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03 Handout 1

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SH1688

BATAS MILITAR
I. Two (2) Alleged Plans of Marcos to Extend his Terms
A. Plan A - to make the Philippine government a parliamentary system.
B. Plan B - to declare Martial Law or Batas Militar.

II. Important Details in Creation of Martial Law


A. Oplan Sagittarius
• It is considered by Senator Aquino to be the blueprint or detailed plan how to execute
Martial Law.
• Romeo Espino wrote the original report of the plan. He refuted Aquino’s claim by saying
that Oplan Sagittarius is just an emergency plan on how to utilize the Armed Force of the
Philippines (AFP).

B. Rolex 12
• It is the name given to the group who helped Marcos on his plan regarding Martial Law.
• The name was based on the story that each member of group received a Rolex watch.
• The members were:
1. Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile
2. Gen. Fabian Ver of National Intelligence Security Authority – Head of Presidential
Security
3. Gen. Romeo Espino – Chief of Staff of Armed Force of the Philippines
4. Gen. Fidel Ramos – Chief of the Philippine Constabulary (PC)
5. Gen. Rafael Sagala – Chief of Philippine Army
6. Gen. Ignacio Paz – Chief of the Intelligence Services of the Armed Force of the
Philippines
7. Gen. Jose Rancudo of the Philippine Air Force
8. Gen. Tomas Diaz of Philippine Constabulary
9. Gen. Alfredo Montoya – Chief of the Metropolitan Command (METROCOM)
10. Gen Hilario Ruiz- of the Philippine Navy
11. Colonel Romeo Gatan – Commander of Philippine Constabulary in Tarlac
12. Eduardo “Danding” Conjuangco – Governor of Tarlac

III. Events Leading to the Proclamation of Martial Law


A. Plaza Miranda Bombing
• On August 21, 1971, during the campaign rally of the Liberal Party at Plaza Miranda, two
(2) grenades exploded causing hundreds of civilians and politicians to be injured.
• Senator Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino, a liberal candidate and mortal enemy of Marcos, was
not harmed since he was not yet at the place during the incident. Because of this, he was
accused as an accomplice of the communist group in the bombing incident. On the other
hand, many believe that it was Marcos who planned the infamous incident.
• Because of the Plaza Miranda bombing, Marcos suspended the Privilege of Writ Habeas
Corpus. The suspension allowed authorities to arrest anyone without the need of presenting
him/her to a judicial body. The suspension was immediately revoked by Marcos due to the
protest of the Filipinos.

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SH1688

• Aside from Senator Aquino, Marcos primarily accused the Communist Party of the
Philippines (CPP) headed by Jose Maria Sison for the series of bombing events. The CPP
was formed December 26, 1968. After three (3) months, the CPP formed another group
named New People’s Army (NPA). The previous “Huks” of Hukbo Mapagpalaya ng
Pilipinas, an armed group located in Central Luzon, helped in the formation of NPA.

B. Natural Calamities (July-August 1972)


• A typhoon during the months of July-August 1972 caused a great flood in Central Luzon
destroying the agricultural crops.
• The government was forced to import almost half a million of tons of rice product.
• This caused for the prices of other product to rise.
• The student, once again, protested the increase of prices.

C. Constitutional Convention (Con-Con)


• The convention was established to replace the 1935 Constitution, which was made when
the Philippine was still under the colonial rule of America.
• Due to manipulation of the current administration, social and economic reform were set
aside.
• Instead, the focus of Con-Con is to change the presidential system of government into a
parliamentary system.
• Napoleon Rama, a delegate from Cebu, proposed a resolution to prohibit Marcos from
running for a third term which the majority of the convention supported.
• Eduardo Quintero, a delegate of Leyte, exposed that Imelda Marcos tried to influence the
Con-Con by giving money to the delegates.
• The Con-Con passed a Transitory Provision, a provision stating that during the transition
to parliamentary system, all executive and legislative power will be exercised by the current
administration – Marcos regime.

D. Enrile’s Ambush
• On September 22, 1972, reports regarding the ambush of Defense Minister Enrile
circulated.
• According to Enrile, he was saved from the ambush because he rode the car of his
bodyguards instead of his car.
• 14 years later, Enrile would confirm that the ambush was fake.

IV. Proclamation No. 1081


A. On September 23, 1972, President Marcos declared Proclamation No 1081 or the declaration
of the Martial Law.
B. According to Marcos, the purpose of the proclamation was to save the republic and reform the
society.
C. Though the proclamation happened a day after Enrile’s ambush, official papers with his
signature showed that Marcos put the Philippines under Martial Law as early as September 21,
1972.

Reference:
Magsanoc-Alikpala, K. (1997). Batas militar. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SG2Mx7Y5vzc

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