Digital Twinsand Blockchaintechnologiesforbuildinglifecyclemanagement

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Digital Twins and Blockchain technologies for building lifecycle management
Article in Automation in Construction · August 2023

DOI: 10.1016/j.autcon.2023.105064
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Automation in Construction 155 (2023) 105064
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Automation in Construction
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
Review
Digital Twins and Blockchain technologies for building

lifecycle management
Nana Akua N. Adu-Amankwa a, Farzad Pour Rahimian a, *, Nashwan Dawood a, Chansik Park b
a
School of Computing, Engineering and Digital Technologies, Teesside University, United Kingdom
b
Department of Architectural Engineering, Chung-Ang University, South Korea
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
Keywords: This paper reviews the potential applications of Digital Twins (DT) and Blockchain (BC) technologies throughout
Digital Twin the building lifecycle phases by conducting a double-stranded systematic review of papers on the possible use of
Blockchain DT and BC. The results revealed the increasing interest in DT and BC and their potential use in all building
Building lifecycle management
lifecycle phases; however, studies focused mainly on the construction phase. The findings also revealed unique
Construction
features of DT and BC, potentially supporting the proposal for their collaborative implementation to enhance
Digital adoption
Industry 4.0 building lifecycle management. This review’s findings positioned the argument for more research on integrating
DT and BC to augment building lifecycle management and the need to explore their relevance or role when
transitioning from construction to post-construction. This paper elucidates readers on the potential role of DT
and BC while developing a built asset and suggests directions for future research.
1. Introduction AEC-FM industry increases productivity and improves collaboration,

quality, and efficiency, contributing to project success [5]. Some
The Architectural, Engineering, Construction, and Facility Manage emerging technologies include Building Information Modelling (BIM),
ment (AEC-FM) industry involves complex activities due to the variety Digital Twins (DT), Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT) or Block
and volumes of entities involved, the duration of a project, and the chain (BC), 3D printing, Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence
amount of relevant data generated [98]. Therefore, this creates breeding (AI), Augmented or Virtual Reality [155,156]. Within the AEC-FM in
grounds for lost information, untracked implementation, and most dustry, especially under the concepts of Construction 4.0, efforts are
critically unfulfilled client requirements, especially during the different being made to adopt such emerging technologies and tap into their
phases of a building’s lifecycle. advanced capabilities throughout the different lifecycle phases [95].
Van Groesen and Pauwels [132] highlight that these complexities Currently, BIM, a digital illustration of what will be constructed or
result from the AEC-FM industry’s fragmented nature, with many manufactured [66], is the common tool or process in the AEC-FM in
geographically dispersed stakeholders and different layers of contractors dustry used to ensure efficient collaboration and communication
and subcontractors involved in a construction project working together [94,124]. Despite the multi-level capabilities of BIM, it remains limited
towards a common goal. Therefore, critical activities during a built as to implementation within the digital realm without in-feed of real-time
set’s lifecycle can often be skipped, rushed due to time constraints, or information for a close to “as-built” or “up-to-current” state of the built
even ignored entirely despite the enormous criticality it plays for asset being actualised in the physical form [79]. However, even with this
acceptance by the client and support for the smooth occupancy of the challenge addressed, issues arise from fragmentation with information
built asset. sharing, communication inconsistencies, and participant delays. These
There has been an increasing trend in adopting digital technologies complications can result in accountability issues, particularly during the
in various industries, especially with the advent of Industry 4.0, to transition from construction to post-construction, when supporting the
overcome industry complexities. However, the AEC-FM industry has operational performance of a building during its utilisation stages.
slowly adopted, used, or applied emerging digital technologies [92]. DT surpasses BIM by providing more “up-to-current” modelling ca
Current studies have shown that applying digital technologies in the pabilities and can offer AI-driven “what-if” simulations to identify
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: f.rahimian@tees.ac.uk (F. Pour Rahimian).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2023.105064
Received 18 April 2023; Received in revised form 3 July 2023; Accepted 17 August 2023
Available online 26 August 2023
0926-5805/© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
N.A.N. Adu-Amankwa et al. Automation in Construction 155 (2023) 105064
solutions for issues like schedule delays and budget overruns, empow 2. Overview of building lifecycle management
ering stakeholders to make informed decisions proactively [66]. IoT
sensors coupled with DTs can also make BIM a living instrument, This study’s perspective is on a building’s lifecycle, which can be
automatically updating ‘as-built’ BIM [29]. Several studies have high divided into preconstruction, construction, and post-construction phases
lighted that creating and managing DT is a journey relevant to the entire [99], where stakeholders perform value-generating activities at each
project lifecycle [138]. Nonetheless, these studies have also underscored phase according to defined requirements. The preconstruction phase
the significance of ensuring security, reliability, and improved collabo includes project initiation, planning, design etc., executed before con
ration concerning the generated data [46]. struction. The construction phase includes works carried out to monitor
Consequently, BC provides potentially unified standards and pro and achieve project outputs, whilst the post-construction phase consists
tocols for information sharing with a decentralised peer-to-peer frame of activities undertaken after construction works are complete,
work and addresses information security and privacy based on the including monitoring building operations, maintenance activities etc.
cryptographic mechanism [32,123]. Hence, BC could be a suitable The management of each phase is generally done independently due
technology to overcome or manage the challenges of DT regarding its to the different activities and stakeholders involved; however, partici
security, reliability and enhancing trust and transparency throughout a pants are confronted with a lot of data across the different phases, which
built asset’s lifecycle [62]. BC can also be a channel to address failures in is crucial in understanding the performance of building systems and
communication among project participants and minimise information components and informing decision-making [82]. Therefore, effective
loss during a building’s lifecycle [33]. resource management is imperative for successful project management
With the AEC-FM industry’s increasing research focus on the po and critical for organising and exploiting relevant information to sup
tential of emerging technologies, significant literature reviews have port decision-making processes throughout the project lifecycle.
been carried out on DT or BC studies. Within DT literature, reviews have The AEC-FM industry still lacks a comprehensive way to manage,
focused on DT applications for building energy efficiency [7], DT ap capture, exchange, use, and control data and information throughout an
plications in the construction industry [95], the drivers for DT adoption asset’s lifecycle [50], especially during the transition from construction
[96], and DT fault detection in buildings [48]. Similarly, BC reviews to post-construction, which usually comprises building handover ac
have focused on BC’s potential and limitations [91], the risks and op tivities, considered critical and increasingly required for every building
portunities of BC applications in the construction industry [19], and the due to the recent incorporation of complex building systems [107].
anticipated benefits and challenges of applying BC in AEC [13]. Despite Building handover activities, including commissioning and post-
the growing number of reviews, little attention has been paid to high occupancy evaluation, are faced with the issues of manual data
lighting the complementary potential of DT and BC in the AEC-FM handling, inconsistencies in the representation, format and meaning of
literature. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, only one similar re the data generated [82], which can lead to errors and data loss, frag
view study has been conducted by Sadri et al. [111], who examined the mented and inaccurate information, and poor decision-making. This
potential of enabling technologies in integrating BC and DT in the smart results in critical issues during post-construction activities, which costs
built environment. Nevertheless, their study lacks a comprehensive re time and money [83]. Therefore, there is a need to focus on the efficient
view of the potential applicability of BC and DT during the different management and continuity of relevant information to enhance effective
stages of a building’s life cycle. Although increasing studies on DT and management and decision-making, especially when the building is in
BC indicate that their relevance encompasses all the phases of the life use.
cycle of a building, this study delves into the potential utilisation and the One possible way to ensure efficient decision-making and effective
rationale for the integration of DT and BC at the different phases of a management throughout a building’s lifecycle and contribute to
building’s lifecycle to help identify the trends and possible application addressing transition issues is to explore the relevance of BC and DT
areas. Hence this paper presents a systematic literature review to tackle throughout the different lifecycle phases. Consequently, effective ‘real-
the following: time’ monitoring, secured data management and enhanced collabora
tion are needed to improve the management of a built asset.
1. State-of-art DT applications within the context of preconstruction,
construction, and post-construction lifecycle phases. 3. Research methodology
2. State-of-art of BC applications within preconstruction, construction,
and post-construction lifecycle phases. A systematic literature review was selected as the most suitable
3. Identify the complementary features of DT and BC necessary for method to effectively determine the current state of research in a focal
enhanced building lifecycle management. field of study. This approach enables structured gathering, evaluation,
4. Highlight research gaps identified for both DT and BC applications and synthesis of relevant literature to provide valuable insights and
within the context of building lifecycle phases. identify potential areas for further research [38]. This study’s systematic
literature review focuses explicitly on works related to the potential use
The significance of this study lies in its contribution to the frontier of of DT and BC for the preconstruction, construction, and post-
knowledge on the relevance of emerging technologies in the Architec construction phases of a building. By focusing on a systematic litera
ture, Engineering, Construction and Facility Management (AEC-FM) ture review of DT and BC technologies for the AEC-FM industry, the
industry. It supports nudging further research directions for actualising study identifies relevant evidence within the extant literature [37]. Two
the desired state of digital construction, especially incorporating digital strands of the review were conducted, namely, DT and BC, ensuring both
technologies in building lifecycle management. The remainder of the strands adhered to systematic literature review techniques and princi
article is structured as follows: Section 2 gives a background overview of ples of conduct like replicability, retrievability, summarisation, syn
the core constructs of this study. Section 3 outlines the systematic thesis and transparency.
literature review process adopted for this study. Section 4 presents the To improve the process quality and mitigate against the risk of bias, a
results of the literature review. Section 5 discusses the literature find comprehensive search was performed across two databases, namely
ings, highlighting the gaps and the study’s limitations. Section 6 high Scopus and Web of Science Core Collection, based on recommendations
lights the recommendations emerging from this study, and Section 7 from the Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies (PRESS) [84].
finally summarises and concludes the study. These databases were chosen because they are the top two ranked da
tabases for trustworthy and peer-reviewed research, which indexes most
academic publications worldwide [54]. This search strategy of utilising
at least two literature sources was considered apt since not all
2
referencing papers may be cited by a single database [37]. Table 2

Content Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria.
3.1. Identification of potential papers Inclusion Exclusion
• Studies that report primary studies on • Studies that aggregate or mainly

Search terms were tested for appropriateness in finding relevant DT and BC applications synthesise existing knowledge as
literature by conducting the preliminary search in both Scopus and Web summaries, like reviews
of Science Core Collection; a comprehensive search was then completed • DT and BC applications for • DT and BC discussions that are for
in December 2022, using the keywords and Boolean operators presented construction within building lifecycle exemplary purposes and demonstrate
phases no application
in Table 1. • Studies within the preconstruction, • DT and BC integrations were
Search filters applied included publication date (2018 onwards), construction, and post-construction discussed but not clearly identifiable
literature type (journal article, conference papers), and language type building life cycle phases to a building lifecycle phase.
(English). The filters were chosen based on pragmatic decisions made in
consultation with review team members (authors), considering
recommendations on evidence synthesis, the PRISMA flow diagram was
emerging results during the preliminary test searches and following
used to capture process flows for both Fig. 1 DT and BC strands, as
recommendations by Denyer and Tranfield [22]. The year 2018 was
presented in Fig. 1.
selected as the specific timeframe for this study because the primary
Additionally, the features of included papers were assessed based on
literature relevant to the research was published during that period. The
the representative publication years. Finally, the findings were used to
study relied on journal articles and conference papers mainly due to the
arrive at the state-of-art and gaps in the literature by cross-comparison
focus on primary studies. Lastly, the review team’s language proficiency
of DT and BC strands.
influenced the language constraints. Retrieved results from each strand
were aggregated, and any duplicate papers were removed before
advancing into the screening stage. As a result, papers that progressed to 4. Results and analysis
the screening stage comprised 514 papers out of 1588 retrieved for the
DT strand and 381 papers out of 2211 retrieved for the BC strand. The systematic review results of the 112 papers identified and
selected are presented and described in this section according to quan
3.2. Screening of relevant papers titative breakdowns and qualitative summaries of DT and BC applica
tions within each of the three main building life cycle phases
Papers that progressed into the screening stage were scanned for (preconstruction, construction, and post-construction) considered.
relevance to the subject matter by reading their titles and abstracts;
then, their full texts were sought and thoroughly read to assess their 4.1. Overview of studies on Digital Twins for building lifecycle phases
eligibility using the criteria outlined in Table 2 to progress papers for
content extraction. Results from the DT strand of the systematic literature review process
Effectively papers that advanced into the ‘included’ stage for further to answer this study’s aim about state-of-the-art and potential gaps are
analysis comprised 48 papers out of 514 papers for the DT strand and 64 presented hereafter. Forty-eight papers emerged from the DT strand and
papers out of 381 papers for the BC strand, as presented in Fig. 1. were utilised within this section to derive the presented results. Publi
cations included within the DT strand span over a timeline from 2019 to
3.3. Included papers for relevant information extraction 2022 and are growing significantly, as revealed in their distribution:
2019 (1 paper); 2020 (9 papers); 2021 (22 papers); and 2022 (16 pa
A merger of papers that passed the eligibility assessments of both DT pers). Also, the main document types were Journal Articles (27 papers)
and BC strands of screening had no duplicates. Thus, the contents of 112 and Conference Papers (21 papers). Fig. 2 and Fig. 3, respectively,
papers were subjected to relevant information extraction into three main present trends on papers grouped into building lifecycle phases based on
building lifecycle categories. A detailed thematic coding on descriptions publication years and type. Additionally, a cumulative count of papers
of DT and BC applications within identified building lifecycle categories based on publication years and document types demonstrates the
was conducted using NVivo, by the eligibility mentioned above criteria aggregated growth in DT research patterns.
in Table 2. Similar thematic areas were merged to form the three The observed trends in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 suggest that within confer
building lifecycle categories whose contents were quantified to conduct ence and journal papers, DT applications in the post-construction phase
content analysis to determine significant themes, trends and other were an initial focus; however, attention to construction phase appli
metrics (quantitative and qualitative) in answering the study’s research cations has dominated the research timeframe, whilst preconstruction
goals [1]. Accordingly, the building lifecycle categories comprised applications seem to be a recent emerging focus.
preconstruction (27 papers), construction (70 papers), and post-
construction (27 papers). Based on Page et al.’s [97] 4.2. Digital twins for building lifecycle phases
Table 1 Studies on DT in AEC-FM literature are growing, making the concept

Search Strategy per Strand. of DT gain some awareness in the industry [4]. Results from the DT
Strand Keywords Boolean Additional Keywords strand were clustered into themes based mainly on a built asset’s life
cycle phases (preconstruction, construction, and post-construction) to
Digital Twin (“digital twin*” OR AND (“construction” OR
(DT) “virtual counterpart*” OR “construction industry”
determine the value that can be retrieved from the potential use of DTs
“digital replica” OR OR “built environment” for the different phases. See Fig. 4 for a summary of DT application areas
“virtual twin*” OR OR “building industry”) within a building’s lifecycle found in the literature.
“digital twin concept” OR Although studies have highlighted DT as a promising concept that
“building twin*” OR
can benefit different processes within the AEC-FM industry, it is still
“digital building twin”)
Blockchain (“distributed ledger*” OR AND (“construction” OR farfetched and in the early stages of development and implementation in
(BC) “block chain*” OR “construction industry” academia and industry [114]. According to Opoku et al. [95], adopting
“blockchain*” OR OR “built environment” DT would inherently deliver improved lifecycle costs, reduced carbon
“distributed ledger OR “building industry”) emissions, and resilient built assets in an ever-increasing environmen
technology”)
tally aware society. However, some of the roadblocks highlighted in
3
Fig. 1. PRISMA Flow Diagram for Digital Twin and Blockchain Strands.
literature that threatens the implementation of DT in the built envi achieving net zero carbon emissions in a built environment, developed a
ronment include a lack of consensus on DT concepts in practice, diffi conceptual framework of DT to enable the capturing and monitoring of
culty in exhaustively evaluating DTs’ varied capabilities, and struggle real-time conditions of buildings for enhanced decision-making on car
experienced by practitioners in clear understanding of the required bon emissions and environmental issues throughout a built asset’s life
changes in an organisation’s processes to realise and sustain value cycle. Meschini et al. [85] further adopted an approach to integrate DT
generated from the DT [2]. See Table 3 for the classification summary of prototypes and artificial intelligence to automate and evaluate tendering
literature included in the DT strand according to constructed themes. procedures, optimise performance and contribute to sustainability.
4.2.1. DT for preconstruction phase 4.2.2. DT for construction phase

Studies on integrating DT for preconstruction activities focused on In the construction phase of a building’s life cycle, potential appli
planning and design decision-making, tendering evaluation, sustain cations of DT have focused on construction progress monitoring, con
ability assessment, and environmental monitoring. DT has the potential struction safety, construction site disaster preparedness, construction
to help extract data, make efficient designs and allocate resources as part management, and construction waste management.
of the preconstruction process [64]. Studies have highlighted that integrating DT with other technologies
In an era focused on green buildings and sustainability in the built can support collaborative work in creating, analysing, visualising, and
environment, DT has the potential to support sustainability goals during managing construction progress data and reports. This assertion is
preconstruction activities. Tagliabue et al. [122] proposed a framework supported by Alizadehsalehi and Yitmen [141], who presented a
that incorporated a DT-based Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled dynamic framework that integrates BIM, DT, and extended reality technologies in
approach to allow for real-time sustainability assessment from a user’s developing an automated construction progress monitoring system.
perspective during design. The system suggested by the study can Similarly, Li et al. [67] proposed an accurate construction progress
contribute to reliably supporting the control and monitoring of the built monitoring framework using DTs with sensor data to update 4D BIM
environment towards a green and sustainable environment. Similarly, automatically and reliably in determining construction progress and
Shen et al. [116], in their quest to address the challenges encountered in reflecting the reality of a project.
4
Fig. 2. Digital Twin Papers’ Trend based on Publication Years.
Fig. 3. Digital Twin Papers’ Trend Based on Document Types.
5
Fig. 4. Areas of Digital Twin Applications in AEC-FM Literature.
Table 3
Overview of Digital Twin Application Themes from AEC-FM Literature.
Building Lifecycle Phase No of Studies DT LITERATURE
Authors/References
DT for Preconstruction 6 ([64], [85], [102], [122], [143], [153])

DT for Construction 29 [4,12,16,44,51,56–58,61,63,64,67,71,76,77,86,98,102,106,109,110,121,127,129,135,137,142,143,152]
DT for Post-Construction 16 ([14], [24], [34], [39], [45], [49], [73], [75], [87], [122], [133], [134], [139], [145], [146], [147])
For construction management, Sun and Liu [121] proposed a DT-BIM proposed method contributes to making risk-informed decisions and
hybrid model to aid in decision-making, progress updates, dispatching implementing proactive measures towards hurricane preparedness.
resources and identifying the shortage of resources. DTs can assist in
quality evaluation during construction by providing insights into geo 4.2.3. DT for post-construction phase
metric quality, checking completeness and accuracy, and helping guide DT literature retrieved for post-construction was mainly focused on
adjustments of building elements [130]. Jiang [56] applied DT tech the use of DT for real-time interactions, predictability, enhanced
nology to the simulation of the construction process and construction decision-making during operation and maintenance activities, facility,
management, featuring construction site management, safety during and asset management. According to Rao et al. [103], DT has the po
construction, and quality and operation management. The study tential to aid facility managers in testing and planning maintenance
explored the effectiveness of DT construction management via simula activities and monitoring and predicting building conditions. Y. Liu et al.
tion research, which proved that the efficiency of construction man [75] further posit that DT has the potential to provide owners and
agement could be enhanced via the timely formulation of a reliable property managers with real-time operational costs of green buildings,
construction management plan. Lin and Wu [136] introduced an inte providing a reasonable basis for effective decision-making.
grated framework for twinning and mining a construction project’s In work undertaken by Y. Zhao et al. [147], a framework involving
collaborative network, which entailed collecting collaborative data the integration of a machine learning algorithm with a DT for building
related to the construction project’s on-site inspection. The proposed operations was proposed. According to the studies, the distinct charac
framework allows managers to evaluate collaborators’ performance, teristics of DT’s virtual interaction and real-time response provide a
detect critical actors and understand how people work collaboratively to platform to achieve intelligent operation and maintenance management
complete construction tasks. via data-driven intelligent prediction and diagnosing the status of a
The emergence of DT platforms for construction safety has also building’s operation and maintenance. Using a data-driven approach,
become necessary for timely, intelligent safety decision-making via Vivi et al. [133] presented a system architecture for developing DTs at
deriving safety information from value-creating raw data [127]. Chro the building level to provide a platform for humans to relate to buildings
nopoulos et al. [16] proposed a safety framework which involved the via intelligent and sustainable channels. The research was further
interaction with a DT platform to aid in the reduction of potential haz examined using real-world development to establish the capability of DT
ards on construction sites. As part of the framework, sensory information in predicting, tracking, and improving asset maintenance. Wang et al.
was continuously integrated with the DT in a construction environment [134] focused on developing a DT-based built environment sensing and
to identify hazard areas, predict accidents and their impacts, and notify monitoring which incorporates data required to support real-time
the workers of these hazards. From a disaster preparedness perspective, environmental monitoring and communicates actionable insights for
Kamari and Ham [57] proposed a novel method based on DT and risk informed decisions while managing building facilities.
assessment to aid in hurricane preparedness by systematically identi Lin et al. [73] proposed a live DT model that included the develop
fying potential wind-borne debris based on job site characteristics. The ment of the dynamic behaviour of a building’s HVAC system via sensor
6
data to facilitate the efficient analysis of a constructed environment. The applications seem to be a rapidly growing focus.
authors posit that the use of DT for HVAC systems in the built envi
ronment aids in the significant reduction of cost of energy usage whilst
maintaining occupant comfort. Findings from the framework proposed 4.4. Blockchain for building lifecycle phases
by Hosamo et al. [49] demonstrated that the efficiency of an HVAC
system could be enhanced via automatic fault detection of air handling Although BC is regarded as the technology likely to have a significant
units. The proposed approach utilises a DT predictive maintenance impact [32], due to its potential to solve some problems experienced in
framework to diagnose and detect faults and predict the conditions of the industry, it is still relatively new to industry players. BC studies
building components. The research highlighted the possibility of retrieved were also clustered into their potential use for building life
formulating and implementing maintenance strategies to overcome the cycle phases. Research on BC in AEC-FM literature has indicated its
limitations in building facilities’ maintenance management systems. potential to enhance construction efficiency, reduce issues with frag
mentation and communication and lessen paper-based operational ac
tivities [59]. See Fig. 7 for a summary of BC application areas within a
4.3. Overview of studies on Blockchain for building lifecycle phases building’s lifecycle found in the literature.
BC’s development in the AEC-FM industry is still hampered by some
Results from the BC strand of the systematic literature review process challenges [59]. According to Kumar Singh et al. [65], some challenges
to answer this study’s aim on the state-of-the-art and potential gaps are can be deduced from stakeholders’ unawareness of BC, stakeholders’
presented hereafter. Sixty-four papers emerged from the BC strand and unwillingness to adopt and rely on new technology and the discomfort of
were utilised within this section to derive the presented results. Publi sharing business information in a distributed environment. On the other
cations included within the BC strand span over a timeline from 2018 to hand, Sharma and Kumar [115] suggest that adopting BC, like any new
2023 and are growing significantly, as revealed in their distribution: technology, may depend on stakeholders’ willingness to take a risk and
2018 (1 paper); 2019 (9 papers); 2020 (13 papers); 2021 (20 papers); their preparedness to invest in this unproven concept even though it has
2022 (18 papers); and 2023 (3 papers). Also, the main document types great potential. See Table 4 for the classification summary of literature
were Journal Articles (43 papers) and Conference Papers (21 papers). included in the BC strand according to constructed themes.
Fig. 5 and Fig. 6, respectively, present trends on papers grouped into
building lifecycle phases based on publication years and type. Addi 4.4.1. BC for preconstruction phase
tionally, a cumulative count of papers based on publication years and Research on BC for preconstruction activities mainly focused on
document types demonstrates the aggregated research growth patterns. using BC for the planning process, sustainable building design, design
The observed trends in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 suggest that within confer collaboration, optimisation of the design process, and tendering evalu
ence and journal papers, BC applications in the preconstruction phase ation. Studies of BC implementation are increasing, mainly due to its
were an initial focus; however, traction for construction phase applica potential to enhance transparency in a collaborative environment [28].
tions has dominated the research timeframe, whilst post-construction Berawi et al. [6] suggested a BIM-based BC model to support
Fig. 5. Blockchain Papers’ Trend Base on Publication Years.
7
Fig. 6. Blockchain Papers’ Trend Based on Document Types.
Fig. 7. Areas of Blockchain Applications in AEC-FM Literature.
information management to enhance collaboration during an intelligent accountability, and transparency of data. To overcome the problems of
building’s planning process. Findings from the study indicated that data tampering during preconstruction activities, Gong et al. [36]
employing decentralised ledgers can reinforce the quality and consis explored solutions to the e-tendering process by creating a secure
tency of data for effective planning and enhance the security, blockchain-based evaluation framework to secure data during e-
8
Table 4 management while ensuring data safety, reliability, and traceability.

Overview of Blockchain Application Themes from AEC-FM Literature. BC’s implementation can also help solve traditional paper-based con
Building Lifecycle No of BC LITERATURE struction quality management issues by reducing errors and processing
Phase Studies Authors/References time for documents while improving information credibility [70].
BC for 19 ([6], [8], [10], [18], [23], [25], [27], [28], To address unfair payment practices in the industry, Das et al. [20]
Preconstruction [26], [36], [41], [52], [55], [74], [90], [91], proposed a blockchain framework to facilitate the transparent sharing of
[124], [125], [148]) payment-related information, facilitate trust between contracting teams
BC for Construction 44 ([3], [8], [9], [11], [15], [17], [18], [20], [21], and automate conditions of payments using smart contracts. The pro
[30], [31], [32], [35], [43], [42], [52], [53],
[59], [60], [66], [69], [70], [78], [80], [72],
posed framework deploys BC to enhance security and transparency and
[81], [88], [89], [93], [100], [105], [108], facilitate the execution of payments. Corroborating BC’s capabilities,
[112], [117], [118], [119], [120], [131], studies by Elghaish et al. [31] showcased the capabilities of BC tech
[136], [140], [144], [149], [150], [151]) nology in enhancing trust and transparency among project parties via
BC for Post- 5 ([40], [47], [104], [108], [128])
the development of an automated financial system to address the
Construction
financial management of transactions among project participants. From
a similar perspective, Hamledari and Fischer [42] introduced integrated
bidding. The proposed framework contributed to realising a fast- BC-enabled smart contracts and robotic reality capture technologies for
tendering evaluation process by keeping data immutable and traceable. autonomous payment solutions for construction projects. The authors
Celik et al. [10] further explored the potential of a BC-based BIM argue that the features of BC and smart contracts to decentralise and
framework during the design phase of the life cycle of a built asset as a guarantee payments have the potential to address manual and heavily
potential solution to facilitate collaboration. According to the authors, intermediate workflows around the execution of payments in the con
integrating BC technology with BIM will ensure higher data traceability, struction industry.
enhance project transparency, and encourage greater participant
participation. Zheng et al. [148] further posit that a BC-BIM model can 4.4.3. BC for post-construction
assure the integrity and provenance and improve the quality and secu BC for post-construction activities mainly focused on using BC for
rity of BIM data. Dounas et al. [28] also believe that a BIM-BC frame asset data protection, optimisation of operation and maintenance,
work is critical to the architectural design process due to its ability to tracking operation and maintenance costs, asset monitoring, and coor
record all attempts during the design process contributing to the opti dination of facility management services.
misation of the design process and enhancing collaboration among According to Hijazi et al. [47], utilising BC’s potential in providing
design participants. trusted data presents the opportunity to transition from siloed databases
Di Giuda et al. [23] studied a smart contract embedded BC in the towards an environment where databases are linked. BC can allow
design phase to address the increasing fragmentation and complexity of valuable data to be incorporated into post-construction activities such as
projects and revolutionise the traditional way of contracting. The pro operation and facilities management to contribute to a reliable digital
posed study contributes to the realisation of a data-driven predictable output. Raslan et al. [104] created a BC platform to help protect an
process to support the efficiency of the process, reducing time for payout asset’s data and enhance the functionality of Asset information models.
and protecting the entire supply chain against bankruptcy. Guo et al. Findings from the study indicate that applying BC in the management of
[41] proposed a BC-smart contract framework to promote the sharing of Assets will improve decision-making and optimise assets’ operation.
data and the protection of intellectual property among designers of Furthermore, BC can allow full access and tracking down purchases
large-scale projects. BC-based smart contracts have the potential to made for operating and maintaining an asset [104].
authenticate, verify and execute autonomous sharing of BIM data with Facility management services are deemed critical to routine and real-
copyright protection [41]. time operations of a building hence the development of a BC-based
smart contract by Tiwari and Batra [128] to enable the coordination
4.4.2. BC for construction of repairs and other facility management services in a smart building
Construction-related data are deemed vital in proving claims [60]; environment. According to the authors, the BC-based smart contract
thus, recording, storing and managing data created while executing system may eliminate the need to outsource the management of a fa
construction-related activities should be done based on trust between cility to a third party and further help expedite automation, security, and
participants in a project [60]. Das et al. [21] proposed a BC-based transparency in a smart building environment. Studies by Teisserenc and
management framework to improve accessibility and to share trusted Sepasgozar [126] indicate that BC-enabled DT can support data decen
and reliable information among participants in a network. The proposed tralisation and enhance data traceability, security, and privacy. The
framework leverages BC technology to enhance data integrity in docu authors posit that employing BC-integrated DT will allow facility man
ment management during construction-related activities. Kim et al. [60] agers to monitor an asset in real-time and effectively contribute to the
suggested that a BC-based system for construction document manage automation and prediction of maintenance activities.
ment could prevent the loss of construction-related data, prove valid
contractual rights and support the reliability of claims and dispute- 5. Discussions
related tasks. BC can also ensure that construction-related data is
traceable, immutable, and shared among project participants without an An integrated discussion on the outlined research objectives in Sec
intermediary [66]. tion 1 is performed here by mainly focusing on combined findings about
Li et al. [69] believe that successful cases of BC in other industries DT and BC applications within the construction industry from Section 4.
regarding quality management and traceability can be replicated in Additional insights are discussed on the individual and combined
construction-related activities to aid in minimising disputes. Sheng et al. characteristics that make them viable for enhanced building lifecycle
[117] developed a BC-based framework to help secure, consistent, and management. Finally, knowledge gaps are identified for potential future
reliable capturing and documentation of construction site quality in research that authors deem necessary to explore harnessing the combi
formation to enhance trust and openness among project participants. nation of BC and DT technologies across the entire building lifecycle.
The suggested framework benefits from BC’s technical characteristics of An indicative state-of-art landscape on DT and BC applications in the
ensuring that the quality information captured is traceable and cannot AEC-FM emerged from the reviewed literature included in this study.
be altered. Furthermore, Li et al. [69] believe that employing BC Findings in this study also provide evidence that efforts and interests
mechanisms in construction-related activities can optimise quality within DT and BC have gained increased attention within 2019–2022
9
(108 papers). Within that same period, the observed years of publica have rapidly grown, with most of the dominant studies focusing on
tions were 2020–2022 (98 papers), and they collectively represent about preconstruction and construction activities, whilst the attention on post-
90% of DT and BC studies within the AEC-FM context. Interestingly the construction activities seems to be emerging. BC’s integration was
proportion of document types favoured conference papers within 2020 considered suitable for any phase dealing with data management and
(59%), but this switched in favour of journal articles from 2021 (64%) smart contracts, thus invariably making it ideal for managing each phase
and 2022 (79%), which suggested an increasing pattern of research in a built asset’s lifecycle. Similarly, and extendedly over the snapshot
rigour for peer-reviewed journals on DT and BC studies. years (2018–2023), most discovered studies in this review were pub
lished after 2018, with a dominant focus shift from the preconstruction
5.1. State-of-art DT applications within the context of preconstruction, phase to the construction phase. There is rapidly emerging attention for
construction, and post-construction lifecycle phases post-construction applications, which may suggest an appreciation for
having accurate decentralised information throughout a building’s
Findings on DT functions for a building’s lifecycle have shown lifecycle. Similar BC review studies by Scott et al. [113] reinforce the
increasing research in the field of DT. Studies have indicated the po growing interest in BC studies. The study found that the publication of
tential benefits to be derived from the implementation of DT during each new literature on BC increased by a significant rate of 184% between
lifecycle phase. Studies retrieved predominantly focused on 2017 and 2020.
construction-related activities compared to the other lifecycle phases.
There is also emerging attention to preconstruction activities, which 5.3. Identify the complementary features of DT and BC necessary for
may suggest attention to the early incorporation of DT during the enhanced building lifecycle management
development of a built asset. The authors speculate that the discovered
pattern relating to the use of DT within both the construction and post- Studies on the various functional aspects of DT have revealed unique
construction phases could be related to the need for an existing physical characteristics that can enhance the value and outcome of integrating
artefact to twin as a digital equivalent. This may clarify the few studies DT in all stages of a building’s lifecycle (see Fig. 8). The identified fea
on DT within the preconstruction phase. However, these results tures of DT from these studies include its ability to analyse and visualise
contradict previous studies by some scholars like Opoku et al. [95], who data, capture real-time information, optimise processes, simulate sce
found that DT research primarily focused on preconstruction activities narios, and make predictions. These distinct features align with existing
such as design and engineering. literature and have the potential to improve collaboration, decision-
Furthermore, Opoku et al.’s (2021) research indicated a lack of making, and resource management, leading to efficient and effective
literature on DT applications in the construction phase. These disparities management of each phase of a building’s lifecycle [4,95,141].
may be due to the different time frames considered for literature Meanwhile, BC’s consensus mechanism, decentralised capability,
retrieval. Opoku et al. [95] analysed studies conducted between 2010 security, immutability, privacy, and data provenance are the distinct
and 2020, resulting in 22 relevant papers. In contrast, this study features that emerged from the studies analysed. These distinct features
reviewed DT studies conducted from 2018 to the end of 2022, resulting can enhance collaboration, enhance trust and transparency between
in 48 papers. Despite these differences in findings, both studies confirm project participants, enhance decision-making and contribute to
the growing interest in DT research. improved management throughout a building’s lifecycle. Findings on
BC’s distinct features are further reinforced by literature highlighting
5.2. State-of-art of BC applications within preconstruction, construction, the potential of BC to contribute to better resource management, elim
and post-construction lifecycle phases inate disputes and reduce costs [68,113].
An overview of the distinct characteristics of both DT and BC reveals
Studies on BC’s use for the different phases of a building’s lifecycle a perspective which reinforces the potential for DT and BC integration to
Fig. 8. Features of Digital Twin and Blockchain identified from AEC-FM Literature.
10
support collaborative work practices by establishing enhanced of DT and BC.

communication among stakeholders, sustaining secure data integrity From a methodological or procedural perspective, the literature
and an authentic environment within the digital space to represent the retrieval for this study was limited to Scopus and Web of Science data
physical artefact or process that it aims to twin. Furthermore, the study’s bases and filters for retrieval were restricted to English language, journal
findings reveal that DT and BC can demonstrate real-time project status papers, and conference papers. It is anticipated that different results may
monitoring and provide data provenance throughout their lifecycle. It exist in different databases, different languages, or document types (e.g.,
can tactfully predict future occurrences and realise data-driven intelli books or thesis reports). Therefore, an extended, systematic search in
gent forecasting practices. In line with that, DT and BC bring on board other relevant literature databases is anticipated to uncover different
management implications that can be harnessed for real-time data results. Additionally, due to the rapidly increasing focus on DT and BC in
monitoring, secure data and information exchange, trustworthy and the industry, further reviews could consider investigating literature
transparent decision-making, process automation to eliminate paper- published outside the time frame in which this study was conducted.
based clutter and human errors, as well as mitigate poor data uti The limitations highlighted above provide opportunities for further
lisation when faced with excessive sources of data. The assumptions study and should be considered when replicating this study or con
drawn on the joint capabilities of BC and DT integration are supported ducting comprehensive studies. Nonetheless, the outcomes of this study
by Putz et al. [101], who indicate that attributes of BC and DT have great have laid a strong foundation and provided valuable insights into the
potential to benefit a building’s lifecycle. Therefore, BC-based DT ap capabilities and possible uses of DT and BC in effectively managing the
plications could enhance the management of every phase of a building’s lifecycle of buildings.
lifecycle.
6. Recommendations
5.4. Highlight research gaps identified for both DT and BC applications
within the context of building lifecycle phases This research thoroughly examines how DT and BC can be utilised at
various stages of a building’s life cycle in the AEC-FM industry. By
Based on the above discussions and efforts identified in the literature, analysing the unique features of both DT and BC, it becomes evident that
the following gaps were identified, especially relating to the perspec integrating them can result in capabilities like real-time data moni
tives of building lifecycle management, to propose future research toring, secure information exchange, reliable decision-making, process
directions. automation, and improved data utilisation while reducing paper-based
Despite the identified efforts by DT and BC studies across pre clutter and errors. As a result, the study offers recommendations on
construction, construction and post-construction phases, less attention is how to leverage these potentials.
paid to the transition between construction and post-construction con While there is a significant amount of literature on DT and BC, only a
cerning handover activities, deemed very critical in a building’s lifecycle limited number of studies delve into their integration. To fill in these
[154]. Handover activities require more attention since it involves gaps and enhance knowledge of their practicality, more research is
transferring vital information from the construction team to the facility necessary to examine and justify their potential. Additionally, further
management team and require a consolidated database of information investigation could be carried out to identify the enabling technologies
about the built asset as a source of reliable data to enhance post- and the critical requirements that would facilitate the implementation of
construction management activities [83]. Additionally, as rightfully DT and BC solutions for the construction industry. Moreover, this study
identified by RIBA [107], the building handover comprises activities has primarily focused on the enabling capabilities of combining DT and
where data is validated and signed off; hence data handed over must be BC for the AEC-FM industry; however, their integration comes with
up-to-date, available and accurate to enhance the efficient management numerous challenges worth exploring to provide a holistic perspective
of a built asset. The authors propose a need to address the research that result in informed decisions on their joint relevance before
deficiency within the handover stage by mobilising studies to focus on adoption.
exploring, understanding, and harnessing the potential of DT and BC to This paper focused on the three main building lifecycle phases
address this knowledge gap. (preconstruction, construction, and post-construction); however, each
Furthermore, studies have revealed the potential role of DT and BC phase entails unique complexities and numerous stakeholders that are
regarding collaboration in a decentralised and immutable manner, worthwhile exploring in detail to understand the contextual opportu
bringing into perspective their suitability within the AEC-FM industry nities and threats which affect the combined application of DT and BC
due to the dispersed stakeholders involved. These stakeholders require within specific situations. It is also worthwhile obtaining multi
credible large volumes of data or information to make informed de stakeholder perspectives on the associated relevance and anticipated
cisions about design, planning, construction, utilisation, and mainte challenges of employing both DT and BC within each building lifecycle
nance. This reinforces the complementary nature of DT and BC, phase.
especially when dealing with critical verification of information and Accordingly, testing their potential in real life is essential to effec
positioning the assets for usage or maintenance activities. Accordingly, tively apply the integration of DT and BC in the AEC-FM industry. While
there remains a void that tests these hypothetical promises and chal most publications focus on theoretical methods for research purposes,
lenges using empirical research data from qualitative and quantitative further studies involving prototype development and practical ap
methods to elucidate robust knowledge discoveries to deepen the un proaches to adopting such solutions should be explored. A collaborative
derstanding and create awareness about DT and BC for managing effort between academia and industry can demonstrate the real-world
building lifecycle activities within the AEC-FM industry. significance of these technologies. This approach not only promotes
greater awareness of DT and BC but also improves stakeholders’ per
5.5. Limitations of the study spectives and validates their potential and benefits to be derived.
Although this study provides valuable insights, it is essential to note 7. Conclusions

that the findings should be viewed in the context of certain limitations.
Due to the study’s focus on building lifecycle management, publications This paper mainly addresses the previously mentioned gap of limited
retrieved were limited to that area, warranting detailed exploration at review studies on the potential integration of DT with BC technologies
each respective phase. Thus, other review studies should consider within the AEC-FM industry. It presents a comprehensive and critical
delving deep into other areas or activities within the AEC-FM industry to overview of DT and BC application areas within the AEC-FM industry,
gain more valuable insights and enrich the knowledge on the potential focusing on building lifecycle phases (pre-, construction, and post-
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Digital Twins and Blockchain technologies for building lifecycle management

Article in Automation in Construction · August 2023

Nana Akua Adu-Amankwa Farzad Pour Rahimian

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Digital Twins and Blockchain technologies for building

1. Introduction AEC-FM industry increases productivity and improves collaboration,

referencing papers may be cited by a single database [37]. Table 2

• Studies that report primary studies on • Studies that aggregate or mainly

Table 1 Studies on DT in AEC-FM literature are growing, making the concept

4.2.1. DT for preconstruction phase 4.2.2. DT for construction phase

Fig. 2. Digital Twin Papers’ Trend based on Publication Years.

Fig. 3. Digital Twin Papers’ Trend Based on Document Types.

Fig. 4. Areas of Digital Twin Applications in AEC-FM Literature.

DT for Preconstruction 6 ([64], [85], [102], [122], [143], [153])

Fig. 5. Blockchain Papers’ Trend Base on Publication Years.

Fig. 6. Blockchain Papers’ Trend Based on Document Types.

Fig. 7. Areas of Blockchain Applications in AEC-FM Literature.

Table 4 management while ensuring data safety, reliability, and traceability.

support collaborative work practices by establishing enhanced of DT and BC.

Although this study provides valuable insights, it is essential to note 7. Conclusions

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