Applications of Differentiation B.

Curve Sketching

A. Gradient of Curve (Tangent & Normal)

dy
1. Stationary point : = 0, at x = a  (a, f(a))
dy dx
Gradient of Curve = The value of at the required point.
dx

[ Also known as gradient of tangent to the curve – m, mT or mt ] eg : Find the coordinates of the stationary point on the curve y = x – ln (1 + x).
dy 1
y = x – ln (1 + x) : =1–
y  y1 dx 1 x
Equation of tangent : = mt
x  x1 dy 1
=0: 1– =0  x=0  Stat. point is (0, 0)
dx 1 x
y  y1
Equation of normal : = mn (By mt . mn = –1)
x  x1

dy d2 y
2 2 2. Extremum point : = 0 and ≠0 or
eg 1 : Find the gradient of the curve 2x + y + 2xy = 5 at the point (2, –1). dx dx 2
dy dy dy 2x  y
4x + 2y + 2[x. + y.(1)] = 0  =– dy dy – +
dx dx dx x y = 0, with opposite signs for x = a and x = a
dx dx
2(2)  ( 1)
(2, –1) : Gradient = – = –3
(2)  ( 1) Note : Extremum point/s also known as turning point/s or changing point/s.

eg 2 : Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the curve 4 3

2 2
eg : For the graph of y = x – 4x , determine its extremum point.
x y + xy = 12 at the point (1, –4). 4 3 dy 3 2 2 dy
y = x – 4x : = 4x – 12x = 4x (x – 3)  = 0 : x = 0, 3
dy 2 xy  y 2 dx dx
[x2. ddxy + y.(2x)] + [x.2y ddxy + y2.(1)] = 0 
dx
=–
dy dy
2 xy  x 2 –
Since x = 0 : < 0 and x = 0 :
+
<0  (0, 0) is not an extremum point
dx dx
dy 2(1)( 4)  (4)2 8
(1, –4) : = – = –
Since x = 3 :
dy
< 0 and x = 3 :
+ dy
>0  (3, –27) is an extremum point
dx 2(1)( 4)  (1)2 7 dx dx
y  ( 4 ) 8
Tangent : =  7y = 8x – 36
x 1 7 Alternative
4 3 dy 3 2 2 d2 y 2
eg 3 :
2 3
The parametric equations of a curve are x = t – 2, y = t – 3. Find the
y = x – 4x : = 4x – 12x = 4x (x – 3) and = 12x – 24x = 12x(x – 2)
dx dx 2
equation of the normal to the curve at the point where the parameter is 2.
dy
 = 0 : x = 0, 3
d y 3t 2 dx
d x = 2t , d y = 3t2  = =
3t
– dy + dy
dt dt dx 2t 2 Since x = 0 : < 0 and x = 0 : <0  (0, 0) is not an extremum point
dx dx
dy 3(2) 2 3
t=2 : = =3 , x=2 –2=2,y=2 –3=5 d2 y
dx 2 Since x = 3 : = 36 (≠ 0)  (3, –27) is an extremum point
y5 1 dx 2
Normal : =–  x + 3y = 17
x2 3
8-10
 dy dy – dy +
3. Max. point : = 0, with > 0 for x = a and < 0 for x = a or x
dx dx dx eg 3 : Find the coordinates of the extremum point on this curve y = , and
x4
dy d2 y determine if this is a maximum or minimum point.
= 0 and < 0 for x = a
dx dx 2 1
x  4 .(1)  x.
x dy 2 x4 x8
y= : = =
dy dy – dy + x4 dx ( x  4) 2
( x  4 )3
4. Min. point : = 0, with < 0 for x = a and > 0 for x = a or
dx dx dx
dy
 =0: x=8  (8, 4) is an extremum pt.
2 dx
dy d y
= 0 and > 0 for x = a – dy + dy
dx dx 2 x=8 : < 0 and x = 8 : >0  (8, 4) is a minimum pt.
dx dx
1 d2 y
eg 1 : Find the maximum and minimum points on the curve y = x + . Note : It is ‘difficult’ to obtain the in eg 2 and eg 3.
x 1 dx 2
1 dy 1 x ( x  2) d2 y 2
y=x+ : =1– = and =
x 1 dx ( x  1) 2
( x  1)2 dx 2
( x  1)3 5. Inflexion Point
dy
 =0 : x = 0, 2
dx
dy d2 y
d y 2 Inf. point : ≠ 0 and = 0, at x = b or
x=0: = –2 (< 0)  (0, –1) is a max. pt. dx dx 2
2
dx
d2 y d2 y d2 y –
x=2: =2 (> 0)  (2, 3) is a min. pt. = 0, with opposite signs for x = b and x = b
+
or
dx 2 dx 2 dx 2
Alternative
1 dy 1 x ( x  2) dy d2 y dy
y=x+ : =1– =  = 0 : x = 0, 2 = 0, with
–
same signs for x = b and x = b
+
x 1 dx ( x  1)2 ( x  1)2 dx
dx 2 dx
dy– + dy
x=0 : > 0 and x = 0 : <0  (0, –1) is a max. pt.
dx dx
– dy + dy
x=2 : < 0 and x = 2 : >0  (2, 3) is a min. pt.
dy dy
dx dx – +
Stat. Inf. point : = 0, with same signs for x = a and x = a or
2 dx dx
eg 2 : Find the maximum and minimum points on the curve y = x .
x2  3 x  2
dy d2 y – +
x 2 dy ( x 2  3 x  2).(2 x )  x 2 .(2 x  3) x (4  3 x ) dx
= 0, with opposite signs for x = a and x = a or
y= : = = dx 2
2
x  3x  2 dx 2
( x  3 x  2) 2
( x  3 x  2) 2
2

dy 4
 = 0 : x = 0,
dx 3 dy d2 y d3 y
– dy dy (Special Case) : = 0, = 0 with ≠ 0 for x = a
x=0 : < 0 and x=0
+
: >0  (0, 0) is a min. pt. dx dx 2
dx 3
dx dx
 
 4 dy  4 dy 4
x=   : >0 and x=   : <0  ( , –8) is a max. pt.
3 dx 3 dx 3
8-11
6. Increasing/Decreasing Function & Concavity of Curve dy d2 y
[ Special Cases when dx
= 0 and =0 ]
dx 2
dy dy d2 y dy dy
Increasing function : >0 Curve
dx dx 2 dx dx
dx Shape
(x = a ) (x = a ) (x = a–) ( x = a +)
dy
Decreasing function : <0
dx
0 0 + + 
Note : Increasing meets Decreasing at Extremum point

0 0 – – 
2
d y
Concave up : >0
dx 2
0 0 – +
Concave down :
d2 y
<0

2
dx

Note : Concave Up meets Concave Down at Inflexion point 0 0 + – 

dy d2 y Curve dy d2 y Curve
Shape Shape
dx dx 2 dx dx 2 7. Asymptote/s of Curve

0 + 0 –
 g( x) g( x)
y = f(x) + , with is a proper quotient function
 h( x) h( x)

Asymptotes : y = f(x) and h(x) = 0

+ 0  – 0 

x2 
+ +
 – +  eg 1 : y=
( x  3)( x  4)
Asymptotes : y = 0, x = 3, x = –4

2
y = x 2  4 = 1 + 28  Asymptotes : y = 1, x = 2, x = –2
 
eg 2 :
+ – – – x 4 x 4

8-12
eg 1 : A curve has the equation y = x2 . eg 2 : Show that the curve y = x is always decreasing.
2
x 4 x2  1
Write the equations of the asymptotes of this curve. Determine the coordinates of the point of inflexion of the curve,
Find the coordinates of the turning point on this curve, and and state the intervals for which the curve is concave upward.
determine if this is a maximum or minimum point. Sketch the curve
Determine if there are any points of inflection on this curve.
x dy ( x 2  1).(1)  x.(2 x ) ( x 2  1)
Sketch this curve. y= : = =–
x 12 dx 2
( x  1) 2
( x 2  1) 2
y= 2 x2
= 1 + 24  Asymptotes : y = 1, x = 2, x = –2 2 2 2 dy 2
Since (x + 1) and (x – 1) are always positive, then < 0 for all x (x ≠ 1)
x 4 x 4 dx
dy 4( 1)( 2 x ) 8 x  The curve y = x is always decreasing.
= = and x2  1
dx ( x 2  4 )2 ( x 2  4 )2
d2 y ( x 2  1)2 .(2 x )  ( x 2  1).(2)( x 2  1)(2 x ) 2 x( x 2  3 )
d2 y ( x 2  4)2 .(8)  8 x.(2)( x 2  4)(2 x ) 8(3 x 2  4) =– =
=– = dx 2 2
( x  1) 4
( x 2  1)3
dx 2 ( x 2  4) 4 ( x 2  4 )3
d2 y
dy d2 y =0: x=0
 = 0 : x = 0 and = –2  Turning point is (0, 0) dx 2
dx dx 2
dy
d2 y Since ≠ 0 when x = 0  (0, 0) is an inflexion point.
Since < 0 at (0, 0)  (0, 0) is a max. point dx
dx 2 d2 y 2 x( x 2  3 )
2 Concave Up ( 2
> 0) : >0
2
Since (3x + 4) > 0 for all x 
d y
≠0  Curve have no inf. pt. dx ( x 2  1)3
dx 2 2x – – + +
2
(x + 3) + + + +
2 3
y (x – 1) + – – +
d2 y
– + – +
dx 2
–1 0 1
1  (–1, 0) U (1, )
y=1
0 y
–2  2 x
x = –1
y=0
x = –2 x=2 –1 0
 1 x

x=1

8-13
 The equation of a curve is y = x e 3  2 x .
3 4 3 2
eg 3 : eg 4 : For the graph of y = 3x + 16x + 24x – 6,

(a) Find the stationary points on the curve, and determine it's nature. (a) determine the intervals on which the graph is concave upward and
concave downward,
(b) Sketch the curve.
(b) find the points of inflexion,
2 32 x 3 32 x 2 32 x (c) determine the extremum point and its nature.
(a) y ’ = 3x .e + x . (–2) e = x ( 3 – 2 x) . e
3 3 27 4 3 2
For x ( 3 – 2 x) . e 3  2 x = 0 : x = 0 , Hence, sketch the graph of y = 3x + 16x + 24x – 6.
2
 Stationary points are (0, 0) , ( , )
2 2 8
4 3 2
(a) y = 3x + 16x + 24x – 6
– + – +
x 0 0 0 x 1.5 1.5 1.5 3 2 2
y’ = 12x + 48x + 48x and y’’ = 36x + 96x + 48 = 12(3x + 2)(x + 2)
y’ + 0 + y’ + 0 –
Concave up : 12(3x + 2)(x + 2) > 0
Slope Slope 2
 (–, –2) U (– , ) or {x | x < –2 or – 2 < x}
3 3
2
 (0, 0) is a stat. inflexion pt.
3 27
( , ) is a maximum point Concave down : 12(3x + 2)(x + 2) < 0  (–2, – ) or {x | –2 < x < – 2 }
2 8 3 3

Alternative (for max pt)

(b) Point of inflexion occur where the graph changes concavity
y ’’ = (6x – 6x ). e 3  2 x + x ( 3 – 2 x) . (–2) e 3  2 x = (4x – 12x + 6x). e 3  2 x
2 2 3 2
2
 graph changes concavity at x = –2, –
3 27 9 3
( , ): y ’’ = –
(< 0)
2 8 2 2 14 2 14
x = –2 : y = 10, x = – : y =  Points of inflexion are (–2, 10) and (– , ).
3 27 3 27 3 27
( , ) is a maximum point
2 8

2
(c) y’ = 12x(x + 2) = 0  x = 0, –2
(b) 3 27
y ( , ) x = 0 : y’’ > 0 [from (a)] or x = 0 : y’’ = 48 ( > 0)
2 8
 (0, –6) is a minimum point.
3 32 x
y=x e y

0 x ●
(–2, 10)

●
2 14 0 x
(– , )
3 27
●(0, –6)

8-14
 7 3
eg 5 : A function f is defined by f(x) = 3x – 7x .

(a) Find the x-intercepts of the function. (c) f ’(x) = 0 : x = 0, –1, 1  stationary points = (0, 0), (–1, 4), (1, –4)
– +
(b) Determine the intervals where the function is increasing and decreasing. f’(0 ) < 0 , f’(0 ) < 0 : (0, 0) is a inf. pt.
– +
(c) Find the coordinates of the stationary points and determine their characteristics. f’(–1 ) > 0, f’(–1 ) < 0 : (–1, 4) is a local max. pt
(d) Sketch the graph of the function. – +
f’(1 ) < 0, f’(1 ) > 0 : (1, –4) is a local min. pt

(a) x-intercepts (y = 0) :
3 4
x (3x – 7) = 0  x =0 ,–4 7 ,4 7  (–1, 4) max. pt, (1, –4) min. pt, (0, 0) inf. pt.
3 3
Alternative
6 2 2 2 (c) f ’(x) = 0 : x = 0, –1, 1  stationary points = (0, 0), (–1, 4), (1, –4)
(b) f ’(x) = 21x – 21x = 21x (x – 1)(x + 1)(x + 1)
5 4
2 2 f ’’(x) = 126x – 42x = 42x(3x – 1)
f ’(x) > 0 : (x – 1)(x + 1) > 0 [cause x and (x + 1) is always positive]
 function is increasing in (–, –1) U (1, ) f ’’(1) = 84 ( > 0) : (1, –4) is a local min. pt

f ’(x) < 0 : (x – 1)(x + 1) < 0 and x ≠ 0  function is decreasing in (–1, 0) U (0, 1) f ’’(–1) = –84 ( < 0) : (–1, 4) is a local max. pt
– +
f’(0 ) < 0 , f’(0 ) < 0 : (0, 0) is an inf. pt.
Alternative 1
6 2 2 2  (–1, 4) max. pt, (1, –4) min. pt, (0, 0) inf. pt.
(b) f ’(x) = 21x – 21x = 21x (x – 1)(x + 1)(x + 1)

2
x + + + +
2 (d) y
(x + 1) + + + + (–1, 4)
(x – 1) – – – + ●
(x + 1) – + + +
f ’(x) + – – +
–4 7 4 7
–1 0 1 3 3
● ●
0
● x
f(x) is increasing in (–, –1) U (1, ) & f(x) is decreasing in (–1, 0) U (0, 1)

Alternative 2
6 2 2
(b) f ’(x) = 21x – 21x = 21x (x – 1)(x + 1)(x + 1)
2 ● (1, –4)

Gradient
of f
f ’(x) + – – +
–1 0 1

f(x) is increasing in (–, –1) U (1, ) & f(x) is decreasing in (–1, 0) U (0, 1)

8-15
eg 6 : The graph of y = 2 cos x + sin 2x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 is shown below.
 1 ( x  4 )2
y A eg 7 : A function f is defined by f(x) = e 2 .
2

F (a) Determine the intervals in which the function increases and decreases.
State the coordinates of the extremum point.
 ı  ı (b) Determine the intervals where the function is concave upward and concave
0 B  E 2 x downward. State the coordinates of the points of inflexion.
D (c) Sketch the graph of the function.
C

 1 ( x  4 )2
The points A and C are local extremum points. The points B, D, E and F (a) f ’(x) = –(x – 4) e 2
are points of inflexion.
 1 ( x  4 )2
(a) Determine the coordinates of Function increases : –(x – 4) e 2 >0
(i) the points of local extremum, (ii) the points of inflexion.  1 ( x  4 )2
[Since e 2 > 0 for all x] : –(x – 4) > 0  x  (– , 4)
(b) State the intervals where the graph is concave upward.
 1 ( x  4 )2
dy d2 y Function decreases : –(x – 4) e 2 <0  –(x – 4) < 0  x  (4 , )
(a) (i) = 2 cos 2x – 2 sin x = –4 sin 2x – 2 cos x
dx dx 2
 Coordinates of the extremum point = (4, 1)
dy 2
For = 0 : (1 – 2 sin x) – sin x = 0  (sin x + 1)(2 sin x – 1) = 0
dx
1  5 3
sin x = –1 or sin x =  x= , ,  1 ( x  4 )2 2  1 ( x  4 )2  1 ( x  4 )2
2 6 6 2 (b) f ’’(x) = (–1). e 2 + (x – 4) . e 2 = (x – 3)(x – 5) e 2

 d2 y 3 3
x= : 2
= –4( ) – 2( ) = –3 3 (< 0)  1 ( x  4 )2
6 dx 2 2 Concave Up : (x – 3)(x – 5) e 2 > 0  (x – 3)(x – 5) > 0

x=
5
:
d y 2
= –4(–
3
) – 2(–
3
) = 3 3 (> 0)
x  (– , 3) U (5 , )
6 dx 2 2 2
 1 ( x  4 )2
3 d2 y Concave Down : (x – 3)(x – 5) e 2 <0  (x – 3)(x – 5) < 0  x  (3 , 5)
x= : = –4(0) – 2(0) = 0
2 dx 2
 3 3  1  1
5 3 3  Points of inflexion = (3, e 2) , (5, e 2)
Local extremum are A( , ) and C( ,– )
6 2 6 2

d2 y (c)
(ii) For 2
= 0 : –4 (2 sin x. cos x) – 2 cos x = 0  2 cos x (4 sin x + 1) = 0 y
dx (4, 1)
cos x = 0 or sin x = –
1
 x=
 3
, , 3.394 , 6.031  1   1
(3, e 2 ) (5, e 2)
42 2
 3
 
Points of inflexion are B( , 0), D(3.394, –1.453), E( , 0) and F(6.031, 1.453)
2 2
0 x
 3
(b) Concave up : ( , 3.394) U ( , 6.031)
2 2

8-16
C. Problems of Optimum (Maximum or Minumum) eg 3 : A closed rectangular box has a base with its length twice its width, and the total
2
surface area of the box is 300 cm . If the width of the base of the box is x cm,
3 3
1. From the given description of the problem, form two equations relating and the volume of the box is V cm , show that V = 100x – 4 x .
two or three variables. (May have to define one of the non given variable) 3

2. Combine the 2 equations and reduce it into an equation with only 2 variables Find the length, width and height of the box when its volume is largest,
with the optimum value required as one of the variable in the equation. and find this largest value.
3. Find the first derivative, and second derivative (if possible). Sketch the graph of V against x.
4. Find the extremum value and then answer the question explicitly.
Let height = h :
150  2 x 2
Total surface area = 300 = 2[ 2x(x) + x(h) + 2x(h) ]  h= V
3x
eg 1 : Find the coordinates of P for y 2 150  2 x 2
) = 100x – 4 x
3
which the area of the rectangle 3x + 4y = 12  V = 2x(x)(h) = 2x (
3x 3
in Figure 1 is the largest. P
Figure 1 dV = 100 – 4x2 = 4(5 – x)(5 + x) d2V = – 8x
,
x dx dx 2
dV = 0 : x = 0, –5, 5  Since x > 0 , then x = 5
12  3 x 3 2 dA = 3 (4 – 2x) dx
Let P(x, y) : Area (A) = x x y = x x = (4x – x ) 
4 4 dx 4 d2V = –8(5) = –40 (< 0)
2
x=5 :  V is max. when x = 5
dA = 0 d y 3 dx 2
: x=2 and =– (< 0)
dx dx 2 2  length = 10 cm, width = 5 cm and height = 20 cm, when V is max.
3
 A is largest when x = 2  P(2, 3)
 Vmax. = 10(5)( 20 )= 1000 cm
3
3 3

V
eg 2 : Find the coordinates of the point on the curve y = 1 x 2 in the first quadrant,
8 1000
which is nearest to (0, 6). 3

Let P(x, y) on curve is nearest to (0, 6) :

1 1 o o
Distance (s) = x 2  ( y  6) 2 = x 2  ( x 2  6)2 = x 4  32 x 2  2304 0 5 5 3 x
8 8
ds = 4 x 3  64 x x( x  4)( x  4)
 =
dx 4 2
8(2) x  32 x  2304 4 x 4  32 x 2  2304
ds = 0 : x = –4, 0, 4  For Q1, x = 4
dx
–
x = 4 : ds < 0 x = 4 : ds > 0
+
and  s is minimum when x = 4
dx dx
 (4, 2) on curve is nearest to (0, 6).

8-17
 eg 5 : A right circular cone, with base radius, r, and height, h, is inscribed in a
eg 4 : A rectangle with a width 2x is inscribed in a circle of constant radius r.
sphere of fixed radius, R.
(a) Express the area A of the rectangle in terms of x and r.
(a) Express R in terms of r and h, and show that the volume of the cone is
1 2
(b) Show that the rectangle is a square of side r 2 when A has a maximum value. given by V = h (2R – h).
3
(b) Find the maximum volume of the cone in terms of R.
2 2
(c) Show that h = R when d V2 = 0, and sketch the graph of V against h.
(a) A = 2x x 2y 3 dh
 A = 4x. r 2  x 2 r
y 2 2 2 2 2 2
(a) R = (h – R) + r = h –2hR + R + r
x
2 2 r 2  h2
 h –2hR + r = 0  R=
2h

( 2 x ) 4( r 2  2 x 2 ) 1 2 1
(b) dA = 4x. + r 2  x 2 .(4) =  V=
2
r h = (2hR – h )h R
dx
2 r x
2 2 2
r x 2 3 3 h–R
1 2
 V = h (2R – h) r
3
Alternative (b)

dA = (4) 2r x  4 x
2 3
4( r 2  2 x 2 )
(b) A = 4 r 2 x 2  x 4  = 2 2 1 3 dV = 4 hR – h2
dx (b) V = h R – h 
2 r 2 x2  x 4 r 2  x2 3 3 dh 3
dV = 0 : h( 4 R – h) = 0 
4
Since h ≠ 0 , h = R
dh 3 3
4(r  2 x )( r  2 x )
For dA = 0 : =0 d2V = 4 R – 2h
dx
r 2  x2 dh 2 3
r 4 2 4 4
since r > 0 , x > 0 : r= x 2  x= h = R : d V2 = – R (< 0)  V is max. when h = R
2 3 dh 3 3
r r
x=( )–  dA > 0 & x=( )+  dA < 0  Vmax. =
1 4 2 4
( R) (2R – R) =
32
R
3
2 dx 2 dx 3 3 3 81
r
 A is max. when x =
2
2 4
r 1 r (c) d V2 = 0 : R – 2h = 0
*
When x =  y= r2  r2 = dh 3
32 * 3
2 2 2 2 R
 h= R 81 *
 Rectangle is a square of side (2x = 2y = r 2 ) when A has a maximum value 3

o o
0 2R 4R *** *
3 3 * *
*

8-18
D. Rate of Change
3
(b) dA = (2q – 3q )
2
1. From the given description of the problem, form two equations relating dq 2
two or three variables. (May have to define one of the non given variable) dA = dA x d q = 3 (2q – 3q2 )(0.2) = 3 (–4 – 12)(0.2) = –4.8
2. Combine the 2 equations and reduce it into an equation with only 2 variables, dt dq d t 2 2
[ y = f(x) ]
dy Alternative (b)
3. Find the first derivative, .
dx 3 2 3 3
A= q – q : dA = 3q. d q – 9 q2 . d q = 3q.(0.2) – 9 q2 .(0.2)
2 2 dt dt 2 dt 2
4. Use the Chain rule to relate the two rates and the derivative.
dy dx dy = (–6).(0.2) –(18).(0.2) = –4.8
Find the required rate using one of the given rate, x =
dx dt dt

(c) L = PR = (3q 2 )2  (1 q)2 = 9q 4  q 2  2q  1

Note :
3
x y θ  1  1
tan θ = = 3 18      1
ab 18q  q  1 1  
3 3
a  dL =  q= : dL = =0
dq 3 dq
a 4 2
9q  q  2q  1 9q 4  q 2  2q  1

x 1 1 1
b q
3 3 3
dL
dq – 0 +
y 1
 PR is minimum when q =
2
   3
eg 1 : The curve y = 3x and a point P(1, 0) on the x-axis is shown in the graph.
The point Q(q, 0), where q < 1, is a variable point
on the x-axis and q increases at a rate of 0.2 unit Alternative (c)
per second. A point R on the curve moves such
L = 9q + q – 2q + 1  2L dL = 36q + 2q – 2 L dL = 18q + q – 1
2 4 2 3 3
that the line RQ is always perpendicular to the x-axis. 
dq dq
3
(a) Determine the area of PQR in terms of q. 1  1  1
q= : L dL = 18   +   – 1 = 0  dL = 0
(b) Calculate the rate of change of the area of PQR when q = –2. 3 d q 3 3 dq
1 2
(c) Show that the length PR is minimum when q = . 2  
L d L2 +  dL  = 54q + 1
2
3
dq  dq 
2 1 2 1 1 q q 1 1 2 3 2  1
2
(a) R(q, 3q ) : A = (1 – q)(3q ) or A= = (3q – 3q ) q=
1 dL
, =0: L d L2 + 0 = 54   + 1  d2 L > 0
2 2 0 3q 2 0 0 2 3 dq dq 3 dq 2
1
 PR is minimum when q =
3

8-19
 3 –1
eg 3 : A water storage tank ABCDEFGH is a part of an inverted right square based
eg 2 : Water is pumped at a constant rate of 100 cm s into an empty inverted pyramid as shown in the diagram.
conical container of radius 20 cm and height 60 cm. The complete pyramid OABCD has a
d h 900 square base of sides 12 m and height
(a) Show that the rate of change of the height of water in the container is = ,
d t h2 12 m. The depth of the tank is 9 m.
Water is pumped into the tank at the
where h is the height of water in centimetres at time, t, seconds.
3 –1
constant rate of 1 m min .
(b) Calculate the rate of change of the radius of water in the container at the 3
instant the radius of the surface of water is half of the radius of the container. (a) Show that the volume of the
3
(c) Find the time taken to fill the container completely. water V m when the depth of
40 the water in the tank is h m is
(a) h = 3r
given by V = 16 h(h + 18h + 108).
2
1 2 1 1 2
V = r h = ( h) h 75
3 3 3
1 3 (b) Find the rate at which the depth
V= h is increasing at the moment
27 2r 60
when the depth of water is 3 m.
h
(c) Calculate the time taken to fill up
the tank if initially the tank is empty.

1 6 x 6
 dV = h
2
or dV = 1 h2 . dh (a) = or
dh 9 dt 9 dt 15 h  6 9–h
dV = dV . dh : 100 = 1 h2 . dh d h 900 6 y x x
 = = or
dt dh dt 9 dt d t h2 15 6 h
y y
x y
=
(b) r = 10 : (h = 30) h 6 6
6
dr = dr . dh = 1 . 900 d h . dr = dh 2 12
or x = (h + 6) and y =
dt dh dt 3 (30 )2 d r dt dt 5 5
900 dr = 1
 (3) . dr =  1 1 1
dt (30 )2 dt 3  V=
3
2
3
2
(2x) (h + 6) – (2y) (6) =
3
[ 54 (h + 6)]2(h + 6) – 31 ( 24
5
)2(6)
V = 16 h(h + 18h + 108)
2
Alternative (b) 75
(b) r = 10
16
(b) dV =
2
1 2 dV = 3r2 (3h + 36h +108)
V = r (3r)  dh 75
3 dr
dV = dV . dh : 1 = 16 [3(3)2 + 36(3) +108]. dh  dh = 25
dV = dV . dr : 100 = 3(10) . dr
2
 dr = 1 dt dh dt 3 75 dt dt 3888
dt dr dt dt dt 3 
16848
V = 16 (9)[(9) + 18(9) + 108] =
2
1 2 1 3 3
(c) Tank full : (h = 9)
(c) 100t = (20) (60) or (60) or (20)  t = 80 75 25
3 27 1 16848 1 19
V= t: = t  t = 2021
3 25 3 25

8-20
eg 4 : Two parallel sides of a rectangle respectively lengthen at a rate of 2 cm E. Small Changes & Approximation
per second, while the other two parallel sides shorten such that the area
2
of the rectangle is always 50 cm . If, at any time t, the length of each (For x small)
lengthening side and shortening side are x and y respectively, with p as
 y  dy y dy dy
dp y
= 4( 1 – ) .
1. lim  =    y  x.
the perimeter of the rectangle, show that
x x  0  x  d x x dx dx
dt
Find the rate of change in the perimeter when (a) x = 5 cm, (b) y = 5 cm.
 f ( x  x )  f ( x ) 
Show that the perimeter of the rectangle is the least when x = y = 5 2 cm. 2. lim   = f ’(x)
x  0  x 
f ( x  x )  f ( x )
Area = xy = 50 , dx = 2 and p = 2x + 2y = 2(x + 50 )  dp
= 2(1 –
50
)  f ’(x)  f (x + x)  f(x) + x. f ’(x)
x dx x
dt x2
dp d p dx 1 50 1 y
 = x = 2[1 – ( ) ] x (2) = 4[1 – ( y) ] = 4(1 – )
dt dx dt x x x x eg 1 : If y = x ln (x + 1), find an approximation for the increase in y when x increases
by x. Hence, estimate the value of ln 2.01 given that ln 2 = 0.6931.

dp 10 dy 1 x
(a) x = 5 : y = 10 , = 4(1 – ) = –4 cm s–1 y = x ln (x + 1) :
dx
= x .( ) + ln (x + 1).(1) = + ln (x + 1)
dt 5 1 x 1 x
dp 5
(b) y = 5 : x = 10 , = 4(1 – ) = 2 cm s–1 For small x : (y  x.
dy
)  y  x.[
x
+ ln (x + 1)]
dt 10 dx 1 x
Let x = 1 and x = 0.01 and y = x ln (x + 1) = f(x) :
f (x + x)  f(x) + x. f ’(x)
dp 50 2
=0 : 2(1 – )=0  x = 50 Since x > 0, then x = 5 2 x
dx x2 (x + x) ln [(x + x) + 1]  x ln (x + 1) + x.[ + ln (x + 1)]
2
1 x
d p 200 200 1
x =5 2 :
dx 2
=
x2
=
50
= 4 (< 0) (1 + 0.01) ln [(1 + 0.01) + 1]  (1) ln (1 + 1) + (0.01).[ + ln (1 + 1)]
1 1
 p is minimum when x = 5 2  y =
50
=5 2 (1.01) ln 2.01  ln 2 + (0.01).[0.5 + ln 2]
5 2 (1.01) ln 2.01  0.6931 + (0.01).[0.5 + 0.6931]
ln 2.01  0.6981

8-21