01 - Overview of Telecommunications

1.
0 OVERVIEW OF
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
School of Education
Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities
1.1
INTRODUCTION TO
TELECOMMUNICATION
Communication
• The message (data and information) is

communicated via the signal.
• The transmission medium “carries” the signal.
3
Communication Process
4
Telecommunication
• The electronic transmission of signals for

communications over a distance.
• For example: telephone, telegraph, television,
radio, etc.
• Telecommunication Medium
Anything that carries an electronic signal and interfaces
between a sending device and a receiving device.
5
Telecommunication Medium
Anything that carries an electronic signal and

interfaces between a sending device and a receiving
device.
6
Telecommunication Hardware
Send and receive the signals employing

telecommunications software that governs their
operations such as repeaters, hubs, bridges,
switches, routers and gateways
7
Telecommunication Software
Software based on telecommunications protocols

used to
– control
– monitor load
– troubleshoot data
– provide security
that traveling over a
telecommunications
network.
8
1.2
HISTORY OF
TELECOMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGIES
1642 AD - 1876
1890 - 1947
1952 - 1977
1981 - 1994
1998 - Current
1.3A
INTERNET
16
Internet
• A global collection of network

• Interconnected computers work by transmitting
data through a special type of packet switching
which is known as the IP (internet protocol).
• When you connect to the Internet, your computer
becomes part of a network.
Internet VS WWW?
17
Browser
• Can be defined as a software application used

to locate and display web.
IE (Internet Explorer)
Mozilla Firefox
Safari
Microsoft Edge
1.3B
WEB SEARCHING
Web Searching
• World Wide Web (or WWW, It is called a “web”

because the interconnections between documents
resemble a spider’s web).
• Web is a software application that makes it easy
and possible for nearly anyone to publish and
browse hypertext documents on the Internet.
• Web searching is an act of looking for information
in computer database or network (web).
20
Web Searching Categories
1. Directories
2. Search engines
3. Meta-search engines
4. Yellow pages
21
Directories
• A Web Directory or Web Guide is a hierarchical

representation of hyperlinks.
AOL – http://www.aol.com/
Excite – http://www.excite.com/
Lycos – www.lycos.com
Yahoo! – www.yahoo.com
Hotfrog - http://www.hotfrog.com.au/
22
Search Engines
• A computer program that does the following:

– Allows user to submit a query that consists of a word or
phase.
– Searches the database.
– Returns a list of suitable URLs which match your query.
– Allows user to revise and resubmit.
23
Meta-search Engines
• A search engine that queries other search engines

and then combines the results that are received
from all. In effect, the user is not using just one
search engine but a combination of many search
engines at once to optimize Web searching.
http://www.search.com/
http://www.dogpile.com/
http://clusty.com/
24
Yellow Pages
• The yellow pages are any telephone directory of

businesses, organized by category rather than
alphabetically by business name, and in which
advertising is sold, while white pages contains
individual directory.
Bigfoot – www.bigfoot.com
Yahoo! People Search – people.yahoo.com
WhoWhere – www.whowhere.com
Yellow Page Malaysia– http://www.yellowpages.com.my/
SuperPages – www.superpages.com
25
Directory vs Search Engine
Directory Search Engine
A directory allows you to explore and A search engine brings you to the
get what you want eventually. exact page on the words or phrases
you are looking for.
Use a directory to find cooking- Use a search engine to find a specific

related websites. recipe, by providing the name of the
ingredients.
Use a directory to find travel guides in Use a search engine to find the
a country. transport trains schedule in South
Africa.
Web Searching Techniques
1. Pattern Matching Queries

2. Boolean Queries
Pattern Matching Queries
• It is also called Fuzzy Query.

• You can enter “ungrammatical sentences”, “incomplete
sentence fragments”, “disjoint phrases”, “nonsense
words”.
• The search engine gets a collection of keywords.
• Required keyword: Mark with “+” before the keyword.
• Prohibited keyword: Mark with “-” before the keyword.
• Type in keywords +online learning and -online learning.
Seek the difference.
Pattern Matching Queries
Boolean Queries
• A Boolean Query is a query that consists keywords but

with logical operators (AND, OR, NOT).
• X AND Y – will return URLs that contain both X and Y.
• X OR Y – will return URLs that contain either X or Y.
• X AND NOT Y – will return URLs that contain X and do
not contain Y.
• Symbol:
(AND - &), (OR - |), (NOT - !), (NEAR - ~)
1.3C
WEB APPLICATIONS
Web Applications
▪ A Web application (Web app) is an application program

that is stored on a remote server and delivered over the
Internet through a browser interface.
▪ Web applications use a combination of server-side scripts

(PHP and ASP) to handle the storage and retrieval of the
information, and client-side scripts (JavaScript and HTML)
to present information to users.
32
Web Applications
Here's what a typical web application flow looks like:
1. User triggers a request to the web server over the

Internet, either through a web browser or the application’s
user interface
2. Web server forwards this request to the appropriate web

application server
33
Web Applications
3. Web application server performs the requested task –
such as querying the database or processing the data –
then generates the results of the requested data
4. Web application server sends results to the web server

with the requested information or processed data
5. Web server responds back to the client with the requested

information that then appears on the user’s display
34
Web Applications
Example of a web application
▪ Web applications include online forms, shopping carts, word

processors, spreadsheets, video and photo editing, file
conversion, file scanning, and email programs such as Gmail,
Yahoo and AOL.
▪ Popular applications include Google Apps and Microsoft

365. Google Apps for Work has Gmail, Google Docs, Google
Sheets, Google Slides, online storage and more.
35
Web Applications
Example of a web application
▪ Other functionalities include online sharing of documents

and calendars. This lets all team members access the same
version of a document simultaneously.
36
Web Applications
Benefits of a web application
▪ Web applications run on multiple platforms regardless of

OS or device as long as the browser is compatible
▪ All users access the same version, eliminating any

compatibility issues
▪ They are not installed on the hard drive, thus eliminating

space limitations
37
Web Applications
Benefits of a web application
▪ They reduce software piracy in subscription-based web

applications (i.e. SaaS)
▪ They reduce costs for both the business and end user as
there is less support and maintenance required by the
business and lower requirements for the end user’s
computer
38

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1.

• The message (data and information) is

• The electronic transmission of signals for

Anything that carries an electronic signal and

Send and receive the signals employing

Software based on telecommunications protocols

• A global collection of network

• Can be defined as a software application used

• World Wide Web (or WWW, It is called a “web”

• A Web Directory or Web Guide is a hierarchical

• A computer program that does the following:

• A search engine that queries other search engines

• The yellow pages are any telephone directory of

Directory Search Engine

Use a directory to find cooking- Use a search engine to find a specific

1. Pattern Matching Queries

• It is also called Fuzzy Query.

• A Boolean Query is a query that consists keywords but

▪ A Web application (Web app) is an application program

▪ Web applications use a combination of server-side scripts

1. User triggers a request to the web server over the

2. Web server forwards this request to the appropriate web

4. Web application server sends results to the web server

5. Web server responds back to the client with the requested

▪ Web applications include online forms, shopping carts, word

▪ Popular applications include Google Apps and Microsoft

Example of a web application

▪ Other functionalities include online sharing of documents

▪ Web applications run on multiple platforms regardless of

▪ All users access the same version, eliminating any

▪ They are not installed on the hard drive, thus eliminating

▪ They reduce software piracy in subscription-based web

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