0.74 0.75 0.29 59
12 ft by 6 ft by 12 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.32 0.36 0.32 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29
2<3 0.38 0.43 0.36 0.29 66
3-5 0.32 0.36 0.33 0.29 59
10 0.38 0.41 0.42 0.29 59
15 0.51 0.55 0.57 0.29 53
20 0.65 0.71 0.72 0.29 53
25 0.81 0.87 0.89 0.29 53
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 C1577 − 14

12 ft by 8 ft by 12 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.29 0.41 0.38 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29
2<3 0.33 0.49 0.42 0.29 66
3-5 0.29 0.41 0.38 0.29 59
10 0.34 0.46 0.48 0.29 59
15 0.44 0.61 0.64 0.29 53
20 0.57 0.78 0.81 0.29 53
25 0.69 0.96 0.99 0.29 53
12 ft by 10 ft by 12 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.29 0.45 0.43 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29
2<3 0.29 0.54 0.48 0.29 73
3-5 0.29 0.45 0.43 0.29 66
10 0.31 0.49 0.53 0.29 59
15 0.40 0.65 0.70 0.29 53
20 0.51 0.84 0.88 0.29 53
25 0.62 1.03 1.07 0.29 53
12 ft by 12 ft by 12 in.
Design Circumferential Reinforcement Areas, in.2/ft
Earth As1 As2 As3 As4 As5 As6 As7 As8 “M,” in.
Cover, ft
0<2 0.29 0.49 0.48 0.33 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29
2<3 0.29 0.59 0.53 0.29 93
3-5 0.29 0.49 0.48 0.29 80
10 0.29 0.52 0.58 0.29 73
15 0.37 0.69 0.74 0.29 59
20 0.46 0.87 0.93 0.29 59

5. Basis of Acceptance 6.2.4.3 Portland pozzolan cement only,

5.1 Acceptability of the box sections produced in accor- 6.2.4.4 A combination of portland cement and fly ash,
dance with Section 7 shall be determined by the results of the 6.2.4.5 A combination of portland cement and ground
concrete compressive strength tests described in Section 10, by granulated blast-furnace slag, or
the material requirements described in Section 6, and by 6.2.4.6 A combination of portland cement, ground granu-
inspection of the finished box sections. lated blast-furnace slag (not to exceed 25 % of the total
5.2 Box sections shall be considered ready for acceptance cementitious weight) and fly ash (not to exceed 25 % of the
when they conform to the requirements of this specification. total cementitious weight).

6. Material 6.3 Aggregates—Aggregates shall conform to Specification

C33, except that the requirements for gradation shall not apply.
6.1 Reinforced Concrete—The reinforced concrete shall
consist of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates and 6.4 Admixtures and Blends—Admixtures and blends shall
water, in which steel has been embedded in such a manner that only be used with the approval of the owner.
the steel and concrete act together. 6.5 Steel Reinforcement—Reinforcement shall consist of
6.2 Cementitious Materials: welded wire reinforcement conforming to Specification
6.2.1 Cement—Cement shall conform to the requirements A1064/A1064M. Circumferential reinforcement areas in Table
for portland cement of Specification C150 or shall be portland 1 are based solely on the use of welded wire reinforcement
blast-furnace slag cement or portland-pozzolan cement con- with 4 in. spacing of the circumferential wires. Refer to 11.6 if
forming to the requirements of Specification C595, except that alternate steel designs utilizing steel bars, Grade 60, in con-
the pozzolan constituent in the Type IP portland-pozzolan junction with or in lieu of welded wire reinforcement are to be
cement shall be fly ash. submitted for the owner’s approval. Longitudinal distribution
6.2.2 Fly Ash—Fly ash shall conform to the requirements of reinforcement shall consist of welded wire reinforcement or
Specification C618, Class F or Class C. deformed billet-steel bars conforming to Specification A615/
6.2.3 Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag—GGBFS A615M, Grade 60.
shall conform to the requirements of Grade 100 or 120 of
Specification C989. 6.6 Synthetic Fibers—Collated fibrillated virgin polypropyl-
6.2.4 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious Materials— ene fibers may be used at the manufacturer’s option, in
The combination of cementitious materials used in concrete concrete boxes as a nonstructural manufacturing material. Only
shall be one of the following: Type III synthetic fibers designed and manufactured specifi-
6.2.4.1 Portland cement only, cally for use in concrete and conforming to the requirements of
6.2.4.2 Portland blast furnace slag cement only, specification C1116 shall be accepted.
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6.7 Water—Water used in the production of concrete shall the tongue portion of the joint and the outside circumferential
be potable or non-potable water that meets the requirements of reinforcement shall extend into the groove portion of the joint.
Specification C1602/C1602M. The clear distance of the end circumferential wires shall be not
less than 1⁄2 in. nor more than 2 in. from the ends of the box
7. Design section. Reinforcement shall be assembled utilizing any com-
7.1 Design Tables—The box section dimensions, compres- bination of single or multiple layers of welded-wire reinforce-
sive strength of the concrete, and reinforcement details shall be ment. Multiple layers shall not be separated by more than the
as prescribed in Table 1 and Figs. 1-9, subject to the provisions thickness of one longitudinal wire plus 1⁄4 in. The multiple
of Section 11. Table 1 sections are designed for combined earth layers shall be fastened together to form a single cage. All other
dead load and AASHTO HL-93 live load without the lane load, specification requirements such as laps, welds, and tolerances
as permitted by AASHTO. Criteria used to develop Table 1 is of placement in the wall of the box section shall apply to this
given in Appendix X1. method of fabricating a reinforcement cage. It is not prohibited
NOTE 2—The tabular designs in this specification were prepared for a common reinforcement unit to be utilized for both As2 (or
according to the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. As3) and As4, and also for both As7 (or As8) and As1, with the
7.2 Modified and Special Designs for Monolithic largest area requirement governing, bending the reinforcement
Structures—The manufacturer shall request approval by the at the corners and waiving the extension requirements of Fig.
purchaser for modified designs which differ from the designs in 3 and Fig. 5 (see Fig. 4). When a single cage of multiple
Section 7; or special designs for sizes and loads other than circumferential steel areas is used for As2 (or As3) and As4
those shown in Table 1. When spans are required that exceed reinforcement, the slab or wall requiring the larger steel area
those prescribed in Table 1, the design shall be based on the shall have this additional circumferential steel extending for
criteria given in Appendix X1. In addition, the span shall be the full span of the slab or rise of the wall. The welded wire
designed to have adequate stiffness to limit deflection as given reinforcement shall be composed of circumferential and lon-
in Article 2.5.2.6.3 of AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Speci- gitudinal wires meeting the spacing requirements of 7.4 and
fications. shall contain sufficient longitudinal wires extending through
NOTE 3—(Advisory)—Construction procedures, such as heavy equip- the box section to maintain the shape and position of reinforce-
ment movement or stockpiling of material over or adjacent to a box ment. Longitudinal distribution reinforcement shall be welded-
structure can induce higher loads than those used for the structure’s final
design. These construction and surcharge loads are allowable as long as wire reinforcement or deformed billet-steel bars and shall meet
the final steel areas in the box are larger than those required for the the spacing requirements of 7.4. The ends of the longitudinal
construction phase. The design engineer shall take into consideration the distribution reinforcement shall not be more than 2 in. from the
potential for higher loads induced by construction procedures in deter- ends of the box section. The exposure of the ends of
mining the final design of the box structure. longitudinals, stirrups, and spacers used to position the rein-
7.3 Placement of Reinforcement—The cover of concrete forcement shall not be a cause for rejection.
over the circumferential reinforcement shall be 1 in. except for
when the box culvert has less than 2 ft of earth cover, then the NOTE 4—Depending on reinforcement layout, some designs may fail to
meet the provisions in the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications
concrete cover over the top slab reinforcement As7 shall be 2 that the concrete cover be at least three times the reinforcing diameter.
in. Concrete cover shall be subject to the provisions of Section Since the introduction of Specification C789 for Precast Reinforced
11. The inside circumferential reinforcement shall extend into Concrete Box Sections for Culverts, Storm Drains, and Sewers in 1974,

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved);

FIG. 1 Typical Box Sections
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 C1577 − 14

FIG. 2 Section A-A Top and Bottom Slab Joint Reinforcement

FIG. 3 Detail Inner Reinforcement

FIG. 5 Detailed Reinforcement Arrangement

FIG. 4 Detail Option (see Fig. 3)

the ASTM and AASHTO Material Standards for precast box culverts have
all utilized 1 in. of concrete cover over the reinforcement. Boxes
manufactured in accordance with the ASTM and AASHTO Material
Standards have performed well over the years, with no indication of FIG. 6 Detail Option
distress resulting from the 1 in. concrete cover.
7.4 Laps, Welds, and Spacing—Splices in the circumferen- connected, welded splices or lapped splices shall be used in the
tial reinforcement shall be made by lapping. The overlap connection. When used, As7 and As8 shall be lapped with As1 as
measured between the outermost longitudinal wires of each shown in Fig. 5, Fig. 6, or Fig. 8 and are not prohibited from
reinforcement sheet shall not be less than the space containing being connected by welding. If welds are made to circumfer-
two longitudinal wires of each mesh plus 2 in., but not less than ential reinforcement, they shall be made only to selected
10 in. If As1 is extended to the middle of either slab and circumferential wires that are not less than 18 in. apart along
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 C1577 − 14
8.2 Joints shall conform to the requirements of either
Specification C990 or C1677. For joints conforming to Speci-
fication C1677, the elastomeric (gasket) material shall conform
to Specification C1619 Class C requirements. Gaskets which
require oil resistant properties shall meet Class D requirements.
8.3 Outer cage circumferential reinforcement as shown in
Figs. 1 and 2 shall be placed in the top and bottom slabs at the
groove portion of the joint when As1 is not continuous over the
span. The minimum area of such reinforcement in square
inches per linear foot of box section length shall be the same as
the areas specified for As4 in Table 1.
9. Manufacture
9.1 Mixture—The aggregates shall be sized, graded,
proportioned, and mixed with such proportions of cementitious
FIG. 7 Alternate Detail (see Fig. 3) materials and water as will produce a thoroughly-mixed
concrete of such quality that the box section will conform to
the test and design requirements of this specification. All
concrete shall have a water-cementitious materials ratio not
exceeding 0.53 by weight. Cementitious materials shall be as
specified in 6.2 and shall be added to the mix in a proportion
not less than 470 lb/yd3 unless mix designs with a lower
cementitious materials content demonstrate that the quality and
performance of the box section meet the requirements of this
specification.
9.2 Curing—The box sections shall be cured for a sufficient
length of time so that the concrete will develop the specified
compressive strength by the time of delivery. Any one of the
following methods of curing or combinations thereof shall be
used:
9.2.1 Steam Curing—The box sections shall be low
FIG. 8 Alternate Detail (see Fig. 5) pressure, steam-cured by a system that will maintain a moist
atmosphere.
the longitudinal axis of the box section as shown in Fig. 9. 9.2.2 Water Curing—The box sections shall be water-cured
Also, when spacers are welded to circumferential wires, they by any method that will keep the sections moist.
shall be welded only to these selected circumferential wires. 9.2.3 Membrane Curing—A sealing membrane conforming
There shall be no welding to other circumferential wires, to the requirements of Specification C309 shall be applied and
except As4 is not prohibited from being lapped and welded at shall be left intact until the required concrete compressive
any location or connected by welding at the corners to As2 and strength is attained. The concrete temperature at the time of
As3. No welds shall be made to As2 or As3 circumferential wires application shall be within 10°F of the atmospheric tempera-
in the middle third of the span as shown in Fig. 9. When ture. All surfaces shall be kept moist prior to the application of
distribution reinforcement is to be fastened to a cage by the compounds and shall be damp when the compound is
welding, it shall be welded only to longitudinal wires and only applied.
within 18 in. of the end of the box section. The spacing center 9.3 Forms—The forms used in manufacture shall be suffi-
to center of the circumferential wires shall not be less than 2 in. ciently rigid and accurate to maintain the box section dimen-
nor more than 4 in. The spacing center to center of the sions within the permissible variations given in Section 11. All
longitudinal wires shall not be more than 8 in. casting surfaces shall be of smooth nonporous material.
NOTE 5—(Advisory)–The AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifica- 9.4 Handling—Handling devices or holes are not prohibited
tions should be consulted for weld requirements not directly addressed in
this standard.
in each box section for the purpose of handling and laying.

8. Joints 10. Physical Requirements

8.1 The precast reinforced concrete box sections shall be 10.1 Type of Test Specimen—Compression tests for deter-
produced with tongue and groove ends. The ends shall be of mining concrete compressive strength shall be allowed to be
such design and the ends of the box sections so formed that the made on either standard rodded concrete cylinders or concrete
sections can be laid together to make a continuous line of box cylinders compacted and cured in like manner as the box
sections compatible with the permissible variations given in sections, or on cores drilled from the box section.
Section 11. 10.2 Compression Testing of Cylinders:
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FIG. 9 Critical Zones of High Stress Where Welding is Restricted

10.2.1 Cylinders shall be prepared, cured, and tested in strength equal to or greater than 85 % of the required strength,
accordance with Section 11 of Test Methods C497. Cylinders the remainder of the group is acceptable. If the compressive
shall be exposed to the same curing conditions as the manu- strength of either of the two cores tested is less than 85 % of
factured box sections and shall remain with the sections until the required strength of the concrete, the remainder of the
tested. group of box sections shall be rejected, or, at the option of the
10.2.2 Prepare not less than three test cylinders from each manufacturer, each box section of the remainder of the group
concrete mix used within a group (one day’s production) of shall be cored and accepted individually, and any of these box
box sections. sections that have core strengths less than 85 % of the required
10.2.3 Acceptability on the Basis of Cylinder Test Results: strength of the concrete shall be rejected.
10.2.3.1 When the average compressive strength of all NOTE 6—(Advisory)—The percentage shown for acceptance of core
cylinders tested is equal to or greater than the design concrete tests are in accordance with ACI 318 which states that, “To expect core
tests to be equal to f'c is not realistic, since differences in the size of
strength, not more than 10 % of the cylinders tested have a specimens, conditions of obtaining samples, and procedures for curing do
compressive strength less than the design concrete strength, not permit equal values to be obtained”. The variations of the specimens
and no cylinder tested has a compressive strength less than such as length to diameter ratio, drilling direction and process, aggregate
80 % of the design concrete strength, the lot shall be accepted. size and sample preparation may all have an effect on the test results.
10.2.3.2 Box sections that fail to meet the strength require- Embedded steel reinforcement affects the test results because of the loss of
concrete continuity.
ments under 10.2 shall not be retested under 10.3 without the
approval of the purchaser. 10.4 Plugging Core Holes—The core holes shall be plugged
10.2.3.3 When the compressive strength of the cylinders is and sealed by the manufacturer in a manner such that the box
unavailable, the acceptability of the lot shall be determined in section will meet all of the test requirements of this specifica-
accordance with the provisions of 10.3. tion. Box sections so sealed shall be considered as satisfactory
for use.
10.3 Compression Testing of Cores:
10.3.1 Cores shall be obtained, prepared, and tested for 10.5 Test Equipment—Every manufacturer furnishing box
compressive strength in accordance with the provisions of Test sections under this specification shall furnish all facilities and
Methods C497. personnel necessary to carry out the tests required.
10.3.2 Three cores shall be taken from three sections (one
core from each) selected at random from each group of 15 box 11. Permissible Variations
sections or fraction thereof, of a single size from each 11.1 Internal Dimensions—The internal dimensions shall
continuous production run. not vary more than 1 % from the design dimensions. The
10.3.3 Acceptability by Core Tests: haunch dimensions shall not vary more than 1⁄4 in. from the
10.3.3.1 Concrete represented by these three core tests shall design dimensions.
be considered acceptable if the average of the three core
strengths is equal to or greater than 85 % of the required 11.2 Slab and Wall Thickness—The slab and wall thickness
compressive strength of the concrete with no one core less than shall not be less than that shown in the design by more than
75 % of the required compressive strength. 5 % or 3⁄16 in., whichever is greater. A thickness more than that

10.3.3.2 If the compressive strength of the three cores does required in the design shall not be a cause for rejection.
not meet the requirements of 10.3.3.1, the sections from which 11.3 Length of Opposite Surfaces—Variations in laying
the cores were taken shall be rejected. Two box sections from lengths of two opposite surfaces of the box section shall not be
the remainder of the group shall be selected at random and one more than 1⁄8 in./ft of internal span, with a maximum of 5⁄8 in.
core shall be taken from each and tested. If both cores have a for all sizes through 7 ft internal span, and a maximum of 3⁄4 in.
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for internal spans greater than 7 ft, except where beveled ends acceptable if, in the opinion of the purchaser, the repaired box
for laying of curves are specified by the purchaser. section conforms to the requirements of this specification.
11.4 Length of Section—The underrun in length of a section
shall not be more than 1⁄8 in./ft of length with a maximum of 1⁄2 13. Inspection
in. in any box section. 13.1 The quality of materials, the process of manufacture,
11.5 Position of Reinforcement—The maximum variation in and the finished box sections shall be subject to inspection by
the position of the reinforcement of 5-in. or less slab and wall the purchaser.
thickness shall be 6 3⁄8 in., and for greater than 5-in. slab and
wall thickness shall be 6 1⁄2 in. In no case, however, shall the 14. Rejection
cover over the reinforcement be less than 5⁄8 in., as measured to 14.1 Box sections are subject to rejection on account of
the internal surface or the external surface except the cover failure to conform to any of the specification requirements.
over the reinforcement for the external surface of the top slab Individual box sections are subject to rejection because of any
for boxes with under 2 ft of cover shall not be less than 15⁄8 in. of the following:
The preceding minimum cover limitation does not apply at the 14.1.1 Fractures or cracks passing through the wall, except
mating surfaces of the joint. for a single end crack that does not exceed the depth of the
11.6 Area of Reinforcement—The areas of steel reinforce- joint,
ment shall be the design steel areas as shown in Table 1. Steel 14.1.2 Defects that indicate mixing and molding not in
areas greater than those required shall not be cause for compliance with 9.1, or honeycombed or open texture that
rejection. The permissible variation in diameter of any wire in would adversely affect the function of the box sections,
finished reinforcement shall conform to the tolerances pre- 14.1.3 Abnormalities in the ends of the box sections to the
scribed for the wire before fabrication by Specification A1064/ walls and center line of the box section, within the limits of
A1064M as applicable. If steel bars (Grade 60) are used in lieu variations given in Section 11, except where beveled ends are
of welded wire reinforcement, the steel areas presented in specified, and
Table 1 shall be increased to account for the difference in steel 14.1.4 Damaged ends, where such damage would prevent
yield strength, steel spacing, concrete cover, and crack control making a satisfactory joint.
between the welded wire reinforcement and steel bars.
11.7 Haunch Dimensions—The vertical and horizontal di- 15. Marking
mensions shall be equal to the side wall thickness. If haunches 15.1 The following information shall be legibly marked on
with other dimensions are used, a special reinforcement design each box section by indentation, waterproof paint, or other
for the actual dimensions shall be completed. In lieu of approved means:
performing a special design, for the specific case where the 15.1.1 Box section span, rise, maximum and minimum
actual haunch dimensions are larger than the standard dimen- design earth cover, and specification designation.
sions and vertical and horizontal haunch dimensions are equal,
15.1.2 Date of manufacture, and
the As1 steel area shall be increased 1 % for every 5 % increase
in the haunch dimension over that specified in Table 1 and As2 15.1.3 Name or trademark of the manufacturer.
and As3 shall be reduced by an equal percentage. 15.2 Each section shall be clearly marked on either the inner
or outer surface during the process of manufacture so that the
12. Repairs location of the top will be evident immediately after the forms
12.1 Box sections shall be repaired, if necessary, because of are stripped. In addition, the word “top” shall be lettered with
imperfections in manufacture or handling damage and will be waterproof paint on the inside top surface.

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. DESIGN CRITERIA USED TO DEVELOP TABLE 1

X1.1 Bedding and Backfill Assumptions lation practices. For additional information on the construction
X1.1.1 The bedding is assumed to provide a slightly of precast concrete box section systems, ASCE 26–97 may be
yielding, uniformly distributed support over the bottom width consulted.
of the box section. Reference Section 27 of the AASHTO X1.1.2 The design earth covers and reinforcement areas are
LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications for standard instal- based on the weight of a column of earth over the width of the
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box section multiplied by a soil-structure interaction factor (see X1.2.2 Live loads for designs given in Table 1 are HL-93
Table X1.1). Select granular backfill is assumed above the box loadings without the lane load as defined in the AASHTO
culvert. LRFD specifications. Dynamic load allowances are in accor-
dance with the AASHTO specification. The HL-93 live load
X1.2 Criteria for Loads
consists of the design truck (32 000 lb axle, identical to the HS
X1.2.1 Design loads are based on the American Association 20 truck of the Standard Specifications) or a design tandem
of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO (two 25 000 lb axles spaced 4 feet apart).
LRFD Bridge Design Specifications).

TABLE X1.1 Specific Criteria Used for Table 1A

Material Properties:
Steel reinforcement, minimum specified yield stress 65 000 psi
Concrete, minimum specified compressive strength 5000 psi
Soil Data:
Unit weight 120 lbf/ft3
Ratio of lateral to vertical pressure from weight of earth 0.50 max to 0.25 min
External water table below box section invert
Soil structure interaction factor Fe = 1 + 0.20(H/Bc)
Bc = outside width of culvert
Femax = 1.15
Capacity Reduction Factors
(from AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications):
Shear 0.90
Axial compression combined with bending 1.0
Loading Data:
Load Modifiers:
Ductile Structures η = 1.0
For earth fill: non-redundant member η = 1.05
For live load: redundant member η = 1.0
Typical Bridge η = 1.0
Load Factors:
Dead Load Max DL = 1.25, Min DL = 0.90
Earth Load (Vertical) Max ELV = 1.30, Min ELV = 0.90
Earth Load (Horizontal) Max ELH = 1.35 (see X1.2.5)
Live Load LL = 1.75
Multiple Presence Factor MPF = 1.2 (for one lane)
Live Load HL-93:B
Greater of:
Truck Axle Load 32 000 lbf
Tandem Axle Load 2 at 25 000 lbf each
H < 2 ft
Area of box section resisting truck axle load
Direction Perpendicular to Span E = 96 (in.) + 1.44Span (ft)
Direction Parallel to Span L = 10 (in.) + 1.15H (in.)
H $ 2 ft
Area of box section resisting truck wheel load
Direction Perpendicular to Span W = 20 (in.) + 1.15H (in.)
Direction Parallel to Span L = 10 (in.) + 1.15H (in.)
Dynamic Load Allowance (variable with depth) = 0.33(1 – 0.125H)
Uniform internal pressure 0.0
Depth of water in box section equal to inside height
External ground water pressure 0.0
Lateral Live Load Pressure:
From 0 to 5 ft 160 psf
5 $ 10 ft 160 – [(H-5)/(10-5)](160-120) psf
10 $ 20 ft 120 – [(H-10)/(20-10)](120-80) psf
20 ft or greater 80 psf
Structural Arrangement:
Reinforcement Spacing 4.0 in.
Concrete cover over steel 1.0 in.
Top slab (outside face) 1.0 in. for fill heights 2 ft and greater,
2.0 in. for fill heights under 2 ft
Side wall thickness 1⁄12 times inside span plus 1.0 in. up to 7-ft

span,
1⁄12 inside span above 7-ft span

Slab thickness equal to sidewall thickness unless otherwise

noted
Haunch dimensions vertical and horizontal dimensions both
equal to side wall thickness
Minimum reinforcing inside face slabs and side walls, 0.002 bt
outside face side walls and corners of slabs
A
The structural arrangement and details are shown in Fig. 1.
B
Refer to Fig. X1.1 for wheel load arrangements. Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved);

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FIG. X1.1 Axle Loads for Box Section Standard Designs

X1.2.3 For box sections with less than 2 ft of cover, wheel a separate analysis must be performed. (For cover depths of
loads are distributed perpendicular to the span by the use of greater than 5 ft, a separate skew analysis need not be
longitudinal distribution reinforcement in the top and bottom of performed.) Live loads are applied for all depths and are not
the top slab. The width of the live load distribution for an entire cut off at any preset depth.
axle at these depths is E = 96 (in.) + 1.44Span (ft) where E =
X1.2.4 Cover loads for designs given in Table 1 are the
distribution width in inches. The length of the applied load is
weight of a column of earth of a width equal to the outside
L = 10 (in.) + 1.15H (in.). For box sections with 2 ft or more
width dimension of the box section and a height equal to the
of cover, the wheel load is applied as a tire footprint of w = 20
depth of cover over the top of the section multiplied by the
(in.) by l = 10 inches on the surface and distributed through the
appropriate AASHTO soil structure interaction factor.
soil to the top of the box with dimensions equal to the tire
footprint plus 1.15H in each direction assuming use of a select X1.2.5 Lateral earth pressure from weight of earth above
granular backfill above the culvert. Live loads are applied from and adjacent to a box section is taken as 0.50 times the vertical
a truck traveling parallel to the span of the box. If live load pressure. This value is increased by the load factor of 1.35 for
travel is at an angle greater than 30° from parallel to the span, the maximum lateral earth pressure used in design. The box
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culverts are also evaluated for a minimum lateral earth bution reinforcement is also required in the outside face of the
pressure, which may result in increased steel areas in certain top slab, when wheel loads are adjacent to joints which provide
locations of the box culvert. AASHTO allows for a 50 % only shear connections between box section units. These
reduction in the lateral earth pressure in lieu of applying a requirements were determined by evaluating analyses with
minimum earth load factor of 0.90. This results in a minimum loads in various positions on and near the edge of slabs having
lateral earth pressure design value of 0.25 times the maximum various length to width ratios and various conditions of edge
vertical earth pressure This minimum value is 50 % of the restraint. Distribution reinforcement shall either be welded
maximum value. For Table 1, additional lateral pressure in wire reinforcement or deformed Grade 60 bars, subject to the
lbf/ft2 from approaching truck wheel loads is added when provisions of section 11.6. A slab thickness of 1⁄12 the span (or
determining steel areas only at sections where area is increased greater) as required by this specification encompasses the
by increased lateral pressure (see Table X1.1). recommended minimum section depth and deflection require-
ments in the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications.
X1.3 Methods of Analysis X1.4.2 Some box section designs shown in Table 1 have
X1.3.1 The structural effects of the loads described in X1.2 minimum practical steel area requirements. For such designs,
are evaluated based on the elastic method of structural analysis. the steel areas calculated for support of design loads are less
Design moments, shears, and thrusts are determined by com- than the minimum steel area which is specified for slabs in the
puter analysis using the stiffness matrix method, and design is AASHTO specification, (0.002 bt), and thus, the minimum
based on maximum stress resultants at critical sections caused reinforcement areas are shown in Table 1.
by the most severe combination of design loads. X1.4.3 For specific criteria used in Table 1, refer to Table
X1.1.
X1.4 Method of Design
X1.4.4 The maximum height of earth cover shown in Table
X1.4.1 Box section design is based on load and resistance 1 is determined by the shear strength of the box section without
factor design provisions given in AASHTO LRFD Bridge the use of special shear reinforcement and by the standard
Design Specifications. Reinforcement areas are governed by weight of the column of earth directly above the box section
either ultimate total load yield stress limitation of 65 000 multiplied by the soil structure interaction factor.
lbf/in.2, service total load stress limitation (cracking), or
maximum shear capacity using flexural reinforcement. Capac- X1.5 Multiple Cell Installations
ity reduction factors of 1.0 for flexure and axial compression, X1.5.1 The designs given herein are for single-cell precast
and 0.90 for shear were used. All designs in the tables are based reinforced concrete box sections. The units shall be allowed to
on welded wire fabric with a maximum of 4 in. spacing unless be used in parallel for multicell installations if means of
noted otherwise. Longitudinal distribution reinforcement positive lateral bearing by continuous contact between the
called for in Table 1 for top slab inside face is in accordance sides of adjacent boxes are provided. Compacted earth fill,
with distribution reinforcement formulas given in the granular backfill, flowable fill, or grouting between the units
AASHTO specification for bridge decks. Longitudinal distri- are considered means of providing such positive bearing.

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