2023 RLB Rider Digest - Melbourne

RIDERS
DIGEST
2023
MELBOURNE,
AUSTRALIA
EDITION
Victorian Office
Level 13, 380 St. Kilda Road,
Melbourne VIC 3004
Telephone: +61 3 9690 6111
RIDERS DIGEST
51ST EDITION
A yearly publication from RLB’s Research &
Development department.
Riders Digest is a compendium of cost information
and related data specifically prepared by RLB for
the Australian construction industry.
While the information in this publication is believed to

be correct, no responsibility is accepted for its accuracy.
Persons desiring to utilise any information appearing
in this publication should verify its applicability to their
specific circumstances. Cost information in this publication
is indicative and for general guidance only and is based
on rates ruling at Fourth Quarter 2022 (unless stated
differently). All figures exclude GST.
© Rider Levett Bucknall 2022

Reproduction in whole or part forbidden
Rider Levett Bucknall
Award for Best Public
Art Project
In 2022, Rider Levett Bucknall
(RLB) celebrated 40 years as the
Principal Sponsor of the of the
Property Council of Australia’s
Innovation & Excellence Awards.
The bronze sculpture ‘Aspiration’
garnered an award for public art
from the Property Council, RLB
and the Art Gallery of NSW in 1991.
To commemorate the 40-year
celebration, RLB and the Property
Council have revived this award in
a new category – the Rider Levett
Bucknall Award for Best Public
Art Project.
The award recognises the use
of Public Art within projects/
developments to create brilliant
spaces and in turn enriching and
enlivening our cities and suburbs.
Congratulations to the 2022 art
project finalists featured throughout
the Digest.
2
2022 WINNER
VAULT OF HEAVEN
& SEEDS OF COSMOS
Location : 60 Martin Place, Sydney, NSW 2000

Development: Sixty Martin Place
Owner: Investa Commercial Property
Fund & Gwynvill
Nominated: Investa Property Group
Lindy Lee’s masterpieces ‘Vault of Heaven’ and ‘Seeds

of Cosmos’ form the centrepiece to Sixty Martin Place.
The works reflect on the civic qualities and heritage
characteristics of Martin Place – defined by both daily
thoroughfare, experiences, and activity, as well as major
moments of commemoration, celebration, and debate.
Rider Levett Bucknall | Award for Best Public Art Project 3

CONTENTS
RLB PROFESSIONAL SERVICES

Cost Management and Quantity Surveying 8
Project and Programming Management 10
Superintendent Services 12
Advisory 13
Sustainability & Carbon 16
INTERNATIONAL CONSTRUCTION
Building Cost Ranges 20
RLB Escalation Forecasts 24
AUSTRALIAN CONSTRUCTION
Building Services Cost Ranges 32
RLB Tender Price Index 36
Definitions 38
Acknowledgements 40
CONSTRUCTION COSTS
Building Services 42
Unit Costs 46
Site Works 47
Demolition 48
Hotel Furniture, Fittings & Equipment 48
Office Fitout 49
Recreational Facilities 50
Vertical Transportation 52
DEVELOPMENT
Stamp Duties 56
Land Tax 57
Planning – Car Parking 58
Land Values 59
Rental Rates 60
Office Sector Data 61
Retail Sector Data 64
Industrial Sector Data 66
Construction Activity 67
RLB Market Activity Cycle 72
4 Rider Levett Bucknall | Riders Digest 2023

BENCHMARKS
Regional Indices 76
Key City Relativities 77
Office Building Efficiencies 78
Reinforcement Ratios 78
Labour and Materials Trade Ratios 79
Progress Payment Claims 80
Common Industry Acronyms 81
Method of Measurement 82
ASSETS AND FACILITIES
Sustainability and Quality 86
Management Standards 87
Useful Life Analysis 88
Outgoings 89
Essential Safety Measures 90
Capital Allowances (Tax Depreciation) 91
OFFICES
Oceania 94
Africa 95
Middle East 95
Europe 96
Asia 96
Americas 99
CALENDARS
Calendars 2022 – 2025 102
2023 Rostered Days Off 104
Public Holidays 106
Rider Levett Bucknall | Riders Digest 2023 5

INTRODUCTION
RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL
“CONFIDENCE TODAY INSPIRES TOMORROW”

With a network that covers the globe and a heritage
spanning over two centuries, Rider Levett Bucknall is a
leading independent organisation in quantity surveying
and advisory services.
Our achievements are renowned: from the early days
of pioneering quantity surveying, to landmark projects
such as the Sydney Opera House, HSBC Headquarters
Building in Hong Kong, the 2012 London Olympic Games
and CityCenter in Las Vegas.
We continue this successful legacy with our dedication
to the value, quality and sustainability of the built
environment. Our innovative thinking, global reach,
and flawless execution push the boundaries. Taking
ambitious projects from an idea to reality.
“CREATING A BETTER TOMORROW”

The Rider Levett Bucknall vision is to be the global
leader in the market, through flawless execution, a fresh
perspective and independent advice.
Our focus is to create value for our customers, through
the skills and passion of our people, and to nurture
strong long-term partnerships.
By fostering confidence in our customers, we empower
them to bring their imagination to life, to shape the
future of the built environment, and to create a better
tomorrow.

PROFESSIONAL
SERVICES
Cost Management and

8
Quantity Surveying
Project and Programming
10
Management
Superintendent Services 12
Advisory 13
Sustainability & Carbon 16

COST MANAGEMENT
& QUANTITY SURVEYING
The secret to every project’s commercial success,

regardless of size, is to balance quality against costs.
To help our clients achieve value for money, we offer a
host of services from preliminary cost planning to value
engineering, advice on comparative costs, materials
selection to buildability to post-contract services.
Feasibility Studies
An accurate feasibility study is an essential prerequisite
to any procurement decision-making process. A reliable
feasibility study assesses the project’s viability and offers
alternative solutions if the numbers just don’t stack up.
Whether a simple developer’s return on capital cost
feasibility is required or a detailed discounted cash flow
feasibility, we can provide expert analysis and materials.
Our dynamic cost benchmarking data, together with
expert cost modelling, helps our clients to review
alternative design options, explore ‘what if’ scenarios
and identify the most cost-effective options within the
parameters of the brief.
Financial Institution Auditing

Our two-step approach to financial institution audits
achieves the best outcomes for our clients. At the
pre-commencement stage, RLB expands on the items
identified in the financier’s brief with a full analysis of all
risk-related issues. The result is a comprehensive profile
of the project. During the post-contract stage, RLB
provides detailed cost-to-complete assessments. This
ensures adequate funds, should the financier be required
to initiate step-in rights.
We also prepare a pre-commencement report that
outlines everything from project costs and adequacy of
project documentation to authority approval monitoring,
progress payment assessments and recommendations.

Post-Contract Services
Cost certainty during the construction phase relies
on robust methodology and skilled staff. RLB applies
proven cost management, monitoring and cost reporting
procedures, and leads a productive working relationship
with the project team. To manage the costs within the
budget and support the project business plan, we:
§ Review progress claims for work in progress and
recommend payment values
§ Monitor documentation changes
§ Prepare regular financial statements estimating
final cost
§ Measure, price, and negotiate variations
§ Structure agreement of final account
§ Attend meetings to represent the financial interests
of the client
Tendering and Documentation

With a global cost database and powerful software at
our fingertips, we provide accurate and detailed tender
documentation on some of the world’s best projects.
We can:
§ Preparation of bills/schedule bills of quantities or
schedule of rates
§ Preparation of bid documentation for tendering
contractors
§ Provide strategic advice on methods of project
procurement and tendering
§ Advise on suitability of contractor tender lists
§ Review tenders received and reconciliation to budget
and recommend contractors
§ Attendance at tender interviews
Value Engineering & Value Management

Delivering value against the project business plan is
always a key measure of success. By integrating value
and cost management, RLB has developed a powerful
and dynamic approach that delivers the best outcomes.
We lead participatory workshops with our clients to
challenge options and design assumptions, and to
encourage creative and lateral thinking. With a laser
focus on both value and cost during the design phase,
we deliver savings to the bottom line.

PROJECT & PROGRAMMING
MANAGEMENT
The old cliché is true: time is money. That’s why clients

turn to RLB to manage both cost and time. With a deep
knowledge of construction techniques, experience
working for owners, developers and contractors, and
a global database of up-to-the-minute benchmarks,
we create bespoke solutions to ensure projects are
completed on schedule and on budget.
Pre Contract
We often have clients turn to us when their project is
simply sketch or a plan on a page. Our experienced team
can:
§ Prepare constructability reports to support feasibility
studies
§ Produce development or master programs at the
preliminary design stage
§ Design construction programs to determine
construction timeframes and staging
§ Enhance migration and office restack programming
§ Prepare staging plans and construction method
statements, progress monitoring and reporting, and
pre-tender and tender construction programs
§ Improve programming governance with contract
programming clauses
§ Review contractors’ tender programs
Post Contract Audit

Reviewing, monitoring and auditing a contract is a
necessary part of any project. RLB’s team helps our
clients to reassess the highest risk areas and uncover
new opportunities. We can:
§ Review agreements of contractors’ construction
programs
§ Audit, monitor and report on progress
§ Provide independent certifier support for financiers
§ Support extension of time claims and litigation
§ Advise on programming, project health checks and
recovery planning

Litigation Support
Construction contracts can be challenging to navigate at
the best of times. When problems do arise, you need a
skilled, experienced team behind you.
The best outcomes always come from the best people.
Our dedicated procurement and contractual advisory
team guides clients throughout the project process,
providing technical support and considered advice
in specialist areas, such as dispute avoidance and
resolution, and providing expert witnesses. Our claims
preparation and defence experts provide strategic
advice, management, negotiation and resolution of
claims through adjudication or alternative dispute
resolution.
RLB can help you with:
§ Comprehensive claims management
§ Dispute resolution services
§ Scope definition claims appraisal
§ Documentation and negotiation
§ Expert witness and determination
§ Arbitration and mediation

SUPERINTENDENT SERVICES
RLB’s skilled professionals utilise their construction

knowledge, cost management expertise for progress
claim and variation assessments, contract document
interpretation proficiency and programming know-how
to deliver a full rounded superintendent service to our
clients.
The Superintendent must have the trust and respect
of all contract parties. RLB are independent to the
design and construction processes and the Client, and
therefore, we can provide a truly independent, impartial
professional service.
If RLB is also undertaking a cost management role on a
project, there is efficiency in some of the service delivery.
Expertise and experience backed by a rigorous approach
sees us deliver assurance to our clients. RLB understands
the importance of a robust methodology to ensure all
aspects of the Contract is administered in a fair and
diligent manner.
Placing client and contractor needs and project
drivers at the core, our Superintendent(s) works
closely with stakeholders to meet time, cost, and
quality requirements, whilst maintaining predictability,
compliance, and rigour at every stage.

ADVISORY
We are driven to ensure our clients’ assets operate at

maximum efficiency for the longest time and at the
lowest cost. It’s a challenge, but one we relish.
Certainty of budget expenditure drives many of our
clients to look for long-term strategies that span the life
of their investment. Total operating costs can often equal
several times the initial capital cost. Our experienced
team works with owners and occupiers to help them
understand the total impact of their buildings.
Among our strategic services, RLB can:
§ Deliver total asset management planning to ISO
standards
§ Provide asset recognition and rationalisation
§ Analyse costs and benefits to determine the best
options
§ Advise on sustainability and environmental
performance issues
§ Undertake whole-life cost modelling.
Asset Relifing
We help our clients to sweat their assets. RLB has
pioneered life-extension and repositioning studies to
optimise the use of buildings. This methodology helps
our clients to identify if, when and where to spend their
money to capture remaining asset values and extend the
life of existing buildings.
Facilities Consultancy
As the drive to create smart, sustainable assets grows,
and as technology develops at pace, the challenge is not
only to maximise and measure the performance of built
assets. It is also to optimise the efficiency of those assets
for both building owners and occupiers over the long
term. To help our clients make the most of their assets
through the entire life cycle, we can:
§ Deliver facilities management planning and building
quality assessments
§ Audit facilities and operational performance
§ Forecast maintenance planning and operating
expenditure
§ Conduct performance reviews, benchmarking, and
post-occupancy evaluations
§ Undertake space audits and utilisation studies

ADVISORY
Risk Mitigation and Due Diligence

Information is power, and our clients are increasingly
looking for more detail to assist with decision-making,
enhance value and mitigate risks.
We help our clients plan for their next projects by
conducting risk assessments to review the scope
of required work, identify and analyse project risks,
prioritise key issues, and develop risk management
action plans.
Among RLB’s key advisory services to help you mitigate
risk on your next project, we can:
§ Review the scope of required work to identify project
risks
§ Forecast capital expenditure
§ Prioritise key issues
§ Develop risk analysis and customised risk-
management action plans
§ Assess insurance replacement costs assessments
§ Undertake technical due diligence (for owners,
vendors, purchasers, and tenants)
§ Advise on services procurement, outsourcing,
compliance, and supply chain issues

Property Taxation
The best financial, compliance and management
outcomes can only be achieved with the right taxation
advice. And that requires the best people behind you.
RLB’s experience in property taxation covers all asset
types. We provide proactive reporting and analysis of
taxation changes – and help you to understand how they
may affect your real estate decisions, including capital
gains tax, land taxes, rating assessments and stamp
duty.
We provide advice on capital allowances and property
tax assessment, depreciation, inventories, and asset
registers, as well as changes in tax legislation, as you
optimise both existing assets and new projects.
Procurement Strategies
Choosing the best procurement strategy is at the heart
of any project’s commercial success. But in a market of
escalating costs, this is easier said than done.
With each client’s principal objectives in mind – from
design quality and workmanship to cost certainty and
program – we provide recommendations to achieve the
optimum procurement strategy.
With our vast experience and knowledge behind us, RLB
works with our clients to examine the issues and evaluate
project or service delivery. We can:
§ Deliver needs analysis and brief definition
§ Undertake feasibility studies
§ Assess options for clients to develop, own and lease
§ Negotiate contractual arrangements
§ Monitor and certify projects
§ Lead workshops to uncover value engineering
options.
RLB’s expertise and experience extends to property
transactions, services procurement, outsourcing
operations, and supply chain management. Our clients
want certainty in contractual outcomes, which is why
they turn to RLB.

SUSTAINABILITY & CARBON
RLB’s sustainability consultancy service covers all cost

aspects of the sustainability agenda including ESD
assessment tools like Green Star, carbon reduction
through to social value. Our services are tailored to
sustainable project delivery, with expert knowledge
provided at every stage of the project lifecycle.
Building for our Future

Regulation and rating systems, consumer expectations
and investor demands, advancing technology and
resource constraints are transforming what we build,
where we build and how we build it.
The built environment sector is always focused on the
future. But with the world’s buildings responsible for
nearly 40% of the world’s carbon emissions, the future is
sharply in focus.
As one of the world’s oldest and largest quantity
surveying firms, RLB knows that cost is just one
measure of value. How we measure and manage carbon
emissions, alongside other economic, environmental,
health and wellbeing imperatives, is a global challenge.
RLB has established a global carbon policy that aligns
our business with international targets set out in the Paris
Agreement. We have committed to achieve net zero
emissions by 2030 as a global business.
We have also established a suite of services to support
our clients as we work together to drive down emissions
and uncover new value.
Sustainability Consultancy Services

RLB’s sustainability consultancy service covers all cost
aspects of the sustainability agenda including ESD
assessment tools like Green Star, carbon reduction
through to social value. Our services are tailored to
sustainable project delivery, with expert knowledge
provided at every stage of the project lifecycle.
RLB’s approach is to identify key sustainability
improvements and implement bespoke solutions that
consider client goals and industry best practice, market
drivers and potential legislative changes.

Linking Carbon & Estimating
Measuring, mitigating, and managing climate change
is the responsibility of every industry. But much of the
heavy lifting will fall with high-emitting sectors, including
the building and construction sector. With this comes the
challenge of decarbonising supply chains, investigating
R&D solutions, and effectively collaborating across the
sector to better forecast and reduce climate-related
risks.
Embodied carbon emissions – the emissions that are
locked in as soon as a building comes out of the ground
– are particularly hard to abate. Upfront emissions
generated during manufacture, construction, transport,
and demolition will constitute an estimated 85% of the
industry’s footprint by 2050.
RLB is helping our clients to quantify these hidden
emissions with a methodology that assesses upfront
embodied carbon impacts and offers concise, accurate
and informative end-to-end advice across the building
lifecycle.
Our Carbon Estimating Process

RLB’s carbon estimating process operates as a one-
stop-shop. This end-to-end process eliminates the need
for RLB to obtain solutions or advice from third-party
suppliers and delivers high levels of transparency and
quality to our clients from asset design to disposal.
OUR CARBON ESTIMATING PROCESS
1. Initial 2. Design
Design Development
Establish initial upfront embodied Provide carbon estimate assessments
carbon impact to inform and contribute as the design develops, inclusive of
to the client’s aspirations strategic carbon pathways
3. Contract
Documentation 4. Construction
Complete carbon estimate assessment Work with contractors and suppliers to
and pre-construction lifecycle achieve carbon neutral and Green Star
assessment (LCA) Buildings targets
5. Building 6. Asset
Operations Management
Undertake post‑construction LCA Implement and audit the Strategic Asset
including carbon neutral and Green Star Management Plan (SAMP) of the building
Buildings certification or portfolio on an ongoing basis until
disposal

2022 FINALISTS
BIG NEST IN SYDNEY
Location : The Mark, Central Park,

Chippendale NSW
Development: Central Park
Owner: Frasers Property Australia &
Sekisui House Australia
Nominated: Barbara Flynn Pty Ltd
Artists from Asia are under-represented in Sydney’s public

domain. In response to this, Japanese-born, Paris-based
artist Tadashi Kawamata was selected to affect a seamless
integration of an artwork into the pre-existing building, The
Mark, at Central Park. The artist’s vision brings a handmade,
natural quality to the built environment.
18 Rider Levett Bucknall | Award for Best Public Art Project

INTERNATIONAL
CONSTRUCTION
RLB Escalation Forecasts 24

BUILDING COST RANGES
All costs are stated in local currency as shown below.
Refer to www.rlb.com/ccc for updates.
COST PER M2
LOCATION LOCAL OFFICE BUILDING
/CITY CURRENCY PREMIUM GRADE A
LOW HIGH LOW HIGH
AMERICAS @ Q2 2022
BOSTON USD 3,765 5,920 2,420 3,500
CHICAGO USD 3,230 5,380 1,940 3,230
DENVER USD 3,390 4,790 1,940 2,635
HONOLULU USD 3,605 6,135 2,260 3,550
LAS VEGAS USD 2,155 3,765 1,455 2,045
LOS ANGELES USD 2,635 3,985 1,990 2,960
NEW YORK USD 3,930 9,095 2,315 5,705
PHOENIX USD 2,370 4,035 1,505 2,155
TORONTO CAD 2,905 4,735 2,370 3,335
ASIA@ Q4 2022
BEIJING RMB 9,400 15,250 8,750 13,250
GUANGZHOU RMB 8,250 13,200 7,600 11,500
HO CHI MINH CITY VND ('000) 27,575 36,475 24,225 28,700
HONG KONG HKD 25,000 36,100 21,300 27,500
JAKARTA RP ('000) 13,600 19,400 9,400 13,000
KUALA LUMPUR RINGGIT 2,700 4,700 1,500 3,400
SEOUL KRW ('000) 3,000 3,880 2,270 2,790
SHANGHAI RMB 8,400 13,400 7,500 11,650
SINGAPORE SGD 3,650 6,300 2,550 4,950
EUROPE @ Q4 2022
AMSTERDAM EUR 1,400 2,000 1,160 1,560
BIRMINGHAM GBP 2,400 3,400 1,860 3,300
BRISTOL GBP 2,300 3,250 1,840 3,250
EDINBURGH GBP 1,920 2,700 1,680 2,700
LONDON GBP 3,200 4,150 2,850 3,950
MANCHESTER GBP 2,650 3,350 2,200 3,350
MOSCOW EUR 1,360 1,860 1,200 1,460
OSLO EUR 2,450 3,000 1,800 2,150
MIDDLE EAST @ Q2 2022
ABU DHABI AED 6,000 7,200 4,900 6,800
DUBAI AED 6,400 7,600 5,100 7,200
RIYADH SAR 1,300 8,800 5,700 7,900
OCEANIA @ Q4 2022
ADELAIDE AUD 3,050 4,200 2,550 3,500
AUCKLAND NZD 4,500 5,500 3,800 5,300
BRISBANE AUD 3,500 5,000 3,000 4,300
CANBERRA AUD 3,750 6,000 3,050 4,650
CHRISTCHURCH NZD 4,000 5,200 3,200 4,800
DARWIN AUD 3,500 4,400 2,550 4,000
GOLD COAST AUD 2,800 4,400 2,250 3,400
MELBOURNE AUD 3,750 4,950 2,900 3,950
PERTH AUD 3,900 6,100 3,200 4,800
SYDNEY AUD 4,400 6,700 3,350 4,900
WELLINGTON NZD 4,700 5,600 3,400 4,800

The following data represents estimates of current building costs in the respective market.
Costs may vary as a consequence of factors such as site conditions, climatic conditions,
standards of specification, market conditions etc.
Rates are in national currency per square metre of Gross Floor Area except as follows:
Chinese cities, Hong Kong and Macau: Rates are per square metre of Construction Floor
Area, measured to outer face of external walls.
Singapore, Ho Chi Minh City, Jakarta and Kuala Lumpur: Rates are per square metre of
Construction Floor Area, measured to outer face of external walls and inclusive of covered
basement and above ground parking areas.
Chinese cities, Hong Kong, Macau and Singapore: All hotel rates are inclusive of Furniture
Fittings and Equipment (FF&E).
COST PER M2
RETAIL RESIDENTIAL
MALL STRIP SHOPPING MULTI STOREY
LOW HIGH LOW HIGH LOW HIGH
2,155 3,230 1,615 2,585 1,990 3,390

1,990 4,305 1,615 2,690 1,940 4,520
1,560 2,530 1,455 2,475 1,990 3,500
2,800 5,920 2,585 4,415 2,850 4,790
1,290 5,165 1,130 2,045 1,615 3,820
1,775 3,875 1,505 2,155 2,585 4,090
3,390 6,780 3,605 7,105 2,420 4,575
1,885 3,175 1,075 1,830 1,670 2,635
2,155 4,575 1,720 2,260 2,370 3,120
10,300 15,650 9,000 14,100 4,900 10,100

9,450 13,350 8,100 12,250 4,400 8,600
22,475 29,950 NP NP 16,750 27,275
24,700 30,900 20,900 27,100 23,100 46,100
7,100 9,600 NP NP 7,400 17,000
2,400 3,800 NP NP 2,000 4,800
2,020 2,950 1,710 2,590 1,940 3,260
8,800 14,050 7,750 12,750 4,150 8,400
2,400 4,050 NP NP 2,650 4,150
1,540 2,200 1,000 1,540 1,160 1,860

3,500 4,950 1,100 2,150 1,980 2,800
3,200 4,450 1,000 1,900 1,480 2,150
2,950 4,150 940 1,760 1,760 2,500
3,850 5,400 1,240 2,300 2,700 4,750
3,650 5,100 1,160 2,200 2,150 3,100
1,100 1,800 1,060 1,300 650 1,200
2,100 2,700 1,800 2,150 1,880 1,780
4,300 6,700 NP NP 4,700 6,900

4,500 7,100 NP NP 4,900 7,300
3,500 6,500 3,800 5,500 3,400 14,750
1,820 3,300 1,440 2,050 2,600 3,950

3,350 3,700 2,000 2,400 4,300 5,500
3,000 4,500 2,000 2,500 3,300 5,000
2,600 4,400 1,360 2,800 3,200 5,700
2,900 3,200 1,660 2,100 3,750 4,500
1,900 2,850 1,440 2,350 2,200 2,800
2,500 3,500 1,200 1,800 1,960 4,500
2,550 3,700 1,440 1,920 2,900 5,000
2,400 3,700 1,300 3,300 2,400 5,400
2,450 5,300 1,860 2,550 3,250 7,200
3,300 3,500 NP NP 4,350 5,300

All costs are stated in local currency as shown below.

COST PER M2
LOCATION LOCAL HOTELS
/CITY CURRENCY 3 STAR 5 STAR
LOW HIGH LOW HIGH
AMERICAS @ Q2 2022
BOSTON USD 2,960 4,200 4,305 6,245
CHICAGO USD 3,445 4,845 4,845 7,535
DENVER USD 3,070 4,465 3,930 6,190
HONOLULU USD 3,985 6,350 6,945 8,450
LAS VEGAS USD 1,990 3,390 3,335 6,245
LOS ANGELES USD 3,175 4,035 4,200 6,190
NEW YORK USD 3,605 4,900 4,900 7,320
PHOENIX USD 1,990 2,960 3,765 5,920
TORONTO CAD 2,475 3,015 4,200 7,695
ASIA@ Q4 2022
BEIJING RMB 11,800 15,200 15,850 21,000
GUANGZHOU RMB 11,000 13,500 14,900 19,300
HO CHI MINH CITY VND ('000) 28,225 36,475 40,150 48,175
HONG KONG HKD 31,200 35,900 37,200 45,400
JAKARTA RP ('000) 16,600 20,000 23,600 27,000
KUALA LUMPUR RINGGIT 2,700 3,900 5,500 8,500
SEOUL KRW ('000) 2,220 3,080 4,060 6,020
SHANGHAI RMB 10,650 13,800 14,500 19,200
SINGAPORE SGD 3,950 4,650 5,700 7,300
EUROPE @ Q4 2022
AMSTERDAM EUR 1,340 1,700 1,920 2,850
BIRMINGHAM GBP 1,600 2,550 2,700 3,850
BRISTOL GBP 1,540 2,050 2,650 3,550
EDINBURGH GBP 1,420 2,100 2,250 3,100
LONDON GBP 2,050 2,600 3,050 4,050
MANCHESTER GBP 1,860 2,350 2,800 3,800
MOSCOW EUR 1,600 2,000 2,300 2,950
OSLO EUR 2,850 3,100 3,150 3,800
ABU DHABI AED 6,300 8,800 9,300 12,500
DUBAI AED 6,600 9,800 9,800 15,500
RIYADH SAR 6,800 8,700 18,250 21,750
OCEANIA @ Q4 2022
ADELAIDE AUD 3,500 4,000 5,200 5,700
AUCKLAND NZD 5,000 6,000 6,800 7,500
BRISBANE AUD 3,600 5,000 5,000 6,500
CANBERRA AUD 3,350 5,800 4,600 6,900
CHRISTCHURCH NZD 4,700 5,100 5,600 6,800
DARWIN AUD 3,000 3,750 3,800 4,750
GOLD COAST AUD 2,800 4,000 4,000 5,600
MELBOURNE AUD 3,400 4,350 4,750 6,500
PERTH AUD 3,300 4,600 4,400 6,000
SYDNEY AUD 3,950 5,100 5,500 7,600
WELLINGTON NZD 4,600 5,100 5,700 7,500

The following data represents estimates of current building costs in the respective market.
Costs may vary as a consequence of factors such as site conditions, climatic conditions,
standards of specification, market conditions etc.
Rates are in national currency per square metre of Gross Floor Area except as follows:
Chinese cities, Hong Kong and Macau: Rates are per square metre of Construction Floor
Area, measured to outer face of external walls.
Singapore, Ho Chi Minh City, Jakarta and Kuala Lumpur: Rates are per square metre of
Construction Floor Area, measured to outer face of external walls and inclusive of covered
basement and above ground parking areas.
Chinese cities, Hong Kong, Macau and Singapore: All hotel rates are inclusive of Furniture
Fittings and Equipment (FF&E).
COST PER M2
CAR PARKING INDUSTRIAL
MULTI STOREY BASEMENT WAREHOUSE
915 1,505 1,075 1,720 1,185 2,045

860 1,400 1,505 2,690 1,290 2,155
1,560 2,155 2,155 2,690 1,130 2,100
1,615 2,155 1,775 2,905 1,290 2,690
540 915 755 1,560 755 1,075
1,185 1,400 1,505 2,155 1,400 2,100
1,075 1,990 1,505 2,420 1,290 2,315
540 970 860 1,455 805 1,345
1,185 1,505 1,455 2,155 1,290 1,775
2,750 3,750 4,600 7,900 5,250 6,700

2,400 3,440 4,290 7,350 4,800 5,900
16,550 24,100 NP NP NP NP
10,800 13,800 23,200 31,500 16,300 20,500
4,100 5,100 6,500 8,600 5,200 6,400
800 1,300 1,400 3,600 1,100 1,900
840 1,060 1,090 1,400 1,530 1,890
2,400 3,450 4,400 7,450 4,450 5,850
880 1,420 1,840 2,700 1,520 2,200
430 650 800 1,240 460 820

440 860 1,000 1,740 610 880
470 920 1,100 1,720 470 740
370 710 890 1,520 400 710
490 980 1,300 2,150 540 970
690 860 1,300 1,860 610 860
440 560 810 1,020 500 700
480 550 980 1,080 1,260 1,540
1,900 3,700 3,000 4,700 1,600 2,800

2,600 3,900 3,400 4,900 2,000 3,200
2,600 3,300 3,500 4,150 3,800 4,650
760 1,080 1,500 2,200 720 1,220

1,360 2,000 2,800 3,200 1,000 1,360
1,300 1,800 1,900 2,500 1,000 1,600
850 1,420 1,160 1,980 800 1,500
1,200 1,660 2,300 2,500 900 1,300
840 1,440 1,380 1,760 900 1,640
900 1,400 1,600 2,200 750 1,200
930 1,480 1,480 2,050 760 1,420
840 1,300 2,300 3,900 720 1,300
940 1,500 1,380 2,350 910 1,500
1,600 1,840 3,200 3,400 1,140 1,560

RLB ESCALATION FORECASTS
RLB TENDER PRICE INDEX ANNUAL CHANGE

All indices are stated as annual percentage changes.
2022 2023 2024 2025
CALENDAR YEAR 2020 2021 (F) (F) (F) (F)
AFRICA @ Q4 2022
DURBAN 8.0 5.1 NP NP NP NP
JOHANNESBURG 4.2 5.0 6.0 NP NP NP
GABORONE 3.1 9.0 6.1 NP NP NP
AMERICAS @ Q2 2022
BOSTON 3.2 9.8 9.1 7.0 6.0 5.0
CALGARY 4.6 9.7 8.3 5.0 4.5 4.0
CHICAGO -1.3 9.6 12.6 6.0 5.5 5.0
HONOLULU 1.2 4.0 5.0 6.0 5.5 5.0
LAS VEGAS 1.5 7.3 7.7 6.0 5.5 5.0
LOS ANGELES 3.2 8.0 7.6 6.0 5.5 5.0
NEW YORK 3.2 8.9 8.2 7.0 6.5 6.0
PHOENIX 1.3 8.6 8.3 7.0 6.0 5.0
SEATTLE 1.7 10.8 10.5 7.0 6.5 6.0
TORONTO 6.1 13.4 12.3 7.0 6.0 5.0
WASHINGTON D.C. 2.6 8.2 9.0 7.0 6.0 5.0
ASIA @ Q4 2022
BEIJING 1.5 5.0 -2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0
CHENGDU 2.0 3.0 0.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
GUANGZHOU 0.0 5.9 2.0 2.0 3.0 3.0
HONG KONG -3.8 5.3 7.2 4.0 4.0 4.0
MACAU -6.0 -2.0 0.5 2.0 2.0 2.0
SEOUL 3.8 14.0 9.6 9.1 8.4 7.7
SHANGHAI 2.5 7.6 -4.4 3.0 3.0 3.0
SHENZHEN 0.0 5.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0
SINGAPORE 7.0 10.0 8.8 5.0 3.0 3.0
EUROPE @ Q4 2022
BIRMINGHAM 0.0 3.5 6.5 3.0 2.5 2.8
BRISTOL 0.5 3.5 5.5 4.5 2.5 2.5
CARDIFF NP NP 7.0 6.0 4.0 4.0
LONDON 0.0 3.8 6.0 3.5 3.0 3.0
SHEFFIELD 2.6 3.2 8.5 3.0 3.5 5.0
MANCHESTER 2.5 6.0 8.5 3.5 3.5 5.0
THAMES VALLEY 0.0 3.8 5.0 3.5 2.5 2.5
ABU DHABI 1.6 1.9 5.1 4.5 4.5 3.5
DOHA 2.2 2.9 5.2 4.9 3.9 3.2
DUBAI 1.6 1.9 5.1 4.5 4.5 3.5
RIYADH 2.0 3.0 10.4 8.2 7.4 4.8
OCEANIA @ Q4 2022
ADELAIDE 0.2 7.1 12.5 3.8 3.0 3.0
AUCKLAND 7.5 5.0 12.0 5.5 4.0 3.0
BRISBANE -4.1 9.6 10.5 5.1 5.1 5.1
CANBERRA 3.0 3.8 5.0 4.0 3.5 3.5
CHRISTCHURCH 1.0 8.5 9.0 5.0 4.0 3.0
DARWIN 0.8 1.2 7.8 5.0 4.0 4.0
GOLD COAST -4.5 14.5 15.5 7.5 3.0 3.0
MELBOURNE 1.0 3.5 8.0 4.0 3.5 3.5
PERTH 1.5 13.5 9.4 5.6 4.4 3.6
SYDNEY 0.0 4.1 6.9 3.9 3.5 3.5
TOWNSVILLE 1.0 10.4 12.6 8.0 4.0 3.0
WELLINGTON 3.0 6.0 9.0 5.0 4.0 3.0
NP: Not published

2022 FINALISTS
SPARKLING POND,
BOLD-COLOURED GROOVE
& TENDER FIRE
Location : Park Lane, Central Park,

Chippendale, NSW
Development: Central Park
Owner: Frasers Property Australia &
Sekisui House Australia
Nominated: Barbara Flynn Pty Ltd
Rist’s commission for Central Park is her first permanent

outdoor video work. Central Park Project Director Caddey
said, ‘Among the development companies’ objectives
was to humanise the urban environment and contribute
positively to the Chippendale community. Residents have
credited the permanent art commissions with fostering a
greater sense of community.
2022 FINALISTS
STARS: A REIMAGINED
ENVIRONMENT 2020
Location : 296 Herston Road, Herston,

Queensland 4029
Development: Surgical Treatment and
Rehabilitation Services
Owner: Australian Unity
Nominated: Australian Unity
Hospitals can be sobering places to enter. Through her

exquisite artwork series of inlaid carpets, brass screen
drawing and vinyl decal, First Nations artist Tamika
Grant-Iramu creates a warm and unforgettable welcome
for anyone who enters the Surgical, Treatment and
Rehabilitation Service (STARS) – a new specialist public
hospital in Brisbane.

AUSTRALIAN
CONSTRUCTION
Building Services Cost Ranges 32
RLB Tender Price Index 36
Definitions 38
Acknowledgements 40
CONSTRUCTION RATES
The following range of current building costs could be expected should tenders be
called in the respective city. Items specifically included are those normally contained in
a Building Contract.
Specific exclusions:
¾
Goods & Services Tax (GST) ¾
Subdivisional partitions in office
¾
Land buildings
¾
Legal and professional fees
¾
Telstra and private telephone
systems (PABX)
¾
Loose furniture and fittings
¾
Tenancy works
¾
Site works and drainage
All costs current as at Fourth Quarter 2022.

CITY ADELAIDE BRISBANE
COST RANGE PER $/M2 $/M2
GROSS FLOOR AREA LOW HIGH LOW HIGH
OFFICE BUILDINGS
Prestige, CBD
10 TO 25 STOREYS (75 – 80% EFFICIENCY) 3,050 3,750 3,500 4,500
40 TO 55 STOREYS (68 – 73% EFFICIENCY) - - 3,900 5,000
Investment, CBD
UP TO 10 STOREYS (81 – 85% EFFICIENCY) 2,550 3,000 3,000 3,500
Investment, other than CBD
WALK UP (83 – 87% EFFICIENCY) 2,150 2,550 2,700 3,300
UP TO 10 STOREYS (82 – 86% EFFICIENCY) 2,400 2,850 2,900 3,400
10 TO 25 STOREYS (77 – 82% EFFICIENCY) - - 3,200 4,000
HOTELS
Multi-Storey (ex FF&E)
FIVE STAR 5,200 5,700 5,000 6,500
FOUR STAR 4,000 5,000 4,500 6,000
THREE STAR 3,500 4,000 3,600 5,000
CAR PARK
OPEN DECK MULTI-STOREY 760 1,080 1,300 1,800
BASEMENT: CBD 1,500 2,200 1,900 2,500
BASEMENT: OTHER THAN CBD 1,040 1,940 1,500 2,200
UNDERCROFT: OTHER THAN CBD 650 980 1,000 1,300
INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS
6.00 M to underside of truss and
4,500 M2 Gross Floor Area with:
ZINCALUME METAL CLADDING 720 1,100 1,000 1,500
PRECAST CONCRETE CLADDING 830 1,220 1,100 1,600
Attached Airconditioned Offices
200 M2 1,720 2,400 2,300 3,000
400 M2 1,720 2,400 2,300 2,900

NOTES
i Car Parking costs have been excluded to arrive at the various building rates.
ii Refer to Page 38 for definitions.
ii The percentages shown against each building may be used to calculate the
rate per Net Lettable Area.
Example: the NLA rate for a Premium Office CBD 10 to 25 Storeys would be calculated
NLA rate = $/M2 ÷ efficiency percentage.
CANBERRA DARWIN MELBOURNE PERTH SYDNEY

$/M2 $/M2 $/M2 $/M2 $/M2
LOW HIGH LOW HIGH LOW HIGH LOW HIGH LOW HIGH
3,750 5,600 3,500 4,550 3,750 4,300 3,900 5,300 4,400 5,200
4,050 6,000 3,450 4,400 4,300 4,700 4,300 5,800 5,100 6,200
- - - - 4,400 4,950 4,500 6,100 5,700 6,700
3,050 4,300 2,550 3,800 2,900 3,400 3,200 3,400 3,350 4,000
3,150 4,500 2,700 4,000 3,300 3,750 3,300 4,600 3,950 4,550
3,200 4,650 - - 3,350 3,950 3,400 4,800 4,050 4,900
1,620 2,750 2,550 3,050 2,100 2,700 2,400 3,400 2,700 3,250
2,350 3,200 2,650 3,700 2,400 3,150 2,600 3,700 2,900 3,800
2,450 3,750 2,700 3,750 2,700 3,550 2,900 4,000 3,350 4,350
4,600 6,900 3,800 4,750 4,750 6,500 4,400 6,000 5,500 7,600
4,000 6,500 3,550 4,350 4,300 5,600 3,800 5,000 4,600 6,700
3,350 5,800 3,000 3,750 3,400 4,350 3,300 4,600 3,950 5,100
850 1,420 840 1,440 930 1,480 840 1,300 940 1,500
1,160 1,980 1,380 1,760 1,480 2,050 2,300 3,900 1,380 2,350
1,140 1,980 1,240 1,640 1,520 1,860 1,700 3,500 1,360 2,100
850 1,300 840 1,160 930 1,120 840 1,400 - -
800 990 900 1,580 760 1,300 720 1,000 910 1,160
920 1,500 940 1,640 870 1,420 720 1,300 980 1,500
1,880 3,000 2,000 2,750 1,800 2,400 1,700 2,400 2,550 3,350
1,800 2,900 2,000 2,750 1,740 2,300 1,700 2,400 2,600 3,550

CITY ADELAIDE BRISBANE

AGED CARE
SINGLE STOREY FACILITY 2,450 3,000 3,000 3,500
PRIVATE HOSPITALS
Low Rise Hospital
45 – 60 M2 GFA/BED 4,700 6,900 6,000 8,500
55 – 80 M2 GFA/BED WITH MAJOR
5,100 7,300 6,500 9,000
OPERATING THEATRE
CINEMAS
GROUP COMPLEX, 2,000 – 4,000 SEATS
2,550 4,050 4,000 5,300
(WARM SHELL)
REGIONAL SHOPPING CENTRES
DEPARTMENT STORE 1,720 2,650 2,000 2,600
SUPERMARKET/VARIETY STORE 1,600 1,940 2,000 2,500
DISCOUNT DEPARTMENT STORE 1,320 1,620 2,000 2,500
MALLS 1,820 3,300 3,000 4,500
SPECIALTY SHOPS 1,180 1,860 2,000 2,400
SMALL SHOPS AND SHOWROOMS
SMALL SHOPS & SHOWROOMS 1,440 2,050 2,000 2,500
RESIDENTIAL
SINGLE & DOUBLE STOREY DWELLINGS
1,740 3,800 2,500 4,500
(CUSTOM BUILT)
RESIDENTIAL UNITS
WALK-UP 85 TO 120 M2/UNIT 1,860 3,050 2,500 4,500
TOWNHOUSES 90 TO 120 M2/UNIT 1,940 2,950 2,000 4,000
MULTI-STOREY UNITS
Up to 10 storeys with lift
UNITS 60 – 70 M2 2,700 3,800 3,300 4,000
UNITS 90 – 120 M2 2,600 3,700 3,300 4,000
Over 10 and up to 20 storeys
UNITS 60 – 70 M2 2,850 3,950 3,600 4,300
UNITS 90 – 120 M2 2,750 3,800 3,600 4,300
UNITS 60 – 70 M2 3,050 3,800 3,600 4,400
UNITS 90 – 120 M2 3,000 3,750 3,600 4,300
UNITS 60 – 70 M2 - - 4,200 5,000
UNITS 90 – 120 M2 - - 4,200 5,000

Building Costs include Building Works and
Building Services

$/M2 $/M2 $/M2 $/M2 $/M2
2,300 3,750 2,650 3,800 2,250 3,600 2,500 3,600 3,350 4,400
4,750 7,800 4,200 5,000 3,350 3,950 4,400 5,500 3,500 4,600
5,200 8,600 5,500 6,500 3,700 5,000 4,800 6,100 4,400 6,200
3,300 4,550 3,050 3,800 2,900 3,800 2,800 3,400 4,050 6,000
2,700 3,450 1,900 2,700 2,450 2,900 2,400 3,400 1,860 2,850
1,600 2,700 1,960 2,850 1,500 2,250 1,600 2,300 1,820 3,650
1,440 2,100 1,800 2,550 1,540 1,960 1,600 2,200 1,600 2,050
2,600 4,400 1,900 2,850 2,550 3,700 2,400 3,700 2,450 5,300
1,340 2,250 1,580 2,350 1,440 1,960 1,300 1,900 2,100 3,350
1,360 2,800 1,440 2,350 1,440 1,920 1,300 3,300 1,860 2,550
1,840 3,650 1,900 2,950 1,960 3,800 2,200 4,100 2,100 6,400
1,940 4,750 2,100 2,550 2,100 3,800 2,200 4,300 - -

1,940 4,650 2,100 2,550 2,100 3,550 2,200 4,300 - -
3,250 4,850 2,200 2,600 2,900 3,650 2,500 3,900 3,550 4,800
3,200 4,750 2,200 2,550 2,900 3,700 2,400 3,800 3,250 4,500
3,500 5,200 2,250 2,700 3,250 4,100 3,000 4,300 3,700 5,200
3,450 5,200 2,200 2,650 3,250 4,150 2,900 4,200 3,550 4,900
4,050 5,700 2,500 2,800 3,750 4,450 3,600 4,700 4,850 6,500
3,900 5,400 2,450 2,750 3,750 4,550 3,500 4,500 4,550 5,700
- - - - 4,150 4,900 4,200 5,400 5,600 7,200

- - - - 4,150 5,000 4,100 5,200 5,400 7,000

BUILDING SERVICES COST RANGES
ADELAIDE BRISBANE
COST RANGE PER
$/M2 $/M2
GROSS FLOOR AREA
LOW HIGH LOW HIGH
OFFICE BUILDINGS
Prestige, CBD
10 TO 25 STOREYS (75-80% EFFICIENCY) 827 1,234 1,155 1,525
40 TO 55 STOREYS (68-73% EFFICIENCY) - - 1,519 1,684
Investment, CBD
UP TO 10 STOREYS (81-85% EFFICIENCY) 809 1,100 791 1,099
10 TO 25 STOREYS (76-81% EFFICIENCY) 814 1,157 935 1,200
INVESTMENT, OTHER THAN CBD
WALK UP (83-87% EFFICIENCY) 440 638 542 766
UP TO 10 STOREYS (82-86% EFFICIENCY) 607 857 778 1,060
10 TO 25 STOREYS (77-82% EFFICIENCY) - - 942 1,219
HOTELS
Multi-Storey
FIVE STAR 1,141 1,602 1,367 1,730
FOUR STAR 1,028 1,405 1,211 1,607
THREE STAR 969 1,178 1,036 1,343
CAR PARK
OPEN DECK MULTI-STOREY 145 295 76 184
BASEMENT: CBD 235 464 278 371
BASEMENT: OTHER THAN CBD 235 464 173 319
UNDERCROFT: OTHER THAN CBD 116 129 57 80
ZINCALUME METAL CLADDING 235 333 143 246
PRECAST CONCRETE CLADDING 235 379 143 248
Attached Airconditioned Offices
200 SQ.M. 529 694 581 1,007
400 SQ.M. 521 686 581 1,022

BUILDING SERVICES COSTS INCLUDE:
¾ Building Management
¾ Electrical
¾ Fire Protection
¾ Hydraulic
¾ Mechanical
¾ Special Equipment
¾ Vertical Transport
Refer to page 42 to 45 for detailed services costs.

$/M2 $/M2 $/M2 $/M2 $/M2
955 1,385 1,255 1,647 868 1,349 1,140 1,642 1,160 1,577
1,013 1,502 1,347 1,724 1,027 1,433 1,183 1,709 1,366 1,579
- - - - 1,086 1,534 1,213 1,801 1,521 1,742
792 1,269 986 1,429 677 1,159 852 1,379 795 1,136
838 1,269 1,063 1,563 751 1,232 882 1,452 938 1,239
838 1,327 - - 829 1,293 931 1,501 1,039 1,365
501 687 910 1,171 470 761 515 735 547 792
664 955 954 1,386 588 933 692 1,005 785 1,093
733 1,083 1,050 1,434 650 1,058 809 1,127 947 1,259
1,361 1,850 1,508 1,896 1,875 2,368 1,513 2,144 1,371 1,786
1,242 1,659 1,376 1,665 1,355 2,021 1,256 1,795 1,216 1,660
979 1,421 1,213 1,498 1,025 1,545 1,011 1,550 1,041 1,389
185 300 217 393 104 307 165 368 77 192

254 508 354 486 183 396 245 496 286 385
185 496 322 486 172 363 227 478 177 333
69 127 147 305 34 67 165 374 58 84
244 430 227 539 196 348 196 411 143 252
244 419 243 560 196 348 208 435 143 255
558 744 715 1,002 504 700 472 772 586 1,040
558 675 715 1,002 504 929 472 729 586 1,055

BUILDING SERVICES COST RANGES
ADELAIDE BRISBANE
COST RANGE PER
$/M2 $/M2
GROSS FLOOR AREA
LOW HIGH LOW HIGH
AGED CARE
SINGLE STOREY FACILITY 473 769 483 893
PRIVATE HOSPITALS
Low Rise Hospital
45 – 60 M2 GFA/BED 1,371 1,665 1,236 1,609
1,606 2,133 1,657 2,294
OPERATING THEATRE
CINEMAS
GROUP COMPLEX, 2,000 – 4,000 SEATS.
874 1,178 1,180 1,699
(WARM SHELL)
DEPARTMENT STORE 492 790 597 816
SUPERMARKET/VARIETY STORE 476 741 599 820
DISCOUNT DEPARTMENT STORE 484 677 563 735
MALLS 579 879 640 1,010
SPECIALTY SHOPS 332 635 618 912
SMALL SHOPS AND SHOWROOMS 411 642 - -
SMALL SHOPS AND SHOWROOMS 452 706 418 667

RESIDENTIAL
SINGLE & DOUBLE STOREY DWELLINGS
278 609 231 837
(CUSTOM BUILT)
RESIDENTIAL UNITS
WALK-UP 85 TO 120 M2/UNIT 233 528 262 795
TOWNHOUSES 90 TO 120 M2/UNIT 237 537 227 752
MULTI-STOREY UNITS
UNITS 60 – 70 M2 531 833 738 1,048
UNITS 90 – 120 M2 510 783 698 1,020
UNITS 60 – 70 M2 538 898 842 1,130
UNITS 90 – 120 M2 521 882 803 1,039
UNITS 60 – 70 M2 580 1,004 907 1,275
UNITS 90 – 120 M2 563 973 892 1,204
UNITS 60 – 70 M2 - - 1,184 1,514
UNITS 90 – 120 M2 - - 1,154 1,503

$/M2 $/M2 $/M2 $/M2 $/M2
431 804 955 1,430 489 1,148 821 1,348 493 912
1,125 1,485 1,550 1,817 1,068 1,626 1,385 1,838 1,252 1,629
1,472 2,400 1,709 2,142 1,284 2,217 1,562 2,095 1,682 2,329
818 984 1,096 1,382 672 985 852 1,115 1,208 1,740
768 883 694 949 571 881 772 1,066 611 837
481 722 716 995 453 840 662 950 614 841
481 653 651 908 397 728 680 852 578 754
596 883 624 993 526 980 - - 656 1,037
424 665 562 824 364 733 441 735 633 935
- - - - -
253 690 451 822 236 701 331 698 429 684
244 543 364 702 224 683 288 962 234 868
243 681 432 621 224 616 294 576 265 807
127 681 432 621 224 594 294 576 229 763
566 920 708 920 554 942 607 1,054 745 1,058
566 861 670 875 549 909 594 1,017 705 1,031
614 920 700 915 594 969 680 1,054 850 1,140
614 1,015 688 896 594 936 674 1,011 811 1,049
733 1,040 770 946 694 1,062 803 1,170 915 1,309
686 1,040 753 924 672 964 803 1,170 900 1,231
- - - - 879 1,307 1,066 1,360 1,195 1,552

- - - - 817 1,251 947 1,220 1,165 1,540

RLB TENDER PRICE INDEX
ADELAIDE BRISBANE CANBERRA

DATE
TPI CPI TPI CPI TPI CPI
DEC-1983 48.5 36.0 46.2 35.8 40.7 36.9
DEC-1984 51.1 37.2 51.6 37.1 47.9 38.1
DEC-1985 55.6 40.4 54.3 40.0 53.9 41.4
DEC-1986 59.7 44.1 56.5 43.6 59.3 45.0
DEC-1987 65.0 47.1 60.4 46.6 63.3 48.0
DEC-1988 70.1 50.3 65.4 49.9 68.5 51.3
DEC-1989 75.4 54.0 60.5 53.7 70.9 55.1
DEC-1990 79.6 58.2 55.2 57.0 73.7 58.8
DEC-1991 79.7 59.3 53.3 58.0 65.8 59.9
DEC-1992 78.7 60.3 55.2 58.5 62.6 60.5
DEC-1993 81.2 61.4 57.5 59.6 76.0 61.8
DEC-1994 83.5 63.2 62.3 61.5 78.1 63.2
DEC-1995 84.7 66.0 65.5 64.2 82.6 66.6
DEC-1996 86.1 66.8 68.4 65.3 84.1 67.4
DEC-1997 86.8 66.0 71.7 65.7 83.9 66.5
DEC-1998 87.1 67.3 75.6 66.5 85.5 67.5
DEC-1999 87.0 68.5 78.2 67.1 87.1 68.6
DEC-2000 88.2 72.2 78.3 71.2 92.5 72.8
DEC-2001 90.1 74.4 79.7 73.5 93.1 74.9
DEC-2002 94.6 77.1 87.5 75.7 97.5 77.3
DEC-2003 102.9 79.6 95.0 78.0 103.0 79.3
DEC-2004 112.4 81.7 106.8 80.0 110.4 81.2
DEC-2005 119.4 83.9 118.9 82.3 117.8 83.7
DEC-2006 126.2 86.5 129.3 85.1 125.0 86.4
DEC-2007 134.0 88.9 137.5 88.4 130.8 89.2
DEC-2008 142.5 92.2 127.1 92.2 134.9 92.6
DEC-2009 138.6 94.1 119.8 94.5 136.5 94.7
DEC-2010 142.5 96.5 119.0 97.4 141.0 96.7
DEC-2011 137.9 100.0 119.3 99.7 143.0 100.1
DEC-2012 138.1 102.1 119.3 101.9 142.1 101.8
DEC-2013 139.3 104.4 117.0 104.6 145.3 104.1
DEC-2014 140.1 106.2 123.0 106.7 147.5 105.3
DEC-2015 141.2 107.3 130.3 108.5 150.5 106.0
DEC-2016 143.7 108.7 139.7 110.2 154.3 107.9
DEC-2017 148.1 111.2 143.9 112.3 158.6 110.3
DEC-2018 153.3 113.0 145.3 114.0 164.1 113.1
DEC-2019 159.2 115.4 147.5 116.3 169.9 115.0
DEC-2020 159.5 116.5 141.4 117.5 175.0 116.3
MAR-2021 161.4 117.2 144.7 118.2 176.6 117.3
JUN-2021 163.7 117.8 148.0 119.2 178.2 118.2
SEP-2021 166.5 118.6 151.5 120.7 179.9 119.7
DEC-2021 170.8 120.4 155.0 122.6 181.5 120.9
MAR-2022 175.0 122.7 158.9 125.3 183.8 123.6
JUN-2022 180.2 125.3 162.9 127.9 186.0 125.6
SEP-2022 186.6 128.6 167.0 130.2 188.3 128.0
DEC-2022 192.1 171.2 190.6

The following indices reflect the change in tender levels for
buildings, other than housing, as compared with the consumer
price index. The Tender Price Index figures take into account
labour and material cost changes and market conditions.
DARWIN MELBOURNE PERTH SYDNEY

TPI CPI TPI CPI TPI CPI TPI CPI
38.8 47.3 37.0 53.4 36.5 49.7 36.2
39.9 52.0 37.9 56.0 37.2 52.6 37.1
43.1 58.5 41.0 65.8 40.3 60.6 40.2
47.2 63.4 45.2 72.6 44.4 67.2 44.1
50.4 69.3 48.4 76.5 47.5 74.1 47.2
52.8 74.9 51.7 81.7 51.1 80.6 51.6
56.2 81.9 56.0 89.5 55.1 86.8 55.4
60.2 82.6 60.2 92.1 59.2 84.1 58.9
61.2 76.7 61.2 91.2 59.1 75.1 59.8
61.7 74.8 61.1 91.2 59.1 71.4 60.0
63.2 77.0 62.6 91.2 60.5 72.5 60.8
64.3 78.3 63.9 92.1 61.8 75.4 62.4
67.4 79.8 66.9 93.0 64.8 79.1 66.1
68.8 82.0 67.7 95.0 66.0 83.8 67.2
68.3 84.1 67.7 97.2 65.5 89.7 67.1
69.3 86.8 68.3 99.3 67.0 96.1 68.4
88.0 69.9 89.4 69.7 101.9 68.3 100.0 69.7
89.8 73.9 93.8 73.9 102.6 71.8 99.9 73.8
91.8 75.5 96.7 76.1 100.6 73.9 100.9 76.3
93.7 77.0 104.6 78.5 103.8 76.0 103.9 78.4
101.1 78.3 110.1 80.3 112.1 77.5 110.1 80.2
113.2 79.8 114.7 82.1 124.5 79.8 117.8 82.3
121.8 82.2 118.4 84.3 135.0 83.0 123.1 84.3
132.7 86.3 122.2 86.7 147.2 86.6 128.7 87.0
144.7 88.8 128.0 89.5 163.4 89.3 133.2 89.1
159.1 92.1 129.6 92.3 159.9 92.6 139.2 92.4
164.7 94.9 131.8 94.0 150.0 94.5 139.2 94.4
168.0 97.1 137.4 96.9 147.6 97.0 140.6 96.7
148.8 99.5 141.4 99.9 149.5 99.8 143.7 99.8
151.8 102.0 141.4 102.0 146.1 101.9 145.4 102.3
156.4 106.5 141.8 104.8 147.7 104.9 148.3 105.0
159.1 108.5 143.9 106.3 148.9 107.0 152.8 106.8
160.7 109.0 146.8 108.3 150.0 108.6 159.7 108.9
162.3 108.6 149.7 109.9 150.0 109.0 167.3 110.9
163.6 109.7 154.2 112.3 150.0 109.9 174.4 113.3
164.4 111.0 160.4 114.6 151.5 111.3 183.0 115.2
165.2 111.5 165.2 116.9 153.7 113.1 190.5 117.1
166.6 111.5 166.9 118.4 156.0 113.0 190.5 118.0
166.9 114.4 168.3 118.8 161.1 114.6 190.5 118.5
167.3 115.6 169.8 119.1 166.2 116.8 191.6 119.4
167.7 117.3 171.2 120.1 171.6 117.7 193.5 120.2
168.6 118.2 172.7 121.4 177.1 119.4 198.3 121.6
171.7 120.7 176.9 124.2 181.1 123.3 203.1 123.7
175.0 123.2 181.1 126.4 185.2 125.4 206.1 125.7
178.3 125.5 183.8 129.0 189.5 124.8 209.0 128.6
181.6 186.5 193.8 212.0

DEFINITIONS
CBD
Central Business District.
BUILDING WORKS
Building works include substructure, structure, finishings,
fittings, preliminary items, attendance and builder’s work
in connection with services.
BUILDING SERVICES
Building services include special equipment, hydraulics,
fire protection, mechanical, vertical transport, building
management and electrical services.
OFFICE BUILDINGS
Prestige offices are based on landmark office buildings
located in major CBD Office Markets, which are
pacesetters in establishing rents.
Investment offices are based on high quality buildings
which are built for the middle range of the rental market.
(used as generic descriptions for Building Cost Ranges
on page 20).
HOTELS
GFA PER ROOM

RATING
TOTAL ACCOMMODATION PUBLIC SPACE
FIVE STAR 85 – 120 M2 45 – 65 M2 40 – 55 M2
FOUR STAR 60 – 85 M 2
35 – 45 M2
25 – 40 M2
THREE STAR 40 – 65 M2 30 – 40 M2 10 – 25 M2
Note: Public space includes service areas.
CAR PARKS
Open Deck Multi-storey — minimal external walling.
Basement — CBD locations incur higher penalties for
restricted sites and perimeter conditions.
Quality reflects a simplified type of construction suitable
for light industry.
Exclusions: hardstandings, roadworks and special
equipment.
AGED CARE
Single storey domestic construction with no operating
theatre capacity, minimal specialist and service areas.
35 –45 M2 GFA/bed (150 beds).

HOSPITAL
Low rise hospital (45 – 60 M2 GFA/Bed) - Minimal
operating theatre capacity, specialist and service areas.
Low rise hospital (55 – 80 M2 GFA/Bed) - Major operating
theatre capacity including extensive specialist and
service areas.
Exclusions: Loose furniture, special medical equipment.
CINEMAS
Multiplex Group Complex (warm shell).
2,000 – 4,000 seats.
Exclusions: Projection equipment, seating.
SHOPPING CENTRES
Department Store
Partially finished suspended ceilings and painted walls.
Exclusions: Floor finishes, shop fittings, etc.
Supermarket/Variety Store
Fully finished and serviced space.
Exclusions: Cool rooms, shop fittings, refrigeration
equipment, etc.
Malls
Fully finished and serviced space.
Specialty Shops
Partially finished with ceilings, unpainted walls and
power to perimeter point.
Exclusions: Floor finishes and shop fittings.

Exclusions: Floor finishes, plumbing (other than hot and
cold water to sink fittings in each shop) and shop fittings.
RESIDENTIAL
Single Storey or 1 - 3 Storey
Units reflect medium quality accommodation.
Multi-Storey
Units reflect medium to luxury quality and air
conditioned accommodation up to 80 storeys in height.
Note: the ratio of kitchen, laundry and bathroom areas
to living areas considerably affects the cost range.
Range given is significantly affected by the height and
configuration of the building.
Exclusions: Loose furniture, special fittings, washing
machines, dryers and refrigerators.

RIDERS DIGEST
51ST EDITION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Rider Levett Bucknall wish to express their appreciation
for advice received from the following organisations in
the preparation of this compendium:
Property Council of Australia

Measurement of Net Lettable Area.
Cushman Wakefield, JLL, Knight Frank, Savills,

Colliers Research
Land Values, Rents and Yields, Rental Growth Rates
and Construction Sector Data.
WSP Structures
Reinforcement Ratios.
Australian Bureau of Statistics
Construction and Building Data and CPI information.
For further information or feedback contact:

John Cross
Oceania Research & Development Manager
john.cross@au.rlb.com
or your local RLB office (page 94)
Rider Levett Bucknall

13th Floor, 380 St Kilda Road,
Melbourne Vic. 3004
Telephone: (03) 9690 6111
Facsimile: (03) 9690 6577

MELBOURNE
CONSTRUCTION
COSTS
Building Services 42
Unit Costs 46
Siteworks 47
Demolition 48
Hotel Furniture, Fittings
48
& Equipment
Office Fitout 49
Recreational Facilities 50
Vertical Transportation 52
MELBOURNE CONSTRUCTION
BUILDING SERVICES COSTS
SPECIAL
HYDRAULIC
EQUIPMENT

OFFICE BUILDINGS
Prestige, CBD
10 TO 25 STOREYS (75 – 80% EFFICIENCY) 17 56 78 95
Investment, CBD
UP TO 10 STOREYS (81 – 85% EFFICIENCY) - 11 67 84
Investment, other than CBD
1 TO 3 STOREYS (81 – 85% EFFICIENCY) - 11 62 90
UP TO 10 STOREYS (82 – 86% EFFICIENCY) 11 17 56 90
HOTELS
Multi–Storey
FIVE STAR 101 123 252 308
FOUR STAR 78 101 224 297
THREE STAR 67 90 202 297
CAR PARK
OPEN DECK MULTI–STOREY - - 22 34
BASEMENT: CBD - - 34 50
BASEMENT: OTHER THAN CBD - - 28 39
UNDERCROFT: OTHER THAN CBD - - 6 6
ZINCALUME METAL CLADDING - - 45 73
PRECAST CONCRETE CLADDING - - 45 73
Attached Air Conditioned Offices
200 M2 - - 62 84
400 M2 - - 62 78
SPECIAL EQUIPMENT
Special Equipment includes Building Maintenance Units, Medical Gases, Chutes,
Incinerators and Compactors where appropriate.
HYDRAULIC
Hydraulic Services include Cold Water Supply, Soil, Waste and Ventilation Plumbing and
Associated Sanitary Fittings and Faucets where appropriate.
M 42 Rider Levett Bucknall | Riders Digest – Melbourne 2023

VERTICAL BUILDING
FIRE MECH. ELECTRICAL TOTAL
TRANSPORT MGT.
$/M2 $/M2 $/M2 $/M2 $/M2 $/M2
LOW HIGH LOW HIGH LOW HIGH LOW HIGH LOW HIGH LOW HIGH
73 84 336 515 123 246 62 95 179 258 868 1,349

67 84 347 537 265 291 62 95 190 269 1,027 1,433
67 90 358 549 280 358 62 101 207 280 1,086 1,534
62 78 280 532 56 168 50 84 162 202 677 1,159

62 84 291 493 90 224 45 67 174 224 751 1,232
62 90 302 470 146 280 45 62 185 246 829 1,293
56 78 224 336 - 45 17 34 112 168 470 761

56 84 235 358 67 160 23 45 140 179 588 933
56 84 258 369 78 207 23 62 157 196 650 1,058
84 101 403 504 168 336 84 101 784 896 1,875 2,368
78 95 336 425 90 280 45 95 504 728 1,355 2,021
73 95 314 392 45 185 45 95 280 392 1,025 1,545
11 50 - 28 37 111 6 34 28 50 104 307

39 62 22 62 37 111 17 39 34 73 183 396
34 56 22 56 37 111 17 39 34 62 172 363
6 11 - - - - - 11 22 39 34 67
50 73 39 78 - - 6 23 56 101 196 348

50 73 39 78 - - 6 23 56 101 196 348
50 84 246 303 - - 17 50 129 179 504 700

50 84 246 325 - 202 17 50 129 190 504 929
FIRE PROTECTION
Fire Services include Detectors, Warden Communication, Sprinklers, Hydrants, Hose
Reels and Extinguishers.
MECHANICAL
Mechanical Services include Air Conditioning, Ventilation, Heating and Domestic Hot
Water where appropriate.
Rider Levett Bucknall | Riders Digest – Melbourne 2023 M 43

BUILDING SERVICES COSTS
SPECIAL
HYDRAULIC
EQUIPMENT

AGED CARE
SINGLE STOREY FACILITY 16 92 152 218
PRIVATE HOSPITALS
Low Rise Hospital
45 – 60 M2 GFA/BED 39 101 157 224
45 112 179 246
OPERATING THEATRE
CINEMAS
- 39 67 101
(WARM SHELL)
DEPARTMENT STORE 22 45 50 78
SUPERMARKET/VARIETY STORE 17 34 62 90
DISCOUNT DEPARTMENT STORE 17 34 62 73
MALLS - 39 62 90
SPECIALTY SHOPS - - 45 73

SMALL SHOPS & SHOWROOMS - - 78 112
RESIDENTIAL
SINGLE AND DOUBLE STOREY
- - 90 168
DWELLINGS (CUSTOM BUILT)
RESIDENTIAL UNITS
WALK-UP 85 –120 M2/UNIT - - 95 202
TOWNHOUSES 90 –120 M2/UNIT - - 90 202
MULTI–STOREY UNITS
UNITS 60 – 70 M2 6 40 179 235
UNITS 90 – 120 M2 6 40 174 224
UNITS 60 – 70 M2 6 40 190 235
UNITS 90 – 120 M2 6 40 185 224
UNITS 60 – 70 M2 6 40 202 246
UNITS 90 – 120 M2 6 40 196 235
UNITS 60 – 70 M2 6 40 207 258
UNITS 90 – 120 M2 6 40 168 235
VERTICAL TRANSPORT
Transport Services include Lifts, Escalators, Travelators, Dumbwaiters, etc.
where appropriate.
BUILDING MANAGEMENT
Building Management Services include Communications, Security and Building
Automation Systems where appropriate.

VERTICAL BUILDING
FIRE MECH. ELECTRICAL TOTAL
TRANSPORT MGT.
$/M2 $/M2 $/M2 $/M2 $/M2 $/M2
LOW HIGH LOW HIGH LOW HIGH LOW HIGH LOW HIGH LOW HIGH
33 87 98 381 - - 38 131 152 239 489 1,148
62 90 504 672 49 92 56 134 202 314 1,068 1,626
62 90 616 952 80 224 78 168 224 425 1,284 2,217
73 78 392 532 - 22 28 56 112 157 672 985
56 73 235 291 - 92 28 50 179 252 571 881

45 67 168 246 - 157 28 45 134 202 453 840
45 67 134 224 - 112 28 50 112 168 397 728
50 84 202 336 - 112 22 50 190 269 526 980
50 73 202 336 - 112 - 28 67 112 364 733
34 73 56 303 - 90 - - 68 124 236 701
6 11 28 168 - 134 - 34 101 168 224 683
6 28 28 202 - - - 28 95 157 224 616

6 28 28 202 - - - 28 101 134 224 594
62 78 123 280 22 68 17 50 146 190 554 942

62 78 134 269 22 68 17 50 134 179 549 909
62 78 134 280 28 73 17 50 157 213 594 969

62 78 146 269 28 73 17 50 151 202 594 936
62 78 162 302 67 99 17 50 179 246 694 1,062

62 78 157 291 67 45 17 50 168 224 672 964
67 84 207 364 185 265 17 50 190 246 879 1,307

67 84 196 353 185 265 17 50 179 224 817 1,251
ELECTRICAL
Electrical Services include the provision of Lighting and Power to occupied areas
where appropriate.

UNIT COSTS
CONSTRUCTION
ITEM COST RANGE PER
LOW HIGH
HOTELS
Multi-Storey (excluding basements)
FIVE STAR 485,000 665,000 BEDROOM
FOUR STAR 392,500 502,500 BEDROOM
THREE STAR 280,000 377,500 BEDROOM
CAR PARKS
Based on 30 M2 per car
OPEN DECK MULTI-STOREY 25,250 40,750 CAR
BASEMENT – CBD 56,000 89,000 CAR
BASEMENT – OTHER THAN CBD 48,250 78,000 CAR
UNDERCROFT – OTHER THAN CBD 25,750 32,500 CAR
AGED CARE
FACILITY 182,500 227,500 BED
PRIVATE HOSPITALS
Low Rise Hospital
45 – 60 M2 GFA/BED 165,000 245,000 BED
55 – 80 M2 GFA/BED 242,500 375,000 BED
CINEMAS
8,400 13,000 SEAT
(WARM SHELL)
HOUSING
SINGLE AND DOUBLE STOREY
592,500 1,475,000 HOUSE
DWELLINGS (CUSTOM BUILT) – 325 M2
RESIDENTIAL UNITS (EXCL CARPARK/SITE WORKS)

WALK-UP UNITS 85 –120 M2/UNIT 232,500 485,000 UNIT
TOWNHOUSES 90 –120 M2/UNIT 217,500 537,500 UNIT
MULTI-STOREY RESIDENTIAL UNITS

UNITS 60 – 70 M2 225,000 340,000 UNIT
UNITS 90 – 120 M2 330,000 570,000 UNIT
UNITS 60 – 70 M2 252,500 375,000 UNIT
UNITS 90 – 120 M2 340,000 650,000 UNIT
UNITS 60 – 70 M2 307,500 425,000 UNIT
UNITS 90 – 120 M2 410,000 677,500 UNIT
UNITS 60 – 70 M2 347,500 620,000 UNIT
UNITS 90 – 120 M2 465,000 917,500 UNIT

SITEWORKS COSTS
LANDSCAPING
LOW HIGH PER
LIGHT LANDSCAPING TO LARGE
AREAS WITH MINIMAL PLANTING AND
40,000 59,000 HECTARE
SITE FORMATION BUT EXCLUDING
TOPSOIL AND GRASSING
DENSE LANDSCAPING AROUND
BUILDINGS INCLUDING SHRUBS, 90 245 M2
PLANTS, TOPSOIL AND GRASSING
GRASSING ONLY TO LARGE AREAS
INCLUDING TOPSOIL, SOWING AND 30 50 M2
TREATING
CAR PARKS – ON GROUND

Based on 30 M2 overall area per car with asphalt paving
including sub base and sealing.
LOW HIGH PER
LIGHT DUTY PAVING. 1,340 1,600 CARSPACE

HEAVY DUTY PAVING TO FACTORY
TYPE COMPLEX, LARGE AREA WITH
2,600 3,700 CARSPACE
MINIMAL SITE FORMATION, DRAINAGE
AND KERB TREATMENT
LIGHT DUTY PAVING TO SHOPPING
CENTRE COMPLEX, LARGE AREA
WITH MINIMAL SITE FORMATION, 2,100 3,600 CARSPACE
AND INCLUDING DRAINAGE AND
KERB TREATMENT
ROADS
Asphalt finish including kerb, channel and drainage.
LOW HIGH PER
RESIDENTIAL ESTATE 6.80 METRES
WIDE EXCLUDING FOOT PATH AND 810 1,260 M
NATURE STRIP
INDUSTRIAL ESTATE 10.4 METRES
WIDE INCLUDING MINIMAL TO 1,220 2,100 M
EXTENSIVE FORMATION

DEMOLITION COSTS
Demolition costs include grubbing up footings, sealing

services, temporary shoring, supports, removal of
demolished materials, rubbish and site debris.
Exclusions: work carried out outside normal working
hours, credit value of demolished materials and restricted
site conditions.
BUILDING TYPE LOW HIGH PER

SINGLE STOREY TIMBER FRAMED
HOUSE WITH TIMBER CLADDING 55 70 M2
AND TILED ROOF
SINGLE/DOUBLE STOREY BRICK
60 75 M2
HOUSE WITH TILED ROOF
SINGLE STOREY FACTORY/
WAREHOUSE WITH REINFORCED
CONCRETE GROUND SLAB, TIMBER
OR STEEL FRAMED WALLS
¾ METAL CLAD 60 90 M2
¾ BRICK CLAD 75 100 M2
TWO STOREY OFFICE BUILDING
WITH REINFORCED CONCRETE
130 145 M2
FRAME MASONRY CLADDING AND
METAL ROOF
MULTI-STOREY OFFICE BUILDING
UP TO 15 FLOORS WITH MASONRY
CLADDING
¾ REINFORCED CONCRETE 190 370 M2
¾ STRUCTURAL STEEL 200 370 M2
MULTI-STOREY OFFICE BUILDING
UP TO 25 STOREYS, CONSTRUCTED
245 420 M2
OF STEEL FRAME WITH MASONRY
CLADDING
HOTEL FURNITURE, FITTINGS

& EQUIPMENT COSTS
The cost of hotel furniture, fittings and equipment
(FF&E) varies within a wide range and is dependent on
the quality of items provided. The following gives the
expected cost ranges for different rating hotels. These
costs include fitting out public areas.
LOW HIGH PER

FIVE STAR RATING 65,000 110,000 BEDROOM
FOUR STAR RATING 34,750 74,000 BEDROOM
THREE STAR RATING 25,250 52,000 BEDROOM

OFFICE FITOUT COSTS
The following costs, which include workstations, are an

indication of those currently achievable for good quality
office accommodation, inclusive of all loose and fixed
furniture.
OPEN FULLY
TYPE OF TENANCY PER
PLANNED PARTITIONED
LOW HIGH LOW HIGH
INSURANCE OFFICES,
1,180 1,760 1,420 2,100 M2
GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT
MAJOR COMPANY
1,480 2,400 1,740 2,600 M2
HEADQUARTERS
SOLICITORS, FINANCIERS 1,920 3,050 2,050 3,300 M2
EXECUTIVE AREAS AND
- - 3,600 8,000 M2
FRONT OF HOUSE
COMPUTER AREAS 2,700 5,700 - - M2
Computer areas include access flooring and additional

services costs but exclude computer equipment.
WORKSTATIONS
Fully self-contained workstation module size 1,800 x
1,800 MM including screens generally 1,220 MM high
(managerial 1,620 MM high), desks, storage cupboards,
shelving.
TYPE OF WORKSTATION LOW HIGH PER
CALL CENTRE 1,920 4,200 EACH
SECRETARIAL 2,200 5,700 EACH
TECHNICAL STAFF 4,150 7,100 EACH
EXECUTIVE 6,500 11,000 EACH
REFURBISHMENT
Office
The following refurbishment costs include for demolition
and removal of partitions and internal finishes, provide
new floor, ceiling and wall finishes, but excluding fitting
out and removal of asbestos and upgrading of building
for GreenStar ratings. The lower end of the range
indicates re-use and modification of existing specialist
building services, while the upper end of the range
indicates complete replacement of equipment and
accessories.
LOW HIGH PER
CBD OFFICES TYPICAL FLOOR 740 2,200 M2
CBD OFFICES CORE UPGRADE
830 1,680 M2
(EXCLUDING LIFTS MODERNISATION)

RECREATIONAL FACILITIES COSTS
BASKETBALL CENTRE
LOW HIGH PER
CONSISTING OF BRICK WALLS, STEEL
PORTAL FRAME AND PURLINS WITH METAL
ROOF, TIMBER FLOOR TO PLAYING AREA, 1,180 1,540 M2
PUBLIC SEATING, PUBLIC TOILETS AND
CHANGE ROOMS
SWIMMING POOL CENTRES

LOW HIGH PER
INCLUDING FOYER, KIOSK, OFFICE, LOCKERS,
1,720 2,100 M2
ADMINISTRATION OFFICES, CHANGE ROOMS
SWIMMING POOLS
High quality fully tiled including drainage and filtration
but excluding surrounding paving and enclosures.
LOW HIGH PER
HALF OLYMPIC (25.0 X 12.5 M) 415,000 805,000 EACH
¾ EXTRA FOR HEATING 20,000 40,000 EACH

¾ EXTRA OVER FILTRATION AND
DOSING PLANT FOR OZONE BASED 180,000 285,000 EACH
DOSING SYSTEM
¾ EXTRA FOR WET DECK 25,000 50,000 EACH
OLYMPIC (50.0 X 21.5 M) 1,650,000 2,150,000 EACH
¾ EXTRA FOR HEATING 40,000 65,000 EACH

¾ EXTRA FOR FILTRATION AND DOSING
260,000 435,000 EACH
PLANT
¾ EXTRA OVER FILTRATION AND
DOSING PLANT FOR OZONE BASED 85,000 140,000 EACH
DOSING SYSTEM
SMALL BOAT AND YACHT MARINA BERTHS

Floating pontoon walkways, serviced with power
and water.
LOW HIGH PER
DOUBLE LOADED BERTHS 19,500 26,750 BERTH
SINGLE LOADED BERTHS 32,750 39,000 BERTH
SUPER YACHTS 252,500 320,000 BERTH

RECREATIONAL FACILITIES COSTS
TENNIS COURTS
Six courts with minimal site formation and including sub
base playing surface, chainwire fence 3.60 M high and
spoon drains.
LOW HIGH PER
SYNTHETIC GRASS 56,000 68,000 COURT
RED POROUS (EN-TOUT-CAS) 32,000 42,000 COURT
SYNTHETIC ACRYLIC (FLEXIPAVE) 46,500 57,000 COURT
ASPHALT (5 MM) 35,250 45,750 COURT
REBOUND ACE 125,000 142,500 COURT
PLEXICUSHION - - COURT
CONCRETE 44,250 49,250 COURT
FLOODLIGHTING - - COURT
GOLF COURSES
18 hole championship course including siteworks,
finishing works, irrigation, grassing, landscaping, green
keeping, plant and equipment, course furniture and
groundstaff to practical completion but excluding mains
water supply to course, roads, carparks and clubhouse.
The following are indicative costs only.
LOW HIGH PER
SANDY SOIL SITE, REQUIRING
MINIMAL EXCAVATION AND 8,375,000 16,075,000 COURSE
SITE PREPARATION
SITE REQUIRING ROCK
14,525,000 18,850,000 COURSE
EXCAVATION
SWAMPY SITE REQUIRING
DREDGING FOR LAKES, ETC. 16,000,000 24,575,000 COURSE
AND EXTENSIVE FILL
PLAYING FIELDS
Soccer, rugby, Australian rules, hockey or similar turfed
areas with minimal site formation and including sub base,
drainage and turfing.
LOW HIGH PER
EXCLUDES SPRINKLERS 85 115 M2
GRANDSTANDS
Prestige metropolitan grandstand with a high standard
of finishes and facilities including bars, stores, meeting/
change rooms, dining and kitchen area.
LOW HIGH PER
GRANDSTAND 7,600 17,500 SEAT

VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION
LIFT SELECTION CHART

To calculate the number and type of lifts:
§ Locate a point on the graph by using the GFA in M2
shown on the bottom axis and number of levels on
the left axis.
§ The colour at the intersection point indicates the lift

capacity, the horizontal lines the lift speed and the
angled lines the number of lifts and the number of
banks.
§ By extending the horizontal line to the far right hand

side, the type of lift required can be obtained.
Destination control is an optional lift control system in

which passengers key-in the number of their destination
floor at a button panel located in their current lift lobby
area. Each floor lobby has a button panel. The lifts cars
themselves do not have destination buttons and are
designated to serve the floors as required. Destination
control will generally boost the “Up peak” or morning
performance of the lift system and will provide additional
security provisions. The performance of the lift system
during lunch times and at the end of the day is generally
not improved with this control system. Lobby area may
need to be increased.

DOUBLE
BANK
50
1600kg. 23 person
24
45 1350kg. 20 person
1130kg. 16 person
40 7.0 m/s
20
900kg. 13 person
35
SINGLE
18
BANK
30
5.0 m/s
14
25
LEVELS
20 3.5 m/s
12 GEARLESS
MACHINE
ROOMLESS
(MRL)
15 8
3.0 m/s
2.5 m/s
6
10 5
2.5 m/s 4
GEARLESS
1.6 m/s
5 3
Rider Levett Bucknall | Riders Digest – Melbourne 2023

0
10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000
M 53
GFA
VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION
NO. OF BASE COST ADDITIONAL EXPRESS

SPEED $ FLOOR FLOOR
APPLICATION LIFT TYPE FLOORS
M/S
SERVED LOW HIGH RATE RATE
ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC
0.5 2 - - - -
PASSENGER
GEARLESS TO
1 5 124,500 194,500 9,200 6,500
17 PASSENGER
GEARLESS UP TO
1.6 8 162,000 248,500 9,200 6,500
17 PASSENGER
GEARLESS 2.5 10 303,000 465,000 10,800 8,100
OFFICE & GEARLESS 3.5 10 497,500 595,000 12,400 8,100

RESIDENTIAL
GEARLESS 4 10 519,000 616,500 12,400 8,700
GEARLESS 5 10 595,000 735,500 12,400 8,700
GEARLESS 6 10 735,500 843,500 15,100 10,800
GEARLESS 7 10 757,000 865,000 15,700 11,400
GEARLESS 8 10 833,000 941,000 16,200 11,900
GEARED UP TO
2 5 443,500 497,500 15,700 10,100
40 PASSENGER
HOSPITAL
GEARLESS 2.5 10 703,000 908,500 13,000 8,700
GEARLESS MRL
1.6 10 357,000 454,000 14,100 10,800
TO 2,000 KG
LARGE ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC
GOODS 0.5 2 270,500 432,500 32,400 27,000
TO 5,000 KG
GEARLESS 2,500 KG 2.5 10 778,500 908,500 13,500 9,700
RISE 2,600 TO
ESCALATORS 0.5 - 130,000 173,000 - -
5,000 MM
MOVING
2,500 TO 5,000 MM 0.5 - 157,000 270,500 - -
WALKS
BENCH HEIGHT UNIT 0.2 3 35,500 40,000 4,500 1,500

SERVICE LIFT
LARGER UNIT 0.2 3 49,500 60,500 5,000 1,500
DISABLED TO 1,000 MM 0.1 2 30,500 38,000 - -

PLATFORM
LIFT 1,000 TO 4,000 MM 0.1 2 45,500 51,000 - -
Note: Destination Control Lift System option costs are not included in the above rates.

MELBOURNE
DEVELOPMENT
Stamp Duties 56
Land Tax 57
Planning – Car Parking 58
Land Values 59
Rental Rates 60
Office Sector Data 61
Retail Sector Data 64
Industrial Sector Data 66
Construction Activity 67
Dwelling Commencements 71
RLB Market Activity Cycle 72
MELBOURNE DEVELOPMENT
STAMP DUTIES
When purchasing Victorian land, which may include

buildings, there is a liability to pay stamp duty. The duty
payable is based on the market value of the property or the
purchase price, whichever is greater.
DUTIABLE VALUE RANGE PUBLISHED RATE AS AT 01/07/2022

1.4 PER CENT OF THE DUTIABLE VALUE
$0 - $25,000
OF THE PROPERTY
$350 PLUS 2.4 PER CENT OF THE
$25,001 TO $130,000
DUTIABLE VALUE IN EXCESS OF $25,000
$2,870 PLUS 6 PER CENT OF THE
$130,001 TO $960,000 DUTIABLE VALUE IN EXCESS OF
$130,000
$960,001 TO $2,000,000 5.5 PER CENT OF THE DUTIABLE VALUE
$110,000 PLUS 6.5 PER CENT OF THE
MORE THAN $2,000,000 DUTIABLE VALUE IN EXCESS OF
$2,000,000
The Victorian Government offers a concession when

purchasing an “off-the-plan property”, either as a land and
building package, or a refurbished lot. The purchaser must
also be eligible for either of the below:
A first home buyer duty exemption or concession may be
available if:
§ Contract to purchase first home was on or after
1 July 2017
§ The home has a dutiable value of
- $600,000 or less to receive the first home buyer
duty exemption,
- $600,001 to $750,000 to receive the first home
buyer duty concession (50%).
§ All purchasers meet the First Home Owner Grant
eligibility criteria
A principal place of residence concession may be available if:
§ The property purchased has a value of less than $550,000
§ The home buyer starts using their property within
12 months of settlement as their principal place of
residence, and live in the property for a continuous
period of at least 12 months
Residential property purchased by foreign purchasers must
pay Foreign Purchaser Additional Duty (FPAD) in addition
to land transfer duty on the dutiable value of the property
purchased. The dutiable value is the greater of the price paid,
or the market value of the property/land.
For contracts, transactions, agreements, and arrangements
entered into on or after 1 July 2019, the additional FPAD
duty rate is 8%.
For further details refer to www.sro.vic.gov.au

LAND TAX
Land tax is an annual tax levied on owners of taxable land in

Victoria as at midnight on 31 December of the year preceding the
year of assessment. For example, the 2022 assessment is based on
land holdings as at midnight on 31 December 2021.
In general, a principal place of residence or land used for primary
production is exempt from land tax.
The absentee owner surcharge is an additional amount that applies
over the land tax payable over the general and trust surcharge
rates.
From 2020, the absentee owner surcharge rate increased to 2% in
addition to the land tax liability assessed.
An Absent owner includes
1. An absentee individual
2. An absentee corporation
3. A trust of an absentee trust.
An absentee individual is a person who:
1. Is not an Australian citizen or permanent resident,
2. Does not ordinarily reside in Australia, and
3. Was absent from Australia:
§ on 31 December of the year prior to the tax year, or
§ for more than six months in total in the calendar year prior
to the tax year
Land tax is assessed on a calendar year basis.
TOTAL TAXABLE VALUE OF
LAND TAX PAYABLE
LANDHOLDINGS
< $300,000 NIL
$300,000 TO < $600,000 $375 PLUS 0.2% OF AMOUNT > $300,000
$600,000 TO < $1,000,000 $975 PLUS 0.5% OF AMOUNT > $600,000
$1,000,000 TO < $1,800,000 $2,975 PLUS 0.8% OF AMOUNT > $1,000,000
$9,375 PLUS 1.55% OF AMOUNT
$1,800,000 TO < $3,000,000
> $1,800,000
MORE THAN $3,000,000
> $3,000,000
Land held on trust is taxed differently from land held by a person

in their own right
TOTAL TAXABLE VALUE
OF TRUST OWNED LAND TAX PAYABLE
LANDHOLDINGS
< $25,000 Nil
$25,000 to < $250,000 $82 PLUS 0.375% OF AMOUNT > $25,000
$250,000 to < $600,000 $926 PLUS 0.575% OF AMOUNT > $250,000
$2,938 PLUS 0.875% OF AMOUNT >
$600,000 to < $1,000,000
$600,000
$6,438 PLUS 1.175% OF AMOUNT >
$1,000,000 to < $1,800,000
$1,000,000
$15,838 PLUS 1.0114% OF AMOUNT >
$1,800,000 to < $3,000,000
$1,800,000
$3,000,000 AND OVER
>$3,000,000
For further details refer to www.sro.vic.gov.au.

PLANNING – CAR PARKING
The following car parking information is derived from the

Melbourne Planning Scheme, Clause 52.06 Car Parking,
which details the appropriate number of car parking
spaces to be provided to service particular uses of land.
The table sets out the car parking requirement that
applies to the uses listed. A car parking requirement
in the table is calculated by multiplying the figure in
Column A or Column B (whichever applies) by the
measure (for example square metres, number of patrons
or number of bedrooms) in Column C.
Column A applies unless a schedule to the Parking
Overlay or another provision of the planning scheme
specifies that Column B applies. Full details of the
Melbourne Planning Scheme can be found at http://
planningschemes.dpcd.vic.gov.au/schemes/melbourne.
TYPE OF COLUMN A COLUMN B COLUMN C
PROPOSED USE
ONLY APPLIES
APPLIES THE WHERE SPECIFIED
STANDARD IN A SCHEDULE
RATE TO ALL TO THE PARKING
ZONES OVERLAY
RATE RATE CAR PARKING MEASURE
EACH 1 OR 2 BEDROOM
1 1 UNIT, PLUS
EACH 3 OR MORE
2 2 BEDROOM UNIT, PLUS
DWELLINGS
1 VISITOR SPACE FOR
EACH 5 UNITS FOR
1 0 DEVELOPMENTS WITH
MORE THAN 5 UNITS
EACH PATRON
0.4 PERMITTED
HOTEL
EACH 100 M2 OF
3.5 LEASABLE AREA
EACH 100 M2 OF NET

OFFICE 3.5 3.0 FLOOR AREA
RESIDENTIAL
AGED CARE 0.3 0.3 TO EACH LODGING ROOM
FACILITY
EACH PATRON
0.4 PERMITTED
RESTAURANT
EACH 100 M2 OF
3.5 LEASABLE AREA
RESTRICTED EACH 100 M2 OF

3 2.5
RETAIL PREMISES LEASABLE AREA
EACH 100 M2 OF
SHOP 4 3.5
LEASABLE AREA
EACH 100 M2 OF
SUPERMARKET 5 5 LEASABLE AREA

LAND VALUES
The values shown are indicative of current land values

in Victoria and may vary according to position, planning
requirements etc.
LOCATION (COSTS PER M2) $/M2

LOW HIGH
OFFICES
CBD OFFICES 15,000 55,000
FRINGE 10,000 20,000
BOX HILL (2,000 M2) 10,000 15,000
CBD RETAIL
CBD PRIME RETAIL (EG. 120 M2) 20,000 75,000
CBD SECONDARY AREAS 10,000 20,000
NEIGHBOURHOOD SHOPPING CENTRE 1,000 3,000
SUBURBAN STRIP SHOPPING 2,000 8,000
INDUSTRIAL (1HA TO 5HA)
SOUTH EAST 500 950
WEST 450 900
NORTH 450 900
Prepared in association with Savills and RLB.

RENTAL RATES
The net rents indicated below show the change in levels

since 1989. Allowance has been made for the effects of
rental incentives, rent free periods etc.
OFFICES INDUSTRIAL
ST.KILDA SUBURBAN
CBD PRIME
ROAD OFFICES
1989 271 218 217 47
1990 192 213 231 56
1991 160 172 209 66
1992 71 145 188 62
1993 54 117 157 60
1994 57 108 183 50
1995 73 130 179 47
1996 85 145 181 48
1997 103 160 183 52
1998 132 166 183 58
1999 142 168 183 65
2000 191 168 183 64
2001 265 190 205 66
2002 317 193 201 66
2003 255 195 182 66
2004 188 186 199 70
2005 238 188 196 70
2006 259 201 222 75
2007 281 207 223 75
2008 367 256 254 75
2009 349 206 228 78
2010 370 217 225 85
2011 404 219 239 83
2012 400 249 228 83
2013 324 238 229 83
2014 352 248 235 85
2015 352 240 230 85
2016 420 240 275 85
2017 440 270 285 87
2018 461 310 295 87
2019 465 310 290 90
2020 470 315 295 90
2021 500 290 305 90
2022 525 300 310 100
Prepared in association with Savills.

OFFICE SECTOR DATA
MELBOURNE CBD VACANCY RATES – Q3 2022
STOCK VACANCY
PCA GRADE VAC %
M2 M2
PREMIUM 3,601,966 443,042 12.3
SECONDARY 1,490,090 211,593 14.2
TOTAL 5,092,056 656,875 12.9
Source: Knight Frank
CURRENT CENTRAL MELBOURNE OFFICE

DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY
NLA
PROPERTY PRECINCT STATUS COMPLETION TENANT(S)
M2
WESLEY PLACE NORTH AUSTRALIAN

22,000 UC Q3 2022
140 LONSDALE EASTERN FEDERAL POLICE
637 FLINDERS
DOCKLANDS 25,000 UC Q3 2022
STREET
MELBOURNE
DOCKLANDS 65,000 UC Q1 2024 MEDIBANK
QUARTER TOWER
555 COLLINS AMAZON,

SPENCER 48,000 UC Q2 2023
STREET AWARE SUPER
OVER STATION
CORE 20,000 UC Q2 2025
DEVELOPMENT
120 LITTLE EASTERN

9,600 MR Q2 2023
COLLINS STREET CORE
500 BOURKE WESTERN

44,000 MR Q2 2023 TAL
STREET CORE
300 LONSDALE NORTHERN

22,500 DA H2 2024
STREET CORE
90 COLLINS WESTERN
15,000 DA H2 2024
STREET (STG 1) CORE
85 SPRING WESTERN
30,000 DA H1 2024
STREET CORE
MR: Major Refurbishment UC: Under Construction, DA: Development Approved

Source: Kushman & Wakefield, Knight Frank

OFFICE SECTOR DATA
KEY MARKET INDICATORS – Q3 2022
MELBOURNE CBD PCA PREMIUM
LOW HIGH
RENTAL – GROSS FACE 880 1,190
RENTAL – NET FACE 675 985
INCENTIVE LEVEL (%) NET 40.0 40.0
RENTAL – NET EFFECTIVE 405 595
OUTGOINGS – OPERATING 110 140
OUTGOINGS – STATUTORY 75 105
OUTGOINGS – TOTAL 185 245
TYPICAL LEASE TERM (YEARS) 5 8
YIELD – MARKET (% NET FACE RENTAL) 4.25 4.75
CARS PERMANENT RESERVED ($/PCM) 500 800
CARS PERMANENT ($/PCM) 400 650
OFFICE COMPONENT CAPITAL VALUES 14,000 23,000
All rates are $/M2 unless otherwise noted.

Source: RLB and others
OFFICE SALES ACTIVITY – MELBOURNE
PROPERTY PRICE ($M) DATE
SOUTHERN CROSS TOWERS 2,100 JUL-22
555 COLLINS STREET UD SEP-22
120 SPENCER STREET 325.0 APR-22
330 COLLINS STREET 236.0 JUL-22
85 SPRING STREET 130.0 JUN-22
225 KING STREET 40.0 JUN-22
152 LITTLE LONSDALE STREET 12.9 APR-22
464 ST KILDA ROAD (HALF INTEREST) 49.4 MAR-22
141 CAMBERWELL ROAD, HAWTHORN EAST 125.0 MAR-22
1010 LA TROBE STREET

150.0 FEB-22
+ INNOVATION BUILDING

Source: RLB and others

PCA GRADE A PCA GRADE B
LOW HIGH LOW HIGH
755 935 570 690
570 750 410 530
40.0 40.0 38.0 39.0
345 455 260 330
100 125 90 115
70 90 60 85
170 205 150 200
4 8 2 5
4.50 5.00 4.50 5.50
500 650 400 550
400 600 400 550
10,000 16,000 8,000 10,000
NLA (M2) $/M2
126,000 16,667
84,000 NA
32,079 10,131
16,036 14,717
29,629 4,388
6,286 6,363
822 15.693
NA NA
10,249 12,197
21,133
7,078
(COMBINED)

RETAIL SECTOR DATA

MELBOURNE ENCLOSED CENTRES REGIONAL
LOW HIGH
DEPARTMENT STORE RENT (GROSS) 150 300
DDS RENT (GROSS) 150 300
SUPERMARKET RENT (GROSS) 300 450
SPECIALTY TENANT NET RENTAL 850 2,100
MINI-MAJOR RENT (GROSS) 500 1,500
YIELD – MARKET (%) 4.75 6.25
IRR (%) 6.00 6.75
OUTGOINGS – OPERATING 116 191
OUTGOINGS – STATUTORY 41 57
OUTGOINGS – TOTAL 157 248
CAPITAL VALUES 7,000 13,000
Source: Savills Research.
RETAIL SALES ACTIVITY
PROPERTY SALES TYPE
SHEPPARTON MARKETPLACE REGIONAL
BUNNINGS AND AMART HOPPERS

LARGE FORMAT
CROSSING
DANDENONG PLAZA REGIONAL
MASTERS ROXBURGH PARK LARGE FORMAT
COLES LALOR NEIGHBOURHOOD
HOMECO KNOXFIELD LARGE FORMAT
COLES HAWTHORN NEIGHBOURHOOD
CARPENTER ST BRIGHTON NEIGHBOURHOOD
WOOLWORTHS ELTHAM NEIGHBOURHOOD
WOOLWORTHS BALWYN NEIGHBOURHOOD
DELACOME TOWN CENTRE SUB-REGIONAL
WOOLWORTHS BLACKBURN SOUTH NEIGHBOURHOOD
Source: RLB

SUB REGIONAL NEIGHBOURHOOD LARGE FORMAT
150 250
275 450 275 450
650 1,300 550 750 190 300
400 1,350 300 750
5.50 7.75 4.25 6.00 5.50 6.50
6.50 7.75 5.75 7.00 6.00 8.25
98 162 74 124 25 50
31 48 38 54 20 30
129 210 112 178 45 80
3,500 7,000 3,750 7,500 2,250 3,500
PRICE ($M) DATE GLA (M2) $/M2
88.1 OCT-22 16,535 5,328
99.6 OCT-22 26,479 3,761
145.0 SEP-22 53,768 2,696
35.0 JUL-22 13,000 2,692
13.8 MAY-22 3,365 4,101
45.0 MAY-22 13,603 3,308
24.5 APR-22 3,836 6,387
16.0 APR-22 NA NA
35.0 APR-22 3,744 9,348
45.7 NOV-21 NA NA
112.0 NOV-21 19,098 5,864
29.3 OCT-21 3,495 8,383

INDUSTRIAL SECTOR DATA
SOUTH EASTERN
$/M2 <5,000 M2 >5,000 M2
LOW HIGH LOW HIGH
RENTAL NET FACE 120 140 110 125
INCENTIVES (%) 5% 10% 5% 15%
YIELD- MARKET (%) 4.75% 5.25% 3.75% 4.75%
OUTGOINGS – TOTAL 20 25 20 25
CAPITAL VALUES 2780 3700 2000 2800
LAND VALUES <2,000 M 2
1,000 (LOW) 1,200 (HIGH)
LAND VALUES 2,000 - 5,000 M2 950 (LOW) 1,050 (HIGH)
LAND VALUES 5,000 - 10,000 M2 850 (LOW) 950 (HIGH)
LAND VALUES >10,000 M2 750 (LOW) 850 (HIGH)
WEST
$/M2 <8,000 M2 >8,000 M2
LOW HIGH LOW HIGH
INCENTIVES (%) 5% 10% 10% 20%
YIELD- MARKET (%) 4.75% 5.00% 4.00% 4.50%
CAPITAL VALUES 2300 3400 1900 2400
LAND VALUES <2,000 M2 800 (LOW) 1,000 (HIGH)
LAND VALUES 5,000 - 10,000 M 2
650 (LOW) 900 (HIGH)
NORTH
$/M2 <5,000 M2 >5,000 M2
LOW HIGH LOW HIGH
INCENTIVES (%) 10% 20% 10% 20%
YIELD- MARKET (%) 4.75% 5.00% 4.25% 5.00%
CAPITAL VALUES 2235 3350 1500 1800
LAND VALUES <2,000 M2 950 (LOW) 1,100 (HIGH)

Source: Cushman & Wakefield

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY
ANNUAL VALUE OF CONSTRUCTION WORK DONE

YEAR NON- TOTAL
RESIDENTIAL ENGINEERING
ENDING RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION
JUN-1994 3,450 1,902 2,329 7,681
JUN-1995 3,581 2,322 2,409 8,313
JUN-1996 3,261 2,870 2,353 8,484
JUN-1997 3,385 3,252 2,472 9,110
JUN-1998 4,480 2,960 3,137 10,577
JUN-1999 5,312 3,571 3,885 12,768
JUN-2000 7,089 3,431 3,451 13,971
JUN-2001 6,646 3,544 3,216 13,407
JUN-2002 8,161 3,929 3,389 15,480
JUN-2003 9,364 4,705 4,244 18,313
JUN-2004 10,219 5,102 4,983 20,305
JUN-2005 10,453 5,863 5,911 22,227
JUN-2006 10,085 6,215 7,406 23,706
JUN-2007 10,094 7,138 7,217 24,449
JUN-2008 10,928 9,089 7,324 27,341
JUN-2009 12,337 9,042 8,346 29,725
JUN-2010 13,941 8,531 9,539 32,011
JUN-2011 15,910 8,495 11,189 35,594
JUN-2012 16,036 8,578 11,756 36,370
JUN-2013 16,268 8,398 10,905 35,571
JUN-2014 16,281 8,914 10,386 35,580
JUN-2015 18,252 9,611 10,209 38,072
JUN-2016 21,337 9,483 11,075 41,895
JUN-2017 22,753 10,308 12,074 45,134
JUN-2018 24,197 12,497 16,873 53,567
JUN-2019 26,176 13,763 17,941 57,880
JUN-2020 25,700 15,060 18,759 59,519
JUN-2021 25,347 14,135 17,908 57,389
JUN-2022 26,910 15,439 20,286 62,635
Source: ABS 8752.0 & 8762.0 (Current Prices – Original Series - $ Millions).

ANNUAL VALUE OF NON-RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

WORK DONE IN VICTORIA
YEAR
COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL RETAIL EDUCATION HEALTH
ENDING
JUN-2003 1,111 913 852 615 314
JUN-2004 1,597 732 814 704 344
JUN-2005 1,564 1,118 956 700 330
JUN-2006 1,543 1,271 1,007 759 356
JUN-2007 1,710 1,462 1,389 816 421
JUN-2008 2,520 1,427 2,106 869 466
JUN-2009 2,503 1,142 1,892 933 758
JUN-2010 1,359 935 1,226 2,681 758
JUN-2011 1,329 1,158 1,350 2,819 745
JUN-2012 1,817 1,193 1,721 1,685 609
JUN-2013 2,163 1,047 1,688 1,165 778
JUN-2014 2,296 840 1,441 1,187 1,035
JUN-2015 2,169 1,483 1,356 1,208 1,530
JUN-2016 2,195 1,548 1,584 1,262 1,153
JUN-2017 1,862 1,671 1,827 1,702 767
JUN-2018 3,079 1,788 1,475 2,318 717
JUN-2019 3,947 1,685 1,634 2,419 684
JUN-2020 3,858 2,436 1,728 2,409 622
JUN-2021 3,242 2,587 1,389 2,204 660
JUN-2022 3,908 2,409 1,446 2,196 1,292
Source: ABS 8752.0 (Original Cost - $ Millions).

AGED ENTERTAINMENT
HOTELS OTHER TOTAL
CARE & RECREATION
236 188 311 165 4,705
238 121 354 197 5,102
215 144 496 339 5,863
254 194 459 371 6,215
285 246 478 331 7,138
386 443 624 248 9,089
323 589 681 221 9,042
216 341 485 528 8,531
159 165 418 353 8,495
202 296 641 413 8,578
249 218 650 440 8,398
335 163 765 851 8,914
339 186 622 717 9,611
429 221 401 691 9,483
413 429 886 750 10,308
707 723 1,018 672 12,497
613 975 905 902 13,763
629 1,368 1,117 892 15,060
494 1,249 953 1,356 14,135
434 1,025 961 1,768 15,439

ANNUAL VALUE OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

WORK DONE IN VICTORIA
NEW ALTERATIONS
YEAR NEW APARTMENTS & & ADDITIONS TOTAL
ENDING HOUSES SEMI DETACHED INCLUDING RESIDENTIAL
HOUSING CONVERSIONS
JUN-1993 2,287 196 579 3,063
JUN-1994 2,521 278 651 3,450
JUN-1995 2,574 300 708 3,581
JUN-1996 2,111 452 698 3,261
JUN-1997 1,989 621 775 3,385
JUN-1998 2,808 760 911 4,480
JUN-1999 3,366 948 998 5,312
JUN-2000 4,468 1,352 1,269 7,089
JUN-2001 3,926 1,521 1,199 6,646
JUN-2002 4,918 1,799 1,445 8,161
JUN-2003 5,782 2,119 1,463 9,364
JUN-2004 6,051 2,429 1,739 10,219
JUN-2005 6,199 2,513 1,740 10,453
JUN-2006 6,231 2,188 1,666 10,085
JUN-2007 6,493 1,815 1,786 10,094
JUN-2008 6,802 2,094 2,031 10,928
JUN-2009 7,669 2,631 2,038 12,337
JUN-2010 8,781 3,193 1,968 13,941
JUN-2011 9,310 4,433 2,167 15,910
JUN-2012 8,670 5,042 2,324 16,036
JUN-2013 8,161 5,771 2,335 16,268
JUN-2014 7,895 5,906 2,480 16,281
JUN-2015 8,960 6,807 2,485 18,252
JUN-2016 10,341 8,402 2,594 21,337
JUN-2017 11,053 8,762 2,937 22,753
JUN-2018 11,978 9,403 2,815 24,197
JUN-2019 12,899 10,307 2,970 26,176
JUN-2020 12,636 10,113 2,951 25,700
JUN-2021 13,468 8,818 3,060 25,347
JUN-2022 14,801 8,134 3,975 26,910
Source: ABS 8752.0 (Original Cost - $Millions).

DWELLING COMMENCEMENTS
ANNUAL NUMBER OF DWELLING COMMENCEMENTS

IN VICTORIA
NEW
YEAR NEW APARTMENTS & TOTAL
ENDING HOUSES SEMI DETACHED RESIDENTIAL
HOUSING
JUN-1993 25,716 2,438 28,175
JUN-1994 27,904 3,562 32,664
JUN-1995 25,847 3,612 30,510
JUN-1996 19,399 4,276 24,588
JUN-1997 18,652 6,047 25,831
JUN-1998 26,004 7,598 34,942
JUN-1999 29,165 8,307 39,038
JUN-2000 34,716 11,725 48,337
JUN-2001 24,126 9,562 34,558
JUN-2002 34,782 11,551 47,546
JUN-2003 32,630 12,337 45,877
JUN-2004 34,658 9,986 45,343
JUN-2005 30,365 9,483 40,910
JUN-2006 29,615 8,897 39,207
JUN-2007 29,553 8,516 38,683
JUN-2008 30,850 10,400 41,824
JUN-2009 30,576 10,992 41,922
JUN-2010 37,977 16,691 54,955
JUN-2011 34,889 23,727 59,113
JUN-2012 30,134 19,896 50,568
JUN-2013 28,009 21,511 50,794
JUN-2014 29,462 21,727 51,521
JUN-2015 32,357 31,988 64,946
JUN-2016 35,574 31,979 68,591
JUN-2017 35,774 28,270 64,290
JUN-2018 38,616 36,671 75,522
JUN-2019 36,504 25,422 62,211
JUN-2020 36,068 22,553 58,772
JUN-2021 46,070 20,714 66,961
JUN-2022 41,319 25,685 67,041
Source: ABS 8752.0 (Number).

RLB CONSTRUCTION MARKET
ACTIVITY CYCLE
Activity within the construction industry traditionally
has been subject to volatile cyclical fluctuations. The
RLB Construction Market Activity Cycle (cycle) is a
representation of the development activity cycle for the
construction industry within the general economy.
PEAK GROWTH
PEAK DECLINE
MID GROWTH
MID DECLINE
TROUGH GROWTH
TROUGH DECLINE
Within the general construction industry, RLB considers

seven sectors to be representative of the industry as a
whole.
Each sector is assessed as to which of the three zones
(peak, mid or trough) best represents the current status
of that sector within the cycle, then further refined by
identifying whether the current status is in a growth or a
decline phase.
The ‘up’ and ‘down’ arrows within the table represent
whether the sector is in a growth or decline phase with
the colour of the arrow determining the zone within the
cycle.
Q2 Q4 Q2 Q4 Q2 Q4
MELBOURNE
2020 2020 2021 2021 2022 2022
HOUSES      
APARTMENTS      
OFFICES      
INDUSTRIAL      
RETAIL      
HOTEL      
CIVIL      

2022 FINALISTS
MUSICAL SPHERES
Location : 123 Pitt St, Sydney, NSW 2000

Development: Angel Place
Owner: AMP Capital
Nominated: AMP Capital
Musical Spheres is the final piece in the ground plane

transformation of Angel Place. Adding to the striking
experiential lobby– there’s an immediate depth and
playfulness in the motion and colours which contrast
beautifully against the lobby backdrop – simultaneously
achieving a heightened customer experience, and a shared
connectivity.

2022 FINALISTS
NGOOK - HONEY STORY
Location : Centennial Place, Midland, WA 6065

Development: Curtin University Midland Campus
Owner: Curtin University
Nominated: Curtin University
‘Ngook – Honey Story’ at Curtin University Midland Campus

captures the Wadjuk ritual of collecting honey in a stunning
architecturally integrated artwork comprised of three
components – a four-metre-long stainless steel suspended
sculptural beehive, glass artwork spanning three levels of
the building and story text integrated into internal signage.

BENCHMARKS
Regional Indices 76
Key City Relativities 77
Office Building Efficiencies 78
Reinforcement Ratios 78
Labour and Materials
79
Trade Ratios
Progress Payment Claims 80
Common Industry Acronyms 81
Method of Measurement 82
BENCHMARKS
REGIONAL INDICES
The construction cost information in this publication is

based upon rates for capital city construction projects
and are current for the Fourth Quarter 2022. For towns
or cities outside capital cities, costs can be expected to
vary in accordance with the following table of indices:
WESTERN
NEW SOUTH WALES QUEENSLAND
AUSTRALIA
SYDNEY 100 BRISBANE 100 PERTH 100
ARMIDALE 105 CAIRNS 112 ALBANY 120
COFFS HARBOUR 100 GLADSTONE 120 BROOME 145
NEWCASTLE 99 GOLD COAST 100 BUNBURY 105
ORANGE 106 MACKAY 120 CARNARVON 140

SUNSHINE
TAMWORTH 102 100 ESPERANCE 125
COAST
WAGGA WAGGA 106 TOWNSVILLE 110 GERALDTON 108
WOLLONGONG 100 KALGOORLIE 140
KUNUNURRA 160
PORT HEDLAND 170
TOM PRICE 165
The above table should be used only as a comparative

guide, and is only appropriate for the urban precincts
nominated and for the larger commercial projects.
Care must be taken to review specific local market
conditions within the anticipated time frame of a
project’s development period before establishing and
committing viable budgets for projects.
In the event that projects are required to be constructed
in remote locations or in areas without urban
infrastructure, then special consideration must be given
to the budget structure of these projects. Each project
must be considered in detail and its specific resource
requirements assessed and sourced to establish budget
costs.
RLB recommend that advice on local market conditions
be sought from our regional offices when initial project
budgets and feasibility studies are in the process of
establishment. Our regional offices are identified on
page 94.

BENCHMARKS
KEY CITY RELATIVITIES – Q4 2022
RLB’s Key City Relativity Matrix highlights the cost

relativity between key Australian cities. The Relativity
Matrix compares the general cost of building between
cities. Each column represents a base city indexed to 100
with other city’s relativities re-indexed to that base city.
In order to calculate the relativity between different
cities, the difference can be calculated using the
following formula: Cr -1
Ccc = Bcc x ( )
where: Cb
Ccc = Compared city cost Cr = Relativity of compared city
Bcc = Base city cost Cb = Relativity of base city
For example, when comparing costs between Sydney

(base city) and Perth (compared city), Sydney building
costs are generally 10% more than Perth i.e. (100/91) and
Perth is 9% cheaper than Sydney i.e. (100/109).
If the tendered price of a building in Sydney was
$1,000,000, the equivalent cost in Perth would be
$910,000 i.e. (1,000,000 x (100/91)-1 and conversely a
$1,000,000 building in Perth would cost $1,090,000 in
Sydney, i.e. 1,000,000 x (100/109)-1
ADELAIDE BRISBANE CANBERRA DARWIN GOLD COAST

100 100 100 100 100
BNE 119 ADE 84 ADE 98 ADE 94 ADE 84
CAN 102 CAN 86 BNE 116 BNE 112 BNE 100
DAR 106 DAR 89 DAR 103 CAN 97 CAN 86
GC 119 GC 100 GC 116 GC 112 DAR 89
MEL 112 MEL 94 MEL 109 MEL 106 MEL 94
PER 104 PER 87 PER 101 PER 98 PER 87
SYD 118 SYD 99 SYD 115 SYD 111 SYD 99
TVE 129 TVE 109 TVE 126 TVE 122 TVE 109
MELBOURNE PERTH SYDNEY TOWNSVILLE

100 100 100 100
ADE 89 ADE 97 ADE 85 ADE 77
BNE 106 BNE 115 BNE 101 BNE 92
CAN 92 CAN 99 CAN 87 CAN 79
DAR 95 DAR 102 DAR 90 DAR 82
GC 106 GC 115 GC 101 GC 92
PER 93 MEL 108 MEL 95 MEL 86
SYD 105 SYD 114 PER 88 PER 80
TVE 116 TVE 125 TVE 110 SYD 91

BENCHMARKS
OFFICE BUILDING EFFICIENCIES
The efficiency of an office building is expressed as a

percentage of the Net Lettable Area (NLA) to the Gross
Floor Area (GFA). The table below indicates that relationship
to the GFA of the whole building both with car parks and
basements included and excluded, that could be expected
for an average project in the nominated category. Also
shown is the average net to gross efficiency of the office
floors only in each of the eight building types listed below.
EFFICIENCY
BASEMENTS AND CAR PARKS
TYPE OF CBD INCLUDED EXCLUDED OFFICE FLOORS
OFFICE BUILDING % % %
PRESTIGE
10 TO 25 STOREYS 63 – 68 75 – 80 85 – 90
25 TO 40 STOREYS 58 – 63 70 – 75 80 – 85
40 TO 55 STOREYS 53 – 58 68 – 73 75 – 80
INVESTMENT
UP TO 10 STOREYS 69 – 74 81 – 85 86 – 91
10 TO 25 STOREYS 64 – 69 76 – 81 81 – 86
25 TO 40 STOREYS 59 – 64 71 – 76 76 – 81
INVESTMENT, OTHER THAN
UP TO 10 STOREYS 70 – 75 82 – 86 87 – 92
10 TO 25 STOREYS 65 – 70 77 – 82 82 – 87
PLANT ROOM SPACE

Generally plant room space represents 6 – 11% of the GFA
of a multi-storey office building.
REINFORCEMENT RATIOS
The following ratios give an indication of the average
weight of reinforcement per cubic metre of concrete
for the listed elements. Differing structural systems and
sizes of individual elements and grid sizes will cause
considerable variation to the stated ratios. For project
specific ratios a structural engineer should be consulted.
AVE KG/M3 AVE KG/M3
STRIP FOOTINGS 50 STRAP BEAMS 120
COLUMN BASES 40 SLAB ON GROUND 40
PILE CAPS 50 SUSPENDED SLABS 90
100 – 150 MM ONE
AND TWO WAY
BORED PIER 90 250 MM FLAT PLATE 120
RAFT FOUNDATION 70 250 MM WAFFLE 160
PEDESTAL & STUB 240 COLUMNS 240
COLUMNS
RETAINING WALLS
1 – 2 STOREY 70 BEAMS 170
2 – 3 STOREY 120
GROUND BEAMS 120 WALLS (CORE) 140
STAIRS 80

BENCHMARKS
LABOUR AND MATERIALS
TRADE RATIOS
The following represents the ratio of on-site labour to
material for various trades and sub-trades based upon
our own survey.
The figures are relevant to all works constructed by
traditional methods; variations to these methods will
change the ratios, i.e. on-site fabrication of items
traditionally factory fabricated such as joinery fittings,
metalwork items, etc.
PRELIMINARIES 40 10 50
DEMOLISHER 85 15
EXCAVATOR 32 15 53
PILER 20 50 30
IN SITU CONCRETOR 25 75
FORMWORKER 70 30
REINFORCEMENT FIXER 20 80
PRECAST CONCRETOR 20 80
BRICKLAYER & BLOCKLAYER 50 50
MASON 10 90
ASPHALTOR 40 60
STRUCTURAL STEELWORK 60 40
METALWORKER 20 80
SUSPENDED CEILING FIXER 40 60
CARPENTER 45 55
JOINER 15 85
STEEL DECK ROOFER 40 60
BITUMINOUS BUILT UP ROOFER 30 70
PIPEWORK PLUMBER 60 40
FITTING PLUMBER 25 75
DRAINER 65 35
PLASTERER 80 20
PLASTERBOARD & FIB. PLASTER FIXER 40 60
CERAMIC TILER 55 45
VINYL TILER 45 55
IN SITU PAVIOR 75 25
GLAZIER 20 80
PAINTER 75 25
CARPET LAYER 10 90
ROADWORKER & EXTERNAL PAVIOR 15 85
AIR CONDITIONING SPECIALIST 35 65
LIFT INSTALLER 25 75
ELECTRICAL SPECIALIST 40 60
WATER FIRE SERVICE SPECIALIST 44 56
LABOUR MATERIAL FIXED FACTOR

BENCHMARKS
PROGRESS PAYMENT CLAIMS
Average rate of claims expenditure on construction

projects from $4,000,000 to $34,000,000 and/or greater
than one year but less than two years construction
period to practical completion are depicted in the
following graph.
100
90
CUMULATIVE PROJECT EXPENDITURE %
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
CONTRACT PERIOD %
BUILDERS WORK
MECHANICAL SERVICES
LIFT SERVICES
ELECTRICAL SERVICES
OVERALL PROJECT

BENCHMARKS
COMMON INDUSTRY ACRONYMS
PROJECT MANAGEMENT STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS

AA Architects Advice CFW Continuous Fillet Weld
ABIC Australian Building Industry CHS Cylindrical Hollow Section
Contracts CJ Construction Joint
AI Architects Instruction EA Equal Angle
AIA Australian Institute of PFC Parallel Flange Channel
Architects RB Roof Beam
BCA Building Code of Australia RHS Rectangular Hollow Section
BOQ Bill of Quantities SB Sill Beam
BP Building Permit SHS Square Hollow Section
BS Building Surveyor TB Tie Beam
CA Contract Administration UA Unequal Angle
CAN Consultants Advice Notice UB Universal Beam
DA Development Application UC Universal Column
DD Design Development WT Wall Tie
DWG Drawing (also an Autocad HYDRAULIC DRAWINGS
file format)
DCW Domestic Cold Water
EBD Evidence Based Design
DHW Domestic Hot Water
ESD Environmentally
FH Fire Hydrant
Sustainable Design
FHR Fire Hose Reel
PI Professional Indemnity
(Insurance) FIP Fire Indicator Panel
PM Project Manager FS Fire Service
QS Quantity Surveyor FW Floorwaste
RCP Reflected Ceiling Plan HWS Hot Water System
RFI Request for Information TD Tundish
SD Schematic Design TMV Thermostatic Mixing Valve
UPVC Unplasticated Polyvinyl
ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS
Chloride (Pipework)
ABS Acrylonitrile Butadiene
VP Vent Pipe
Styrene (Edging)
AS Australian Standards MECHANICAL DRAWINGS
COL Column A/C Air Conditioning
CTS Centres (Spacing) A/P Access Panel
DP Downpipe ACU Air Conditioning Unit
ENS Ensuite AHU Air Handling Unit
EX Existing CU Condensing Unit
FC Fibre Cement (Sheet) FCU Fan Coil Unit
FCL Finished Ceiling Level FD Fire Damper
FFL Finished Floor Level R/A Return Air
FR Fire Rated S/A Supply Air
GFA Gross Floor Area SD Smoke Damper
HMR Highly Moisture Resistant ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS
(Particleboard) DB Distribution Board
KDHW Kiln Dried Hardwood DGPO Double General Power
MDF Medium Density Fibreboard Outlet
PB Plasterboard GPO General Power Outlet
RL Relative Level MSB Main Switchboard
SS Stainless Steel RCD Residual Current Device
TYP Typical SB Switchboard
VOC Volatile Organic Compound
WC Water Closet (Toilet)
LAND SURVEYS
AHD Australian Height Datum
AMG Australian Mapping Grid
DP Downpipe
IL Invert Level
U/G Underground
RL Relative Level

BENCHMARKS
METHOD OF MEASUREMENT
OF BUILDING AREAS
The rules for measurement of building areas are defined
by the Australian Institute of Quantity Surveyors and the
Australian Institute of Architects.
The definitions are as follows: Unit of measurement:
square metres (M2).
GROSS FLOOR AREA (GFA)

The sum of the “Fully Enclosed Covered Area” and
“Unenclosed Covered Area” as defined.
FULLY ENCLOSED COVERED AREA (FECA)

The sum of all such areas at all building floor levels,
including basements (except unexcavated portions),
floored roof spaces and attics, garages, penthouses,
enclosed porches and attached enclosed covered ways
alongside buildings, equipment rooms, lift shafts, vertical
ducts, staircases and any other fully enclosed spaces and
usable areas of the building, computed by measuring
from the normal inside face of exterior walls but ignoring
any projections such as plinths, columns, piers and
the like which project from the normal inside face of
exterior walls. It shall not include open courts, lightwells,
connecting or isolated covered ways and net open areas
or upper portions of rooms, lobbies, halls, interstitial
spaces and the like which extend through the storey
being computed.
UNENCLOSED COVERED AREA (UCA)

The sum of all such areas at all building floor levels,
including roofed balconies, open verandahs, porches
and porticos, attached open covered ways alongside
buildings, undercrofts and usable space under buildings,
unenclosed access galleries (including ground floor)
and any other trafficable covered areas of the building
which are not totally enclosed by full height walls,
computed by measuring the area between the enclosing
walls or balustrade (ie. from the inside face of the UCA
excluding the wall or balustrade thickness). When the
covering element (ie. roof or upper floor) is supported
by columns, is cantilevered or is suspended, or any
combination of these, the measurements shall be taken
to the edge of the paving or to the edge of the cover,
whichever is the lesser. UCA shall not include eaves
overhangs, sun shading, awnings and the like where
these do not relate to the clearly defined trafficable
areas, nor shall it include connecting or isolated covered
ways.

BENCHMARKS
OF BUILDING AREAS
BUILDING AREA (BA)
The total enclosed and unenclosed area of the building
at all building floor levels measured between the normal
outside face of any enclosing walls, balustrades and
supports.
USABLE FLOOR AREA (UFA)

The sum of the floor areas measured at floor level from
the general inside face of walls of all interior spaces
related to the primary function of the building. This will
normally be computed by calculating the “Fully Enclosed
Covered Area” (FECA) and deducting all the following
areas supplementary to the primary function of the
building:
Deductions
(a) Common Use Areas
(b) Service Areas
(c) Non-Habitable Areas
NET LETTABLE AREA (NLA)

Application
Calculating tenancy areas in office buildings and
office & business parks.
Definition
3.1 The net lettable area of a building is the sum of its
whole floor lettable areas.
3.2 Net Lettable Area – Whole Floors
The whole floor net lettable area is calculated by:
3.2.1 taking measurements from the internal
finished surfaces of permanent internal
walls and the internal finished surfaces of
dominant portions of the permanent outer
building walls
3.2.2 included in the lettable area
calculation are:
3.2.2.1 window mullions
3.2.2.2 window frames
3.2.2.3 structural columns
3.2.2.4 engaged perimeter columns
or piers
3.2.2.5 fire hose reels attached to walls
3.2.2.6 additional facilities specially
constructed for or used by individual
tenants that are not covered in
section 3.2.3

BENCHMARKS
OF BUILDING AREAS
3.2.3 excluded from the lettable area of each tenancy
are:
3.2.3.1 stairs, accessways, fire stairs, toilets,
recessed doorways, cupboards,
telecommunication cupboards, fire hose
reel cupboards, lift shafts, escalators, smoke
lobbies, plant/motor rooms, tea rooms and
other service areas, where all are provided
as standard facilities in the building
3.2.3.2 lift lobbies where lifts face other lifts, blank
walls or areas listed in section 3.2.3.1 above
3.2.3.3 areas set aside for the provision of all
services, such as electrical or telephone
ducts and air conditioning risers to the floor,
where such facilities are standard facilities in
the building
3.2.3.4 area dedicated as public spaces or
thoroughfares such as foyers, atria and
accessways in lift and building service areas
3.2.3.5 areas and accessways set aside for use by
service vehicles and for delivery of goods,
where such areas are not for the exclusive
use of occupiers of the floor or building
3.2.3.6 areas and accessways set aside for car
parking
3.2.3.7 areas where there is less than 1.5 metre
height clearance above floor level – these
spaces should be measured and recorded
separately
3.3 Net Lettable Area (NLA) - Sub Divided Floors
Follow 3.2 but measure to the centre line of
inter-tenancy walls or partitions except where the
walls or partitions adjoin public areas, such as lobbies
and corridors, in which case measure to the line of
the dominant portion of their public area faces.
3.4 Treatment of Balconies, Verandahs etc. Balconies,
terraces, planter boxes, verandahs, awnings and
covered areas should be excluded from tenancy area
calculations, but may be separately identified for the
purpose of negotiating rentals.
Areas should be measured to the inside face of the
enclosing walls or structures. The outer edge of the
awning or covered area is the defined edge.

ASSETS AND
FACILITIES
Sustainability and Quality 86

Management Standards 87
Useful Life Analysis 88
Outgoings 89
Essential Safety Measures 90
Capital Allowances
91
(Tax Depreciation)
Through the Rider Levett Bucknall | Life

suite of services, we are able to provide
meaningful, practical, commercial advice
to clients in the delivery of sustainable and
economically responsible projects.
The services help building owners
understand the life value and expectancy
of their buildings’ whole life costs and
provide options to extend the useful life of
buildings and maintain quality.
SUSTAINABILITY AND QUALITY
Sustainability is concerned with improving the quality of

life while living within the carrying capacity of supporting
ecosystems. The planning, delivering and managing of our
Built Environment requires a balance between environmental,
economic and social factors.
The provision of a more productive, sustainable and liveable
Built Environment is best considered in collaboration with all
the stakeholders, including owners, managers and tenants.
This process should include not only the review of
sustainability objectives and initiatives, but address functional
requirements and whole of life costings along with the
implementation of facilities planning and asset management
strategies. Rating systems developed to assist with
performance benchmarking within Australia include:
Green Star – The Green Building Council of Australia’s (GBCA)
six star environmental rating system evaluates: communities,
design, as-built of buildings, interiors, building performance
in terms of energy and water efficiency, indoor environmental
quality and resource conservation.
NABERS – National Australian Built Environment Rating
System is a national program managed by the NSW
Department of Environment and Heritage. NABERS measures
the environmental performance of Australian offices, tenancies,
shopping centres, hotels, data centers and homes. There
are NABERS tools for energy efficiency, water usage, waste
management and indoor environment quality. Additionally,
a NABERS Energy rating forms part of the Building Energy
Efficiency Certificate (BEEC) requirement under the
Commercial Building Disclosure (CBD) program. The CBD
Program requires most sellers and lessors of office space
of 2,000 M2 or more to have an up-to-date Building Energy
Efficiency Certificate (BEEC).
IS – The Infrastructure Sustainability Council of Australia’s
(ISCA) Infrastructure Sustainability (IS) rating scheme. IS is
Australia’s only comprehensive rating system for evaluating
sustainability across design, construction and operation
of infrastructure. IS evaluates the sustainability (including
environmental, social, economic and governance aspects) of
infrastructure projects and assets including transport, energy,
water and communications sectors.
Quality – Property Council of Australia’s (PCA) “a Guide
to Office Building Quality” (2006, 2012), provides separate
tools for assessing office building quality in new and existing
buildings. The tools provide a guide to parameters that
typically influence building quality. They offer a voluntary,
market-based approach to classifying building characteristics
and performance. The 2nd edition of the guide took effect
on 1 January 2012 and includes expanded environmental
performance criteria for Energy, Water, Waste and Indoor
Environment. Additionally, the Building Management criteria
was expanded to include Level of Service, Energy and Water
Sub-Metering and Life Cycle/Maintenance Plan requirements.
RLB have staff accredited in the use of Green Star, NABERS,
along with access to LEED, BREEAM, GreenMark and other
international standards.
RLB also provides Building Quality Assessment (BQA)
services for PCA Quality gradings.

MANAGEMENT STANDARDS
Since late 2012 Standards Australia, supported by FMA

Australia, PCA, RICS, SBEnrc, TEFMA and other industry
bodies, have been involved with the ISO’s international
Facilities Management (FM) standards initiative.
ISO 41001:2018 specifies the requirements for a facility
management (FM) system when an organization:
a) needs to demonstrate effective and efficient delivery of FM
that supports the objectives of the demand organization
b) aims to consistently meet the needs of interested parties
and applicable requirements
c) aims to be sustainable in a globally-competitive
environment
The requirements specified in ISO 41001:2018 are non-sector
specific and intended to be applicable to all organizations,
or parts thereof, whether public or private sector, and
regardless of the type, size and nature of the organization or
geographical location.
Separately, there was the release in 2014 of the ISO 55000
series for Asset Management (AM). ISO 55000 specifies
the requirements for the establishment, implementation,
maintenance and improvement of a management system for
asset management, referred to as an “asset management
system” for those wishing to:
§ improve the realisation of value for their organization from
their asset base
§ be involved in the establishment, implementation,
maintenance and improvement of an asset management
system
§ be involved in the planning, design, implementation and
review of asset management activities along with service
providers
MAINTAIN
MAINTAIN
UPGRADE
ACQUIRE
DISPOSE
Meanwhile, FMA Australia’s local efforts include “An

Operational Guide to Sustainable Facilities Management”
(2010) – a practical document that provides technical
guidance in achieving a more sustainable FM approach in an
Australian context.
RLB can provide strategic advisory and technical support
across the latest in AM and FM practices.

USEFUL LIFE ANALYSIS
LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS

Life Cycle Studies recognise that every ‘whole’ asset
consists of many component parts, each with its own
life expectancy, interrelationships, resulting quality and
maintenance issues. However, in addition to physical
obsolescence, useful life expectancy is also dependent
on the influence of economic, functional, technological,
social and legal obsolescence.
WEIGHTED AVERAGE SERVICE LIFE

Weighted Average Service Life (WASL) is a
methodology used
to determine the
“Useful Life” of an
asset. For buildings
the WASL is the
collective result of
applying service
life criteria to each
element of a cost
analysis; excluding
capital recurrent
expenditure other
than routine
maintenance.
RELIFING
RElifing takes the
“WASL” a stage further by considering the effect of
capital upgrades, refurbishments, replacement of plant,
architectural fabric and finishes. Below is a graphical
representation of a RElifing profile for a typical office
building, compared to the base WASL. RElifing analysis
is useful for developers, owners and occupiers in financial
planning, calculating depreciation and in the negotiation
of long term property costs.
40
RELIFING WASL
35
30
25
WASL
20
15
10
5
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
BUILDING USEFUL LIFE

OUTGOINGS
Outgoings are the costs required to operate a property

that are generally recoverable by a Landlord from the
tenants. The recovery of outgoings is usually calculated
by a sharing of costs amongst tenants relative to their
leasehold interest. They generally cover the recurrent
costs for the delivery of services, maintenance, power
and statutory and management costs.
The level of recovery of outgoings is normally governed
and regulated by leases and other agreements with
tenants.
The cost of outgoings varies depending upon:
§ the level of management and services provided
§ lease agreements
§ quality, type and efficiency of the building
§ location and statutory regimes applicable
The following graphs highlight typical component
usage of both energy and water consumption for office
buildings.
TYPICAL OFFICE ENERGY USAGE
LIFTS 3% DOMESTIC HOT WATER 2%

HEATING 5%
LIGHTS 23%
CHILLER 24%
PUMPS 7%
EQUIPMENT 19%
FANS 17%
TYPICAL OFFICE WATER USAGE
RETAIL 3% IRRIGATION 1%
OTHERS 2%
LEAKAGE 26%
COOLING
TOWERS 31%
AMENITIES 37%

ESSENTIAL SAFETY MEASURES
The following table provides a brief overview of building

owners’ responsibilities with regard to certifying the
annual maintenance of essential safety systems and
measures within commercial buildings.
NSW
QLD
ACT
TAS
WA
VIC
NT
SA
IS MAINTENANCE OF
ESSENTIAL SAFETY MEASURES
REQUIRED BY LEGISLATION        
(OTHER THAN BCA)?
IS THERE A PRESCRIBED FORM
OF CERTIFICATE?        
CERTIFICATE REQUIRED TO BE
DISPLAYED      NA NA NA
CERTIFICATE REQUIRED
TO BE FORWARDED TO AN
AUTHORITY
     NA NA NA
CAN FINES BE IMPOSED

IF MAINTENANCE IS NOT
CARRIED OUT?
      NA 
The relevant legislation governing the essential safety

measures by state are:
ACT ACT Emergencies Act 2004
NSW Environmental Planning and Assessment
Regulations 2000
QLD Queensland Fire and Emergency Services Act
1990 & Fire and Rescue Service Amendment
Act 2006
SA SA Development Act 1993 & Minister’s
Specifications SA 76
TAS Fire Services Act 1979 & General Fire
Regulations 2010
VIC Building Regulations 2006 Part 12 Building
Regulations 2018 Part 15
WA Building Regulations 2012 & Building
Amendment Regulations 2014
NT Northern Territory Fire and Emergency
Regulations
Note:
The above is a brief guide only. Other state or
national legislation and laws may also be relevant. It
is recommended that all property owners consult a
building surveyor regarding responsibilities associated
with maintenance of essential measures within their
buildings.

CAPITAL ALLOWANCES
(TAX DEPRECIATION)
The Australian Taxation Office (ATO) allows a tax deduction
for the recovery of the cost of assets used in a business or
for the production of income. The Income Tax Assessment
Act (ITAA) allows two types of allowances for assets:
Division 40 – Depreciating Assets
Assets with a limited effective life that are reasonably
expected to decline in value. The decline in value is based
on the cost and effective life of the depreciating asset,
not its actual change in value. Examples of these are
carpet, air conditioning plant, lights etc.
Division 43 – Capital Allowances
Capital allowances are the building allowance and
structural improvement deductions that are available
for buildings. Depreciating rates are either 2.5% or 4%
dependent on the use of the building and construction
commencement date.
The ATO issued the latest effective life review of assets under
TR2022/1 which came into effect on the 1st July 2022.
The following broad principles outline the rates of
depreciation deductions relative to income producing
assets under ITAA 1997 (Division 40 & 43).
§ The effective life and hence the rate of depreciation of
an item of plant can be self-assessed by the taxpayer
§ Depreciating Assets (Division 40) are subject to a
balancing adjustment on disposal. Capital works
deductions (Division 43) are subject to Capital Gains
Tax on disposal
§ Low value pool option for assets less than $1,000 in
value depreciated at 18.75% in the first year and 37.50%
in subsequent years
§ The Diminishing Value rate is currently 200% of Prime
Cost rate (excluding low value pool), with the effect
of accelerating the tax write off in earlier years of the
asset’s life
TOTAL ALLOWANCES ($)
NON - QUALIFYING 3%
27% DIVISION 40
70% DIVISION 43
Typical percentage apportionment of depreciation allowances

based on new $300m Commercial Office Tower including fitout
with 6 Star Green Star certification.
RLB employs qualified staff, who are registered with the

Tax Practitioners Board under the Tax Agent Services Act
2009, for the preparation of Capital Allowance Reports.

CAPITAL ALLOWANCES
(TAX DEPRECIATION)
SCHEDULE OF ASSETS PRIME COST DIMINISHING
% VALUE
%
THE FOLLOWING LIST GIVES A SAMPLE OF ELIGIBLE
DEPRECIATING ASSETS.
OFFICE BUILDING
HOT WATER INSTALLATIONS 6.667 13.333
MULTI TYPE FIRE DETECTION SYSTEMS 4 – 16.67 8 – 33.33
CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING (VARIOUS RATES 4 – 10 8 – 20
APPLY TO EQUIPMENT COMPONENTS)
ROOM AIR CONDITIONING 10 20
PACKAGED AIR CONDITIONING 6.667 13.333
ELECTRIC HAND DRYERS 10 20
DEMOUNTABLE PARTITIONS 5 10
SECURITY SYSTEMS 14.286 – 50 28.572 – 100
LIGHTING PLANT 10 20
VINYL FLOORING 10 20
CARPET 12.5 25
WINDOW BLINDS 5 10
OFFICE FURNITURE, FREESTANDING 4 – 10 8 – 20
ESCALATORS 5 10
LIFTS, ELEVATORS & HOISTS 3.333 6.667
SIGNAGE FOR BUSINESS IDENTIFICATION 10 20
HOTELS, MOTELS
CARPETS 14.286 28.572
WINDOW BLINDS AND CURTAINS 16.667 33.333
FURNITURE AND FITTINGS (FREE STANDING) 14.286 – 20 28.572 – 40
HOT WATER SYSTEMS 10 20
BEDS AND BEDDING 14.286 – 50 28.572 – 100
SHOPPING CENTRES
Generally, the list for office buildings will apply with the following additions:
FLOATING TIMBER FLOORS 10 20
FURNITURE, FREESTANDING 10 20
INDUSTRIAL
Generally, the list for office buildings will apply with the following additions:
CRANES 5 10
GANTRIES 3 6
DOCK LEVELLERS 5 10
ROLLER SHUTTER ELECTRIC MOTORS 5 10
RESIDENTIAL
Only for assets continuously owned prior to 10/05/17 or new assets
(not used) purchased from 10/05/17.
FLOOR COVERINGS:
CARPET 10 20
FLOATING TIMBER 6.667 13.333
Hot Water Systems (excluding piping):
ELECTRIC AND GAS 8.333 16.667
SOLAR 6.667 13.333
Miscellaneous:
INTERCOM SYSTEM ASSETS 10 20
WINDOW BLINDS 10 20
ROOM AIR CONDITIONING 10 20
Kitchen Assets:
COOKTOPS, OVENS, RANGEHOODS 8.333 16.667
DISHWASHERS, WASHING MACHINES, 10 20
CLOTHES DRYERS

OFFICES AROUND
THE WORLD
Oceania 94
Africa 95
Middle East 95
Europe 96
Asia 96
Americas 99
OFFICES AROUND THE WORLD
AUSTRALIA NEWCASTLE
Rider Levett Bucknall NSW Pty Ltd
ADELAIDE Suite 4, Level 1, 101 Hannell Street,
Rider Levett Bucknall SA Pty Ltd Wickham NSW 2293
Level 1, 8 Leigh Street, T: +61 2 4940 0000
Adelaide, SA 5000 E: mark.hocking@au.rlb.com
T: +61 8 8100 1200 Contact: Mark Hocking
E: john.drillis@au.rlb.com
Contact: John Drillis PERTH
Rider Levett Bucknall WA Pty Ltd
BRISBANE Level 9, 160 St Georges Tce,
Rider Levett Bucknall QLD Pty Ltd Perth, WA 6000
Level 13, 10 Eagle Street, T: +61 8 9421 1230
Brisbane, QLD 4000 E: mark.bendotti@au.rlb.com
T: +61 7 3009 6933 Contact: Mark Bendotti
E: matt.long@au.rlb.com
Contact: Matt Long SUNSHINE COAST
Rider Levett Bucknall QLD Pty Ltd
CAIRNS Suite 307, La Balsa
Rider Levett Bucknall QLD Pty Ltd 45 Brisbane Road,
Suite 7, 1st Floor, Cairns Mooloolaba QLD 4557
Professional Centre, T: +61 7 5443 3622
92-96 Pease Street, E: nicholas.duncan@au.rlb.com
Cairns, QLD 4870 Contact: Nick Duncan
T: +61 7 4032 1533
E: brad.bell@au.rlb.com SYDNEY
Contact: Brad Bell Rider Levett Bucknall NSW Pty Ltd
Level 19, 141 Walker Street,
CANBERRA North Sydney, NSW 2060
Rider Levett Bucknall ACT Pty Ltd T: +61 2 9922 2277
16 Bentham Street, E: stephen.mee@au.rlb.com
Yarralumla, ACT 2600 Contact: Stephen Mee
T: +61 2 6281 5446
E: fiona.doherty@au.rlb.com TOWNSVILLE
Contact: Fiona Doherty Rider Levett Bucknall QLD Pty Ltd
Level 1/ 45 Eyre Street, North
COFFS HARBOUR Ward QLD 4810
Rider Levett Bucknall NSW Pty Ltd T: +61 7 4771 5718
Level 1, 9 Park Avenue, E: chris.marais@au.rlb.com
Coffs Harbour, NSW 2450 Contact: Chris Marais
T: +61 2 4940 0000
E: mark.hocking@au.rlb.com NEW ZEALAND
Contact: Mark Hocking
AUCKLAND
DARWIN Rider Levett Bucknall Auckland Ltd
Rider Levett Bucknall NT Pty Ltd Level 16, Vero Centre, 48
Level 1, 66 Smith Street, Shortland Street, Auckland 1141
Darwin, NT 0800 T: +64 9 309 1074
T: +61 8 8100 1200 E: stephen.gracey@nz.rlb.com
E: daniel.jones@au.rlb.com Contact: Stephen Gracey
Contact: Daniel Jones
CHRISTCHURCH
GOLD COAST Rider Levett Bucknall
Rider Levett Bucknall QLD Pty Ltd Christchurch Ltd
45 Nerang Street, Southport, Level 1, 254 Montreal Street,
QLD 4215 Christchurch 8013
T: +61 7 5595 6900 T: +64 3 354 6873
E: jim.krebs@au.rlb.com E: neil.odonnell@nz.rlb.com
Contact: Jim Krebs Contact: Neil O’Donnell
MELBOURNE HAMILTON
Rider Levett Bucknall VIC Pty Ltd Rider Levett Bucknall Hamilton
Level 13, 380 St. Kilda Road, Ground Floor, Parkhaven
Melbourne, VIC 3004 220 Tristram Street, Hamilton 3204
T: +61 3 9690 6111 T: +64 9 309 1074
E: tony.moleta@au.rlb.com E: richard.anderson@nz.rlb.com
Contact: Tony Moleta Contact: Richard Anderson

PALMERSTON NORTH MAPUTO (MOZAMBIQUE)
Rider Levett Bucknall Avenida Francisco Orlando
Palmerston North Ltd Magumbwe n° 32, Maputo,
Suite 1, Level 1, 219 Broadway Mozambique
Avenue, Palmerston North 4440 T: +27 83 226 0303
T: +64 6 357 0326 E: nicolas.sheard@za.rlb.com
E: michael.craine@nz.rlb.com Contact: Nicolas Sheard
Contact: Michael Craine QUATRE BORNES, (MAURITIUS)
QUEENSTOWN 90 St Jean Road, Quatre Bornes,
Rider Levett Bucknall Otago Ltd 72218 Mauritius
36 Shotover Street, PO Box 691, T: +230 5251 5507
Queenstown 9348 E: navin.hooloomann@mu.rlb.com
T: +64 9 309 1074 Contact: Navindranath Hooloomann
E: tony.tudor@nz.rlb.com STELLENBOSCH
Contact: Tony Tudor La Gratitude Herehuis, 95 Dorp St,
TAURANGA Stellenbosch, South Africa
Rider Levett Bucknall Auckland Ltd T: +27 82 312 0285
Office 3, 602 Cameron Road, E: lichelle.neethling@za.rlb.com
Tauranga 3112 Contact: Lichelle Neethling
T: +64 9 309 1074
E: richard.anderson@nz.rlb.com MIDDLE EAST
Contact: Richard Anderson ABU DHABI
WELLINGTON Mezzanine Level, Al Mazrouei
Rider Levett Bucknall Building, Muroor Road, PO Box
Wellington Ltd 105766, Abu Dhabi,
279 Willis Street, Wellington 6011 United Arab Emirates
T: +64 4 384 9198 T: + 971 4 339 7444
E: tony.sutherland@nz.rlb.com E: natalie.stockman@ae.rlb.com
Contact: Tony Sutherland Contact: Natalie Stockman
DOHA
AFRICA Al Mirqab Complex, Office 32,
CAPE TOWN Second Floor, Al Mirqab Complex,
9th Floor, 22 Bree Street, Al Mirqab Al Jadeed Street, Al
Cape Town, South Africa Naser Area, PO Box 26550,
T: +27 83 267 6771 Doha, Qatar
E: martin.meinesz@za.rlb.com T: +971 4016 2777
Contact: Martin Meinesz E: dean.mann@ae.rlb.com
Contact: Dean Mann
DURBAN
Suite 201, Ridgeside Office Park, DUBAI
77 Richefond Circle, Umhlanga Office 2302 Marina Plaza, Dubai
Marina, PO Box 115882, Dubai,
Ridge, Durban, South Africa
United Arab Emirates
T: +27 72 630 5317
T: +971 4 339 7444
E: evan.sim@za.rlb.com
E: natalie.stockman@ae.rlb.com
Contact: Evan Sim
Contact: Natalie Stockman
GABORONE (BOTSWANA)
RIYADH
5 Matante Mews, 3rd Floor,
Unit 80 Gate 14, Abdullah Al
Plot 54373, Central Business
Sahmi St Al Kindi Plaza, Diplomatic
District, Gaborone, Botswana
Quarter, PO Box 8546, Riyadh
T: +27 72 622 9852
11492, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
E: fred.selolwane@bw.rlb.com
T: +966 11 217 555 1
Contact: Fred Selolwane
E: william.barber@sa.rlb.com
JOHANNESBURG Contact: William Barber
Suite 113, 1st Floor, Building 4,
19 on 9th Street, Houghton Estate,
Johannesburg, 2091
T: +27 82 416 7607
E: craig.hall@za.rlb.com
Contact: Craig Hall

EUROPE PARIS, FRANCE

7 Bis Rue de Monceau,
BELFAST 75008 Paris, France
1st Floor, Eagle Star House, 5-7 T: +33 1 53 40 94 80
Upper Queen Street, Belfast, E: matthieu.lamy@fr.rlb.com
BT1 6FB Contact: Matthieu Lamy
T: +44 289 521 5001
E: jason.browlee@uk.rlb.com SHEFFIELD
Contact: Jason Brownlee 6th Floor Orchard Lane Wing,
Fountain Precinct, Balm Green,
BIRMINGHAM Sheffield, S1 2JA
15 Colmore Row, Birmingham, T: +44 114 273 3300
B3 2BH E: matt.summerhill@uk.rlb.com
T: +44 121 503 1500 Contact: Matt Summerhill
E: jo.reynolds@uk.rlb.com
Contact: Jo Reynolds THAMES VALLEY
1000 Eskdale Road,
BRISTOL Winnersh Triangle, Wokingham,
Broad Quay House, Broad Quay, Berkshire, RG41 5TS
Bristol, BS1 4DJ T: +44 118 974 3600
T: +44 117 974 1122 E: michael.righton@uk.rlb.com
E: jackie.pinder@uk.rlb.com Contact: Mike Righton
Contact: Jackie Pinder
WARRINGTON
CARDIFF Ground South Wing, 401
Unit 115 Creative Quarter, Faraday Street, Birchwood Park,
Morgan Arcade, The Hayes, Warrington, Cheshire WA3 6GA
Cardiff, CF10 1AF T: +44 1925 851787
T: +44 292 240 5030 E: mark.clive@uk.rlb.com
E: jackie.pinder@uk.rlb.com Contact: Mark Clive
Contact: Jackie Pinder
CUMBRIA CHINA
44 Springfield Road, BEIJING
Egremont, Cumbria, CA22 2TQ Room 1803-1809, 18th Floor,
T: +44 1925 851 787 East Ocean Centre,
E: mark.clive@uk.rlb.com 24A Jian Guo Men Wai Avenue,
Contact: Mark Clive Chaoyang District,
Beijing 100004, China
LEEDS
T: +86 10 6515 5818
4D, Platform, New Station Street,
E: sm.tuen@cn.rlb.com
Leeds LS1 4JB
Contact: Simon Tuen
T: +44 114 273 3300
E: matt.summerhill@uk.rlb.com CHENGDU
Contact: Matt Summerhill Room 2901-2904, 29th Floor,
Square One, No. 18 Dongyu Street,
LIVERPOOL
Jinjiang District, Chengdu 610016,
8 Princes Parade, Liverpool, L3
Sichuan Province, China
1DL, United Kingdom
T: +86 28 8670 3382
T: +44 161 868 7700
E: eric.lau@cn.rlb.com
E: stephen.gillingham@uk.rlb.com
Contact: Eric Lau
Contact: Steve Gillingham
CHONGQING
LONDON Room 1-3 & 17-18, 39/F,
Level 3, 110 Bishopsgate, IFS Tower T1, No. 1 Qingyun Road,
EC2N 4AY, London Jiangbei District, Chongqing
T: +44 20 7398 8300 400024, China
E: nick.eliot@uk.rlb.com T: +86 28 8670 3382
Contact: Nick Eliot E: eric.lau@cn.rlb.com
MANCHESTER Contact: Eric Lau
1 King Street, GUANGZHOU
Manchester, M2 6AW Room 1302-1308, Central Tower,
T: +44 161 868 7700 5 Xiancun Road,
E: stephen.gillingham@uk.rlb.com Guangzhou 510623
Contact: Steve Gillingham Guangdong Province
T: 852 2823 3910
E: danny.chow@hk.rlb.com
Contact: Danny Chow

GUIYANG SHENYANG
Room E, 12th Floor, Fuzhong 25th Floor, Tower A,
International Plaza, President Building,
126 Xin Hua Road, Guiyang No. 69 Heping North Avenue,
550002, Guizhou Province, China Heping District, Shenyang 110003,
T: +86 28 8670 3382 Liaoning Province, China
E: eric.lau@cn.rlb.com T: +86 10 6515 5818
Contact: Eric Lau E: sm.tuen@cn.rlb.com
HAIKOU Contact: Simon Tuen
Room 1705, 17th Floor, SHENZHEN
Fortune Center, 38 Da Tong Road, Room 4510-4513, 45th Floor,
Haikou 570102, Shun Hing Square Diwang
Hainan Province, China Commercial Centre,
T: +852 2823 1898 5002 Shennan Road East,
E: tim.ngai@hk.rlb.com Shenzhen 518001,
Contact: Tim Ngai Guangdong Province, China
HANGZHOU T: +852 2823 1830
Room 1603, 16th Floor, North E: kenneth.kwan@hk.rlb.com
Tower, Modern City Center, No. Contact: Kenneth Kwan
161 Shao Xing Road, Xia Cheng WUHAN
District, Hangzhou 310004, Room 3301, 33rd Floor, Heartland
Zhejiang Province, China 66 Office Tower, No.688 Jinghan
T: + 86 21 6330 1999 Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan
E: iris.lee@cn.rlb.com 430030, Hubei Province, China
Contact: Iris Lee T: +852 2823 3911
HONG KONG E: kt.woo@hk.rlb.com
15th Floor, Goldin Financial Global Contact: Kam Tong Woo
Centre, 17 Kai Cheung Road, WUXI
Kowloon Bay, Hong Kong Room 1410-1412, 14th Floor, Juna
T: +852 2823 1830 Plaza, 6 Yonghe Road, Nanchang
E: kenneth.kwan@hk.rlb.com District, Wuxi, 214000,
Contact: Kenneth Kwan Jiangsu Province, China
MACAU T: +86 21 6330 1999
Alameda Dr. Carlos D’Assumpcao, E: iris.lee@cn.rlb.com
No. 398 Edificio CNAC 9 Andar, Contact: Iris Lee
I-J Macau SAR
XIAN
T: +852 2823 1830
Room 1506, 15th Floor, Chang’an
E: kenneth.kwan@hk.rlb.com
Metropolis Center, No.88 Nanguan
Contact: Kenneth Kwan
Zheng Street, Beilin District, Xian
NANJING 710068, Shaanxi Province, China
Room 1201, South Tower, Jinmao T: +86 28 8670 3382
Plaza, 201 Zhong Yang Road, E: eric.lau@cn.rlb.com
Nanjing 210009, Jiang Su Province, Contact: Eric Lau
China
ZHUHAI
T: +86 21 6330 1999
Room 1401-1402, 14th Floor,
E: eric.fong@cn.rlb.com
Taifook International Finance
Contact: Eric Fong
Building, No. 1199 Jiu Zhuo
NANNING Road East, Jida, Zhuhai 519015,
Room 2203, Block B Resources Guangdong Province, China
Building No. 136 Minzu Road T: +86 20 8732 1801
Nanning 530000 Guangxi, China E: danny.chow@hk.rlb.com
T: +852 2823 3910 Contact: Danny Chow
E: danny.chow@hk.rlb.com
Contact: Danny Chow
SHANGHAI
22nd Floor, Greentech Tower, 436
Hengfeng Road, Jingan District,
Shanghai 200070, China
T: +86 21 6330 1999
E: iris.lee@cn.rlb.com
Contact: Iris Lee

INDONESIA CLARK
Unit 211, Baronesa Place, Mc.
JAKARTA Arthur Hi-way, City of Mabalacat,
Jl. Jend. Surdirman Kav. 45-46 Pampanga
Sampoerna Strategic Square South T: +632 8365 1060 / 8365 7252
Tower, Level 19, Jakarta 12930, E: rlb@ph.rlb.com
Indonesia Contact: Jenifer Rondina
T: +62 21 5795 2308
E: clara.andjarwati@id.rlb.com DAVAO
Contact: Clara Andjarwati Units 404-405, 4th Floor, Cocolife
Building, Claro M. Recto, corner
MALAYSIA Palma Gil Streets, Davao City
T: +632 8365 1060 / 8365 7252
KUALA LUMPUR
E: noel.clemena@ph.rlb.com
B2-6-3 Solaris Dutamas,
Contact: Noel Clemena
No 1 Jalan Dutamas,
50480 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ILOILO
T: +60 3 6207 9991 Unit 2F-17, The Galleria, Jalandoni
E: kf.lai@my.rlb.com Street, Jaro, Iloilo City
Contact: Dato’ Lai Kar Fook T: +63 32 2680072
E: joy.marasigan@ph.rlb.com
MYANMAR Contact: Jolly Joy Cantero
YANGON METRO MANILA
Union Business Center, Corazon Clemeña Compound,
Nat Mauk St, Yangon, Bldg. 3 No. 54 Danny Floro Street,
Myanmar (Burma) Bagong Ilog, Pasig City 1600,
T: +95 1 860 3448 (Ext 4004) Philippines
E: serene.wong@vn.rlb.com T: +632 8365 1060 /
Contact: Serene Wong +63917 5481313
E: coraballard@ph.rlb.com
PHILIPPINES Contact: Corazon Ballard
BACOLOD CITY PANGLAO, BOHOL
3rd Floor, St. Therese Building Sitio Cascajo, Looc, Panglao Bohol,
along corner Rizal - Locsin 6340 Philippines
Street Negros Occidental, 6100 T: +632 8365 1060 / 8365 7252
Philippines E: coraballard@ph.rlb.com
T: +63917 5214617 Contact: Corazon Ballard
E: armando.baria@ph.rlb.com
Contact: Armando Baria STA. ROSA CITY, LAGUNA
Unit 303, Brain Train Center, Lot
CAGAYAN DE ORO 11 Blk 3, Sta. Rosa Business Park,
B1 L20 Camama-an Road, Tunhai Greenfield, Bgy. Don Jose, Sta.
Subdivision, Sitio Talisay, Bgy. Rosa, Laguna, 4026 Philippines
Indahag, Cagayan De Oro City T: +632 8365 1060 / 8365 7252
T: +632 8365 1060 / 8365 7252 E: gloria.casas@ph.rlb.com
E: noel.clemena@ph.rlb.com Contact: Gloria Casas
Contact: Noel Clemena
CEBU
9th Floor, Unit 2-901, OITC2,
Oakridge Business Park, 880 A.S.
Fortuna Street, Bgy. Banilad,
Mandaue City, Cebu 6014
T: +63 32 2680072
E: joy.marasigan@ph.rlb.com
Contact: Jolly Joy Cantero

SINGAPORE UNITED STATES OF
SINGAPORE AMERICA
911 Bukit Timah Road Level 3
BOSTON
Singapore 589622
Two Financial Center, 60 South
T: +65 6339 1500
Street, STE 810, Boston, MA 02111
E: silas.loh@sg.rlb.com
T: +1 617 737 9339
Contact: Silas Loh
E: michael.oreilly@us.rlb.com
Contact: Michael O’Reilly
SOUTH KOREA
CHICAGO
SEOUL
141 W Jackson Blvd, STE 3810,
Yeoksam-Dong, Daon Building,
Chicago, IL 60604
8th Floor, 8, Teheran-ro 27-gil,
T: +1 312 819 4250
Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, 06141 Korea
E: chris.harris@us.rlb.com
T: + 852 2823 1758
Contact: Chris Harris
E: ling.lam@hk.rlb.com
Contact: Ling Lam DENVER
999 18th Street, STE 1125N,
VIETNAM Denver, CO 80202
HO CHI MINH CITY T: +1 720 904 1480
Centec Tower, 16th Floor, E: peter.knowles@us.rlb.com
Unit 1603, 72-74 Nguyen Thi Minh Contact: Peter Knowles
Khai Street, Ward 6, District 3 HILO
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam 820 Piilani Street, STE 202 Hilo,
T: +95 1 860 3448 (Ext 4004) HI 96720
E: serene.wong@vn.rlb.com T: +1 808 883 3379
Contact: Serene Wong E: guia.lasquette@us.rlb.com
Contact: Guia Lasquette
CANADA HONOLULU
CALGARY American Savings Bank Tower,
200-609 14th Street NW, 1001 Bishop Street, STE 2690,
Calgary Alberta T2N 2A1 Canada Honolulu, HI 96813
T: + 905 827 8218 T: +1 808 521 2641
E: mel.yungblut@ca.rlb.com E: erin.kirihara@us.rlb.com
Contact: Mel Yungblut Contact: Erin Kirihara
TORONTO KANSAS CITY
435 North Service Road West, 435 Nichols Road, STE 200,
Suite 203, Oakville, Ontario, Kansas City, MO 64112
L6M 4X8 P: +1 602 443 4848
T: + 905 827 8218 E: julian.anderson@us.rlb.com
E: mel.yungblut@ca.rlb.com Contact: Julian Anderson
Contact: Mel Yungblut
LAS VEGAS
CARIBBEAN 3753 Howard Hughes,
Parkway, Suite 211, Las Vegas,
ST LUCIA Nevada 89169
Mercury Court, Choc Estate P.O. T: +1 808 383 5244
Box CP 5475 Castries, St. Lucia E: paul.brussow@us.rlb.com
T: +1 758 452 2125 Contact: Paul Brussow
E: david.piper@lc.rlb.com
Contact: David Piper LOS ANGELES
The Bloc, 700 South Flower Street,
Suite 630 Los Angeles,
California 90017
T: +1 213 689 1103
E: aled.jenkins@us.rlb.com
Contact: Aled Jenkins

MAUI SEATTLE
300 Ohukai Road, Building B, 101 Stewart, Suite 301,
Kihei, Hawaii 96753 Seattle, Washington 98101
T: +1 808 875 1945 T: +1 206 441 8872
E: paul.belshoff@us.rlb.com E: craig.colligan@us.rlb.com
Contact: Paul Belshoff Contact: Craig Colligan
NEW YORK TUSCON
27 East 28th Street Suite 517 33 West Congress Street, Suite
New York, New York 10016 215, Tucson, Arizona 85701
T: +1 646 595 1016 T: +1 520 777 7581
E: paraic.morrissey@us.rlb.com E: josh.marks@us.rlb.com
Contact: Paraic Morrissey Contact: Josh Marks
PHOENIX WAIKOLOA
4343 East Camelback Road, Queens’ Market Place,
Suite 350, Phoenix, Arizona 85018 69-201 Waikoloa Beach Drive,
T: +1 602 443 4848 Suite SF12, Waikoloa,
E: scott.macperhson@us.rlb.com Hawaii 96738
Contact: Scott Macpherson T: +1 808 883 3379
PORTLAND E: Guia.lasquete@us.rlb.com
1120 NW Couch Street, Contact: Guia Lasquete
Suite 730, Portland, WASHINGTON, D.C
Oregon 97209 9881 Broken Land Parkway,
T: +1 503 226 2730 Suite 304, Columbia,
E: daniel.junge@us.rlb.com Maryland 21046
Contact: Daniel Junge T: +1 410 740 1671
SAN FRANCISCO E: kirk.miller@us.rlb.com
930 Montgomery Street, Suite 500 Contact: Kirk Miller
San Francisco, CA 94133
T: +1 415 362 2613
E: brian.schroth@us.rlb.com
Contact: Brian Schroth
SAN JOSE
2570 N First Street, Suite 213,
San Jose, California 95131
T: +1 408 404 4904
E: joel.brown@us.rlb.com
Contact: Joel Brown

CALENDARS
Calendars 2022 – 2025 102

2023 Rostered Days Off 104
Public Holidays 106
CALENDARS 2022 – 2025
2022
JANUARY 2022 FEBRUARY 2022 MARCH 2022
S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S
1 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 27 28 27 28 29 30 31
30 31
APRIL 2022 MAY 2022 JUNE 2022

1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 29 30 31 26 27 28 29 30
JULY 2022 AUGUST 2022 SEPTEMBER 2022

1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 28 29 30 31 25 26 27 28 29 30
31
OCTOBER 2022 NOVEMBER 2022 DECEMBER 2022

1 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 27 28 29 30 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
30 31
2023
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
29 30 31 26 27 28 26 27 28 29 30 31

1 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 28 29 30 31 25 26 27 28 29 30
30

1 1 2 3 4 5 1 2
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 27 28 29 30 31 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
30 31

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 1 2
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
29 30 31 26 27 28 29 30 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31

2024
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 1 2
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
28 29 30 31 25 26 27 28 29 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31

1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 1
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
28 29 30 26 27 28 29 30 31 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30

1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
28 29 30 31 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 29 30

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
27 28 29 30 31 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 29 30 31
2025
1 2 3 4 1 1
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
26 27 28 29 30 31 23 24 25 26 27 28 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30 31

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
27 28 29 30 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 29 30

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
27 28 29 30 31 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 28 29 30
31

1 2 3 4 1 1 2 3 4 5 6
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
26 27 28 29 30 31 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 28 29 30 31
30

CALENDARS 2023
ROSTERED DAYS OFF
ADELAIDE BRISBANE & DARWIN

BASIS CFMEU EBA CFMEU EBA
HOURS BASIS 36 36
JAN WEDNESDAY 25 TUESDAY 3
FRIDAY 27 FRIDAY 27
FEB MONDAY 6 MONDAY 20

MONDAY 20
MAR TUESDAY 14 MONDAY 13
TUESDAY 15
APR TUEDAY 11 TUEDAY 11
WEDNESDAY 12 WEDNESDAY 12
THURSDAY 13 THURSDAY 13
FRIDAY 14 FRIDAY 14
MONDAY 24
MAY MONDAY 15 MONDAY 8
MONDAY 29
JUNE TUESDAY 13 MONDAY 12
WEDNESDAY 14
JUL MONDAY 3 MONDAY 3
MONDAY 17
AUG MONDAY 7 MONDAY 14
MONDAY 21 TUESDAY 15
SEP MONDAY 4 MONDAY 18
MONDAY 18
OCT TUESDAY 3 TUESDAY 3
WEDNESDAY 4
MONDAY 23
NOV MONDAY 6 MONDAY 6
MONDAY 20 TUESDAY 7
DEC MONDAY 4
MONDAY 18
TUESDAY 19
WEDNESDAY 20
THURSDAY 21
FRIDAY 22
WEDNESDAY 27
THURSDAY 28
FRIDAY 29
TOTAL 26 26

CANBERRA MELBOURNE PERTH SYDNEY
CFMEU EBA CFMEU EBA CFMEU EBA CFMEU EBA
36 36 36 36
TUESDAY 3 TUESDAY 10 TUESDAY 3 TUESDAY 3
FRIDAY 27 FRIDAY 27 WEDNESDAY 4 FRIDAY 27
THURSDAY 5
FRIDAY 6
FRIDAY 27
MONDAY 13 MONDAY 6 MONDAY 27 MONDAY 6
MONDAY 27 MONDAY 20 MONDAY 20
TUESDAY 14 TUESDAY 14 TUESDAY 7 MONDAY 6
TUESDAY 11 TUESDAY 11 TUESDAY 11 THURSDAY 6
WEDNESDAY 12 WEDNESDAY 12 TUESDAY 11

TUESDAY 30 MONDAY 22 MONDAY 22
TUESDAY 13 TUESDAY 13 TUESDAY 6 TUESDAY 13
MONDAY 11 MONDAY 4 TUESDAY 26 MONDAY 4
TUESDAY 3 MONDAY 2 MONDAY 23 TUESDAY 3

MONDAY 27 WEDNESDAY 8 MONDAY 20
MONDAY 20
WEDNESDAY 27 WEDNESDAY 27 FRIDAY 22 TUESDAY 5
THURSDAY 28 THURSDAY 28 WEDNESDAY 27 FRIDAY 22
FRIDAY 29 THURSDAY 28 FRIDAY 29
FRIDAY 29
20 FIXED &
26 26 26
6 VARIABLE

CALENDARS
PUBLIC HOLIDAYS IN AUSTRALIA
ALL STATES 2023 2024 2025

NEW YEARS DAY 1 & 2 JAN 1 JAN 1 JAN
AUSTRALIA DAY 26 JAN 26 JAN 27 JAN
GOOD FRIDAY 7 APR 29 MAR 18 APR
EASTER MONDAY 10 APR 1 APR 21 APR
ANZAC DAY 25 APR 25 APR 25 APR
KINGS BIRTHDAY 12 JUN 10 JUN 9 JUN
(EXC QLD & WA)
CHRISTMAS DAY 25 DEC 25 DEC 25 DEC
BOXING DAY 26 DEC 26 DEC 26 DEC
AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY
CANBERRA DAY 13 MAR 11 MAR 10 MAR
EASTER SATURDAY 8 APR 30 MAR 19 APR
EASTER SUNDAY 9 APR 31 MAR 20 APR
RECONCILIATION DAY 29 MAY 27 MAY 2 JUN
LABOUR DAY 2 OCT 7 OCT 6 OCT
NEW SOUTH WALES
BANK HOLIDAY 7 AUG 5 AUG 4 AUG
NORTHERN TERRITORY
MAY DAY 1 MAY 6 MAY 5 MAY
PICNIC DAY 7 AUG 5 AUG 4 AUG
CHRISTMAS EVE (7PM -12AM) 24 DEC 24 DEC 24 DEC
NEW YEAR'S EVE (7PM-12AM) 31 DEC 31 DEC 31 DEC
QUEENSLAND
LABOUR DAY 1 MAY 6 MAY 5 MAY
ROYAL QUEENSLAND SHOW 16 AUG 14 AUG 13 AUG
KINGS BIRTHDAY 2 OCT 7 OCT 6 OCT
SOUTH AUSTRALIA
ADELAIDE CUP DAY 13 MAR 11 MAR 10 MAR
CHRISMAS EVE (7PM-12AM) 24 DEC 24 DEC 24 DEC
NEW YEAR'S EVE (7PM-12AM) 31 DEC 31 DEC 31 DEC
TASMANIA
ROYAL HOBART REGATTA 13 FEB 12 FEB 10 FEB
LAUNCESTON CUP 22 FEB 28 FEB 26 FEB
EIGHT HOURS DAY 13 MAR 11 MAR 10 MAR
EASTER TUESDAY 11 APR 2 APR 22 APR
LAUNCESTON SHOW 12 OCT 10 OCT 9 OCT
HOBART SHOW 26 OCT 24 OCT 23 OCT
RECREATION DAY (NORTHERN) 6 NOV 4 NOV 3 NOV
VICTORIA
LABOUR DAY 13 MAR 11 MAR 10 MAR
GRAND FINAL EVE DAY TBA TBA TBA
MELBOURNE CUP DAY 7 NOV 5 NOV 4 NOV
WESTERN AUSTRALIA
LABOUR DAY 6 MAR 4 MAR 3 MAR
WESTERN AUSTRALIA DAY 5 JUN 3 JUN 2 JUN
KINGS BIRTHDAY 25 SEP 23 SEP 29 SEP

NOTES

NOTES

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2023 RLB Rider Digest - Melbourne

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RIDERS

While the information in this publication is believed to

© Rider Levett Bucknall 2022

Location : 60 Martin Place, Sydney, NSW 2000

Lindy Lee’s masterpieces ‘Vault of Heaven’ and ‘Seeds

Rider Levett Bucknall | Award for Best Public Art Project 3

RLB PROFESSIONAL SERVICES

4 Rider Levett Bucknall | Riders Digest 2023

Rider Levett Bucknall | Riders Digest 2023 5

“CONFIDENCE TODAY INSPIRES TOMORROW”

“CREATING A BETTER TOMORROW”

6 Rider Levett Bucknall | Riders Digest 2023

Cost Management and

Sustainability & Carbon 16

The secret to every project’s commercial success,

Financial Institution Auditing

8 Rider Levett Bucknall | Riders Digest 2023

Tendering and Documentation

Value Engineering & Value Management

Rider Levett Bucknall | Riders Digest 2023 9

The old cliché is true: time is money. That’s why clients

Post Contract Audit

10 Rider Levett Bucknall | Riders Digest 2023

Rider Levett Bucknall | Riders Digest 2023 11

RLB’s skilled professionals utilise their construction

12 Rider Levett Bucknall | Riders Digest 2023

We are driven to ensure our clients’ assets operate at

Rider Levett Bucknall | Riders Digest 2023 13

Risk Mitigation and Due Diligence

14 Rider Levett Bucknall | Riders Digest 2023

Rider Levett Bucknall | Riders Digest 2023 15

RLB’s sustainability consultancy service covers all cost

Building for our Future

Sustainability Consultancy Services

16 Rider Levett Bucknall | Riders Digest 2023

Our Carbon Estimating Process

OUR CARBON ESTIMATING PROCESS

Rider Levett Bucknall | Riders Digest 2023 17

BIG NEST IN SYDNEY

Location : The Mark, Central Park,

Artists from Asia are under-represented in Sydney’s public

18 Rider Levett Bucknall | Award for Best Public Art Project

Building Cost Ranges 20

RLB Escalation Forecasts 24

20 Rider Levett Bucknall | Riders Digest 2023

2,155 3,230 1,615 2,585 1,990 3,390

10,300 15,650 9,000 14,100 4,900 10,100

1,540 2,200 1,000 1,540 1,160 1,860

4,300 6,700 NP NP 4,700 6,900

1,820 3,300 1,440 2,050 2,600 3,950

Rider Levett Bucknall | Riders Digest 2023 21

All costs are stated in local currency as shown below.

22 Rider Levett Bucknall | Riders Digest 2023

915 1,505 1,075 1,720 1,185 2,045

2,750 3,750 4,600 7,900 5,250 6,700

430 650 800 1,240 460 820

1,900 3,700 3,000 4,700 1,600 2,800

760 1,080 1,500 2,200 720 1,220