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Work Energy-5

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Particle Dynamics

Kinetics of a Particle – Work & Energy

The Work of a Force


Force F will do work on a particle only when the particle undergoes
a displacement in the direction of the force.
Displacement dr = r’- r, while considering the infinitesimal increment drds
Then the scalar quantity is defined by dU = F∙ds∙cos or by dot product dU = F∙dr
The work can be: positive – if 0𝑜    90𝑜 (force component & ds have the same orientation)
negative – if 90𝑜    180𝑜 (force & dr vectors have the opposite orientation)
or dU = 0 if force is perpendicular to the displacement (cos 900=0)
Work of a Variable Force
𝑟 𝑠
𝑈1−2 = ‫ 𝑟׬‬2 𝑭 ∙ 𝑑𝐫 = ‫ 𝑠׬‬2 𝐹 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ∙ 𝑑𝑠
1 1

Work of a Constant Force Moving Along a Straight Line

𝑠
𝑈1−2 = 𝐹𝑐 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ‫ 𝑠׬‬2 𝑑𝑠 = 𝐹𝑐 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠2 − 𝑠1
1
Particle Dynamics
Kinetics of a Particle – Work & Energy

Work of a Weight
displacement of the particle dr = dxi + dyj + dzk, and the weight
of the particle is W= - Wj thus the work is
𝑟 𝑦
𝑈1−2 = ‫ 𝑟׬ = 𝐫𝑑 ∙ 𝑭 ׬‬2 − Wj ∙ dxi + dyj + dzk = ‫ 𝑦׬‬2 − W ∙ dy = − W(𝑦2 − 𝑦1)
1 1
the work is independent of the path, and in this case the work is negative.

Work of a Spring Force


the work done by the force on the attached particle is 𝑑𝑈 = −𝐹𝑠 ∙ 𝑑𝑠 = −𝑘𝑠 ∙ 𝑑𝑠
𝑠 𝑠 1 2 1 2
then 𝑈1−2 = ‫ 𝑠׬‬2 𝐹𝑠 ∙ 𝑑𝑠 = ‫ 𝑠׬‬2 −𝑘𝑠 ∙ 𝑑𝑠 = − 𝑘𝑠2 − 𝑘𝑠1
1 1 2 2
The work is negative since 𝐹𝑠 acts opposite to 𝑑𝑠
Particle Dynamics
Kinetics of a Particle – Work & Energy

Principle of Work and Energy


Considering the particle with mass m that is exposed to
the resultant of all external forces FR = F then equation
of tangential direction is Ft = m at
𝑣𝑑𝑣
Using kinematic equation: 𝑎𝑡 = we get
𝑑𝑠
equation of the principle of work and energy
𝑠 𝑣 1 1
σ ‫ 𝑠׬‬2 𝐹𝑡 𝑑𝑠 = ‫ 𝑣׬‬2 𝑚 ∙ 𝑣 ∙ 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑚𝑣22 − 𝑚𝑣12 =  𝑈1−2
1 1 2 2
1
𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝐸𝑘 represents kinetic energy that is always positive
2

Principle of Work and Energy for a System of Particles


 T1 +  U1-2 =  T2
the initial Ek of the system & work done is equal to the final Ek of the system.
Work of Friction Caused by Sliding
using the principle above, the equation is
1 1
𝑚𝑣 2 + 𝑃 ∙ 𝑠 − 𝜇𝑘 ∙ 𝑁 ∙ 𝑠 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2 2
Particle Dynamics
Kinetics of a Particle – Work & Energy

The crate, which has a mass of 100 kg, is subjected to the


action of the two forces. If it is originally at rest, determine
the distance it slides in order to attain a speed of 6 m/s. The
coefficient of kinetic friction between the crate and the surface is mk = 0.2
The force of F = 50 N is applied to the cord when s = 2m. If the
6-kg collar is originally at rest, determine its velocity at s = 0.
Neglect friction.

A small box of mass m is given a speed of


1
𝑣= 𝑔𝑟 at the top of the smooth half cylinder.
4
Determine the angle  at which the box leaves the cylinder.

The 25-lb block has an initial speed of v0 = 10 ft/s when it


is midway between springs A and B. After striking spring B
it rebounds and slides across the horizontal plane toward
spring A, etc. If the coefficient of kinetic friction between
the plane and the block is mk = 0.4, determine the total distance traveled by the
block before it comes to rest.

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