Sol.

Given, [ x− y 2x+z
][
2 x− y 3 z+ w
=
−1 5
0 13 ]
Here, both matrices are equal, so we equate the corresponding elements

Now, x− y=−1
2 x + z=¿2 x− y =0
3 z +w=13

On solving Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get

x=1 and y=2

On putting the value of x in Eq. (ii), we get

¿ 2 ×1+ z ¿ 5
z ¿=5−2=3 ¿
⇒ ¿

On putting the value of z in Eq. (iv), we get

3 ×3+ w=13⇒ w=13−9=4

Hence, x=1 , y=2 , z=3 and w=4.

Topic Practice 1
1 Akash, Rashmi and Swati buy magazine and newspaper each week. The tables below
show their purchase in three consecutive weeks.

Week 1

Magazine Newspaper

Akash 3 1

Rashmi 2 3

Swati 4 4

Week 2

Magazine Newspaper

Akash 1 2
 Rashmi 4 1

Swati 0 1

Week 3

Magazine Newspaper

Akash 4 2

Rashmi 1 0

Swati 1 1

Represent this information in a matrix having 3 rows and 2 columns.

2 Write the order of each of the following matrices.

(i) [ 14 2 3
5 −1]
(ii) [−1]
(iii) [ 1 −3 0

1/2 ¿(iv) [ ]
0 0
0 0

[ ]
5 0
(v) 2 −2
−7 4

[ ]
−3 7 15 0
(vi) 0 0 3 3
1 1 6 7
(vii) [
−7 6 4
0 −5 1 ]
3 Write the number of all possible matrices of order 2 ×2 with each entry 1,2 or 3 .

[All India 2016]

4 If a matrix has 14 elements, then what are the possible orders it can have? What if it
has 17 elements?

[NCERT Exemplar]

Directions (Q. Nos. 5-9) Construct the matrix according to given data in questions.
5 Write the element a 23 of a 3 ×3 matrix A=[ aij ], whose elements a ij are given by
a ij=¿i− j∨ ¿ ¿ .
2

[Delhi 2015]

1
6 The elements a ij of a 3 ×3 matrix are given by a ij= ∨−3 i+ j∨¿. Write the value of
2
element a 32.

[All India 2014C]

7 Construct a matrix of order 2 ×2, whose elements are given by a ij=¿ ¿.

1
8 Construct a 3 × 4 matrix, whose elements are given by a ij= ∨−3 i+ j∨¿.
2

[NCERT]
ix
9 Construct a 3 ×2 matrix, whose elements are given by a ij=e sin ⁡jx .

[NCERT Exemplar]

10 If matrix A=[ aij ] 2 ×2, where a ij= {20 ,, i≠ j

i= j
, then write the matrix A .

[Delhi 2016C]

11 Find the unknowns in these matrix equations:

(i) [ 23 41 −1k ]=[ 23 4 −1

1 6 ]
(ii) [ 27 5k ]=[ 27 k5 ]
2

[ ][ ]
2 1 2 k
(iii) 3 7 = 3 7
2
1 k 1 k

Directions (Q. Nos. 12-15) Find the

values.
12 If [ z+xy6 4
x+ y ][ ]
=
8 w
0 6
, then write the value of (x + y + z).
[Delhi 2014C]

13 If [ a+8 4 −63 b ]=[ 2 a+2

8
b+ 2
a−8 b ]
, then write the value of a−2 b.

[Foreign 2014]

14 If [ 2xx−− yy wz ]=[−10 54] , then find the value of x + y .

[All India 2014]

15 Find the values of a , b , c and d from the equation

[ 52c−d
a+b a−2b
][
4 c +3 d
=
4 −3
11 24 ]
[NCERT]
Directions (Q. Nos. 16-17) Find the values of x , y and z ,

[ ][]
x+ y+z 9
16 x+ z = 5
y+z 7

[ ][ ]
−2 x + y −3
17 x+ y+ z = 3
x+ y 3

[NCERT]

Directions (Q. Nos. 18-19) Find the values of x and y ,

18
[ 2 x+1
0
2
3y
y −5 y
=
][
x+ 3
0
y 2 +2
−6 ]
19
[ x +5 y xyz ]=[ 65 28]
20 Find the values of a , b , c and d , if

[ ][]
a+b +c +d 4
a+c−d 1
=
b−c +d 1
a+ d 2

6. Similar as Question 5. [ Ans.

7
2 ]
 [ ]
1 9
7. Similar as Example 6. [ Ans. 2 2
0 2

8. Let A be a 3 × 4 matrix.

Week 2
Magazine Newspaper

Akash
Rashmi

Swáti & 2

4&1

0&1
\end{tabular}¿

Week 3
Magazine Newspaper

Akash
Rashmi

Swati & 2

1&0

1&1
\end{tabular}¿

2. Similar as Example 2.
[Ans. (i) 2 ×3 (ii) 1 ×1 (iii) 1 ×4 (iv) 2 ×2 (v) 3 ×2 (vi) 3 × 4 (vii) 2 ×3 ]

3. We know that a matrix of order 2 ×2 has 4 entries. Since, each entry has 3
choices, namely 1,2 or 3 , therefore number of required matrices
4
¿ 3 ×3 ×3 × 3=3 =81

4. Similar as Example 4 .
[Ans. 1 ×14 , 14 × 1, 2 ×7 , 7 ×2 ; 1× 17 , 17 ×1 ¿

¿
5. Given, a ij=¿i− j∨ ¿
2
 1
∴ a23=¿ 2−3∨ ¿ =¿−1∨ ¿ = [ put i=2 and j=3 ]¿ ¿
2 2 2

[ ]
a11 a12 a13 a14
Then, A= a21 a22 a23 a24
a31 a32 a33 a34 3× 4

1 1 1 1
Here, aij = ∨−3 i+ j∨¿ ∴ a11 = ∨−3+1∨¿ 1 , a12= ∨−3+2∨¿ ,
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
a 13= ∨−3+ 3∨¿ 0 , a14 = ∨−3+ 4∨¿ ,
2 2 2
1 5 1
a21= ∨−6+1∨¿ , a22= ∨−6+2∨¿ 2,
2 2 2
1 3 1
a23= ∨−6+ 3∨¿ , a 24= ∨−6+ 4∨¿1 ,
2 2 2
1 1 7
a31= ∨−9+1∨¿ 4 , a32= ∨−9+2∨¿ ,
2 2 2
1 1 5
a33= ∨−9+3∨¿ 3 and a 34= ∨−9+4∨¿
2 2 2

On putting the values in Eq. (i), we get the required matrix, i.e.

[ ]
1 1/2 0 1/2
A= 5/2 2 3 /2 1
4 7 /2 3 5/2 3×4

[ ]
x x
e sin ⁡x e sin ⁡2 x
9. Similar as Question 8. [ Ans. e 2 x sin ⁡x e 2 x sin ⁡2 x
e 3 x sin ⁡x e 3 x sin ⁡2 x

10. Clearly, A=
[ a 11 a12
a 21 a22 ]
Now, a 11=0 , a 12=2, a 21=2 and a 22=0

[ {0 , for i= j ]
∵ aij = 2 , for i≠ j

∴ A= 0 2 [2 0 ]
11. (i) k =6
(ii) k =0 or 1

(iii) k =1
 12. Given, [ xy 4
][ ]
z+ 6 x + y
=
8 w
0 6
On comparing the corresponding elements, we get

xy ¿ 8 , 4=w
z +6 ¿0
z ¿−6

and x + y=6

Clearly, x + y + z=6+(−6)¿ and z=−6 ¿

¿0

13. Similar as Example 9. [Ans. 0]

14. Similar as Example 9. [Ans. x + y=3 ]

15. Similar as Example 9.

[Ans. a=1 , b=2 , c=3 and d=4 ]

16. Here, two matrices are equal. Therefore, equating the corresponding elements of
two matrices, we get
x + y + z=9
x+ z =5
y + z=7

and

On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

y=9−5=4

On putting y=4 in Eq. (iii), we get

4 + z=7 ⇒ z =7−4=3

On putting z=3 in Eq. (ii), we get

x +3=5 ⇒ x=5−3=2

Hence, x=2 , y=4 and z=3 .

17. Similar as Question 16. [Ans. x=2 , y=1 and z=0 ]

18. Consider, A=B , then we get

 [ 2 x+1
0
2
3y
y −5 y
=
][
x+ 3
0
y 2 +2
−6 ]
⇒ 2 x +1=x +3
2
3 y= y +2
and y 2 −5 y=−6

¿ corresponding elements of two equal matrices are equal]

Now, from Eq. (i), we get

2 x+1=x+ 3⇒ 2 x−x =3−1 ⇒ x=2

Now, from Eq. (ii), we get

2
y −3 y +2=0 ( y −1)( y −2)=0 ¿ ⇒ ¿ y=1 or y=2 ¿
¿
Now, from Eq. (iii), we get
2
y −5 y +6=0 ¿( y−2)( y−3)=0 ¿ ⇒ ¿ ¿ y =2 or y=3 ¿
¿
Hence, x=2 and y=2¿ and y=2, 3 ⇒ y=2¿

19. Hint Use the identity ¿.

[Ans. x=4 , y=2 or x=2 , y=4 ]

20. Similar as Question 16. [Ans. a=1 , b=1 , c=1 and d=1 ]

Addition and Scalar Multiplication of

Matrices
Here, we will discuss certain operations on matrices namely, addition of matrices,
multiplication of a matrix by a scalar and difference of matrices.

Addition of Matrices
Two or more matrix can be added only if they have same order. The addition of matrix of
two or more matrix is simply the matrix obtained by adding the corresponding elements
of different matrix.

e.g. A= [ 20 −13 ] , B=[−46 91] , then A+ B= [ 2+6 3+9

=
][
8 12
0+(−4 ) −1+1 −4 0 ]
In general, let A=[ aij ] and B=[ b ij ] be the two matrices of the same order, say m ×n.
Then, the sum of two matrices A and B is defined as a. matrix C=[ c ij ] m ×n, where
c ij =a ij +b ij for all possible values of i and j .

Note If A and B are not of the same order, then A+ B is not defined.

EXAMPLE 1. If A= [ 32 14 ] and B= [ 31 4 5
3 2 ]
, then find
A+ B.

Sol. Given, matrices are A= [ 32 14 ] and B= [ 31 4 5

3 2
. ]
Then, A and B are matrices of order 2 ×2 and 2 ×3 respectively.

So, A and B are not comparable.

Hence, A+ B is not defined.

EXAMPLE 2. Find the sum of two matrices A and B, if

A= 1
3[ 2 ]
√2 and B= 3 − √2
[ 4 1 ]
Sol. Given, matrices are A=
1
[ 3
√2
2 ] and B= [ 3 −√ 2
4 1 ]
Here, we see that both matrices are of same order, therefore sum of A and B is defined.

Now, A+ B=
1
[ 3 2 ][
√ 2 + 3 −√ 2
4 1 ]
[ √
¿ 1+3
3+ 4 2+1 ][
2−√ 2 ∵ adding corresponding
elements of A and B ]
¿
[ ]
4 0
7 3

Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar

When a matrix is multiplied by a scalar (a number) then it is called scalar multiplication
of matrix. Here, each element of matrix is multiplied by the given scalar.

e.g. If A=[−17 183 ] and k =3

Then, kA=3 A=3 [ 7 18
−1 3
=
][
3 ×7 3 × 18
3×(−1) 3 × 3 ]
¿
[−321 549 ]
In general, let A=[ aij ] m ×n be a matrix and k be a scalar, then kA is a another matrix
which is obtained by multiplying each element of A by the scalar k .

Thus, kA=k [ aij ] m ×n= [ k ( aij ) ] m× n

i.e. (i , j) th element of kA is k a ij for all possible values of i and j .

[ ] [ ]
1 0 0 2 0 0
EXAMPLE 3. If A= 0 −1 0 and B= 0 3 0 , then
0 0 2 0 0 −1

find 3 A + 4 B

[ ] [ ]
1 0 0 2 0 0
Sol. We have, A= 0 −1 0 and B= 0 3 0
0 0 2 0 0 −1

[ ][ ]
1 0 0 2 0 0
3 A +4 B ¿ 3 0 −1 0 + 4 0 3 0
0 0 2 0 0 −1

[ ]
Now, 3+ 8 0 0
¿ ¿ 0 −3+ 12 0
0 0 6−4
¿ ¿

then find the value of A .

[All India 2020]

Sol. We have, A+ B= [ 11 01 ]
 ⇒ B=
1 0
1 1[ ]
−A

[ ]
∵ A−2 B= −1 1
0 −1

∴ A−2 ([ 1 0 ]− A )=[−1 1 ]
1 1 0 −1

⇒ 3 A=[
0 −1 ] [ 1 1 ] [2 1 ]
−1 1 1 0 1 1
+2 =

∴ A= [ 1 1 ]=[ 1/3 1/3 ]

1
3 2 1 2/3 1/3

EXAMPLE 5. If 2
[ 10 3x]+[ 1y 02]=[ 51 68 ]
, then find the

value of x + y .

[Delhi 2013C; All India 2012]

Sol. Given, 2 [ 10 3x]+[ 1y 02]=[ 51 68 ]

⇒
[02 26x] +[ 1y 02]=[ 51 68 ]
⇒
[ 2+0+1y 26+x+02]=[51 68]
Comparing the corresponding elements, we get

2+ y=5 and 2 x +2=8 y=5−2=3 and 2 x=8−2¿ ⇒ ¿ y=3 and x= 6 =3 ¿ ∴ ¿ x + y =3+3=6 ¿

¿ 2

Negative of a Matrix
The negative of a matrix is represented by − A . The negative of a matrix is obtained by
multiplying each of its element by -1 .

e.g. Let A= [−21 34 ] , then − A=(−1) A= [−12 −3

−4 ]

Difference (or Subtraction) of Matrices

Difference of two matrices is simply the matrix whose elements are the difference of the
corresponding elements of two matrices.
e.g. A= [ ] [ ]
1 2
3 4
, B=
4 3
2 1
,

then B− A=
[ 4−1 =
[
2−3 1−4 −1 −3 ]
3−2
] 3 1

In general, let A=[ aij ] and B=[ b ij ] be the two matrices of the same order (say m ×n ),
then the difference of these matrices, A−B is defined as a matrix D= [ d ij ] , where
d ij =a ij −bij for all values of i and j .

In other words, D= A−B= A+(−1)B

i.e. D=¿ The sum of the matrix A and the matrix (−B).

e.g. Let A= [ ac bd ] [ eg bf ]
and B=

Then, A−B= A+(−1) B=

[ ac bd ]+(−1)[ eg fb]
¿
[ ac db]+[−g
−e −f
−b ] =
[ a−e
c−g
b−f
d−h ]

C=
[13 −54 ] , then find A−B−C .

Sol. Here, A , B and C are the three matrices of same order 2 ×2.

Now, A−B−C= A+(−1) B+(−1)C

¿
[ 42 47 ]+(−1)[−11 23]+(−1)[ 13 −54 ]
[ 2 7 ] [ 1 −3] [−3 5 ]
¿ 4 4 + −1 −2 + −1 −4

¿[
2+1−3 7−3+ 5 ] [ 0 9 ]
4−1−1 4−2−4 2 −2
=

EXAMPLE 7. Two farmers Ramkishan and Gurucharan Singh cultivates only three
varieties of rice namely Basmati, Permal and Naura. The sales (in ₹) of these varieties of
rice by both the farmers in the months of September and October are given by the
matrices A and B.

September sales (in ₹)

Basmati Permal Naura

A=
[ 10000
50000 ]
20000 30000 Ramkishan
30000 10000 Gurucharan Singh

October sales (in ₹)

Basmati Permal Naura

B=
[ 20000
5000
]
10000 6000 Ramkishan
10000 10000 Gurucharan Singh

(i) Find the combined sales in September and October for each farmer in each variety.

(ii) Find the decrease in sales from September to October.

(iii) If both farmers receive 2 % profit on gross sales, then compute the profit for each
farmer and for each variety sold in October.

Sol. (i) Combined sales in September and October for each farmer in each variety is given
by

A+ B=
[ 10000
50000
20000 30000
+
][
5000 10000 6000
30000 10000 20000 10000 10000 ]
Basmati Permal Naura

¿
[15000
70000 ]
30000 36000 Ramkishan
40000 20000 Gurucharan Singh

(ii) Changes in sales from September to October is given by

A−B=
[10000
50000
20000 30000
30000 10000
−
][
5000 10000 6000
20000 10000 10000 ]
Basmati Permal Naura

¿
[30000
5000
20000 0 ]
10000 24000 Ramkishan
Gurucharan Singh

2
(iii) 2 % of B= × B=0.02 × B
100

Basmati Permal Naura

¿ 0.02
[ 5000 10000 6000
20000 10000 10000 ]
Ramkishan Gurucharan Singh

Basmati Permal Naura

¿
[100
400 ]
200 120 Ramkishan
200 200 Gurucharan Singh

[multiply each element by 0.02]

Hence, the profits earned by Ramkishan in the sale of each variety of rice are ₹ 100 , ₹
200 , ₹ 120 respectively and profits earned by Gurucharan Singh in the sale of each
variety of rice are ₹ 400 , ₹ 200 , ₹ 200 respectively

Properties of Matrix Addition

Let A=[ aij ] , B= [ bij ] and C=[ c ij ] be any three matrices of same order m ×n. Then, we
have the following properties

(i) Commutative Law Matrix addition is commutative,

A +B ¿ [ aij ] + [ b ij ]= [ aij + bij ]=[ b ij +a ij ]

i.e.
¿ ¿
(ii) Associative Law Matrix addition is associative,

i.e. A+(B +C)=(A + B)+C

(iii) Existence of Additive Identity Let O be a zero matrix of order m ×n, then
A+O=O+ A= A .

So, O is the additive identity for matrix addition.

(iv) Existence of Additive Inverse Let A be a matrix, then (− A) is another matrix of

same order m ×n, such that A+(− A)=O=(− A)+ A .

So, (− A) or negative of A is the additive inverse of A .

 [ ]
−8 −4
C= 2 −4 , then
−4 −4

(i) verify the commutative law with respect to addition, i.e. verify A+ B=B+ A .

(ii) verify the associative law with respect to addition, i.e. verify A+(B +C)=(A + B)+C .

(iii) find the additive inverse of matrix A .

[ ] [ ] [ ]
2 2 6 2 −8 −4
Sol. Given, matrices are A= −3 1 , B= 1 3 and C= 2 −4 .
4 0 0 4 −4 −4

Now,

[ ][ ][ ]
2 2 6 2 2+6 2+ 2
(i) A+ B= −3 1 + 1 3 = −3+1 1+3
4 0 0 4 4+ 0 0+ 4

[ ]
8 4
¿ −2 4
4 4

[ ][ ] [ ][ ]
6 2 2 2 6+ 2 2+2 8 4
and B+ A= 1 3 + −3 1 = 1−3 3+1 = −2 4
0 4 4 0 0+ 4 4+0 4 4

Thus, A+ B=B+ A .

[ ] ([ ] [ ])
2 2 6 2 −8 −4
Hence, commutative law verified. (ii) A+(B +C)= −3 1 + 1 3 + 2 −4
4 0 0 4 −4 −4

[ ][ ]
2 2 6−8 2−4
¿ −3 1 + 1+ 2 3−4
4 0 0−4 4−4

[ ][ ]
2 2 −2 −2
¿ −3 1 + 3 −1
4 0 −4 0

[ ][ ]
2−2 2−2 0 0
¿ −3+ 3 1−1 = 0 0
4−4 0+ 0 0 0
 [ ][ ]
8 4 −8 −4
and ( A+ B)+C= −2 4 + 2 −4 [from Eq. (i)]
4 4 −4 −4

[ ][ ]
8−8 4−4 0 0
¿ −2+2 4−4 = 0 0
4−4 4−4 0 0

Thus, A+(B +C)=(A + B)+C .

Hence, associative law verified.

(iii) We know that additive inverse of A is (−1) A .

[ ][ ]
2 2 −2 −2
∴ (−1) A=(−1) −3 1 = 3 −1
4 0 −4 0

[multiplying each element by (−1) ]

Properties of Scalar Multiplication

Let A and B be the two matrices of same order. Then,

(i) k (A + B)=kA +kB , where k is a scalar.

(ii) ( k 1+ k 2 ) A=k 1 A+ k 2 A , where k 1 and k 2 are scalars.

(iii) (kl) A=k (lA )=l(kA ), where l and k are scalars.

EXAMPLE 9. Let A and B be two matrices such that

[ ] [ ]
2 1 −1 2
A= −1 0 and B= 0 −1 , then verify the following results.
2 5 3 2

(i) 3( A+ B)=3 A+ 3 B

(ii) (5+7) A=5 A+ 7 A

[ ] [ ]
2 1 −1 2
Sol. Given, matrices are A= −1 0 and B= 0 −1
2 5 3 2
 ([ ] [ ])
2 1 −1 2
(i) LHS ¿ 3( A+ B)=3 −1 0 + 0 −1
2 5 3 2

[ ] [ ][ ]
2−1 1+2 1 3 3 9
¿ 3 −1+0 0−1 =3 −1 −1 = −3 −3
2+3 5+2 5 7 15 21

[multiplying each element by 3 ]

and RHS ¿ 3 A +3 B

[ ][ ]
2 1 −1 2
¿ 3 −1 0 +3 0 −1
2 5 3 2

[ ][ ]
6 3 −3 6
¿ −3 0 + 0 −3
6 15 9 6

[multiplying each element by 3 ]

[ ][ ]
6−3 3+ 6 3 9
¿ −3+ 0 0−3 = −3 −3
6+ 9 15+ 6 15 21

Thus, LHS ¿ RHS

Hence verified.

(ii) LHS=(5+7) A=12 A

[ ][ ]
2 1 24 12
¿ 12 −1 0 = −12 0
2 5 24 60

[multiplying each element by 12]

and RHS ¿ 5 A +7 A

[ ] [ ][ ][ ]
2 1 2 1 10 5 14 7
¿ 5 −1 0 +7 −1 0 = −5 0 + −7 0
2 5 2 5 10 25 14 35

[ ][ ]
10+14 5+ 7 24 12
¿ −5−7 0 = −12 0
10+14 25+ 35 24 60
Thus, LHS ¿ RHS

Hence verified.

[ ] [ ]
8 0 2 −2
EXAMPLE 10.If A= 4 −2 and B= 4 2 , then find
3 6 −5 1

the matrix X , such that 2 A +3 X =5 B ,

[ ] [ ]
8 0 2 −2
Sol. Given, A= 4 −2 and B= 4 2
3 6 −5 1

Also given, 2 A +3 X =5 B

⇒ 3 X =5 B−2 A

{[ ] [ ]}
2 −2 8 0
1 1
⇒ X= [5 B−2 A]= 4 2 −2 4 −2
3 3
−5 1 3 6

{[ ] [ ]}
10 −10 −16 0
1
¿ 20 10 + −8 4
3
−25 5 −6 −12

[ ]
10−16 −10+0
1
¿ 20−8 10+ 4
3
−25−6 5−12

[ ]
−6 −10
1
¿ 12 14
3
−31 −7

[ ]
−10
−2
3
14
⇒ X= 4 , which is the required matrix X .
3
−31 −7
3 3

Topic Practice 2
1 Two matrices are defined as :
 P=
[ 1 4
−1 8 ]
and Q=
[ 2 −3
−1 5 ]
Evaluate
(i) 2 P
(ii) −Q
(iii) 3 Q
(iv) 2 P+Q
(v) 3 P+2 Q
(vi) Q−4 P

[ ] [ ]
1 0 −3 −5
2 If A= [
1 1 2
0 −6 9 ]
, B= 2 1 , C= 0
0 −1 3
1 , evaluate, where possible:
2
(i) − A
(ii) −2 A
(iii) B+C
(iv) 2 B
(v) 2 B−C
(vi) 3(B+C )

[ ] [ ]
1 1 2 −1 −2 3
3 If X = 0 1 4 , Y = 2 0 1 , evaluate:
0 2 1 2 0 −4
(i) 3 X
(ii) 2 Y
(iii) X +Y
(iv) X −Y
(v) 3 X +2 Y
(vi) 2 Y −X

4 Simplify cos ⁡θ [−sin

cos ⁡θ
⁡θ
sin ⁡θ
cos ⁡θ]+sin ⁡θ
[
sin ⁡θ −cos ⁡θ
cos ⁡θ sin ⁡θ
. ]
[NCERT; Delhi 2012]

Directions (Q. Nos. 5-6) Find the value of x− y .

52
[ 35 4x ]+[ 10 1y ]=[ 107 05 ]
[Delhi 2014]

6
[ 1y 05]+2 [ x1 −20 ]=I , where I is a 2 ×2 unit matrix.
Directions (Q. Nos. 7-8) Find the value of x .

7x
[ 23]+ y [−11]=[ 105] .

83 x− y =
[ 51 01] y=[ 42 35]
and .

[Foreign 2012]

[Delhi 2012C]

[ 7
9 If A=diag ⁡[2 ,−1 , 3] and B=diag ⁡ 3 , 0 ,− , then find 4 Ȧ +2 B .
2

10. If X =[ 35 1 −1
−2 −3 ]
and Y =
2 1 −1
7 2 4 [
matrix Z , such that X +Y + Z is a zero
matrix.
11 Find the values of x and y from the following matrix equation.

2
[ 7x5
+
y −3 1 2 ][
3 −4
=
][
7 6
15 14 ]
[All India 2017C] =

12 Find x , y , z and t , if 2
y t [ ] [
x z +3 1 −1 =3 3 5
0 2
∘
4 6 ] [ ]
.

[NCERT]

[ ] [ ][ ]
2
x x −2
13 Solve the matrix equation 2 −3 =
y 2y 9

14 Find X and Y , if

[ 24 30] and 3 X +2 Y =[−12 −25 ]

2 X +3 Y =

15 Find X and Y , if X +Y =
[72 05] X −Y =[ 30 30]
and .

[NCERT]

[ ] [ ] [ ]
∘
1 2 −3 3 −1 2 4 1 2
16 If A= 5 0 2 , B= 4 2 5 and C= 0 3 2 ,
1 −1 1 2 0 3 1 −2 3

then compute ( A+ B) and (B−C ).

Also, verify that A+ ( B−C2 =( A+ B)−C . [NCERT]

[ ]
2 2
cos ⁡θ+ sin ⁡θ sin ⁡θ cos ⁡θ−sin ⁡θ cos ⁡θ
¿
−sin ⁡θ cos ⁡θ+sin ⁡θ cos ⁡θ cos 2 ⁡θ+sin2 ⁡θ

¿
[10 01]=1
[ ∵ sin2 ⁡A +cos 2 ⁡A=1 ]

[ 35 4x ]+[ 10 1y ]=[ 107 50]

5. Given, 2

⇒
[106 28x ]+[ 10 1y ]=[ 107 05 ]
⇒
[107 28+x+y1]=[107 05]
On comparing the corresponding elements, we get

[ ]
−6 −15
(vi) 6 6
9 3

8+ y=0 and 2 x+ 1=5

5−1
⇒ y =−8 and x= =2
2

∴ x− y=2−(−8)=10
6. Similar as Question 5 .
[Ans. 2]

7. Hint Here, 2 x− y=10

and 3 x+ y=5

On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get the required value.

[Ans. 3]

[ ]
1 −1 12
(v) 4 3 14
4 6 −5
 [ ]
−3 −5 4
(vi) 4 −1 −2
4 −2 −9

4. Consider,

cos ⁡θ
[−sin
cos ⁡θ
⁡θ
sin ⁡θ
cos ⁡θ ]
+sin ⁡θ
[
sin ⁡θ −cos ⁡θ
cos ⁡θ sin ⁡θ ]
[ ][ ] {[ ] }
2 2
cos ⁡θ sin ⁡θ cos ⁡θ sin ⁡θ −sin ⁡θ cos ⁡θ 1 5 0
¿ + 8. Hint x= + y [ Ans.
−sin ⁡θ cos ⁡θ 2
cos ⁡θ sin ⁡θ cos ⁡θ 2
sin ⁡θ 3 1 1

x=
3 1
1 2 [ ]]
9. Similar as Example 3.

[ ] [ ]
2 0 0 3 0 0
Hint A= 0 −1 0 , B= 0 0 0
0 0 3 0 0 −1

[Ans. 4 A +2 B=diag ⁡[14 ,−4 ,10]

10. Hint X +Y + Z=O ⇒ Z=−(X +Y )

[ Ans.
[−12
−5 −2 2
0 −1 ]]
11. Similar as Example 5. [Ans. x=2 and y=9 ]

12. Similar as Example 5. [Ans. x=3 , y=6 , z=9 and t=6 ]

[ ][ ]
2
x −3 x −2 2
13. Hint = ⇒ x −3 x=−2 and y 2−6 y =9 [Ans. x=1 , 2 and y=3 ± 3 √ 2
y 2−6 y 9
]

14. We have, 2 X +3 Y = [ 24 30]

and 3 X +2 Y = [−12 −25 ]
On multiplying Eq. (i) by 2 and Eq. (ii) by 3, we get

4 X +6 Y
[ 48 60]
¿

and
[−3 15 ]
9 X +6 Y = 6 −6
On subtracting Eq. (iii) from Eq. (iv), we get

[−36 −615 ]−[ 48 60 ]

(9 X + 6 Y )−(4 X +6 Y )=

⇒ 9 X+ 6 Y −4 X −6 Y =
[−3−8
6−4 −6−6
15−0 ] =
[ 2
−11
−12
15 ]

[ ]
2 −12
⇒ X=
[
1 2 −12
5 −11 15
=
5
−11 ] 5
3
On substituting the value of X in Eq. (i), we get

[ ] [ ]
2 −12
5 5 2 3
+ 3Y =
−11 4 0
3
5

[ ] []
4 −24
5 5 2 3
⇒ +3 Y =
−22 4 0
6
5

[ ][ ]
4 −24
2 3 5 5
⇒ 3Y = −
4 0 −22
6
5

[ ]
4 24
2− 3+
1 5 5
⇒Y =
3 22
4+ 0−6
5

[ ][ ]
6 39 2 13
1 5 5 5 5
⇒Y = =
3 42 14
−6 −2
5 5

15. Hint Add and subtract the given equations.

[ Ans. X=
[51 04] and Y =[ 21 01]]
16. Similar as Example 8.
 [ ] [ ]
4 1 −1 −1 −2 0
Ans. A + B= 9 2 7 , B−C= 4 −1 3
3 −1 4 1 2 0

Multiplication of Matrices
The product AB of two matrices A and B is defined, if the number of columns of A is
equal to the number of rows of B.

Order of product of matrix

Let A=[ aij ] be the m ×n matrix and B=[ b jk ] be the n × p matrix. Then, the product AB of
the matrices A and B is matrix C of order m × p.

To get the (i , k) th element c ik of the matrix C , we take the i th row of A and k th column
of B, multiply them element-wise and take the sum of all these products. e.g.

[ 2]
[ 1 4 ] 3 =[(1 ×3)+(4 × 2)]=[3+ 8]=[11] [multiplying row by column]

Method of Multiplying Two Matrices

Suppose, we have two matrices A=[ aij ] m ×n and B=[ b jk ] n × p, then to multiply them (i.e. for
finding AB ), we use the following steps

I. First, write the given two matrices ¿ and B ¿, then find the number of columns of first
matrix A and number of rows of second matrix B. If both are same, i.e. equal, then go to
next step, otherwise product is not possible.

II. Multiply first row ( R1 ) of A with first column ( C 1 ) of B element-wise and take the sum
of all these products.
 []
b11
e.g. If [ a 11 a12 a13 ] is first row of A and b21 is first column of B, then their
b31
multiplication is a 11 b11 +a 12 b21 +a 13 b31.

Similarly, multiply first row ( R1 ) of A with second column ( C 2 ) of B. Repeat this process
to multiply each row of matrix A with each column of B.

III. From Step II, we get the elements of product matrix C , where c 11 =¿ Sum of products
of elements of first row of A with corresponding elements of first column of B. In
general,
n
c ik =ai 1 b1 k +a i2 b2 k +…+ a¿ b nk =∑ ❑ aij b jk .
j=1

IV. Now, write the matrix C=[ c ik ] m × p, whose elements are obtained in Step III.

Thus, we get the required product of A and B.

Note
(i) If AB is defined, then BA need not be defined. Let A=[ aij ] 2 ×3 and B=[ b ik ]3 × 3, then
AB=[ a ij bik ]2 ×3 is defined but BA is not defined, since B has 3 columns while A has 2
rows.

(ii) If A is a matrix of order m ×n and B is a matrix of order k × I , then both AB and BA

will be defined, if and only if n=k and I =m . In particular, if both A and B are square
matrices of the same order, then AB and BA both are defined.

that AB and BA both exists. Find AB and BA .

Sol. We have, A= [ 62 93]

2× 2
and B= [ 27 6 0
9 8 ] 2× 3

Here, number of columns of A=¿ number of rows of B=2 So, product AB of matrices A
and B is possible and its order will be 2 ×3.

Given,
In multiplication of two matrices, elements are multiplied by row by column manner, i.e.
all the elements of first row of first matrix multiplied by elements of first column of
second matrix and added.

Ist row elements Ist column elements IInd column elements

¿
[12+63
4 +21
36+81 0+72
12+27 0+24 ][
=
75 117 72
25 39 24 ]
which is the required product, i.e. AB.

Again, B is a 2 ×3 matrix and A is a 2 ×2 matrix.

So, the number of columns in B is not equal to the number of rows in A . So, BA does not
exists.
 []
2
Y = 3 , then find AB+ XY
4

[CBSE 2023, Delhi 2020]

[]
3
Sol. Given, A=[ 2 −3 4 ] , B= 2 ,
2

[]
2
X =[ 1 2 3 ] and Y = 3
4

[]
3
Now, AB=[ 2 −3 4 ] 2 =[6−6+8]=[8]
2

[]
2
and XY =[ 1 2 3 ] 3 =[2+6+12]=[20]
4

∴ AB+ XY =[8]+[20]=[28]

[ ]
2 3 4
EXAMPLE 3. Compute the product of 3 4 5 and
4 5 6
[ 1 −3 5 ]

[ ]
1 −3 5
0 2 4
3 0 5

[NCERT]

[ ] [ ]
2 3 4 1 −3 5
Sol. Let A= 3 4 5 and B= 0 2 4 . Here, number of columns of A=¿ number of
4 5 6 3 0 5
rows of B=3 , so AB is defined.
 [ ][ ]
2 3 4 1 −3 5
AB ¿ 3 4 5 0 2 4
4 5 6 3 0 5
Now,

[ ]
14 0 42
¿ ¿ 18 −1 56
22 −2 70

EXAMPLE 4. Use matrix multiplication to divide ₹ 30000 in two parts such that the total
annual interest at 9 % on the first part and 11% on the second part amounts ₹ 3060 .

[NCERT Exemplar]

Sol. Let the two parts be ₹ x and ₹ (30000−x ). Let A be the 1 ×2 matrix representing
these parts and B be the 2 ×1 matrix representing the annual interest rates on two parts.

i.e.
Part I
Part II
and B=[ ]
0.09 Part I
0.11 Part II

Clearly, the total interest is given by the matrix AB,

i.e.
AB ¿ [ x 30000−x ]
[ 0.09
0.11 ]
¿ ¿[0.09 x +3300−0.11 x ]
¿ ¿
Thus, 3300−0.02 x=3060¿ total interest ¿ ₹ 3060 ¿

⇒ 0.02 x=240

⇒ x=12000

Hence, two parts are ₹ 12000 and ₹ 18000, respectively.

Properties of Multiplication of Matrices

Multiplication of matrices have following properties

(i) Associative Law Matrix multiplication is associative, i.e. if A , B and C are three
matrices, then A(BC)=( AB)C , whenever both sides are defined.

(ii) Distributive Law Matrix multiplication is distributive over matrix addition, if A , B

and C are three matrices, then

A(B+C )= AB+ AC or ( A+ B)C= AC + BC , whenever both sides are defined.

(iii) Existence of Multiplicative Identity For every square matrix A , there exists an
identity matrix I of same order such that AI =A=IA .
So, I is the multiplicative identity for every square matrix A .

(iv) Non-commutativity Generally, matrix multiplication is not commutative, i.e. if A

and B are two matrices and AB , BA both exists, then it is not necessary that AB=BA .

(v) Zero Matrix as the Product of Two Non-zero Matrices If the product of two matrices
is a zero matrix, then it is not necessary that one of the matrices is zero matrix.

e.g. Let. A= [ 00 −12 ] B=[ 30 50 ]

and .

Then, AB=
[ 00 −12 ] [30 50]=[00 00]=O .

But, here A ≠ O and B≠ O .

Note Multiplication of diagonal matrices of Sarie order will be commutative.

[ ]
2 3
EXAMPLE 5. If A= [
1 −2 3
−4 2 5 ]
and B= 4 5 , then find AB and BA . Show that A
2 1
and B are not commutative, i.e. AB≠ BA .

Sol. Here, order of matrix A is 2 ×3 and order of matrix B is 3 ×2. So, AB will be of order
2 ×2 and BA will be of order 3 ×3 .

][ ]
2 3
Now,
AB ¿ [
1 −2 3
−4 2 5
4 5
2 1
¿ ¿

AB=
[100 −43 ]
[multiplying rows by columns]

and

[ ][
2 3
BA ¿ 4 5
2 1
1 −2 3
−4 2 5 ]
¿ ¿
[multiplying rows by columns]

[ ]
−10 2 21
¿ −16 2 37
−2 −2 11
Clearly, AB≠ BA .

EXAMPLE 6. Three matrices A , B and C defined as

A=
[−11 32] , B=[ 41 05 ] and C= [21 −20 ] , then show that matrices A , B and C satisfy

(i) the property of associativity with respect to multiplication, i.e. A(BC)=( AB)C .

(ii) the property of distributivity with respect to addition, i.e. A(B+C )= AB+ AC .

[NCERT Exemplar]

Sol. Given, A= [−11 32] , B=[ 41 05 ]

and C=
[21 −20 ]
(i) Here, BC=
[ 41 05 ][ 21 −20 ]=[ 8+2+50 0+ 0
0−10 ]
[multiplying rows by columns]

¿
[87 0
−10 ]
∴ LHS ¿ A (BC )=
[−11 32][ 87 0
−10 ]
[using Eq. (i)]

¿
[13
¿ 22 −20
−30 ]
and AB= [−11 23][ 41 05]
¿
[−4+3
4+2 0+10
0+15 ]
[multiplying rows by columns]

¿
[−16 1015]
 ∴ RHS ¿ (AB)C=
[ 6 10 2 0
−1 15 1 −2 ][ ]
[using Eq. (ii)]

¿
[
¿ 22 −20
13 −30 ]
Thus, LHS ¿ RHS

(ii) Here, B+C= [ 41 05]+[21 −20 ]

¿
[ 4+2
1+1 5−2 ]
0

[ 2 3]
¿ 6 0

and AC= [−11 23] [ 21 −20 ]

¿
[−2+3
2+2 0−4
0−6
=
][
4 −4
1 −6 ]
[multiplying rows by columns]

LHS ¿ A (B+C)=
[−11 23] [62 03 ] [using Eq. (iii)]
¿ ¿

¿
[100 69]
[multiplying rows by columns]

and RHS ¿ AB+ AC = [−16 1015]+[ 41 −4

−6 ] =
[ 0 9]
10 6

Thus, LHS ¿ RHS

Positive Integral Powers of a Square

Matrix
If we multiply the square matrix by itself, then it will give the positive integral powers of
the square matrix. i.e. For any square matrix, say A , we define
1 2 3 2 4 3 n n−1
A = A , A =A ⋅ A , A = A ⋅ A , A =A ⋅ A , …, A =A ⋅ A , where n is a positive integer.

Note I n=I for any positive integer n , where l is the identity matrix.
EXAMPLE 7. If A= [ ]
1 0
1 1
, then find A3 .

[Delhi 2020]

Sol. We have, A= [ 11 01]

Now, A2= A × A

¿
[11 01][ 11 01]=[ 12 01 ]¿ A ¿= A ⋅ A ¿=[ 12 01] [ 11 01] ¿ A ¿=[ 13 01] ¿
3 2 3

Method to Solve Problems Based on nth

Power of a Matrix
In this type of problems, a matrix (say A ) is given to us and an equation involving n th
power of A is given to us. We have to show/prove that the given equation is true. For
proving/showing such problems, we use the concept of mathematical induction, which is
given below.

Suppose there is a statement P(n) involving the natural number n such that

(i) P(1) is true, i.e. statement is true for n=1.

(ii) Truth of P(k) implies the truth of P(k +1), i.e. if the statement is true for n=k ( k is
positive integer), then statement is also true for n=k +1.

Then, by principal of mathematical induction, P(n) is true for all natural numbers n .

Matrix Polynomial
Let f (x)=a0 x n+ a1 x n−1 +a 2 x n−2+ …+a n−1 x +a n be a polynomial and A be a square
matrix.

Then,
n n−1 n−2
f ( A)=a 0 A + a1 A + a2 A +…+a n−1 A+ an I

is called a matrix polynomial, where I is the identity matrix of order of A .

Method to Solve Problems Based on

Matrix Polynomial
Sometimes, a square matrix (say A ) is given to us and we have to find the value of a
polynomial in which variable is a matrix. (e.g. A3 −23 A−40 I ). For this, firstly we find
the value of each term having power of A by multiplying A by itself as many times as
power and then put these values in given expression to find the required value.

find f ( A).

Sol. We have, A= [ 01 12]

∴ A 2= A ⋅ A ¿
[ 01 12][ 01 12]
¿
[ ]
¿ 1 2 [multiplying rows by columns]
2 5

Now, f ( A)= A2 + A−I

[ ] [ 12]−[ 10 01]
¿ 1 2+ 0
2 5 1

[
¿ 1+0−1
2+1−05+2−1 ]
2+1−0

[ 63]
¿
0
3

EXAMPLE 9. If A is a square matrix such that A2=I , then find the simplified value of ¿.

[Delhi 2016]

Sol. Given, A2=I

Now, ¿ + ( A 3+ 3 A 2 I +3 A I 2 + I 3 )−7 A

¿ ( A3−3 A 2+3 AI −I )+ ( A 3 +3 A 2 +3 AI + I )−7 A [ ∵ A 2 I = A 2 and I 3=I 2=I ] ¿=2 IA− A ¿ [ ∵ AI = A ]¿=2 A

¿ ¿
and hence find a matrix X , such that
2
A −5 A+ 4 I + X =O.

[Delhi 2015]

[ ]
2 0 1
Sol. We have, A= 2 1 3
1 −1 0

[ ][ ]
2 0 1 2 0 1
2
∴A ¿ 2 1 3 2 1 3
1 −1 0 1 −1 0

[ ]
5 −1 2
¿ ¿ 9 −2 5 [multiplying rows by columns]
0 −1 −2

Now, consider A2−5 A+ 4 I

[ ][ ][ ]
5 −1 2 2 0 1 1 0 0
¿ 9 −2 5 −5 2 1 3 +4 0 1 0
0 −1 −2 1 −1 0 0 0 1

[ ][ ][ ]
5 −1 2 10 0 5 4 0 0
¿ 9 −2 5 − 10 5 15 + 0 4 0
0 −1 −2 5 −5 0 0 0 4

[ ][ ]
−5 −1 −3 4 0 0
¿ −1 −7 −10 + 0 4 0
−5 4 −2 0 0 4

[ ]
−1 −1 −3
¿ −1 −3 −10
−5 4 2

Since, A2−5 A+ 4 I + X =O

∴ A 2−5 A+ 4 I + X− X=O− X
[subtracting matrix X from both sides]

⇒ A 2−5 A +4 I +O=−X
⇒ X=− ( A −5 A+ 4 I )
2

[ ][ ]
−1 −1 −3 1 1 3
X =− −1 −3 −10 = 1 3 10
−5 4 2 5 −4 −2
 [ ]
1 0 2
EXAMPLE 11. If A= 0 2 1 , then show that
2 0 3
3 2
A −6 A +7 A +2 I =0.

[CBSE 2023]

[ ]
1 0 2
Sol. Given, A= 0 2 1
2 0 3

[ ]
21−30+7+2 0−0+ 0+0 34−48+14 +0
⇒ 12−12+ 0+0 8−24 +14+2 23−30+7+ 0
34−48+14 +0 0−0+ 0+0 55−78+ 21+ 2

[ ][ ]
1 0 2 1 0 2
2
A ¿ 0 2 1 0 2 1
Now,
2 0 3 2 0 3
¿ ¿

[ ][ ]
1 0 2 5 0 8
3 2
and A =A ⋅ A = 0 2 1 2 4 5
2 0 3 8 0 13

[ ]
5+ 0+16 0+0+ 0 8+ 0+26
¿ 0+ 4+ 8 0+8+ 0 0+10+13
10+ 0+24 0+0+ 0 16+ 0+39

[ ]
21 0 34
¿ 12 8 23
34 0 55

[ ][ ]
30−30 0 0 0 0 0
⇒ 0 24−24 0 ¿ 0 0 0
0 0 78−78 0 0 0
¿ ¿ RHS

EXAMPLE 12. Find the matrix A such that

A
[ 14 5 6 2 ][
2 3 −7 −8 −9
=
4 6
. ]
Sol. The right side of given matrix equation is of order 2 ×3, so left side of the given
matrix equation should be of order 2 ×3. It is clear that, the product of A with 2 ×3
matrix is a 2 ×3 matrix, therefore A is a 2 ×2 matrix.

Let A= [ wu vx ] .

Then,

LHS =
[ wu vx ][ 14
2 3
5 6
=
][
u+ 4 v 2u+ 5 v 3 u+6 v
w+4 x 2 w+5 x 3 w +6 x ]
[
w+ 4 x 2 w+5 x 3 w+6 x 2 ][
∴ u+4 v 2 u+5 v 3 u+6 v = −7 −8 −9
4 6 ]
[ ][ ][ ][ ]
21 0 34 5 0 8 1 0 2 1 0 0
∴ 12 8 23 −6 2 4 5 +7 0 2 1 +2 0 1 0
34 0 55 8 0 13 2 0 3 0 0 1

[ ][ ]
21 0 34 30 0 48
⇒ 12 8 23 − 12 24 30
34 0 55 48 0 78

[ ][ ]
7 0 14 2 0 0
+ 0 14 7 + 0 2 0
14 0 21 0 0 2

On comparing the elements from both sides, we get

u+ 4 v=−7 , 2u+ 5 v=−8 ,3 u+6 v=−9

w +4 x =2 ,2 w+ 5 x=4 and 3 w+6 x=6

On solving, we get

u=1, v=−2 , w=2 and x=0 A= 1 −2 ¿

¿ 2 0 [ ]
Topic Practice 3
1 Let A and B be two matrices of order 3 ×2 and 2 × 4 respectively. Write the order of
matrix ( AB) .

2 Evaluate AB and BA , if possible

[Delhi 2017C]

(i) A= [−12 30] , B=[−23 −21 ]

 [ ]
1 0
(ii) A=[ 1 −2 3 ] , B= 2 −1
1 2

] [ ]
1 3 2
(iii) A= [
2 −1 3
−1 2 1
, B= 2 −1 0 (iv) A=
3 1 2
2 −2
1 5
, B=
0 1
−3 5 [ ] [ ]
(v) A= [−60 53] , B=[21 −21 ]
(vi) A=
[−2
−5 2
3
] , B=
[ −5 2 ]
0 8

(vii) A=
[ 40 −3
−2
] , B=[−22 −10 11]
(viii) A=
[ 14 72] , B=[ 1/2
1/3
−1/2
1 −1/3 ]
3

(ix) A=
[−32 10] , B=[−1 −3.5 0 ]
1.3 1.4 1.9

[ ] [ ]
1 −2 0 1 −2
(x) A= −2 −3 1 , B= −5 0
3 0 1 −2 −1

[ ] [ ]
1 6 −1 6 2
(xi) A= 2 −3 −9 , B= 0 1
1 2 0 −1 3

[ ] [ ]
1 0 2 6 0 2
(xii) A= 2 1 0 , B= 0 1 0
3 0 1 3 3 0

[ ] [ ]
1 x x x 1
(xiii) A= 2 x 2 x , B= x −x
−x 1 2 2x 0

[ ] [ ]
a 2 x −a 1 2 3
(xiv) A= a −2 a 0 , B= x 2 −x
0 a −x a 0 1

3 For the matrices:

 [ ]
2 −1
A= [ ] [
1 0
2 6
, B=
2 −1 −1
2 0 −3
, C= −3 2 ,
1 4
]
calculate where possible
(i) AB
(ii) BC
(iii) CA
(iv) BA
(v) A2
(vi) ABC

4 Show that if A and B are square matrices such that AB=BA , then ¿.

[NCERT Exemplar]

Directions (Q. Nos. 5-8) Find the value

of x.
5 A=
[−22 −22 ] and A2=PA

[All India 2013]

6 [ 2 x 3]
[−31 20][ 8x ]=0
[Delhi 2015C]

7 [ x 1]
[−21 00 ]=0 .

[Delhi 2014]

[ ][ ]
1 3 2 1
8 [ 1 x 1 ] 2 5 1 2 =O
15 3 2 x

9 If X m× 3 Y p× 4 =Z 2 ×b , for three matrices X , Y and Z , then find the values of m , p and b .

10 If A= [ 1x 01] and B= [51 01] , then find the value of x for which A2=B .
11 Find, where possible, the order of matrix A so that the following equations can be

[ ] [ ]
2 −1 −1 −8
solved. (i) 1
−3 4
0 A= 1 −2 (ii)
9 22
a b
c d
A=
x
y [ ] []
(iii) A [ ac db]=[ xy ]
(iv) [ a b c ] A=[ x y]

[ ] [ ]
m n m n
(v) [ a b c ] A= x y (vi) A [ a b c ] = x y
u v u v

[] [ ]
a x y z
(vii) b A= k l m
c n o p

12 Let A= [ 23 −14 ] , B=[ 57 24 ] and C= [23 58] .

Find a matrix D such that CD− AB=O .

[NCERT; Delhi 2017]

[ ]
cos ⁡x −sin ⁡x 0
13 If f (x)= sin ⁡x cos ⁡x 0 , then show that
0 0 1

f (x)⋅f ( y)=f ( x+ y ).

[NCERT]

14 If A= [ 12 −1
−1 ] , B=
[ b −1 ]
a 1
and ¿,

then find the values of a and b .

[Foreign 2015]

15 If A= [−10 10] , then find the real values x and y such that ¿.

16 If A=
[ tan0⁡α /2 −tan ⁡α /2
0 ]and I is the identity matrix of order 2 , then show that
 I + A=(I − A)
[ cos ⁡α −sin ⁡α
sin ⁡α cos ⁡α ]
[NCERT]

17 If A and B are square matrices of the same order such that AB=BA , then prove by
mathematical induction that A Bn=Bn A for all n ∈ N .

[ ]
1 2 2
18 If A= 2 1 2 , then show that A2−4 A−5 I =O.
2 2 1

[ ]
1 3 2
19 If A= 2 0 −1 , then show that
1 2 3
3 2
A −4 A −3 A +11 I =O

[All India 2016C]

[ ]
1 0 −2
20 If A= −2 −1 2 , then show that
3 4 1
3 2
A −A −3 A−I 3=O .

[All India 2014]

Hints & Solutions

1. Order of AB is 3 × 4.

2. (i) AB= [52 −4

−1 ]
, BA=
[−58 −69 ]
(ii) AB=[ 0 8 ] , BA does not exist.

(iii) AB= [69 −410 100 ] , BA does not exist.

(iv) AB=
[−156 −826 ] , BA=[−11 315 ]
(v) AB=
[−73 173 ] , BA=[−12
−6 8 ]
4
(vi) AB= [−15 −10
−10 −36
, BA=
] [
−40 16
0 −11 ]
(vii) AB=
[126 −40 −32 ] , BA does not exist.

(viii) AB=
[137 /6/3 3/25 29/3
7/3
] , BA does not exist.

(ix) AB=
[−3.9 −4.2 −5.7 ]
1.6 −0.7 3.8
, BA does not exist.

[ ]
11 −2
(x) AB= 11 3 , BA does not exist.
1 −7

[ ]
7 5
(xi) AB= 21 −26 , BA does not exist.
6 4

[ ] [ ]
12 6 2 12 0 14
(xii) AB= 12 1 4 , BA= 2 1 0
21 3 6 9 3 6

[ ]
3 x 2+ x 1−x 2
(xiii) AB= 5 x 2 +2 x 2−x 2 , BA does not exist.
5 x−x 2 −2 x

[ ]
2 2 2
a+2 x −a 2 a+ 4 x 3 a−2 x −a
(xiv) AB= a−2 ax −2 a 3 a+ 2 ax ,
0 2a −ax−x

[ ]
3a 2 x−a −a−3 x
and BA= ax +2 a 2 x 2−4 a−ax −ax + x 2
2 2
a 2 ax+ a −a −x

3. Similar as Example 1.
Ans. (i) [ 162 −1 −1
−2 −20 ]
(ii) [ 61 −8
−14 ]
 [ ]
0 −6
(iii) 1 12
9 24

(iv) cannot be calculated (v) [ 141 360 ]

(vi) [ 186 −8
−100 ]
4. Given, AB=BA

Now, ¿
2 2
¿ A + AB+ BA+ B
¿ A + AB+ AB+ B2 [ ∵ BA= AB, given ]
2

2 2
¿ A + 2 AB+ B

5. We have, [−22 −22 ] [−22 −22 ]= p[−22 −22 ]

⇒ ¿
[−4−4
4+ 4 −4−4
4+ 4 ]
¿p
[−22 −22 ]
⇒
[−88 −88 ] ¿=[−22 pp −22 pp]
⇒ ¿8 ¿2 p
⇒ ¿p ¿4

6. Given, matrix equation is

[ 2 x 3] 1 [−3 20][ 8x ]=0 [ 2 x 3] ([−31 20] [ x8])=0 ¿

¿
[by associative law of multiplication]

⇒
[ −3 x ]
[ 2 x 3 ] x+16 =0
⇒ [2 x (x +16)−9 x ]=[O]
⇒ 2 x2 +32 x−9 x=0
2
⇒ 2 x +23 x=0⇒ x(2 x +23)=0
−23
⇒ x=0 and x=
2

7. Similar as Question 6. [Ans. 2]

 [ ][ ]
1 3 2 1
8. We have, [ 1 x 1 ] 2 5 1 2 =0
15 3 2 x

[ ]
1+6 +2 x
⇒ [ 1 x 1 ] 2+10+ x =0
15+ 6+2 x

[ ]
7+ 2 x
⇒ [ 1 x 1 ] 12+ x =0
21+2 x

⇒[7 +2 x + x (12+ x )+21+ 2 x ]=[0]

2
⇒ x +16 x+ 28=0

⇒ (x+ 14)( x+ 2)=0

⇒ x=−14 or x=−2

9. Given, X m× 3 Y p× 4 =Z 2 ×b
XY is defined only, when p=3 .

Now, Eq. (i) will be of the form Z m ×4 =Z 2 ×b ,

which is possible only, when m=2 and b=4 .

∴ m=2 , p=3 and b=4

10. We have, [ 1x 01] [ x1 01]=[ 15 01 ]

⇒ ¿ [ x2 0
x+ 1 1
2
] [ ]
¿
1 0
5 1
⇒ ¿ x ¿1
and ¿ x +1 ¿5

From Eq. (ii), we get x=4, which does not satisfy Eq. (i).

So, no value of x exist.

11. Similar as Example 12.

Ans. (i) 2 ×2 (ii) 2 ×1 (iii) not possible

(iv) 3 ×2 (v) not possible (vi) not possible (vii) 1 ×3

12. Similar as Example 12.

[ Ans. D= [−191
77
−110
44 ]]
[ ]
cos ⁡x −sin ⁡x 0
13. Given, f (x)= sin ⁡x cos ⁡x 0
0 0 1
To prove, f (x)⋅f ( y)=f ( x+ y ).

For f ( y ), replace x with y , so that f (x) becomes f ( y ).

LHS ¿ f (x)⋅f ( y)

[ ][ ]
cos ⁡x −sin ⁡x 0 cos ⁡y −sin ⁡y 0
¿ sin ⁡x cos ⁡x 0 sin ⁡y cos ⁡y 0
0 0 1 0 0 1

[
cos ⁡x cos ⁡y −sin ⁡x sin ⁡y+ 0
¿ sin ⁡x cos ⁡y +cos ⁡x sin ⁡y+ 0
0+0+ 0

]
−cos ⁡x sin ⁡y −sin ⁡x cos ⁡y +0 0+0+ 0
−sin ⁡x sin ⁡y +cos ⁡x cos ⁡y+ 0 0+0+ 0
0+ 0+0 0+0+ 1

[multiplying rows by columns]

[ ]
cos ⁡(x + y ) −sin ⁡(x + y) 0
¿ sin ⁡(x + y ) cos ⁡(x + y ) 0
0 0 1

14. Given, A= [ 12 −1
−1 ] B=
and [ b −1 ]
a 1

Clearly, A+ B=
[ 12 −1 +
[
−1 b −1 ]
] a 1

¿
[1+2+ ab −1−1
−1+1
]=[ 1+2+ ab −20 ]
¿

¿ [ 1+ a2 +2 a
2+2 a+ b+ab−4−2b
0
4 ]
[ ]
2
a +2 a+1 0
¿
2 a−b+ab−2 4
Now, A + B =
2 2
[ 12 −1
−1 ] [2 −1 ] [b −1 ] [ b −1 ]
⋅
1 −1 a 1
+ ⋅
a 1

[ ][ ]
2
−1 0 a +b a−1
¿ +
0 −1 ab−b b+1

¿ [ a2+ b−1 a−1

ab−b b ]
Since, ¿

∴ [ a2 +2 a+1
2 a−b+ab−2 4
0
=
ab−b b][
a2 +b−1 a−1
]
On equating the corresponding elements, we get
2 2
a +2 a+ 1=a + b−1 ⇒ ¿ 2 a−2 ¿ 0
⇒ 2 a−b=−2 , =1¿ ¿ 2 a−b+ ab−2=ab−b ¿ ⇒ ¿ a ¿1
¿ and b=4 ¿
¿
Since, a=1 , b=4 satisfy all fouk Eqs. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), therefore

a=1 and b=4

15. We have, A= [−10 10]

⇒ xI + yA ¿ x
[ 10 01]+ y [−10 10]
¿ ¿
Now, ¿

[ ]
2 2
x −y 2 xy
¿
−2 xy x 2− y 2

Since, ¿, therefore

[ ][ ]
2 2
x −y 2 xy 0 1
2 2 =
−2 xy x −y −1 0
2 2 2 2
⇒ x − y =0 ,2 xy=1 ,−2 xy =−1 and x − y =0
2 2
⇒ x − y =0 and 2 xy=1

⇒ x=± y and 2 xy=1

Case I When x= y and 2 xy=1

In this case, 2 x 2=1

1
⇒ x=±
√2

(
Thus, x=
1
√2
and y=
1
√2 ) (
or x=
−1
√2
and y=
−1
√2 )
Case II When x=− y and 2 xy=1.

2 −1 i
In this case, x = ⇒ x=± , which is imaginary.
2 √2
Hence, only real values of x and y are

16. LHS=I + A
1 1 −1 −1
x= , y= or x= , y=
√2 √2 √2 √2
 [ ][ ]
α α
0 −tan ⁡ 1 −tan ⁡
¿
[ 10 01]+ tan ⁡α 0
2
=
tan ⁡
α
1
2

2 2

[
¿( I − A) cos ⁡α −sin ⁡α
sin ⁡α cos ⁡α ]
¿ {[ ] [
1 0
0 1
−
0
tan ⁡α /2
−tan ⁡α /2
0 ]}[ cos ⁡α
sin ⁡α
−sin ⁡α
cos ⁡α ]
¿ [ 0−tan
1−0
⁡α /2 1−0 ] [ sin ⁡α cos ⁡α ]
0+tan ⁡α /2 cos ⁡α −sin ⁡α

¿
[−tan1⁡α /2 tan 1⁡α /2][ cos
sin ⁡α cos ⁡α ]
⁡α −sin ⁡α

[ ]
α α
cos ⁡α + tan ⁡ sin ⁡α −sin ⁡α +tan ⁡ cos ⁡α
¿ 2 2
α α
−tan ⁡ cos ⁡α +sin ⁡α tan ⁡ sin ⁡α +cos ⁡α
2 2
[multiplying ⁡rows by columns ]
α α
cos ⁡α cos ⁡ +sin ⁡ sin ⁡α
2 2
α
cos ⁡
2
α α
−sin ⁡ cos ⁡α + sin ⁡α cos ⁡
2 2
α
cos ⁡
2
 α α
−sin ⁡α cos ⁡ +sin ⁡ cos ⁡α
2 2
α
cos ⁡
2
α α
sin ⁡ sin ⁡α +cos ⁡α cos ⁡
2 2
α
cos ⁡

[ ]
2

(
α
cos ⁡ α −
2 ) sin ⁡ ( α2 −α )
cos ⁡α /2 cos ⁡α /2
¿
sin ⁡ α− (
α
2 ) (
cos ⁡ α −
α
2 )
α α
cos ⁡ cos ⁡
2 2

[ ∵ cos ⁡( A−B)=cos ⁡A cos ⁡B+sin ⁡A sin ⁡B

and sin ⁡(A−B)=sin ⁡A cos ⁡B−cos ⁡A sin ⁡B ]

[ ]
α α
cos ⁡ −sin ⁡
2 2
α α
cos ⁡ cos ⁡
¿ 2 2
α α
sin ⁡ cos ⁡
2 2
α α
cos ⁡ cos ⁡
2 2

[ ]
α
1 −tan ⁡
¿ 2 = LHS
α
tan ⁡ 1
2

Hence proved.

17. Given that, AB=BA

n n
To prove, A B =B A

For n=1, Eq. (ii) is obviously true.

Let Eq. (ii) be true for a positive integer n=m,

i.e. A Bm=Bm A
Then, for n=m+ 1,

A Bm+1 =A ( B m B ) =( A B m ) B

[using associative law of matrix multiplication]

¿( B m A ) B
¿ Bm ( AB)=B m (BA )
¿ ( Bm B ) A=Bm +1 A

[using Eq. (iii)]

[using Eq. (i)]

Hence, by mathematical induction, Eq. (ii) is true for all n ∈ N .

18. Similar as Example 12.

[ ]
9 7 5
2
19. Hint A = A ⋅ A= 1 4 1
8 9 9

[ ]
28 37 26
3 2
and A =A ⋅ A= 10 5 1
35 42 34

Now, consider
3 2
LHS ¿A −4 A −3 A+11 I

[ ]
0 0 0
¿ ¿ 0 0 0 =0= RHS
0 0 0

20. Similar as Question 19.

Transpose of a Matrix, Symmetric and

Skew-symmetric Matrices
Transpose of a Matrix
The matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of matrix A is called the
transpose of matrix A . The transpose of matrix A is represented by
' c T
A or A or A
In other words, if A=[ aij ] m ×n is a matrix.

Then, A =[ a ji ] n ×m.
T

[ ]
1 5
e.g. Let A= √ 2 1 .
−1/5 0 3 ×2

'
Then, A =
1
[ 5
√ 2 −1 /5
1 0 ] 2 ×3

[ ]
4 3 1
EXAMPLE 1. Find the transpose of the matrix 1 −2 3 .
4 5 −1

[ ]
4 3 1
Sol. Let A= 1 −2 3
4 5 −1

[ ][ ]
'
4 3 1 4 1 4
'
Then, A = 1 −2 3 = 3 −2 5
4 5 −1 1 3 −1

[interchanging the elements of rows and columns]

Properties of Transpose of Matrices

For any matrices A and B of suitable orders, we have
'
(i) ( A' ) = A

(ii) ¿, where k is any constant.

(iii) ¿

(iv) ¿ [reversal law]

T n
Note ( A n ) =( A ⊤ ) , where n is a positive integer.

EXAMPLE 2.If A=
3
[ 4
√3 2
2 0 ] and B= [ 21 −1 2
2 4 ]
,

then verify that

'
(i) ( A' ) = A
(ii) ¿, where k is any constant.

(iii) ¿

Sol. We have, A=
3
[ 4
√3 2
2 0 ] and B= [ 21 −1 2
2 4 ]
, then

[ ] [ ]
3 4 2 1
' '
A = √ 3 2 and B = −1 2
2 0 2 4

[interchanging the elements of rows and columns]

[ ]
'
3 4
' '
(i) ( A ) = √ 3
2
2 =
0
3
4 [ √3 2 = A
2 0 ]
[interchanging the elements of rows and columns]

(ii) kB=k [21 −1 2 2 k −k 2 k

2 4
=
k 2k 4 k ][ ]
and

Thus, ¿

(iii) A+ B=
3
[ 4
√ 3 2 + 2 −1 2
2 0 ][ 1 2 4 ]
[
¿ 3+2
4+1
√3−1 2+2
2+2 0+4 ]
[
¿ 5
5
√ 3−1 4
4 4 ]
∴¿
[interchanging the elements of rows and columns]
 [ ][ ]
3 4 2 1
' '
A +B ¿ √3 2 + −1 2
2 0 2 4
and

[ ]
5 5
¿ ¿ √3−1 4
4 4

Thus, ¿

EXAMPLE 3.For the matrices A and B, verify that

[]
1
¿, where A= −4 and B=[ −1 2 1 ]
3

[]
1
Sol. Given, A= −4 and B=[ −1 2 1 ] 1 ×3
3 3×1

∴ A ' =[ 1 −4 3 ] 1× 3

[interchanging the elements of rows and columns]

[]
−1
'
and B = 2
1 3 ×1

[interchanging the elements of rows and columns]

[]
1
Now, AB= −4 [−1 2 1 ] 1 ×3
3 3 ×1

Since, number of columns in A is equal to the number of rows in B. So, AB exists.

[ ]
−1 2 1
Thus, AB= 4 −8 −4
−3 6 3 3×3

⇒¿

[multiplying rows by columns]

[interchanging the elements of rows and columns]

 [] [ ]
−1 −1 4 −3
'
Now, B A = 2
'
[ 1 −4 3 ] 1× 3= 2 −8 6
1 3 ×1 1 −4 3 3 ×3

[multiplying rows by columns] ...(ii)

From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

Hence verified.

Symmetric Matrix
A square matrix A is called a symmetric matrix, if the transpose of matrix A is equal to
the matrix A , i.e.
'
A = A.

In other words, let A=[ aij ] n ×n , then A is said to be symmetric, if [ a ij ] = [ a ji ] , for all possible
values of i and j .

[ ]
2 1 5
e.g. A= 1 2 7
5 7 3

[ ][ ]
'
2 1 5 2 1 5
'
Then, A = 1 2 7 = 1 2 7 = A
5 7 3 5 7 3

[interchanging the elements of rows and columns] Hence, A is a symmetric matrix.

[ ]
3 −4 2
[ ∵ A ' = A ] EXAMPLE 4.Show that matrix A= −4 0 6 is
2 6 1
symmetric matrix.

[ ]
3 −4 2
Sol. Given, A= −4 0 6
2 6 1

[ ][ ]
'
3 −4 2 3 −4 2
'
Now, A = −4 0 6 = −4 0 6 =A
2 6 1 2 6 1

[interchanging the elements of rows and columns] ∴ A is a symmetric matrix.

EXAMPLE 5.Show that all positive integral powers of a symmetric matrix are symmetric.

Sol. Let A be a symmetric matrix and n ∈ N .

T
Then, ( A n ) =¿

[ ∵ A is symmetric, therefore A T = A ]

Skew-symmetric Matrix
A square matrix A is said to be skew-symmetric matrix, if the transpose of matrix A is
equal to the negative of matrix A . i.e. A' =− A .

In other words, let A=[ aij ] n ×n , then A is said to be skew-symmetric matrix, if [ a ji ] =−[ a ij ] ,
for all values of i and j .

[ ]
0 1 2
e.g. Let A= −1 0 5
−2 −5 0

[ ]
0 −1 −2
'
Then, A = 1 0 −5
2 5 0

[interchanging the elements of rows and columns]

[ ]
0 1 2
¿− −1 0 5
−2 −5 0
' [taking (−1) common from the matrix]
⇒ A =−A

Note

(i) The principal diagonal elements of a skew-symmetric matrix are always zero, because
if we put i= j in a ji =−a ij, then a ii=−aii. ∴ 2 aii =0 ⇒ aij =0 , ∀ i .

(ii) The only zero matrix is both symmetric and skew-symmetric matrix.

[ ]
0 3 −4
EXAMPLE 6. Show that matrix B= −3 0 2 is skew-symmetric matrix.
4 −2 0
 [ ]
0 3 −4
Sol. Given, B= −3 0 2
4 −2 0

[ ][ ]
'
0 3 −4 0 −3 4
'
Now, B = −3 0 2 = 3 0 −2
4 −2 0 −4 2 0

[interchanging the elements of rows and columns]

[ ]
0 3 −4
¿− −3 0 2
4 −2 0

∴ B' =−B
[taking (−1) common from the matrix]

Hence, B is skew-symmetric matrix.

EXAMPLE 7. For what value of x , the matrix

[ ]
0 1 −2
A= −1 0 3 is skew-symmetric matrix?
x −3 0

[All India 2013]

[ ]
0 1 −2
Sol. Given, A= −1 0 3
x −3 0

We know that, if A is a skew-symmetric matrix, then

T
A=−A

From Eq. (i), we get

[ ] [ ][ ][ ]
0 1 −2 0 −1 x
0 1 −2 0 1 −x
−1 0 3 =− 1 0 −3
−1 0 3 = −1 0 3 ¿
x −3 0 −2 3 0
x −3 0 2 −3 0
¿
On comparing the corresponding element, we get

−2=−x ⇒ x=2
Some Important Theorems
Theorem 1 For a square matrix A with real number entries, A+ A ' is a symmetric and
'
A−A is a skew-symmetric matrix.

Theorem 2 A square matrix A can be expressed as the sum of a symmetric and skew-
symmetric matrices.

1
i.e. A= ( A + A' ) + 1 ( A−A ' ), where 1 ( A+ A ' ) is
2 2 2

1
symmetric and ( A−A ' ) is skew-symmetric.
2
EXAMPLE 8. Prove that the square matrix
5 2
3 −6 [ ]
can be expressed as a sum of
symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices.

Sol. Let A= [ 53 −62 ] '

. Then, A = [ 52 −63 ]
[interchanging the elements of rows and columns]

Now, A+ A = [ 53 −62 ]+[ 52 −63 ]

'

⇒ A+ A =
[ 5+5
'
3+2 −6−6
2+3
] =
[ 5 −12 ]
10 5

1
⇒ ( A+ A )=
2
1 10
'
[
2 5 −12 ]
5
, which is symmetric.

A−A =
Also, [53 −62 ]−[52 −63 ]
'

¿
[5−5
3−2
2−3
−6+6
=
][
0 −1
1 0 ]
2 [1 0 ]
1 1 0 −1
⇒ ( A− A )=
'
2

which is skew-symmetric.

On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

 1
2 [
( A+ A ' ) + 1 ( A− A' ) ¿ 1 10 5 + 1 0 −1
2 2 5 −12 2 1 0 ] [ ]
¿
1
¿ 10 4
2 6 −12 [ ]
¿ ¿
EXAMPLE 9. Express the following matrix as a sum of a symmetric and a skew-

[ ]
3 −2 −4
symmetric matrices 3 −2 −5 .
−1 1 2

[ ]
3 −2 −4
Sol. Let A= 3 −2 −5
−1 1 2

[ ]
3 −1 3
∴ A ' = −2 −2 1
−4 −5 2

1
Now, let P= ( A + A' )
2

{[ ][ ]}
3 −2 −4 3 3 −1
1
¿ 3 −2 −5 + −2 −2 1
2
−1 1 2 −4 −5 2

[ ][ ]
6 1 −5 3 1/2 −5 /2
1
¿ 1 −4 −4 = 1 /2 −2 −2
2
−5 −4 4 −5 /2 −2 2

1
and Q= ( A− A' ).
2

{[ ][ ]}
3 −2 −4 3 3 −1
1
¿ 3 −2 −5 − −2 −2 1
2
−1 1 2 −4 −5 2

[ ]
0 −5 −3
1
¿ 5 0 −6
2
3 6 0

[ ]
0 −5/2 −3/2
¿ 5 /2 0 −3
3 /2 3 0
 [ ]
3 1/2 −5/2
'
Clearly, here P = 1/2 −2 −2 =P
−5 /2 −2 2

[ ]
0 5 /2 3/2
'
and Q = −5/2 0 3 =−Q
−3/2 −3 0

So, P is a symmetric matrix and Q is a skew-symmetric matrix.

1
Now, P+Q= ( A + A ' ) + 1 ( A−A ' )
2 2

[ ][ ]
3 1/2 −5 /2 0 −5 /2 −3/2
¿ 1 /2 −2 −2 + 5 /2 0 −3
−5 /2 −2 2 3 /2 3 0

[ ]
3 −2 −4
¿ 3 −2 −5 = A
−1 1 2

Thus, given matrix is expressed as the sum of symmetric matrix and skew-symmetric
matrix.

Invertible Matrix
A square matrix A of order m is said to be invertible, if there exists another square
matrix B of same order m , such that AB=BA=I , where I is a unit matrix of same order
m . The matrix B, is called the inverse of matrix A and is denoted by A−1.

e.g. Let A= [ 32 107 ] and B= [−27 −10

3 ]
be two square

matrices of order 2 .

Then, AB= [32 107 ] [−27 −103 ]

¿
[14−14
21−20 −30+30
−20+ 21 ]=
[ 0 1]
1 0

¿ I , which is of order 2 .
Also, BA= [
7 −10 3 10
−2 3 2 7 ][ ]
¿
[ 21−20 70−70
−6+ 6 −20+ 21
=
][ ]
1 0
0 1

¿ I , which is of order 2 .

Thus, AB=BA=I .

Hence, A is invertible and A−1=B .

Note
(i) A rectangular matrix does not possess inverse matrix. Since, for the products BA and
AB to be defined and to be equal, it is necessary that matrices A and B are square
matrices of the same order.

(ii) If B is the inverse of A , then A is also the inverse of B.

Some Important Theorems

Theorem 1
(Uniqueness of Inverse) Inverse of a
square matrix, if it exists,
is unique.
Proof Let A be a square matrix such that its inverse exists.

If possible, let B and C be two inverses of A .

Then, we need to show B=C .

Since, B is the inverse of A .

∴ AB=BA=I
Also, C is the inverse of A .

∴ AC =CA=I
Now, we can write B=BI

¿ B( AC ) [using Eq. (ii)]

¿ (BA)C

[by associative law of matrix multiplication]

 ¿ IC [using Eq. (i)]
¿C Hence proved.

Theorem 2
If A and B are invertible matrices of the same order, then ¿, where A and B are matrices
of the same order.

Proof By definition of inverse, we have

[by associative law of matrix multiplication and by using AI =A=IA ¿

⇒ ¿

EXAMPLE 10. If ¿, then prove that A−1 and B−1 satisfy commutative property with
respect to multiplication.

[NCERT Exemplar] Sol. Given, ¿ (i)

Now as, ¿

[by theorem 2]

∴ A−1 B−1=B−1 A−1

[from Eq. (i)]

Here, we see that A−1 and B−1 satisfy the property of commutative with respect to
multiplication.

Topic Practice 4
1 Find the transpose of the following matrix:

[ ]
−1 5 6
(i) √3 5 6
2 3 −1

[ ]
5
(ii) 1/2
−1

[ ]
−4 1 −5
(iii) 1 2 0
1 3 1
 [ ]
−1 2 3
(iv) 5 7 9
−2 1 1

[ ]
−1 5 6
(v) √ 3 5 6
2 3 1

2 Verify for the given matrices.

[ ] [ ]
−1 2 3 −4 1 −5
(i) If A= 5 7 9 and B= 1 2 0 , then verify that ¿.
−2 1 1 1 3 1

[ ]
3 4
'
(ii) If A = −1
0
2 and B=
1
[
−1 2 1
1 2 3 ]
, then verify that ¿.

[NCERT]

(iii) If A= [ 20 3 −5
−1 4 ]
, then verify that ¿.

[ ] [ ]
1 2 1 2
(iv) If A= 4 1 and B= 6 4 , then verify that ¿
5 6 7 3

[ ]
0 a −3
3 If the matrix A= 2 0 −1 is skew-symmetric, find the values of ' a ' and ' b '.
b 1 0

[CBSE 2018]

[ ]
0 a 3
4 If matrix 2 b −1 is a skew-symmetric matrix, then find the values of a , b and c .
c 1 0

[NCERT Exemplar]

[ ]
0 2 b −2
5 Matrix A= 3 1 3 is given to be symmetric then find the values of a and b .
3 a 3 −1

[Delhi 2016]
 [ ]
3 4
T
6 If A = −1
0
2 and B=
1
[
−1 2 1
1 2 3 ]
, then find AT −BT .

7 If A= [−sin
cos ⁡α
⁡α ]
sin ⁡α
cos ⁡α
π
, then find α satisfying 0< α < when A+ A = √ 2 I 2 , where AT is
2
T

transpose of A .

[All India 2016]

[ ]
1 −1 5
8 Show that matrix A= −1 2 1 is a symmetric matrix.
5 1 3

[NCERT]

[ ]
0 1 −1
9 Show that matrix A= −1 0 1 is a skew-symmetric matrix.
1 −1 0

[NCERT]

Directions (Q. Nos. 10-16) Verify the statements.

10 If A is a skew-symmetric matrix, then show that A2 is a symmetric matrix.

[NCERT Exemplar]

11 Write a 2 ×2 matrix which is both symmetric and skew-symmetric.

[Delhi 2014C]

12 Show that A' A and A A' are both symmetric matrices for any matrix A .

[NCERT Exemplar]

13 If A is symmetric, then show that B' AB is symmetric matrix.

[NCER'T]

14 Show that all the diagonal elements of a skew-symmetric matrix are zero.

[Delhi 2017]

15 If A and B are symmetric matrices, then prove that AB+ BA is a symmetric matrix.

16 Show that a matrix which is both symmetric as well as the skew-symmetric matrix is a
null matrix.
17 Write a 3 ×3 skew-symmetric matrix.

18 If A =
'
[−21 32] and B= [−11 02] , then find ¿.

[NCERT].

19 If A= [ 21 04] and B= [−13 20] , then find ¿.

[ ]
1 4
20 If A=
2 4 0
3 9 6 [ ]
and B= 2 8 , then verify that ¿.
1 3

[NCERT Exemplar]
21 If A=[ aij ] is a square matrix such that a ij=i2− j 2, then check whether A is symmetric
or skew-symmetric matrix.

22 For the matrix A= [ 16 57] , verify that (i) ( A+ A ' ) is a symmetric matrix.

(ii) ( A−A ' ) is a skew-symmetric matrix.

[NCERT]

23 - Express the following matrices as a sum of symmetric and skew-symmetric matrix.

(i) A= [−12 34]
(ii) A=
[ 31 −15 ]
[ ]
4 −6 2
(iii) A= 7 3 5
1 −2 −4

[ ]
2 3 1
(iv) A= 1 −1 2
4 1 2

[ ]
6 −2 2
(v) A= −2 3 −1
2 −1 3

[ ]
3 3 −1
(vi) A= −2 −2 1
−4 −5 2
 [ ]
2 b −2
0
5. Given, A= 3 1 3 is a symmetric matrix. We know that a matrix A is
3 a 3 −1
symmetric, if A' = A .
Similar as Example 1.

[ √3
]
−1 2
Ans. (i) 5 5 3 (ii) [ 5 1 /2 −1 ]
6 6 −1

[ ] [ ]
−4 1 1 −1 5 −2
(iii) 1 2 3 (iv) 2 7 1
−5 0 1 3 9 1

[ √3 2
]
−1
(v) 5 5 3
6 6 1

2. (i) Similar as Example 2 (iii).

(ii) Similar as Example 2 (iii).

(iii) Similar as Example 2 (ii).

(iv) Similar as Example 2 (iii).

[ ]
0 a −3
3. Given, A= 2 0 −1 is a skew-symmetric matrix.
b 1 0
∴ A T =−A

[ ] [ ]
T
0 a −3 0 a −3
⇒ 2 0 −1 =− 2 0 −1
b 1 0 b 1 0

[ ][ ]
0 2 b 0 −a 3
⇒ a 0 1 = −2 0 1
−3 −1 0 −b −1 0

On equating the corresponding elements, we get

a=−2 and b=3

 4. Similar as Example 7. [Ans. a=−2 , b=0 and c=−3 ] ∴ We have,

[ ][ ]
'
0 2b −2 0 2b −2
3 1 3 = 3 1 3
3 a 3 −1 3 a 3 −1

[ ][ ]
0 3 3a 0 2 b −2
⇒ 2b 1 3 = 3 1 3
−2 3 −1 3 a 3 −1

On equating the corresponding elements, we get

3=2b and 3 a=−2= 3 and a= −2 ¿

¿ 2 3

[ ][ ]
3 4 −1 1
T T
6. A −B = −1 2 − 2 2
0 1 1 3

[ ]
4 3
¿ −3 0
−1 −2

7. Given, A= [−sin
cos ⁡α
⁡α
sin ⁡α
cos ⁡α ]
Also, given A+ A = √ 2 I 2
T

[ ][ ] [ ]
T
∴ cos ⁡α sin ⁡α + cos ⁡α sin ⁡α =√ 2 1 0
−sin ⁡α cos ⁡α −sin ⁡α cos ⁡α 0 1

⇒
[−sin
cos ⁡α
⁡α cos ⁡α ] [ sin ⁡α
sin ⁡α cos ⁡α
+
−sin ⁡α
cos ⁡α ] [
=√
0 √ 2]
2 0

⇒
[−sin
cos ⁡α + cos ⁡α sin ⁡α−sin ⁡α
⁡α + sin ⁡α cos ⁡α + cos ⁡α ] [
=√
0 √ 2]
2 0

2 cos ⁡α ] [ 0 √ 2 ]
⇒[
2 cos ⁡α 0
=
√2 0
0
⇒ 2 cos ⁡α =√ 2
1
⇒ cos ⁡α=
√2
π
⇒α =
4

8. Similar as Example 4.

9. Similar as Example 6.
 '
10. Now, ( A 2) =¿

¿ A' A ' =(−A )(−A ) [ ∵ A ' =− A ]

¿ A2

11. A null or zero matrix of order 2 ×2 is both symmetric and skew-symmetric.

'
12. Consider, ( A A ) =¿
'

¿ A' ⋅ A [ ∵ ( A ' ) =A ]
'

Hence, A' A is symmetric matrix for any matrix A .

' '
Now, ( A A' ) =( A ' ) ¿ Hence, A A' is also symmetric matrix for any matrix A .

13. Given, A is a symmetric matrix.

'
∴ A ' = A Now, ( B' AB ) =¿
¿[ ∵ ( B' ) =B ]⇒ ( B' AB ) =B' A ' B⇒ ( B' AB ) =B' AB [ ∵ A ' = A ]
' ' '

Hence, B' AB is a symmetric matrix.

14. Let A=[ aij ] be a skew-symmetric matrix.

Then, a ij=−a ji for all i , j.

Now, if we put i= j, we get

aii =−a ii for all values of i

⇒ 2 a ii=0 for all values of i
⇒ a ii =0 for all values of i
⇒ a11=a22=a 33=…=ann=0

⇒ All the diagonal elements of a skew-symmetric matrix are zero.

15. Given, A and B are symmetric matrices.

∴ A ' = A and B' =B
Now, ¿

[ ∵ matrix addition is commutative]

Hence, AB+ BA is a symmetric matrix.

16. Let A be a matrix, which is both symmetric and skew-symmetric.
Then, we have AT = A [as A is symmetric]...(i) and AT =− A [as A is skew-symmetric] ...
(ii)

From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

A=− A
⇒ A+ A=O ⇒ 2 A=O
⇒ A=O

Hence, matrix A , which is both symmetric and skew-symmetric is a null matrix.

[ ]
0 2 −3
17. Hint Find the matrix A of order 3 ×3 such that A' =− A . [ Ans. −2 0 4
3 −4 0

18. We have, A =
'
[−21 32] [−11 02]
and B=

∴ A=( A ) =[−2 3 ] =[−2 1 ]

'
' '
1 2 3 2

[interchanging the elements of rows and columns]

A +2 B ¿
[−23 12]+2[−11 02]
[−23 12]+[−22 04 ]
Now,
¿
¿ ¿
[interchanging the elements of rows and columns]

19. Now, AB= [21 04 ][−13 20]

¿
[−1+12
−2+0
][
4 +0 −2 4
2+0
=
11 2 ]
[multiplying rows by columns]

∴¿
[interchanging the elements of rows and columns]

20. Similar as Example 3.

21. Consider a square matrix of order 2 ,

i.e. A=[ aij ] 2 ×2

 2 2
Given, a ij=i − j

∴ a 11=12−12 =1−1=0
¿ a21=22−12=4−1=3
¿ ¿

4nes. Now, A=
[ a 11 a12
a 21 a22 ][
=
0 −3
3 0 ]
[ ][ ]
'
' 0 −3 0 3
⇒A= =
3 0 −3 0

[interchanging the elements of rows and columns]

¿−
[ 03 −30 ]=−A
[taking (-1) common from the matrix]

Hence, A is skew-symmetric matrix.

[ ][ ]
'
1 5 1 5
'
22. (i) Here, A+ A = +
6 7 6 7

¿
[61 57] +[ 15 67]=[ 112 1114]=[ 112 1114]= A+ A ¿ '

∴ ( A + A' ) is a symmetric matrix.

[ ][ ]
'
1 5
' 1 5
(ii) Here, A−A = −
6 7 6 7

¿
[16 57]−[15 67]=[01 −10 ]
and ( A−A ) =[ 0 1 ]=−[ 0 −1 ]=−( A− A )
' ' '
−1 0 1 0

∴ ( A− A ' ) is a skew-symmetric matrix.

23. (i) Similar as Example 8.

Ans.
[ 21 14 ]+[−20 20]
(ii) Similar as Example 8.
 Ans.
[ 3 3
+
][
0 2
3 −1 −2 0 ]
(iii) Similar as Example 9.

[ ][ ]
2 11/2 −5/2 0 −3 /2 −7 /2
Ans. 11/2 3 3/2 + 3 /2 0 7/2
−5 /2 3 /2 4 7 /2 −7 /2 0

(iv) Similar as Example 9.

[ ][ ]
5 −3
2 2 0 1
2 2
3 1
Ans. 2 −1 + −1 0
2 2
5 3 3 −1
2 0
2 2 2 2

(v) Similar as Example 9.

[ ][ ]
6 −2 2 0 0 0
Ans. −2 3 −1 + 0 0 0
2 −1 3 0 0 0

(vi) Similar as Example 9.

[ ][ ]
3 1 /2 −5/2 0 5 /2 3/2
Ans. 1/2 −2 −2 + −5/2 0 3
−5/2 −2 2 −3/2 −3 0

Exam Pattern Exercise

Part A - Objective Type Questions
Multiple Choice Type Questions
1 A=[ aij ] m× n is a square matrix, if

[NCERT]
(a) m<n
(b) m>n
(c) m=n
(d) None of these
2 If for a square matrix A , A 2−3 A+ I =0 and A−1=xA+ yI , then the value of x + y is
[CBSE 2023]
(a) -2
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) -3

3 If A= [ 35 42 ] and 2 A + B is a null matrix, then B is equal to

(a) [ 106 84]

(b) [−10
−6 −8
−4 ]
(c) [ 105 83 ]
(d) [−10
−5 −8
−3 ]

[CBSE 2023]

4
If [ 25 xx+−7y 44 xx ]=[ 7y 7 y−13
x+ 6 ]
then [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) x=3 , y=1
(b) x=2 , y=3
(c) x=2 , y=4
(d) x=3 , y=3

5 If A= [−10 10] and (3 I + 4 A)(3 I −4 A )=x 2 I , then the value(s) of x is/are

[CBSE 2023]
(a) ± √ 7
(b) 0
(c) \pm 5
(d) 25

6 If for a square matrix A , A 2− A+ I =0, then A−1 is equal to

[CBSE 2023]
(a) A
(b) A+1
(c) I − A
(d) A−I

7 If A= [ αγ −αβ ] is such that A2=I , then

(a) 1+α 2+ βγ=0

(b) 1−α 2 + βγ =0
(c) 1−α 2−βγ =0
(d) 1+α 2−βγ =0

8 If A= [ 12 01] , B=[ 1x 01 ] and A=B 2, then x is equal to

[CBSE 2023]
(a) \pm 1
(b) -1
(c) 1
(d) 2

9 If A is a 3 × 4 matrix and B is a matrix such that A' B and A B' are both defined, then
the order of the matrix B is

[CBSE 2023]
(a) 3 × 4
(b) 3 ×3
(c) 4 × 4
(d) 4 ×3

10 If a matrix A=[ 1 2 3 ], then the matrix A A' (where A' is the transpose of A ) is

[CBSE 2023]
(a) 14

[ ]
1 0 0
(b) 0 2 0
0 0 3

[ ]
1 2 3
(c) 2 3 1
3 1 2
(d) [14]

11 For any two matrices A and B, we have

(a) AB=BA
(b) AB≠ BA
(c) AB=O
(d) None of these

[NCERT Exemplar]

12 The product [−ba ba] [ba −ba ] is equal to [CBSE 2023]

[ ]
2 2
a +b 0
(a)
0 a +b 2
2

(b) ¿
 [ ]
2 2
a +b 0
(c)
a2 +b 2 0
(d) [ ]
a 0
0 b

13 If [ 12] [ 25] [ 49 ]
x +y = , then

CBSE 2023]
(a) x=1 , y=2
(b) x=2 , y=1
(c) x=1 , y=−1
(d) x=3 , y=2

[ ][ ] [ ]
1 1 1 x 6
14 If 0 1 1 y = 3 , then the value of (2 x+ y−z) is
0 0 1 z 2
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 5

15 If A is a square matrix and A2= A , then ¿ is equal to

[CBSE 2023]
(a) I
(b) A
(c) 2 A
(d) 3 I

16 If A= [ 00 10] , then A2023 is equal to

(a) [ 00 10]
(b) [ 00 20230 ]
(c) [ 00 00]
(d) [ 2023
0 2023 ]
0

[CBSE 2023]

17 A and B are skew-symmetric matrices of same order. AB is symmetric, if

[CBSE 2023]
(a) AB=0
(b) AB=−BA
(c) AB=BA
(d) BA=0

18 For what value of x ∈ 0 ,[ ] π

2
, is A+ A ' =√ 3 I , where A= [
cos ⁡x sin ⁡x
−sin ⁡x cos ⁡x
?
]
π
(a)
3
π
(b)
6
(c) 0
π
(d)
2

[CBSE 2023]

Fill in the Blanks

19 If matrix A=[ aij ] 2 ×2, where a ij= {01,, ifif i=i≠ jj . Then A2 is equal to

[NCERT Exemplar]

20 The value of x such that

[ ][ ]
1 2 0 0
[ 1 2 1 ] 2 0 1 2 =O , is
1 0 2 x

21 If A is square matrix such that A2= A , then

¿ is equal to

[NCERT]

22 If A and B are symmetric matrices of same order,

then ( A B' −B A ' ) is a

[NCERT Exemplar]

23 A matrix is ........ if the number of rows equal to number of columns.

24 For a square matrix, the elements A11 , A22 , A 33 , … , A nn are the ......... elements.
25 A matrix with only one row is called a matrix and a matrix with only one cplumn is
called a matrix.

26 The matrix derived from the coefficients of a system of linear equation is called the
matrix of system.

True and False

27 If A and B are invertible matrices of the same order, then ¿, where A and B are
matrices of the same order.

28 If the matrix A is both symmetric and skew-symmetric, then A is a zero matrix.

29 If A and B are square matrix of same order, then ( A+ B)( A−B) is equal to
2 2
A −BA+ B + AB.

[ ]
0 0 4
30 The matrix P= 0 4 0 is not a unit matrix.
4 0 0

Assertion-Reason Based Questions

Directions (Q. Nos. 31-34) In the questions given below are two statements labelled as
Assertion (A) and Reason (R). In the context of the two statements, which one of the
following is correct?

(a) Both A and R are correct; R is the correct explanation of A

(b) Both A and R are correct; R is not the correct explanation of A

(c) A is correct; R is incorrect

(d) R is correct; A is incorrect

[ ]
1 0 0
31 Assertion Matrix 0 3 0 is a diagonal matrix.
0 0 4

Reason Identity matrix of order 3 is a diagonal matrix.

[ ]
1 3 4
32 Assertion The product of two matrices −1 2 0
1 3 2

[ ][ ]
−1 2 4 22
and 3 4 is 7 6
−1 2 6 18
Reason The product of two matrices A and B is defined, if the number of columns of A is
equal to the number of rows of B.

[ ]
1 2 4
33 Assertion Matrix A= 2 3 −1 is symmetric matrix.
4 −1 5

[ ]
0 1 −2
Reason Matrix B= −1 0 3 is a
2 −3 0

skew-symmetric matrix.

34 Assertion For any square matrix B with real number entries, B+B ' is a skew-
symmetric matrix and B−B' is a symmetric matrix.

Reason A square matrix B can be expressed as the sum of a symmetric matrix and skew-
symmetric matrix.

Part-B Descriptive Questions

Very Short Answer Type Questions
35 If possible, then find the sum of the matrices A and

[ ]
B , where A= √ 3 1 and B= x y z
2 3 a b c [ ]
[NCERT Exemplar]

[ ][ ]
2 2 2 2
cos ⁡x sin ⁡x sin ⁡x cos ⁡x
36 Simplify +
sin ⁡x cos ⁡x cos 2 ⁡x sin2 ⁡x
2 2
[NCERT]

37 Find the value of y−x from the following equation.

2
[ x
7
5
][
+
3 −4
y −3 1 2
=
7 6
15 14][ ]
[All India 2012]

38 Find non-zero values of x satisfying the matrix equation

x [
2x 2
3 x
+2 ] [
8 5x
4 4x
=2
x 2+ 8 24
10 6 x ] [ ]
[NCERT Exemplar]
39 If A= [ ]
2 4
3 2
and B=
1 3
−2 5 [ ]
, then find A−B .

40 If [−29 −1
1 ]3 = A+[ 10 24 −19 ]
4
then find the matrix A.

[Delhi 2013]

41 Let A=[ aij ] n ×n be a diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements are different and
B=[ b ij ]n × n is some another matrix. If AB=[ c ij ]n ×n, then find c ij.

42 Suppose A= [ 52 43 ] and B= [ 36 5 1
8 4 ]
, then find AB and BA , if they exist.

43 Find x from the matrix equation [ 14 35] [ x2]=[ 56 ]

[ ][ ] [ ]
1 0 0 x 1
44 If 0 y 0 −1 = 2 , find x + y + z .
0 0 1 z 1

[Delhi 2016C]

45 If matrix A= [−11 −11 ] and A2=kA , then write the value of k .

[All India 2013]

46 If A= [ 13 24 ] , then find A+ A '.

[Delhi 2013]

Short Answer Type Questions

47 If A= [ cos ⁡α
sin ⁡α
−sin ⁡α
cos ⁡α ]
, then for what value of α , A is an identity matrix?

[ ][ ]
x+3 z +4 2 y −7 0 6 3 y−2
48 If −6 a−1 0 = −6 −3 2 c +2 , then
b−3 −21 0 2 b+4 −21 0

find the values of a , b , c and z .

[NCERT]
49 Assume Y , W and P are the matrices of orders 3 × k ,n × 3 and p ×k . Find the
restrictions on n , k and p, so that PY +WY will be defined.

[NCERT]

50 Give one example of skew-symmetric matrix of order 2 and order 3.

[ ]
0 −2 4
51 Find the symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices of matrix A= 2 0 −1
−4 1 0

52 If A and B are symmetric matrices, then prove that BA−2 AB is neither a symmetric
matrix nor skew-symmetric matrix.

[NCERT Exemplar]
n
53 Prove by mathematical induction that ( A' ) =( An ), where n ∈ N for any square matrix
A.

[NCERT Exemplar]

[ ]
3 −4
54 If A= 1
2 0
1 and B=
2 1 2
1 2 4 [ ]
, then verify that ¿.

[NCERT Exemplar]

55 If A= [ 01 11] and B= [ 01 −10 ] , then show that ( A+ B)( A−B) ≠ A 2−B2

[NCERT Exemplar]

[ ][ ]
1 0 2 x
56 Solve the matrix [ x −5 −1 ] 0 2 1 4 =0.
2 0 3 1

[ ][ ]
−1 0 −1 1
57 If [ 2 1 3 ] −1 1 0 0 =A , then find the value of A .
0 1 1 −1

58 If A α= [−sin
cos ⁡α
⁡α
sin ⁡α
cos ⁡α ]
, then prove that A α A β= A α + β.

59 If A= [−sin
cos ⁡α
⁡α
sin ⁡α
cos ⁡α ] 2
, then show that A = [
cos ⁡2 α sin ⁡2 α
−sin ⁡2 α cos ⁡2α
. ]
60 Find the matrix A satisfying the matrix equation [ ][
2 1
3 2
A
−3 2
5 −3
=
1 0
0 1][ ]
[NCERT Exemplar]

[ ]
2 0 1
61 If A= 2 1 3 , then find A2−5 A+ 6 I .
1 −1 0

62 If A= [ 21 32] , then prove that A3 −4 A 2+ A=O .

63 If A=
[−11 70] , then find k such that A2−8 A +kI =O .

64 For the matrix A= [ 37 15] , find a and b such that A2 +aI =bA , where I is a 2 ×2
identity matrix.

65 If A=
2
[ 24k 50k ] and B= [ k3 −10 ] , such that AB=BA . Then, show that

2 k +17 k −12=0 .

66 A manufacturer sells the products x , y and z in two markets. Annual sales are
indicated below

Market Products

x y z

I 10000 2000 18000

II 6000 20000 8000

(i) If unit sale prices of x , y and z are ₹ 2.50 , ₹ 1.50 and ₹ 1.00 respectively, then find
the total revenue in each market with the help of matrix algebra.

(ii) If the unit costs of the above three commodities are ₹ 2.00, ₹ 1.00 and 50 paise,
respectively. Find the gross profit.

[Hint Profit ¿ Revenue - Cost]

[NCERT]
67 In a legislative assembly election, a political group hired a public relations firm to
promote its candidate in three ways: telephone, house calls and letters. The cost per
contact (in paise) is given in matrix A as

Cost per contact

[ ]
40 Telephone
A= 100 House call
50 Letter

The number of contacts of each type made in two cities X and Y is given by

Telephone
B=[ 1000 500 5000
3000 1000 10000
→X ]
Find the total amount spent by the group in the two cities X and Y .

68 If AB=BA for any two square matrices, then prove by mathematical induction that

[NCERT Exemplar]

69 If A=diag ⁡[a , b , c ], then show that

An =diag ⁡[ an , bn , c n ] , ∀ n ∈ N

[ ] [ ]
−1 2 3 −4 1 −5
70 If A= 5 7 9 and B= 1 2 0 , then verify that
−2 1 1 1 3 1

(i) ¿

(ii) ¿

[NCERT]

1
71 Find ( A+ A ' ) and 1 ( A−A ' ), where
2 2

[ ]
0 a b
A= −a 0 c
−b −c 0

[NCERT]
72 If A= [
3 −4
1 −1 ]
, then show that ( A−A ' ) is a skew-symmetric matrix, where A' is the
transpose of matrix A .

[NCERT Exemplar]

73 Show that the matrix BT AB is symmetric or skew-symmetric, according as A is

symmetric or skew-symmetric.

[NCERT]

Long Answer Type Questions

[ ]
1 0 2
74 If A= 0 2 1 , then prove that A is a root of the polynomial f (x)=x3 −6 x 2+7 x +2.
2 0 3

[Hint Prove that f ( A)=O ]

[NCERT]

75 Let A= [−12 32] and f ( x)=x2 −4 x +7 . Show that f ( A)=Θ . Use this result to find A5 .

( ) ( )
2 −1 −1 −8 −10
76 Find matrix A , if 1 0 A= 1 −2 −5 .
−3 4 9 22 15

[Delhi 2017C]

( )
−7 −8 −9
77 Find matrix X , if X ( 1 2 3
4 5 6)= 2 4 6 .
11 10 9

[Delhi 2017C]

Case Study Bused Questions

78 Two classes, Class 1 and Class 2 are raising fund for charity. They sold burger and
maggi during a funfair. The details of their business on the funfair is given below:

Burger Maggi

Class 1 27 14

Class 2 32 21
They sold each unit of burger at ₹ 90 and each maggi at ₹ 50 . It cost them ₹ 70 per unit
to buy burger and ₹ 35 to buy one maggi.

Given that Q= [ 2732 1421] , C=[ 7035]

and S= [ 9050]
(i) Find QC .

(ii) Find S−C .

(iii) Find Q(S−C).

79 Three brands of cat food are sold at two stores. The following tables show the price of
each brand at each store.

The prices are given in cents per 100 g . Data is given for the months May and June.

Store
Store 2
1

Brand A 9.4 9.6

Brand B 10.2 9.4

Brand C 11.4 11.0

May

Brand A 9.8 10.0

Brand B 10.2 10.2

Brand C 12.0 12.0

June

[ ]
9.4 9.6
It is given that X = 10.2 9.4
11.4 11.0
and

[ ]
9.8 10.0
Y = 10.2 10.2
12.0 12.0

(i) (a) Evaluate Y − X .

(b) Explain what the numbers is your answer represent.

(ii) The cat food is sold in tins containing 500 g . Write down the matrix M such that the
product XM will shown for each brand, the total cost, in cents, to buying ten tins at both
stores during May.

Hints & Solutions

1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (b)

5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (c)

9. (a) 10. (d) 11. (d)

13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (a)

17. (c) 18. (b) 19. I

21. I 22. skew-symmetric matrix

35. Not possible 36. [ 11 11]

36. 7 38. x=4

37. [ 15 −31 ] 40.[−28 −3 5

−3 −6 ]
 38. a ii bij 42. AB= [ 39 57 21
24 34 14 ]
; BA does not exist.

39. x=−1 44.0

40. k =2 46. [ 25 58]

41. α =0 ∘

48. a=−2 , b=−7 , c=−1 and z=2 49. k =3 , p=n

][ ] [ ][ ]
0 −1 3 0 0 0 0 −2 4
50. [
0 2
−2 0
; 1 0 4 51. 0 0 0 ; 2
−3 −4 0 0 0 0 −4 1
0 −1
0

51. x=± 4 √ 3 57. A=[−4 ]

52. [ 11 10]
53. k =7

[ ]
1 −1 −3
54. −1 −1 −10
−5 4 4

55. (i) Total revenue in Market I is ₹ 46000 and in Market II is ₹ 53000 .

(ii) Gross profit ¿ ₹ 32000

67. Total amount spent by the group in two cities are ₹ 3400 and ₹ 7200, respectively.

[ ] [ ]
0 0 0 0 a b
1
71. ( A+ A ' ) = 0 0 0 and 1 ( A−A ' )= −a 0 c
2 2
0 0 0 −b −c 0

72. A =
5
[−118
31
−93
−118 ]
73. A= (13 −2 −5
4 0 )

( )
1 −2
74. X = 2 0
−5 4
 75. (i) QC = [ ]
2380
2975

The cost to buy burger and maggi for Class 1 and Class 2 are ₹ 2380 and ₹ 2975
respectively.

(ii) S−C= [ 2015]

The profit on burger is ₹ 20 and the profit on maggi is ₹ 15 each.

(iii) Q(S−C)= [ 750

955 ]

Class 1 made a total profit of ₹ 750 while Class 2 made a total profit of ₹ 955 .

[ ]
0.4 0.4
79. (i) (a) Y − X= 0 0.8
0.6 1
(b) They represent the difference in price between May and June in each store for the 3
different brands.

[ ][
9.4 9.6
(ii) XM = 10.2 9.4
11.4 11.0
50
50
; M=
50
50 ] [ ]