Human Behavior and

Victimology
Elma Jane M Borja
Behavior
● Behavior refers to actions or activities (Kahayon, 1985)

● an organism’s activities in response to external or internal

stimuli, including objectively observable activities,
introspectively observable activities and nonconscious
processes. (https://dictionary.apa.org/behavior)

● It is any act of organism which is observable; any

observable responses of an organism to its environment;
manner of one’s conduct.
Human Behavior- It is defined as the sum
total of man's reaction to his
environment or the way human beings
act. It is an attitude that a person adopts
in order to fit the society’s idea of right or
wrong. It is partially determined by
heredity and environment and modified
through learning.
 Determinants
of Human Behavior
1. Heredity/ Biological Factors (Nature)

Those explained by heredity,

the characteristics of a
person acquired from birth
transferred from one
generation to another. Its
primary basis of the idea
concerning criminal behavior,
the concept that ―criminals
are born‖.
2. Environmental Factors (Nurture)

This consists of the

conditions and
factors that
surround and
influence an
organism.
1. Family Background
whereby an individual
first experiences how to
relate and interact with
another. The family is said
to be the cradle of
personality development.
2. The influences of
childhood trauma

which affect the feeling

of security of a child
undergoing
developmental
processes.
3. Pathogenic Family Structure

3.1. Inadequate family-

inability to cope with the

ordinary problems of family
living. It lacks the resources to
meet the demands of family
satisfaction.
3. Pathogenic Family Structure

3.2. Anti-social family-

espouses unacceptable values
as a result of the influence of
parents to their children.
3. Pathogenic Family Structure

3.3 Discordant/ Disturbed

family-

dissatisfaction of one or both

parent from the relationship
that may express feeling of
frustration due to value
differences.
3. Pathogenic Family Structure

3.4 Disrupted family-

incompleteness whether as a
result of death, divorce,
separation or some other
circumstances.
4. Institutional influences-

peer groups, mass media,

church and school,
government institutions,
NGO’s, etc.
5. Socio-cultural factors-

war and violence, group

prejudice and
discrimination, economic
and employment
problems and other
social changes.
6. Nutrition or the
quality of food-
also a factor that
influence man to commit
crime because poverty is
one of the many reasons
to criminal factor
3. Modified through Learning

Learning is the activity or

process of gaining
knowledge or skill by
studying, practicing,
being taught, or
experiencing something

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/learning
Theories of Learning
Connectionism Theory (Edward Lee Thorndlike)-

States that practice strengthens the association between

stimulus and response by using the law of exercise.
The more the stimulus induced response is repeated, the
longer it will be retained.
Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)

States the association between a conditioned stimulus and

response is strengthened by repeated presentation with the
unconditional stimulus
Operant Conditioning (Buurhus Frederick Skinner)

It is a method of learning that takes place through rewarding

and punishing
Agents of Socialization
1. FAMILY – the most important
agent in socialization. It plays an
important role and has a special
responsibility. It is usually the most
influential group in the life of the
child. It is also in the family that the
formative years and development of
the self and one’s personality have
crucial undertakings. From the family
the child is given care, emotional
support, medical attention, shelter,
education and other basic support
needs.
2. SCHOOL – is a formal agent of
socialization. Children weaned from
home are then introduced into the
society. It is in the school where
emotional and intellectual growths
are formally forged. Here they learn
the basic formal instruction in the
5Rs of education which are Reading,
wRiting, aRithmetic, Rational
thinking and Right conduct.
3. PEERS – it is an informal grouping
of two or more individuals, about the
same ages, neighborhoods, school or
friends. This is the group where the
parents have no control. Considering
that they belong to about the same
age level, they have their own culture
and language distinct to them. A
strong sense of camaraderie or
belongingness pervades their
relationship. The depth of this
relationship is expressed in the values
of pakikisama, damayan or utang na
loob.
4. Mass media – it may be a form of print, broadcast, or electronic. Thus, almost
everyone could be reached and influenced due to its tri-media system. As a
socializing agent, it is primarily to inform, entertain and educate. It covers a wide
field of interest and the whole society is its audience, that is, from children to
adults.
5. Religion – is an agent of
socialization that can assist in giving a
society a sense of direction. Morals
and values which are inherent in
religion can give guidance about what
is appropriate in terms of roles and
behaviors of the society or individual. It
is taught in religion for instance, honor
your father and mother, and likewise
concretely expressed in the family by
way of mano po and the similar ways
of showing respect in school to our
teachers who are acting as parents in
school.
Two Basic Types of
Behavior
Inherited Behavior

These are inborn

behavior; any
behavioral reactions or
reflexes exhibited by
people because of their
inherited capabilities or
the process of natural
selection.
Learned Behavior

These are operant behavior,

which involves knowing or
taking into account
adaptations that enhances
human being’s ability to cope
with changes into
environment in ways which
improve the chances of
survival. It is a behavior that
sets human being apart from
other animal .
 Aspects of Behavior
● Intellectual Aspect- way of thinking, understanding,
reasoning, solving problem, processing info and coping
with the environment.
● Emotional Aspect- feelings, moods, temper
● Social Aspect- people interaction or relationship with
other people
● Moral Aspect- conscience, concept of what is good or bad.
● Psychosexual Aspect- being a man or a woman and the
expression of love
● Political Aspect- ideology towards society/ government
● Value/ Attitude
Different Attributes or
Characteristics of Behavior
Overt behavior – behaviors that are observable.
Covert behavior – those that are hidden from the view
of the observer.
Simple behavior – less number of neurons are
consumed in the process of behaving.
Complex behavior – combination of simple behavior.
Rational behavior – acting with sanity or with
reasons.
Irrational behavior – acting without reason.
Voluntary behavior – done with full volition of will.
Involuntary behavior – bodily processes that goes on
even when we are awake or asleep.
Three Faculties of Man
• Will – the power of conscious
deliberate actions; the faculty
by which the rational mind
makes choice of its ends of
action, and directs energies in
carrying out its determinations
• Intellect – the faculty of power
of perception or thought; or
power of understanding
• Passion or feelings
Psychology and
Human Behavior
Psychology- is the science
dealing with the mind and
human being including animal
behavior.
 Psychoanalytic Theory (of criminality)

Attributes delinquent and criminal behavior to a conscience

that is either too overbearing that it arouses feeling of guilt or
so weak that it cannot control the individual’s impulse and
the need for immediate gratification.

Advocated by Father of Psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud.

 Three Components of Personality

Id Superego
• stands for Ego
• moral
instinctual drives • sensible and
conscience
• present at birth responsible part
• idea of what is
• “pleasure • operates on the
basis of right (ego ideal)
principle”
expediency and what is
• “reality principle” wrong
(conscience)
 Model of Personality Development
(Psychosexual Stages)

1. Oral Stage (0-1 year old)

usually during the first year of life when the child attains
pleasure by sucking and biting.

2. Anal Stage (1-3 years old)

focus on the elimination of bodily wastes during the second
and third years of life.
 Model of Personality Development
(Psychosexual Stages)
3. Phallic Stage (3 to 5 or 6 years)
During the third year when the child focus their attention on
their genitals.

Electra Complex- stage of development when female begin

to have sexual feelings for their fathers.

Oedipus Complex- stage of development when a male begin

to have sexual feelings for their mother
 Model of Personality Development
(Psychosexual Stages)
4. Latency Stage (5 or 6 to puberty)
the stage of psychosexual development in which overt
sexual interest is sublimated and the child's attention is
focused on skills and peer activities with members of his or
her own sex. (https://dictionary.apa.org/latency-stage)

5. Genital Stage (puberty to adult)

Sexual instinct is directed to heterosexual pleasure, rather
than self-pleasure like during the phallic stage.
 Three Level of Awareness

Conscious Pre-conscious Unconscious

reservoir of
part which is part of the mind memories,
immediately which can be experience
focused in recalled and and emotions
awareness brought to that can be
awareness at will recalled
Personality- is defined as a pattern of habits,
attitudes and trials that defines an
individual’s characteristics, behavior and
qualities.
• A stable set of characteristics and determine
the similarities and differences in the
psychological behavior, such as thoughts,
feelings, and actions of people.
 Types of Personality
by Carl Jung

1. Introvert- is one
characterized by direction of
interest towards oneself
and one’s inner world
experiences.
 Types of Personality
by Carl Jung

2. Extrovert- characterized by
interest towards the external
environment of people and
things rather than toward inner
experience and oneself
 Types of Personality
by Carl Jung

3. Ambivert- a mixture between

an introvert and extrovert
NEEDS, DRIVES AND MOTIVATIONS

Needs Motivation
are the triggering Drives
refers to the
factor that drives are aroused state
causes and
or moves a that results from
biological needs.
“why‟s” of
person to act.
The aroused behavior as
condition motivates required by a
the person to need.
remedy the need.
Abraham Maslow’s
Hierarchy of Needs
FACTORS ALTERING
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
1. Emotions- Refers to feeling affective
responses as a result of physiological
arousal, thoughts, and beliefs,
subjective evaluation, and bodily
expression.
- It is a state characterized by facial
expressions, gestures, postures, and
subjective feelings.
- It is associated with mood,
temperament, personality, and
disposition.
- Emotion is derived from the French
word emouvior, Latin emovere, where
e- (variant of ex-) means ―out‖and
movere means ―move‖.
2. Conflict- simultaneous arousal
of two or more incompatible
motives resulting to unpleasant
emotions.
 Types of Conflicts
Psychological Social Conflict (External) Approach-Avoidance
Conflict (Internal) - occurs when two or - Conflict can be
- Conflict could more people oppose each described having features
be going on other in social interaction, of approach and
inside the each exerts social power avoidance: approach-
person and no with reciprocity in an approach (++), avoidance-
one would effort to achieve avoidance (- -), approach-
know. incompatible goals avoidance (+ -). In this,
whilst preventing the two pleasing things are
other from attaining their wanted but only one
own. option should be chosen.
 Types of Approach-Avoidance
● Approach-Approach Conflict- motivated to
engage in two desirable activities that cannot
be pursued simultaneously
● Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict- a person faces
two undesirable situations in which the
avoidance of one is the exposure to the other
resulting to an intense emotion.
 Types of Conflicts
● Approach-Avoidance Conflict- a person faces
a situation having both a desirable and
undesirable feature.
3. Frustration- unpleasant feelings that
result from the blocking of motive
satisfaction. It is a form of stress, which
results in tension. It is the feeling that is
experienced when something interferes
with our hopes, wishes, plans, and
expectations.
The common sources of frustration are:
● Physical Obstacles- physical barriers or circumstances that
prevent a person from doing his plan or fulfilling his wishes.

● Social Circumstances- restrictions or circumstances imposed by

other people and the customs and laws of social living

● Personal shortcoming- handicapped by diseases, deafness,

paralysis, etc., which serves as barrier to the things one ought to
do.
Reactions to Frustrations
1. FIGHT-FLIGHT REACTION

- by fighting, the problem in a constructive and direct

way by breaking the obstacles barring him from his
goal, or by getting angry and become aggressive;
and/or
- by running away from the problem.
Reactions to Frustrations
2. COPING MECHANISM

These are the strategies people often use in the face of

stress and/or trauma to help manage painful or difficult
emotions
 Types of Coping Mechanism
• Support: Talking about a stressful event with a supportive person can be an effective
way to manage stress. Seeking external support instead of self-isolating and
internalizing the effects of stress can greatly reduce the negative effects of a difficult
situation.
• Relaxation: Any number of relaxing activities can help people cope with
stress. Relaxing activities may include practicing meditation progressive muscle
relaxation or other calming techniques, sitting in nature, or listening to soft music.
• Problem-solving: This coping mechanism involves identifying a problem that is
causing stress and then developing and putting into action some potential solutions
for effectively managing it.
• Humor: Making light of a stressful situation may help people maintain perspective
and prevent the situation from becoming overwhelming.
• Physical activity: Exercise can serve as a natural and healthy form of stress relief.
Running, yoga, swimming, walking, dance, team sports, and many other types of
physical activity can help people cope with stress and the aftereffects of traumatic
events
https://www.goodtherapy.org/blog/psychpedia/coping-mechanisms
Reactions to Frustrations
3. DEFENSE MECHANISM

the unconscious techniques used to prevent a person’s

self-image from being damage; considered them
normal adjustive reactions when they are use to excess
and threathen self-integrity.
1. Denial of reality- refusal to perceive or
face it or avoiding what is unpleasant

2. Repression- the ego blocks off

threatening thoughts or desires

3. Fantasy- gratification of frustration

desires in imaginary achievement

4. Substitution- The replacement of a

highly valued, unacceptable, or unavailable
object by a less valuable, acceptable, or
available
object
5. Projection- placing blame for
difficulties upon others or attributing
one’s own unethical desires to others

6. Rationalization- use of excuses to an

individual to him and to others.

7. Reaction Formation- vigorously taking

an opposite stand or preventing
dangerous desires from being expressed
by exaggerating opposed attitudes and
types of behavior and using them as
barriers.
8. Displacement- discharging pent-up
emotions on objects less dangerous than
those that initially aroused the emotion

9. Intellectualization- serves to cut off the

emotions from a situation which is normally
is full of feeling.

10. Regression- revert from past behavior or

retreating to earlier developmental level
involving less mature responses and usually
a lower level of aspiration.
11. Sublimation- a process by which
instinctual drives, consciously unacceptable,
are diverted into personally and socially
accepted channels.

12. Undoing- Apologizing for wrongs,

repentance, doing penance and undergoing
punishment

13. Minimization- Not acknowledging the

significance of one’s behavior.
4. Depression- Is an illness
that causes a person to feel sad
and hopeless much of the time.
- Depression (major depressive
disorder) is a common and serious
medical illness
that negatively affects how you
feel, the way you think, and how
you act.
Depression symptoms can vary from
mild to severe and can include:
• Feeling sad or having a depressed mood
• Loss of interest or pleasure in activities
once enjoyed
• Changes in appetite — weight loss or gain
unrelated to dieting
• Trouble sleeping or sleeping too much
• Loss of energy or increased fatigue
• Increase in purposeless physical activity
(e.g., inability to sit still, pacing,
hand-wringing) or slowed movements or
speech (these actions must be
severe enough to be observable by others)
• Feeling worthless or guilty
• Difficulty thinking, concentrating, or
making decisions
• Thoughts of death or suicide
5. Stress the physiological
or psychological response
to internal or external
stressors. Stress involves
changes affecting nearly
every system of the body,
influencing how people
feel and behave.
Stress
Stressors
is anything (physical or
psychological) that
produces stress (negative
or positive)

Types of Stress
Eustress
Distress
 Two Kinds of Stress

1. Acute Stress- experiencing a certain level of

stress for a short period of time. Also known
as short-term stress.

2. Chronic Stress- experiencing a certain level

of stress for a long period of time. Also known
as long-term stress.
Classification of
Behavior
NORMAL BEHAVIOR

• From Latin word ―Norma‖ which

means rule
• A behavior that follows rule or
pattern of standards
• The standard behavior, the totally
accepted behavior because they
follow the standard norms of society.
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

• From Latin initials ―A.B.‖ which

means away from
• A behavior that is away or deviating
from the normal behavior
• It is generally defined as behavior
that violates a norm in society, is
maladaptive, is rare given the
context of the culture and
environment, and is causing the
person distress in their daily life.
A. Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Neurodevelopmental disorders are conditions that
affect how your brain functions. They range from
mild impairments, allowing those affected to live
fairly normal lives, to severe disorders that require
lifelong care.
1. Intellectual Disabilities

is a generalized neurodevelopmental
disorder characterized by significantly
impaired intellectual and adaptive
functioning. It is defined by an intelligence
quotient (IQ) score below 70 in addition to
deficits in two or more adaptive behaviors
that affect an individual’s everyday life.
2. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Autism spectrum disorder or referred to

as autism, is a neuro-developmental
disorder characterized by impaired
social communication and restricted or
repetitive behaviors.
3. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD)

is a neurodevelopmental psychiatric
disorder characterized by a constant
pattern of inattention and/or hyperactive
and impulsive behavior that interferes with
normal functioning.
4. Specific Learning Disorder

Specific learning disorder includes

difficulties in general academic skills,
specifically in the areas of reading,
mathematics, or written expression.
4. Specific Learning Disorder

● dyslexia- Also known as reading disorder. A

learning disability characterized by trouble
reading despite normal intelligence.
● dyscalculia- Difficulty in learning or
comprehending arithmetic, such as difficulty
in understanding numbers, learning how to
manipulate numbers, and learning
mathematics-related facts.
● dysgraphia: A deficiency in the ability to
write, primarily in terms of handwriting or
coherence.
B. Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic
Disorders
5. Psychosis

A severe mental disorder characterized

by impairment in thoughts and emotion
and often involving a loss of contact
with external reality.
6. Schizophrenia

● ―schizo‖ means ―split‖; ―phrenia‖ means

mind
● it describes fragmented pattern of
thinking.
● is a psychological disorder
characterized by major disturbances in
thought, perception, emotion, and
behavior.
6. Schizophrenia
a. Positive symptom: Any behavior not seen in people
without the disorder that correlates with a loss of
contact with reality; a disorder of commission.
○ Delusions

○ Hallucinations

○ Disorganized speech

○ Disorganized behavior

○ Catatonic behavior
 a. Delusions
A false or erroneous belief in
something which is not a
fact.
Delusion of Grandeur -
erroneous belief that he is
in possession of great
power, wealth, wisdom,
and physical strength.

Delusion of Persecution -
a false belief that one is
being persecuted.
Delusion of Self-Accusation
- a false belief in having
committed a crime or hurting
the feelings of others.

Delusion of Reference - one

thinks that he is always the
subject matter of
conversation
Nihilistic Delusion - a false
belief that there is a bio
world that one does not exist
and that his body is dead.

Hypochondriacal Delusion -
a false feelings that one is
suffering from incurable
diseases.
Delusion of Negation -
feeling that some parts of the
body are missing.

Delusion of Infidelity - a
false belief that one's lover is
unfaithful
 b. Hallucinations
It is an erroneous perception
without an external object
of stimulus.
c. Disorganized speech- ―word
salad‖

d. Disorganized behavior- bizarre

behavior

e. Catatonic behavior- stupor

6. Schizophrenia
b. Negative Symptoms: are disorders of omission,
meaning they are things that the individual does not do.

● alogia (lack of speech),

● flat affect (lack of emotional response),
● anhedonia (inability to experience pleasure),
● asociality (lack of interest in social contact),
● avolition (lack of motivation), and
● apathy (lack of interest).
C. Bipolar Disorders
Bipolar disorder (commonly referred to as manic-
depression) is a mood disorder characterized by
periods of elevated mood and periods of depression.
Manic episodes are a distinct
period of elevated or irritable
mood, which can take the
form of euphoria

Depressive episodes include

persistent feelings of sadness,
anxiety, guilt, anger, isolation,
hopelessness, and/or a
variety of other symptoms.
D. Anxiety Disorders
involve extreme reactions to anxiety-inducing
situations, including excessive worry,
uneasiness, apprehension, or fear.
D.1 Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

is characterized by chronic anxiety that is excessive,

uncontrollable, often irrational, and disproportionate to
the actual object of concern.
D.2 Panic Disorder and Panic Attacks
A panic attack is defined as a period of extreme fear or
discomfort

A panic attack is a sudden period of intense anxiety; if

these attacks occur often, they may indicate a panic
disorder.
D.3. Phobic Disorders (Phobia)
It is excessive, irrational and uncontrollable fear of a
perfectly natural situation or object.

Types of Phobia
1. Specific Phobia
2. Agoraphobia
3. Social phobia
Types of Phobia 1. Specific phobia- irrational
fear of an object or
situation

Five categories:
● Fear of animals
(arachnophobia spider;
alektorophobia chicken)
● Fear of natural environment
(nytophobia darkness)
● Fear of blood and needles
(hemophobia)
● Situational fears like fear of
flying (aviophobia)
● Other fears (coulrophobia or
fear of clowns)
gephyrophobia- crossing a ecophobia- home surroundings
bridge potamophobia- rivers
dipsophobia- drinking sideodrophobia- railways
acrophobia- heights trikaidekaphobia-number 13
clinophobia-going to bed thanatophobia- illness or death
gamophobia-marriage pathophobia- diseases
maieusiophobia- pregnancy spermophobia- germs
coitophobia- sexual intercourse cardiophobia- heart disease
eccleiophobia- places mysophobia- infections
kenophobia- empty rooms bacillophobia- microbes
claustrophobia- enclosed room cypridophobia- venereal disease
sochiophobia- crowds
thalassophobia- seas
Types of Phobia
2. Agoraphobia- fear of
public places

3. Social phobia-
overwhelming and
persistent fears of social
situations/ interactions.
E. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental
disorder characterized by intrusive thoughts
(obsessions) that produce uneasiness, apprehension,
fear, or worry, and by repetitive behaviors or rituals
(compulsions) aimed at reducing the associated
anxiety.
F. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
PTSD is a disorder that develops after exposure to a
traumatic event that involves actual or threatened
death or serious injury.
G. Dissociative Disorder- Dissociative disorders
involve a pathological separation from conscious
awareness and range from mild to extreme.
- group of disorders that impairs one action thoughts,
physical sensations and identity.
G.1. Dissociative amnesia

occurs when an individual is suddenly unable to recall personal

information, which cannot be explained by common
forgetfulness.
G.1. Dissociative amnesia
occurs when an individual is suddenly unable to recall personal
information, which cannot be explained by common forgetfulness.

Localized -trouble recalling a traumatic event

Generalized- can‟t remember any of their past even non
traumatic events accompanied by dissociative fugue
Systematized- forget a category of information associated with
trauma
Continuous- forget each new event after it happens, retain
nothing but the present moment , it doesn‟t relate to any
trauma
G.2. Dissociative Identity Disorder DID
(Multiple Personality Disorder)
characterized by and individual displaying at least
two distinct identities.

Two types
● Covert- sudden & dramatic shifts in the way they
perceive think feel
● Overt- assume two (2) distinct identities/ alters
H. Personality Disorders- disorders of character;
―problematic‖ without psychoses; disrupted personal
relationship, dependent or passive aggressive behavior.
Cluster A (odd and eccentric)
● Paranoid personality (PPD) - suspiciousness; is a
mental disorder characterized by paranoia and a
pervasive, long-standing suspiciousness and
generalized mistrust of others.

● Schizoid personality- inability to form social

relationship and lack of interest in doing so;
―loners‖

● Schizotypal Personality- are often described as

odd or eccentric and usually have few, if any, close
relationships.
Cluster B (dramatic, emotional, or erratic)
● Histrionic personality disorder- A pervasive
pattern of attention-seeking behavior and excessive
emotions

● Narcissistic Personality- exaggerated sense of

self-importance and pre-occupation with receiving
attention
Cluster B (dramatic, emotional, or erratic)
● Borderline Personality- instability reflected in
drastic mood shifts and behavior problems;
impulsive, unpredictable, periodically unstable

● Anti-social Personality- Continuing violation of the

rights of others through aggressive anti-social
behavior without remorse or loyalty to anyone (may
be referred to unprincipled businessman, crooked
politicians, impostors, drug pushers, quack doctors,
prostitutes)
Cluster C (anxious or fearful)
● Avoidant personality- hypersensitivity to rejection
and apprehensiveness alertness to any sign of
social derogation; reluctant to enter into social
interaction

● Dependent Personality- extreme dependence on

other people; acute discomfort and panic to be
alone and lacks of confidence and feels helpless.

● Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder-

Characterized by a rigid conformity to rules,
perfectionism, and control.
Criminal Behavior- behavior of a person
who commits serious crimes from
individual to property crimes and the
disobedience of societal rules in general
Criminal Formula by David Abrahamsen

Where:

C – Crime/Criminal Behavior (the act)

T – Criminal Tendency (Desire/Intent)
S – Total Situation (Opportunity)
R – Resistance to Temptation (Control)
CLASSIFICATION OF
CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR
Category A As to the result
●
Acquisitive
○
When the offender acquires
something.

●
Extinctive
○
When the end result of a
criminal act is destructive.
Category B As to the time committed
● Seasonal
○ Committed only during a
certain period of the year.

● Situational
○ Those committed only when
given the situation is conducive
to its commission.
Category C As to the length of time
● Instant
○
Those committed in the
shortest possible time.

● Episodic
○
Those committed by
a series of acts undertaken
in a lengthy space of time.
Category D As to the place of commission
● Static
○
Those committed in only
one place.

● Transitory
○
Those are committed in
several places.
Category E As to the mental faculty
● Rational
○
Those committed with intention and offender is sane.

● Irrational
○
Those committed by persons
who do not know the nature and
quality of their acts on account
of the disease of the mind.
Category F As to the to the standard of living

● White collar
○
Those committed by persons
of respectability

● Blue collar
○
Those committed by ordinary
professional criminal to
maintain their livelihood.
Category G As to type of offender
● Crimes of the upper world
○
Crimes committed by
large scale syndicate.

● Crimes of the lower world

○
Crimes committed by
amateur criminals like
snatching.
Psychosexual
Disorders
Sexual Response Cycle

The sexual response cycle refers to the

sequence of physical and emotional
changes that occur as a person becomes
sexually aroused and participates in
sexually stimulating activities, including
intercourse and masturbation.
The sexual response cycle
traditionally includes excitement,
plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
Desire and arousal are both part of
the excitement phase of the sexual
response.

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/hea
lth/articles/9119-sexual-response-
cycle
Sexual dysfunction refers to a problem
occurring during any phase of the sexual
response cycle that prevents the individual
or couple from experiencing satisfaction
from the sexual activity.
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9121-sexual-dysfunction
Those Affecting Males
● Erectile Insufficiency (Impotency) – it
is a sexual disorder characterized by
the inability to achieve or maintain
erection for successful intercourse.
● Pre-mature Ejaculation – it is the
unsatisfactory brief period of sexual
stimulation that result to the failure of
the female partner to achieve
satisfaction.
● Retarded Ejaculation – it is the inability
to ejaculate during intercourse –
resulting to worry between partners.
Those Affecting Females
● Arousal Insufficiency (Frigidity) – a sexual
disorder characterized by partial or complete
failure to attain the lubrication or swelling
response of sexual excitement by the female
partner.
● Orgasmic Dysfunction – a sexual disorder
characterized by the difficulty in achieving
orgasm
● Vaginismus – the involuntary spasm of the
muscles at the entrance to the vagina that
prevent penetration of the male sex organ.
● Dyspareunia – it is called painful
coitus/painful sexual acts in women.
Sexual Deviations or Paraphilia
Characterized by intense , recurring sexual urges and
fantasies related to nonhuman objects (e.g., women’s
undergarments) (2) suffering or humiliation of oneself
or one’s partner in a manner that is not merely
simulated (e.g., bondage), or (3) children or other
nonconsenting partners.

Paraphilia is preferred to that of sexual deviation used

in other classifications, as paraphilia
correctly emphasizes that the
deviation (para) lies in that to which
the person is attracted (philia).
As to Sexual Reversals
• Homosexuality- it is a sexual behavior directed towards same
sex.

• Transvestism – refers to achievement of sexual excitation by

dressing as a member of the opposite sex such a nab who
wears female apparel.

• Fetishism- sexual gratification is obtained by looking at some

body parts, underwear of the opposite sex or other objects
associated with the opposite sex. (use of non-living object)
As to the Choice of Partner
• Auto-sexual- self gratification or masturbation

• Pedophilia- Sexual activity with a prepubescent child

• Gerontophilia- sexual desire with an elder person

• Bestiality- sex with animals. Aka Zoophilia

• Necrophilia- Sexual activity with corpse

• Incest- Sexual relation between two people who, by reason

of blood relationship cannot legally marry
As to Sexual Urge
• Satyriasis- an excessive sexual urge or desire of men to have
sexual intercourse

• Nymphomania- a sctrong sexual feeling of women with an

excessive sexual urge.
As Mode of Sexual Expression
● Oralism- it is the use of mouth or the tongue as a way of
sexual satisfaction

● Fellatio- male sex organ to the mouth of the woman coupled

with the act of sucking that initiates oragasm

● Cunnillingus- sexual gratification is attained by licking the

extrenal female genitalia

● Anilism (Anillingus) – licking the anus of the sexual partner

As mode of Sexual Expression
• Sadism- sexual gratification thorugh the infliction of physical
pain to the sexual partner

• Masochism- sexual gratification from being humiliated,

beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer

• Sado-Masochism (Algolagnia)- sexual gratification from pain

or cruelty
As to the Part of Body
• Sodomy- sexual act thorugh the anus of sexual partner

• Uranism- Gratification through fingering, holding breast or

licking the parts of the body

• Frottage or Frotteurism- the act of rubbing the sex organ

against body parts of another person.

• Partialism- refers to the sexual libido on any of the parts of

the body of a sexual partner. Form of fetishism
As to Visual Stimulus
• Voyeurism- the person is commonly called the ―peeping
tom‖, an achievement of sexual pleasure through clandestine
peeping such as peeping to dressing room, couples room,
toilets etc.

• Scoptophilia- the intentional act of watching people undress

or during sexual intimacies
As to the Number of Participants
● Troilism- three persons participate in sex orgy such as two
women versus one man or vice versa

● Pluralism- group of persons in sexual orgies such as couple to

couple sexual relations.
Other Sexual Abnormalities
• Exbitionism- called indecent exposure

• Coprolalia- use of ibscene language to achieve sexual satisfaction

• Don Juanism- the act of seducing women as a career without

permanency of sexual partner or companion.

• Coprophilia Sexual arousal to feces

• Klismaphilia Sexual arousal to enemas

• Urophilia Sexual arousal to urine

• Scatologia- Making obscene phone calls

Q and A
1. The social component that is
identified as the cradle of human
personality.
a. Home c. School
b. Peer d. Church
1. The social component that is
identified as the cradle of human
personality.
a. Home c. School
b. Peer d. Church
2. Which of the following refers to conflict
with two goals, each with good and bad
points?
a. approach-approach
b. approach-avoidance
c. avoidance-avoidance
d. multiple approach
2. Which of the following refers to conflict
with two goals, each with good and bad
points?
a. approach-approach
b. approach-avoidance
c. avoidance-avoidance
d. multiple approach
3. What personality disorder is marked by suspicion of
people in almost all situations, with no reason? They fell
that everyone is against them, and are constantly
scanning the environment for proof of their suspicions.
This suspicion has drastic effects on emotional
adjustment and interferes with relationships.
a. Paranoid Personality c. Avoidant Personality
b. Borderline Personality d. Schizoid Personality
3. What personality disorder is marked by suspicion of
people in almost all situations, with no reason? They fell
that everyone is against them, and are constantly
scanning the environment for proof of their suspicions.
This suspicion has drastic effects on emotional
adjustment and interferes with relationships.
a. Paranoid Personality c. Avoidant Personality
b. Borderline Personality d. Schizoid Personality
4. Mary has an argument with her boss, but
remains calm while at work. When she gets
home that evening, she yells at her spouse and
children. Which coping mechanism is Mary
displaying?
a. Projection c. Reaction Formation
b. Sublimation d. Displacement
4. Mary has an argument with her boss, but
remains calm while at work. When she gets
home that evening, she yells at her spouse and
children. Which coping mechanism is Mary
displaying?
a. Projection c. Reaction Formation
b. Sublimation d. Displacement
5. A false belief based on correct inference
about external reality and firmly sustained
despite of clear evidence to the contrary,
and which I not related to cultural or
religious beliefs
a. hallucination c. illusion
b. delusion d. perception
5. A false belief based on correct inference
about external reality and firmly sustained
despite of clear evidence to the contrary,
and which I not related to cultural or
religious beliefs
a. hallucination c. illusion
b. delusion d. perception
6. Type of personality characterized by
being friendly, flexible, adaptable,
happy working with others, free from
worries, and outgoing
a. Extrovert c. Ambivert
b. Introvert d. omnivert
6. Type of personality characterized by
being friendly, flexible, adaptable,
happy working with others, free from
worries, and outgoing
a. Extrovert c. Ambivert
b. Introvert d. omnivert
7. Greg learns that he has cancer. He
begins to learn everything he can about the
illness, reading books, journal articles, and
the latest experimental research. Greg’s
response to his diagnoses is what type of
defense mechanism?
a. Intellectualization c. Sublimation
b. Rationalization d. Repression
7. Greg learns that he has cancer. He
begins to learn everything he can about the
illness, reading books, journal articles, and
the latest experimental research. Greg’s
response to his diagnoses is what type of
defense mechanism?
a. Intellectualization c. Sublimation
b. Rationalization d. Repression
8. Term denoting the central part of the
personality structure that deals with the
reality and is influenced by social forces
and learns to modify behavior by controlling
those impulses that are socially
unacceptable.
a. Ego c. Id
b. Superego d. Unconscious
8. Term denoting the central part of the
personality structure that deals with the
reality and is influenced by social forces
and learns to modify behavior by controlling
those impulses that are socially
unacceptable.
a. Ego c. Id
b. Superego d. Unconscious
9. Also known as reading disorder.
a. dyslexia c. dysgraphia
b. dyscalculia d. anorexia
9. Also known as reading disorder.
a. dyslexia c. dysgraphia
b. dyscalculia d. anorexia
10. It is excessive, irrational and
uncontrollable fear of a perfectly
natural situation or object.
a. Anxiety c. Frustration
b. Stress d. Phobia
10. It is excessive, irrational and
uncontrollable fear of a perfectly
natural situation or object.
a. Anxiety c. Frustration
b. Stress d. Phobia
11. Recurring sexually exciting fantasy, impulse or
behavior related to non-human objects e.g. things,
fabrics, designs, the suffering or humiliation of oneself
or the partner, children or other non-consenting
persons. Basically things that wouldn’t arouse the
average person are arousing it.
a. Paraphilia

b. Sexual Deviations

c. Both a and b

d. Sexual Dysfunction
11. Recurring sexually exciting fantasy, impulse or
behavior related to non-human objects e.g. things,
fabrics, designs, the suffering or humiliation of oneself
or the partner, children or other non-consenting
persons. Basically things that wouldn’t arouse the
average person are arousing it.
a. Paraphilia

b. Sexual Deviations

c. Both a and b

d. Sexual Dysfunction
12. One day we may be cool and withdrawn and
the next day, warm and sociable. This condition
may fall into the disorder known as
a. borderline disorder c. personality disorder
b. manic-depressive d. anxiety disorder
12. One day we may be cool and withdrawn and
the next day, warm and sociable. This condition
may fall into the disorder known as
a. bordeline disorder c. personality disorder
b. manic-depressive d. anxiety disorder
13. It is the psychological discomfort
caused by external or internal
environment.
a. stress c. frustration
b. depression d. emotion
13. It is the psychological discomfort
caused by external or internal
environment.
a. stress c. frustration
b. depression d. emotion
14. A person who attains sexual
gratification by watching nude women
a. Exhibitionism
b. Voyeurism
c. Peeping Tom
d. All of these
14. A person who attains sexual
gratification by watching nude women
a. Exhibitionism
b. Voyeurism
c. Peeping Tom
d. All of these
15. A sexual deviation which attains
sexual gratification by watching nude
women
a. Exhibitionism
b. Voyeurism
c. Peeping Tom
d. All of these
15. A sexual deviation which attains
sexual gratification by watching nude
women
a. Exhibitionism
b. Voyeurism
c. Peeping Tom
d. All of these
16. It is present at birth.
a. Id
b. Ego
c. Superego
d. Super Id
16. It is present at birth.
a. Id
b. Ego
c. Superego
d. Super Id
17. Type of pathogenic family structure
characterized by inability to cope with the
ordinary problems of family living. It lacks the
resources to meet the demands of family
satisfaction
a. Inadequate Family c. Discordant Family
b. Anti-social Family d. Disrupted Family
17. Type of pathogenic family structure
characterized by inability to cope with the
ordinary problems of family living. It lacks the
resources to meet the demands of family
satisfaction
a. Inadequate Family c. Discordant Family
b. Anti-social Family d. Disrupted Family
18. It is the science dealing with the
mind and behavior of a person
a. Physiology c. Psychiatry
b. Psychology d. None of these
18. It is the science dealing with the
mind and behavior of a person
a. Physiology c. Psychiatry
b. Psychology d. None of these
19. Reaction to frustration either by fighting
or running away.
a. Coping Mechanism
b. Defense Mechanism
c. Fight-Flight Reaction
d. All of these
19. Reaction to frustration either by fighting
or running away.
a. Coping Mechanism
b. Defense Mechanism
c. Fight-Flight Reaction
d. All of these
20. These are a serious mental and
emotional disorders that are manifested of
withdrawal from reality.
a. Psychoneurosis
b. Psychosis
c. Psychopathic Disorder
d. Sociopathic Disorder
20. These are a serious mental and
emotional disorders that are manifested of
withdrawal from reality.
a. Psychoneurosis
b. Psychosis
c. Psychopathic Disorder
d. Sociopathic Disorder
VICTIMOLOGY
VICTIMOLOGY- studies the role of victim
in the crime; it explains how people are
being victimized.
Victim - used in the modern criminal justice system to
describe any person who has experienced loss, injury, or
hardship due to the illegal action of another individual,
group, or organization.
Etymology

VICTIMA - a Latin
word used to refer to
those who were
sacrificed to please a
god.
PIONEERS IN VICTIMOLOGY

Benjamin Mendelsohn 1809-1947

● Father of Victimology.
● Mendelsohn was fascinated by the
dynamics between the victims and
offenders.
● Strong interpersonal relationship between
victims and offenders.
● Coined the term “Victimology”
PIONEERS IN VICTIMOLOGY

Hans Von Hentig 1852-1934

● one of the pioneers in Victimology tried to
discover what made a criminal predisposed to
being a criminal.
● In his 1941 publication, von Hentig claimed the
victim to contribute to the criminal act.
● victim contribution largely results from
characteristics or social positions beyond the
control of the individual
PIONEERS IN VICTIMOLOGY

Stephen Schafer 1911-1976

● He revisited victim‟s role in his book „The Victim
and His Criminal‟.
● Schafer introduced the concept of „functional
responsibility‟ of the victim. Schafer (1968)
modified the typology provided by Hans von
Hentig and presented his own classification.
● While Hentig tried to identify the varying risk
factors, Schafer sets forth the responsibility of
different victims.
PIONEERS IN VICTIMOLOGY
Marvin E. Wolfgang 1924-1998
● Victim precipitation deals with the degree to which victim is
responsible for his/her own victimization.
● Using homicide data from the city of Philadelphia, Marvin
Wolfgang reported that 26 percent of the homicides that
occurred from 1948 to 1952 resulted from victim
precipitation.
● Defined victim-precipitated homicide as those instances in
which the ultimate victim was the first in the homicide
drama to use physical force or violence against his
subsequent attacker.
● Wolfgang views that “connotations of a victim as a weak
and passive individual, seeking to withdraw from an
assaultive situation, and an offender as a brutal, strong and
overly aggressive person seeking out his victim, are not
always correct.”
PIONEERS IN VICTIMOLOGY
Menachem Amir 1921-1968
● Menachem Amir examined the concept of victim precipitation
through his empirical analysis of rape victims in 1971.
● Amir concluded from his study of rape victims in Philadelphia that 19
percent of all forcible rapes were victim-precipitated.
● Amir viewed that the role played by the victims and their
contribution to the perpetration of the offence becomes one of the
main interests of the emerging discipline of Victimology.
TYPOLOGY OF VICTIMS
General Types of Victims
1. The Young – the weak by virtue of age and
immaturity
Typology of Victims:
2. The Female – often less physically powerful and
easily dominated by males.
Typology of Victims:
3. The Old – the incapable of physical defense
and the common object of confidence
scheme.
Typology of Victims:
4. The Mentally Defective – those that are
unable to think clearly.
Typology of Victims:
5. The Immigrant – those that are unsure of the rules of
conduct in the surrounding society.
Typology of Victims:
6. The Minorities – racial prejudice may lead to
victimization or unequal treatment by the agency of
justice.
Other Types of Victims

(Benjamin Mendelsohn, a European defense attorney, created his

own classification of victim types.)
This includes the following six categories:
1. The completely innocent victim` – such a person is an ideal
victim in popular perception. In this category placed persons
victimized while they were unconscious, and the child victims.
2. Victims with only minor guilt and those victimized due to
ignorance.
3. The victim who is just as guilty as the offender, and the voluntary
victim. Suicide cases are common to this category.
Other Types of Victims
4. The victim more guilty than the offender – this category was
described as containing persons who provoked the criminal or
actively induced their own victimization.
5. The most guilty victim “who is guilty alone” – an attacker killed
by a would be victim in the act of defending themselves were
placed into this category.
6. The imaginary victim – those suffering from mental disorders, or
those victims due to extreme mental abnormalities.
Theories of Victimology:
● Victim precipitation theory
People may actually initiate the confrontation that eventually
leads to their injury or death.
Two Types:
● Active precipitation - occurs when victims act
provocatively, use threats or fighting words, or even attack
first.
● Passive precipitation - occurs when the victim exhibits
some personal characteristic that unknowingly either
threatens or encourages the attacker.
● Lifestyle theory
Crime is not a random occurrence but rather a function of
the victim’s lifestyle. For example, due to their lifestyle
and demographic makeup, college campuses contain
large concentrations of young women who may be at
greater risk for rape and other forms of sexual assault
than women in the general population.
● Deviant place theory
The greater their exposure to dangerous places,
the more likely people will become victims of
crime and violence.
Dynamics of Victimization
There are a number of procedural models which
can be applied to the study of the victimization
process for the purpose of understanding the
experience the victims.
1. “Victims of Crime Model” (by Bard and Sangrey). According to this
model, there are three stages involved in any victimization:
a.Stage of Impact & Disorganization – stage during and immediately
following the criminal event
b.Stage of Recoil – stage during which the victim formulates
psychological defenses and deals with conflicting emotions of guilt,
anger, acceptance, and desire of revenge (said to last three to eight
months).
c.Reorganization Stage – stage during which the victim puts his or her
life back to normal daily living. Some victims, however may not
successfully adopt the victimization experience and a maladaptive
reorganization stage may last for many years.
2. “Disaster Victim’s Model” – this model was developed to explain the
coping behavior of victims of natural disaster. According to this model, there
are four stages of victimization:
a.Pre-impact - stage describe the victim’s condition prior to being victimized
b.Impact - the stage at which victimization occurs
c.Post-impact - stage which entails the degree and duration of personal and
social disorganization following victimization
d.Behavioral outcome – stage that describes the victim’s adjustment to the
victimization experience
Thank you
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