Information Technology - Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases - COMPLETE NOTES

Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases
A data model consists of rules and standards that define how the database organizes data.
• Defines how users view the organization of the
data.
• Does not define how the operating system
actually
arranges the data on the disk.
• Every database and DBMS (Database
Management System) is based on a specific data
model.
Three Popular Data Models Used Today

Relational Databases - A database that stores data in tables that consist of rows and columns. Each row
has a primary key and each column has a unique name.
▪ A relational database uses terms different from a file processing system.
Varied terminology for relational databases.
▪ In a relational database, the only data redundancy (duplication) exists in the common columns
(fields). The database uses these common columns for relationships.
SQL Structured Query Language (SQL) is a popular query language that allows users to
manage, update, and retrieve data. SQL has special keywords and rules that users include in SQL
statements.
➢ Most relational database products for servers and mainframes include SQL. Many personal
computer databases also include SQL.
The figure above shows an example of an SQL

statement and its result.
Object-Oriented Databases - An object-oriented database (OODB) stores data in objects. An object is an

item that contains data, as well as the actions that read or process the data.
▪ A Student object, for example, might contain data about a student such as Student ID, First Name,
Last Name, Address, and so on. It also could contain instructions about how to print a student
transcript or the formula required to calculate a student’s grade point average.
Advantages of Object-Oriented Database Compared with Relational Databases

o They can store more types of data
o Access data faster
o Allow programmers to reuse objects.
o Stores unstructured data more efficiently than a relational database.
o If an object already exists, programmers can reuse it instead of recreating a new object — saving on
program development time.
Unstructured data includes photos, video clips, audio clips, and documents.
Object Query Language

Object-oriented databases often use a query language called object query language (OQL) to
manipulate and retrieve data. OQL is similar to SQL. OQL and SQL use many of the same rules,
grammar, and keywords. Because OQL is a relatively new query language, not all object databases
support it.
Multidimensional Databases - A multidimensional database stores data in dimensions. It can store more
than two dimensions of data. These multiple dimensions allow users to access and analyze any view of the
database data.
RELATIONAL DATABASE MULTIDIMENSIONAL DATABASE
Stores data in a two-dimensional table Can store more than two dimensions of data.
• A multidimensional database can consolidate this type of data

from multiple dimensions at very high rates of speed.
• Nearly every multidimensional database has a dimension of time.
The content of other dimensions varies
depending on the subject.
• No standard query language exists for multidimensional
databases. Each database uses its own language. Most are similar
to SQL.
Data Warehouses
One application that typically uses multidimensional databases is a data warehouse.
A data warehouse is a huge database that stores
and manages the data required to analyze historical
and current transactions.
• A data warehouse typically has a user-friendly
interface, so that users easily can interact with its
data.
• Through a data warehouse, managers and other
users access transactions and summaries of
transactions quickly and efficiently.
• Additionally, consumers can access their own transactions in the data warehouse via the Web.
A smaller version of a data warehouse is the

data mart. A data mart contains a database that
helps a specific group or department make
decisions. Individual groups or departments
often extract data from the data warehouse to
create their data marts.
Web Database
• Web databases are collaborative databases, where users store and share photos, videos, recordings,
and other personal media with other registered users.
• A Web database usually resides on a database server. A database server is a computer that stores
and provides access to a database. In addition to accessing information,
users provide information to Web databases.
To access data in a Web database,

you fill in a form or enter search
text on a Web page.
• One of the more profound features of the Web is the vast amount of information it provides.
• Many Web sites request users to enter personal information, such as name, address, telephone
number, and preferences, into an e-form (electronic form).
• The database then stores this personal information for future use. An organization, for example,
may send e-mail messages to certain groups of customers.
Data Administration
Database administration refers to the whole set of activities performed by a database administrator to
ensure that a database is always available as needed. Other closely related tasks and roles are database
security, database monitoring and troubleshooting, and planning for future growth.
Managing a company’s database requires a great deal of coordination. The role of coordinating the use of
the database belongs to the database analysts and administrators. To carry out their responsibilities, these
IT (information technology) professionals follow database design guidelines and need cooperation from all
database users.
Role of the Database Analysts and Administrators

❖ Database analyst (DA) decides on the proper placement of fields, defines the relationships among
data, and identifies users’ access privileges.
❖ Database administrator (DBA) requires a more technical inside view of the data. The DBA creates
and maintains the data dictionary, manages security of the database, monitors the performance of
the database, and checks backup and recovery procedures.
Role of the Employee as a User

Instant access to information helps employees perform their jobs more effectively. Today, employees
access databases from their office desktop computers, notebook computers, or even smart phones and
other mobile devices.

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Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases

Three Popular Data Models Used Today

Varied terminology for relational databases.

The figure above shows an example of an SQL

Object-Oriented Databases - An object-oriented database (OODB) stores data in objects. An object is an

Advantages of Object-Oriented Database Compared with Relational Databases

Object Query Language

RELATIONAL DATABASE MULTIDIMENSIONAL DATABASE

• A multidimensional database can consolidate this type of data

A smaller version of a data warehouse is the

To access data in a Web database,

Role of the Database Analysts and Administrators

Role of the Employee as a User

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