Computational Electromagnetics-: Abstract

COMPUTATIONAL ELECTROMAGNETICS-
ABSTRACT:
To know the various applications in the MATLAB and implementing
the operations such as Gradient ,divergence and curl of vector and scalar
using MATLAB .
PROGRAM:
1. Calculate gradient curl divergence
close all %closes all opened MATLAB figures
clear all %clear all the data in variable
clc %clear the command window syms x y
z %declares variable
u1=[x^2*y*z 0 x*z]; %variable u1 is assigned with (x^2yz)ax+(xz)az
d=curl(u1,[x,y,z]) %variables d is assigned with the curl
u2=[x^2*y*z 0 x*z]; %U2 variable is assigned with another vector
function
d1=divergence(u2,[x y z])%variable d1 is assigned with another vector
function U2.
u3=(x^2*y)+x*y*z; %U3 is assigned with scalar function

d2=gradient(u3,[x y z]) %d2 is assigned the gradient of the scalar
function U3
2. Gradient

clear all %clear all the data in variable clc
%clear the command window
[x,y] = meshgrid(-3:0.2:3); %2d array is created with x and y as the

dimensions
U1=x.*exp(-x.^2-y.^2); %U1 is assigned with scaler function.
surf(x,y,U1); %produces 3d plot of the scalar function xlabel('x')
%'x' is provided as the xlabel of the
plot. ylabel('y') %'y' is provided as the ylabel of the plot.
zlabel('z') %'z' is provided as the zlabel of the plot.
3.
clear all %clear all the data in variable clc
%clear the command window
[x,y]=meshgrid(-3:0.2:3); %2d array is created with x and y as the

dimensions.
u1=x.*exp(-x.^2-y.^2); %U1 is assigned with scaler function

[px,py]=gradient(u1); %The gradient value at different points of
the space is stored in a 2d array. figure %Used
to plot multiple plots contour(x,y,u1) %produces
3d plots of the field. hold on %used to the add a
plot to the same graph without deleting the existing plot.
quiver(x,y,px,py) %produces 2d plot of the field hold

off
xlabel('x') %'x' is provided as the xlabel ylabel('y')
%'y' is provided as the ylabel zlabel('z') %'z' is provided
as the zlabel
4.
close all
clear all clc
[x,y] = meshgrid(-8:0.2:8);
U1 = x.*y; surf(x,y,U1);
contour(x,y,U1);
xlabel('x') ylabel('y')
zlabel('z') OUTPUT:
1.
2.
3.
4.
INFERENCE:
1.
▪ In build function used to calculate the gradient,curl and divergence

of the given fields. ▪ close and clear all are used to close all the
opened figures and clear all the the data.
▪ from this we are calculating gradient,curl and divergence using

Matlab.
2.
▪ Used in creating 2d array with dimensions.(meshgrid)

▪ used in creating 3d plots.(surf)
▪ In labelling (xlabel(label_name),
ylabel(label_name),zlabel(label_name) > clc command clears the
command window.
3.
▪ Used in creating 2d array with dimensions.(meshgrid)

▪ used in creating 3d plots.(surf)
▪ In labelling (xlabel(label_name),
ylabel(label_name),zlabel(label_name)
▪ Plotting more that one .( figure,hold on ,quiver,hold off) ▪ clc
command clears the command window.
4.
Used to create gradient for the function x and y
ABSTRACT:
The following experiment is to define a vector field calculate and
visualize its divergence and curl through MATLAB.
PROGRAM:
1.
close all % closes all opened MATLAB figures. clear all
% clears all the data in the variables clc
% Clears the command window.
[x, y] = meshgrid(-1: 0.1: 1); % 2d matrix with x and y as dimensions

is created.
U1 = cos(x).*cos(y); % U1 is assigned with a scalar function
cos(x)cos(y)
[px, py] = gradient(U1); % Stores the gradient in a 2d matrix with px
and py as d imensions. figure contour(x,y,
U1) % 2d - plot of the scalar field. hold on quiver(x,y,px,py)
% Function to plot vectors. hold off xlabel("x") %
"x" is given as the xlabel of the plot
ylabel("y") % "y" is given as the ylabel of the plot
2.
% clears all the data in the variables. clc
% Clears the command window.
[x, y] = meshgrid(-1: 0.1: 1); % 2d matrix is created and with

dimensions x and y
U1 = cos(x.*y); % U1 is declared with a scalar function cos(xy)
[px,py] = gradient(U1) % 2d matrix is created with dimensions px and
py which stores the gradient of the scalar function. figure
contour(x,y, U1) % 2d - plot of the scalar field. hold on
quiver(x,y,px,py) % 2d - plot of the gradient of the scalar field.
hold off
xlabel("x") % "x" is given as the xlabel of the plot
3.
close all % closes all opened MATLAB figures. clear all % clears
all the data in the variables. clc % Clears the command window.
syms x y z % x y z variables are declared using syms command. [x,y]
= meshgrid(-2:0.2:2 , -2:0.2:2); % 2d matrix is created and with
dimensions x and y com_1 = -sin(x).*sin(y); % com_1 is initialized with
the x-component of the vector field.
com_2 = cos(x).*cos(y); % com_2 is initialized with the y-component
of the vector field. quiver(x, y, com_1, com_2) % 2-d plot of the
vector field.
d = divergence(x, y, com_1, com_2) % d is initialized with the
divergence of the vector field. hold on contour(x, y, d) % 2-d plot
of the divergence of the vector field. xlabel("x") % "x" is given
as the xlabel of the plot ylabel("y") % "y" is given as the ylabel
of the plot
4.
close all % closes all opened MATLAB figures. clear
all % clears all the data in the variables.
clc % Clears the command window. syms x y z % x y z
variables are declared using syms command. u1 = [y*sin(x*y) -x*sin(x*y)
0] % u1 is initialized with a vector field. d = divergence(u1, [x y
z]) % d is initialized with the divergence of the vector field.
[x, y] =meshgrid(-3:0.2:3); % 2d matrix is created and with

dimensions x and y com1 = y.*sin(x.*y); % com_1 is
initialized with the xcomponent of the vector field. com2 = -
x.*sin(x.*y); % com_2 is initialized with the ycomponent
of the vector field. quiver(x, y, com1, com2) % 2-d plot of
the vector field. d1 = divergence(x, y, com1, com2); % d1 is
initialized with divergence of the field through the components. hold
on contour(x, y, d1) % 2-d plot of the divergence of the
vector field. xlabel("x") % "x" is given as the
xlabel of the plot ylabel("y") % "y" is given as the
ylabel of the plot
5.
% clears all the data in the variables. clc %
Clears the command window.
syms x y z % x y z variables are declared using syms command.
u1 = [-y x 0]; % u1 is initialized with a vector field.
c1 = curl(u1, [x y z]) %c1 is initialized with the curl of the vector
field u1.
[x,y,z] = meshgrid(-2: 0.2: 2); % 3-d grid is produced with dimensions

x y z. com1 = -y;% com1 is initialized as the x component of the vector
field. com2 = x;% com2 is initialized as the y component of the vector
field. com3 = 0*% com3 is initialized as the z component of the vector
field. [px,py,pz] = curl(x,y,z,com1, com2, com3); % 2-d matrix with
entries px py pz is created to store the curl of the vector field at
every point (x y z)
quiver3(x,y,z,px, py, pz) %2-d plot of the curl of the vector

field with three variables is plotted using quiver3() function
xlabel("x") % "x" is given as the xlabel of the plot
OUTPUT:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
INFERENCE:
1.
• Gradient of the scalar function is calculated using gradient()
function.
• The 2-d plot of the gradient of the scalar function is obtained using
the quiver() function. Generally 2-d plot of any vector function is
plotted using quiver() function.
2.
• Gradient of the scalar function is calculated using gradient()
function.
• The 2-d plot of the given scalar function is obtained using
contour() function. Generally 2-d plot of any scalar function is
plotted using contour() function
3.
• The divergence of a given vector field can be calculated using the
divergence() function.
• The vector field can be visualized as a 2-d plot using the quiver()
function.
4.
• The divergence of a given vector field can be calculated using the
divergence() function.
• 2-d plot of the divergence of the vector field is plotted by the
contour() function.
5.
• Curl of a given vector field is obtained from curl() function.
• The curl of the vector field with 3 variables is visualized as a 2-d
plot using the quiver3() function.

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COMPUTATIONAL ELECTROMAGNETICS-

u3=(x^2y)+xy*z; %U3 is assigned with scalar function

close all %closes all opened MATLAB figures

[x,y] = meshgrid(-3:0.2:3); %2d array is created with x and y as the

[x,y]=meshgrid(-3:0.2:3); %2d array is created with x and y as the

u1=x.*exp(-x.^2-y.^2); %U1 is assigned with scaler function

quiver(x,y,px,py) %produces 2d plot of the field hold

▪ In build function used to calculate the gradient,curl and divergence

▪ from this we are calculating gradient,curl and divergence using

▪ Used in creating 2d array with dimensions.(meshgrid)

▪ Used in creating 2d array with dimensions.(meshgrid)

[x, y] = meshgrid(-1: 0.1: 1); % 2d matrix with x and y as dimensions

[x, y] = meshgrid(-1: 0.1: 1); % 2d matrix is created and with

[x, y] =meshgrid(-3:0.2:3); % 2d matrix is created and with

[x,y,z] = meshgrid(-2: 0.2: 2); % 3-d grid is produced with dimensions

quiver3(x,y,z,px, py, pz) %2-d plot of the curl of the vector

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