METHODOLOGY

METHODOLOGY
The field project aimed to address the flood-prone area situated near to an Automotive
facility, utilizing the System D method as the framework for assessment and data collection. The
chosen location, strategically positioned along the road, was mapped for specificity and relevance to
the study's objectives. Field workers meticulously established six distinct points or markings across
the designated area. These points were strategically spaced apart to comprehensively cover the
entirety of the flood-prone zone. The arrangement of these points formed a closed shape,
encompassing the targeted area effectively. Small number of Tapeman were deployed to accurately
measure the distances between each of the established points. This meticulous approach ensured
that the spatial data obtained was comprehensive and detailed, contributing to a thorough
understanding of the area's dimensions and layout.
Simultaneously, a group of proficient surveyors assembled and utilized transits—an essential

instrument in surveying—to obtain comprehensive data. By employing transits in conjunction with
compass, the surveyors recorded both forward and back magnetic bearings. Using data recorded,
latitudes and departures were computed, thus has been adjusted. In line with that, both magnetic
bearings and distances were also adjusted. These adjustments were aimed at achieving a more
accurate representation of the spatial layout and dimensions of the flood-prone area.
Profile Levelling determines the heights of ground sites along a road or prospective
roadway’s centerline at specified, short, measurable intervals (La Putt, 1987). Field workers use this
type of levelling method to find out the elevations of the various points within the area. In this
particular field project, two Benchmarks (BM1 and BM2) were established and marked at sufficient
distances from each other. These benchmarks served as reference points of known elevation against
which all other elevation measurements would be compared and calculated. Additionally, a Turning
Point (TP1) was designated to facilitate the measurement of vertical distances or elevations across
the area of interest. The points within the area were arranged in a grid-like pattern, maintaining a
consistent separation of 3 meters between each point. This organized layout formed the basis for an
efficient and structured data collection process.
In the context of the field project, assuming that the grid-like arrangement of points formed
a closed polygon, the latitude and departure values from the recorded measurements would be
utilized. By employing the Double Meridian Distance method, the adjusted latitude values are
multiplied by their respective DMD, obtaining a set of partial areas for each segment or side of the
polygon. The sum of these partial areas, when halved, provides the total area enclosed by the
polygon formed by the surveyed points. This method allows for the calculation of the area within the
closed shape, based on the recorded latitude and departure values, enabling a precise determination
of the surveyed area's size and dimensions.
Another method, the Double Parallel Distance (DPD) method, was used also to validate the
computed area. DPD method used combined with adjusted latitudes and departures, provides a
refined approach for calculating the area of irregularly shaped plots or regions with increased
accuracy. This method involves establishing two parallel lines at a fixed distance from each other
within the surveyed area and utilizing adjusted latitudes and departures for computation.
To obtain the necessary elevation data, field workers recorded foresights, backsights, and
intermediate foresights at each point. Foresights refer to the sights taken on a point of unknown
elevation from a point of known elevation, while backsights are sights taken on a point of known
elevation from a point of unknown elevation. Intermediate foresights denote additional sights taken
on subsequent points to establish a continuous profile of elevations along the designated path.
Intermediate foresights serve as pivotal data points in determining which specific points share
identical elevations, thereby facilitating the creation of contour maps that accurately represent the
topographical features and variations within the surveyed area.
A detailed contour map emerged. This map not only delineates the flood-prone zone but
also vividly captures the varying elevations within the surveyed area. The contour map, forged from
the meticulous data collection and analysis, stands as an invaluable tool for decision-makers, offering
a visual representation of elevation changes and aiding in devising targeted interventions and
infrastructural planning to safeguard against potential flooding in the delineated area. The synthesis
of these methodologies culminates in a robust foundation for informed decision-making and
proactive measures to manage and mitigate flood risks within the identified zone.

METHODOLOGY

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METHODOLOGY

Simultaneously, a group of proficient surveyors assembled and utilized transits—an essential

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