DAILY REPORT - 02

TOPIC – TOPOGRAPHIC & HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY, GPS

 NAME – SHAHID NIAZ APU

 ID- 200051258
 DATE OF SUBMISSION – 07 JUNE, 2024
 ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY,GAZIPUR,DHAKA,
BANGLADESH
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGES CONTENTS
3 Abstruct, Catagories & Steps of Surveying, Topographic
Survey
4-7 Equipment of Topographic Survey
8-10 Steps of Topographic Survey
10 Hydrographic Survey, Objectives and its Key Components
11-14 Equipment of Hydrographic Survey
14-15 GPS, How GPS is used in Surveying
15 Methods utilized by Surveyors using GPS
ABSTRUCT
Surveying is the process of measuring the relative positions of objects near the earth’s surface. It involves making
distance and angular measurements. Surveyors use these measurements to calculate the position of objects in
three-dimensional space relative to a known point. In addition to using survey instruments, surveyors must be
skilled at mathematical calculations. Additionally, surveying often involves constructing maps, cross-sections,
diagrams and profiles to record the relevant data.

CATAGORIES OF SURVEYING

 Geodetic Surveying:
Surveys are carried out on a large scale with the help of control networks spanning over long distances.
 Cadastral Surveying:
Surveys are carried out to define land ownership and boundaries.
 Topographical Surveying:
Surveys are carried out to determine land structure along with variation in land heights.
 As Built Surveying:
Surveys are carried out after completion of a construction project to check variance from proposed
design.
 Photogrammetry (Aerial Surveying):
Surveys are carried out by taking photographs from elevated ground stations.
 LiDAR (Aerial Surveying):
Surveys are carried out using remote sensors and light reflected by lasers to measure distances.

STEPS OF SURVEYING

I. Planning
II. Cost estimation
III. Problem Solving
IV. Report writing

PLANNING
Planning a survey involves six steps: Set objectives, define the target audience, select the distribution method,
organize external data, draft the survey, and then test.
COST ESTIMATION
The process of Cost Estimation starts with identifying a list of components followed by quantity take-off, rate
analysis, overheads, risks & Contingencies, Profit etc. (based on the type of work).
PROBLEM SOLVING
During surveying, surveyor faces many problems including environmental, analytical, economical etc. which is
required to be solved within budget and estimated time.
REPORT WRITING
At the end of a survey, a report is to be provided which includes all kinds of foreseen and unforeseen events.

TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYING
A topographic survey, also referred to as a land, terrain or topo survey, is a type of survey that maps the
boundaries, features, and levels of a site. Topographic surveys are a key component of the design process for a site
and should be completed prior to detailed design work.
As well as professionals, such as architects, civil engineers, and planners, using topographic surveys to make
informed decisions on design and project management, topographic surveys are also used as a legal document to
define boundaries of a property.

EQUIPMENT USED FOR TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYING

1. TOTAL STATION

TRIMBLE S7 TOPCON GM-105

A total station or total station theodolite is an electronic/optical instrument used for surveying and building
construction. It is an electronic transit theodolite integrated with electronic distance measurement (EDM) to
measure both vertical and horizontal angles and the slope distance from the instrument to a particular point, and
an on-board computer to collect data and perform triangulation calculations.
Total station passes laser to a prism and measuring the time it takes for the beam to be reflected back which is
used to calculate distance to the target.

2. LASER SCANNER

Each data point is converted to a pixel with a known x, y, and z coordinate. Laser scans are taken in
multiple positions around a site from varying viewpoints. Millions of data points are captured and
processed into a point cloud, creating an accurate 3D as built data set of the site
3. LiDAR
 4. DRONE

Drones used for surveying are equipped with onboard cameras that take photos of the ground from different
points in the air. Images are tagged with geo-coordinates that are captured by a GNSS sensor on the drone
indicating exactly where that image is located in space.

5. RTK GPS
 By using a local base station in addition to satellite signals, the system can correct for any errors that may be
present in the GPS data. This is achieved by comparing the GPS data received by the base station and the GPS data
received by the mobile unit.

6. LEVEL MACHINE

The complete unit is normally mounted on a tripod, and the telescope can freely rotate 360° in a horizontal plane.
The surveyor adjusts the instrument's level by coarse adjustment of the tripod legs and fine adjustment using
three precision leveling screws on the instrument to make the rotational plane horizontal. It is primarily used to
determine the relative height of various points on, above, and below the ground's surface. It is an instrument of
calculating the difference in elevations or levels between two points on the earth's surface.
STEPS OF TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY
 Fix Bench Mark or Reference
Mean Sea level is fixed as the reference or datum in topographic surveying. Mean sea level is the average
sea level which is found by accumulating historical data over 18.6 years. Another reference can be
considered which is meter PWD. It is 0.46m below from the MSL.
If reference conversion is required, then an empirical equation can be used to convert the MSL into meter
PWD which is –
Meter PWD = MSL + 0.46

To find MSL of any place, we have to go to the website of Survey of Bangladesh (SoB) which is under the
Ministry of Defense. SoB has provided SoB pillar & GPS pillar in specific places of Bangladesh. SoB pillar
provides known x, y, z and GPS pillar provides latitude and longitude along with x, y, z coordinate.

1. Find out the nearest place from survey place where GPS pillar exists. This can be done by buying and
downloading the information from geodetic_control_point.kml of SoB website.
2. Search the location of GPS pillar in Google earth and if the location is not in the survey area, then
Temporary Bench Mark is to be established in survey area.
3. Since x, y, z values are unknown in TBM, using known x, y, z values of GPS pillar , we have to know the
unknown values of TBM. This can be done using BM Fly method, level machine and RTK GPS.

BM Fly Method
Fly leveling is just like differential leveling carried out to check the accuracy of leveling work. It is a
very approximate form of leveling in which sights are taken as large as possible. in this method, a line
of levels is run to determine approximately reduced levels of the points carried out with more rapidly
and less precision.
The main purpose of this type of leveling is to check the values of the reduced levels of the bench
marks already fixed. In this method only back sight and foresight are taken. There is no need of
intermediate sights. However great care has to be taken for selecting the change points (Turning
Points) and for taking reading on the change points because the accuracy of leveling depends upon
these
So, using BM fly method, z values are now known in every TBM. To find out x & y values , RTK GPS is required. At
first, it is to be placed at the base station to get the data at rover station. From RTK GPS, we will accept only x & y
values , not z because of its inaccuracy to measure z value.
Inaccuracy range of RTK GPS –
 Autonomous - 0-5m
 DGPS- 0-1m
 RTK Float- 0-20cm
 RTK Fixed- 0-2cm

 Select grids and find x, y, z values of every intersections of survey area

10m

10m

The values can be found using –

1. Total Station
2. RTK GPS
3. Photogrammetry ( Drone)
4. Level Machine
5. Laser scanner

 If drone is used to capture images , then 60-70% overlapping will be occurred among images. To process
the images Fix40, Terrasolid etc. softwares are used. After processing, software will provide orthophoto of
whole field. This is a quick survey process (2-3days).
 Laser scanner will give data by rotating .
If budget is high and time is short then Photo grammetry or LiDAR can be used to survey. If the budget is low and
time is long, then total station method can be used. If inaccessible are exists, manually total station method would
be used.

HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING
A hydrographic survey is the science of measurement and description of features which affect maritime navigation,
marine construction, dredging, offshore oil exploration/drilling, and related activities. Here are the detailed
aspects involved in a hydrographic survey:

OBJECTIVES

 Nautical Charting: To produce charts for safe navigation.

 Maritime Boundary Delineation: To define territorial waters and exclusive economic zones (EEZs).
 Marine Resource Management: To support fisheries, marine conservation, and coastal management.
 Infrastructure Development: To facilitate port and harbor construction, dredging activities, and the
installation of pipelines and cables.
 Scientific Research: To study seabed morphology, sediment transport, and underwater geology.

KEY COMPONENTS

 Bathymetry: Measuring the depth of water bodies and mapping the underwater topography.
 Tides and Currents: Recording and analyzing tidal patterns and currents to understand water movement.
 Seabed Composition: Determining the type of materials (e.g., sand, rock, mud) that make up the seabed.
 Sub-bottom Profiling: Investigating the layers of sediment and rock beneath the seabed.
 Obstruction Detection: Identifying objects or features that may pose a hazard to navigation or
construction.
EQUIPMENTS

Eco sounder

Multibeam echo sounders (MBES), like other sonar systems, transmit sound energy and analyze the return signal
(echo) that has bounced off the seafloor or other objects. Multibeam sonars emit sound waves from directly
beneath a ship's hull to produce fan-shaped coverage of the seafloor. These systems measure and record the time
for the acoustic signal to travel from the transmitter (transducer) to the seafloor (or object) and back to the
receiver. Multibeam sonars produce a “swath” of soundings (i.e., depths) to ensure full coverage of an area. The
coverage area on the seafloor is dependent on the depth of the water, typically two to four times the water depth.
Many MBES systems are capable of recording acoustic backscatter data. Multibeam backscatter is intensity data
that can be processed to create low resolution imagery. Backscatter is co-registered with the bathymetry data and
is often used to assist with bathymetric data interpretation and post-processing.
NOAA hydrographic survey units use mutlibeam echo sounder systems to acquire full- and partial- bottom
bathymetric coverage throughout a survey area, to determine least depths over critical items such as wrecks,
obstructions, and dangers-to-navigation, and for general object detection. NOAA field units use various models of
swath-type multibeam systems both hull and pole mounted for hydrographic survey operations. Mutlibeam echo
sounder systems employed must meet specifications outlined in the NOS Hydrographic Surveys Specifications and
Deliverables.

Side Scan Sonars

Side scan sonar is a specialized sonar system for searching and detecting objects on the seafloor. Like other sonars,
a side scan transmits sound energy and analyzes the return signal (echo) that bounced off the seafloor or other
objects. Side scan sonar typically consists of three basic components: a towfish, a transmission cable and the
topside processing unit. In a side scan the transmitted energy is formed into the shape of a fan that sweeps the
seafloor from directly under the towfish to either side, typically to a distance of 100 meters.
The strength of the return echo is continuously recorded creating a "picture" of the ocean bottom. For example,
objects or features that protrude from the seafloor create a strong return (creating a light area) and shadows from
these objects create little or no return signal (creating a dark area). While the shape of the seafloor and objects on
it can be well-depicted, most side scan systems cannot provide any depth information.
NOAA hydrographic survey units use side scan sonar systems for both object detection and object recognition. Side
scan sonar is typically used in conjunction with a single beam or multibeam sonar system to meet full bottom
coverage specifications for Coast Survey surveys. NOAA field units use various models of side scan sonar in both
hull mounted and towed configurations for hydrographic survey operations. Any side scan sonar system employed
must meet the specifications outlined in the NOS Hydrographic Surveys Specifications and Deliverables.

LiDAR
LiDAR (light detection and ranging) technology measures elevation or depth by analyzing the reflection of pulses of
laser light off an object. Lidar survey systems are typically aircraft mounted and provide seamless, contiguous
coverage between land and sea.
Bathymetric lidar is used to determine water depth by measuring the time delay between the transmission of a
pulse and its return signal. Systems use laser pulses received at two frequencies: a lower frequency infrared pulse
is reflected off the sea surface, while a higher frequency green laser penetrates through the water column and
reflects off the bottom. Analyses of these two distinct pulses are used to establish water depths and shoreline
elevations. With good water clarity, these systems can reach depths of 50 meters.
Bathymetric lidar is also used to acquire data in areas with complex and rugged shorelines where surface vessels
cannot operate efficiently or safely because of rocks, kelp or breaking surf. Some examples of these areas include
Alaska, the North Atlantic Coast and the Caribbean.

Laser Scanners

Using a similar technology as bathymetric lidar, many NOAA field units have installed topographic lasers on their
survey launches to measure and locate features such as rocks, islets, and small islands. The laser head produces
sixteen laser beams, which reflect off the target object and are received back by the laser head. The computer then
uses that data along with precise positioning and attitude (roll, pitch, and yaw) data, to determine the height and
location of the object. Unlike airborne lidar units that obtain shallow water bathymetry, the ships' laser cannot
penetrate the water.

Sound Speed Profilers

Collecting bathymetry with sonars in the marine environment means measuring the path and travel distance of
sound from the transmit point, to the seabed, and back again to the receive point. Refraction occurs when the
speed of a wave changes due to a change in medium in which the wave is traveling through. Waves traveling
through media of different density cause refraction. The density of water is affected by the salinity, temperature,
and depth of the water. To measure the density of water the Coast Survey utilizes different types of sound velocity
profilers.
The conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) unit contains several integrated sensors that allow the user to
sample many density profiles and transfer them to a computer. The CTD has a pressure sensor to measure depth
and a small impeller to actively siphon water across the temperature-reading thermistor and the conductivity-
measuring circuit. By measuring conductivity, pressure, and temperature, simultaneously, the CTD can calculate
the sound speed in water using the Chen-Millero equation. The rigid cage around the CTD ensures that the vital
cables and sensors are kept a safe distance away from potential damage. Hydrographers should only use the CTD
unit when the survey platform is stationary. A moving vessel profiler (MVP) can deploy at survey speed, and travel
the entire water column. The MVP system is a self-contained profiling system capable of sampling water column
profiles to 200m depth from a vessel moving at up to 12 knots, and deeper depths at slower speeds.
The MVP is completely autonomous and can be controlled by computer without the requirement for personnel on
deck. The benefits to deploying a sound speed profiler at speed is significant, especially with the fleet ships.
Stopping and remaining on station for periodic sound speed profiles can mean a significant drop in efficiency given
how long it can take to stop and then resume survey operations.

GPS for Survey

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is the basis for nearly all position measurement in NOAA hydrography. In
addition to providing location information for survey ships and launches, accurate positioning is required for
several other elements of coastal hydrography.
Fixed Aids to Navigation (ATONs) are occasionally found to be out of their published positions. The location of
these ATONS must be accurately measured for charting. NOAA utilizes static GPS survey methods to position
critical Aids to sub-meter level accuracy.
NOAA utilizes USCG-maintained differential GPS beacons to improve the accuracy of position measurements.
However, in some remote areas far from permanent differential beacons or where local topography blocks the
beacon's signal, NOAA establishes its own temporary DGPS station to broadcast correctors to the survey launches.
Nearshore features such as pilings and piers must be portrayed accurately on nautical charts. While remote
sensing methods such as aerial photogrammetry are usually the most efficient means of positioning these items,
Rainier often locates new features which do not appear in the latest remote sensing data. In these cases,
hydrographers use portable backpack DGPS receivers to define the position, extents, and attributes of these items.
NOAA is also working to establish the relationship between local water level datums such as Mean Lower Low
Water, and Ellipsoidal Height produced by GPS. To assist in this effort, NOAA uses dual frequency static GPS
methods to measure the ellipsoidal height of water level (tide) stations to centimeter level accuracy.

Measuring Water Levels

Depths on NOAA nautical charts of tidal waters are relative to the local Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) datum.
Determining this datum and accurate water level correctors for hydrography requires a network of water level
measurement stations. In remote areas, NOAA hydrographic field parties establish temporary land-based tide
gauges, or tertiary control stations, to complement the permanent National Water Level Observation Network
(NWLON) tide stations maintained by NOAA's Center for Operational and Oceanographic Products and Services
(CO-OPS).
The tide gauge set-up consists of a computer housed inside a weather-proof case, batteries and a solar panel, a
nitrogen tank connected to an orifice on the seafloor, a graduated staff, and components for a satellite uplink. The
gas-purged pressure gauge has a sensor to measure the water level above the orifice. In addition, a set of tidal
benchmarks are installed around the gauge site so that the water level data collected by the gauge can be reduced
to the tidal datum used for NOAA's hydrographic survey operations. When the elevation of the primary benchmark
relative to the orifice is known, the tertiary station data can then be reduced to tidal datum and compared to a
NWLON station.
The orifice must be attached to a plate, which is then weighted to the bottom with dive weights, chain, or rock.
Nitrogen tanks on land are employed to feed gas to the orifice on the sea floor.
The benchmarks are leveled to a graduated staff that is also semi-permanently installed at sea level, on which
water level observations are taken periodically during the station occupation. Leveling is conducted with a
collimated optical instrument set on an undisturbed tripod, which allows the operator to read the level rod to the
nearest millimeter.

GPS

GPS stands for Global Positioning System. It is a highly accurate navigation system using signals from satellites to
determine a location on the Earth’s surface, irrespective of weather conditions.
It is dependent on satellites high above the Earth which transmit signals containing the time and location of the
satellite. Any ground-based receiver which receives signals from four or more GPS satellites can use navigation
equations to calculate its location on the Earth’s surface. Constant signaling can then update speed and direction
information for moving receivers.
GPS was originally developed for military use but since the 1990s has been open for civilian use and is now used in
such common applications as mobile phones, car navigation systems, and of course surveying and mapping.

HOW IS GPS USED IN SURVEYING?

Surveying and mapping was one of the first commercial adaptations of GPS, as it provides a latitude and longitude
position directly without the need to measure angles and distances between points.
However, it hasn’t entirely replaced surveying field instruments such as the theodolite, Electronic Distance Meter,
or the more modern Total Station, due to the cost of the technology and the need for GPS to be able to ‘see’ the
satellites therefore restricting its use near trees and tall buildings.
In practice, GPS technology is often incorporated into a Total Station to produce complete survey data. Receivers
used for base line measurements are generally more complex and expensive than those in common use, requiring
a high quality antenna.

METHODS UTILISED BY SURVEYORS

There are three methods of GPS measurement utilised by surveyors.

1. STATIC GPS BASELINE

This is used for determining accurate coordinates for survey points by simultaneously recording GPS observations
over a known and unknown survey point for at least 20 minutes. The data is then processed in the office to provide
coordinates with an accuracy of better than 5mm depending on the duration of the observations and satellite
availability at the time of the measurements
.
2. REAL TIME KINEMATIC (RTK) OBSERVATIONS
This is where one receiver remains in one position over a known point – the Base Station – and another receiver
moves between positions – the Rover Station. The position of the Rover can be computed and stored within a few
seconds, using a radio link to provide a coordinate correction. This method gives similar accuracy to baseline
measurements within 10km of the base station.

3. CONTINUOUSLY OPERATING REFERENCE STATIONS (CORS)

This where a survey quality GPS receiver is permanently installed in a location as a starting point for any GPS
measurements in the district. Common users of CORS are mining sites, major engineering projects and local
governments. Surveyors’ GPS receivers can then collect field data and combine it with the CORS data to calculate
positions.
Many countries have a CORS network that are used by many industries. Australia’s CORS network is the Australian
Regional GPS Network, and uses an online processing system to deliver data over the internet within 24 hours, and
give positions within an accuracy of a few centimetres. Local CORS networks are also used to provide instant
positions similar to the RTK method by using a mobile phone data link to provide a coordinate correction to the
surveyor and their rover.