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The first part is about what causes air pollution. Before going into that, we must
understand what air pollution is. Air pollution is a significant change in air composition
caused by smoke, dust, water vapor, or gases entering the air, causing unusual odors.
These pollutants can come from many different sources. Air pollution can be classified
into two categories: visible and invisible air pollution. There are different types of air
pollution such as local air pollution, which occurs within a radius of a few kilometers.
Regional air pollution involves phenomena like acid rain, photochemical reactions, and
degradation of water quality over distances from a few meters to a thousand kilometers.
You can understand it as medium-range pollution. Global pollution refers to
phenomena like the depletion of the ozone layer and global warming caused by the
emission of greenhouse gases. This is a large-scale form of air pollution.
Now, let’s return to the causes of air pollution. There are two main sources of air
pollution: natural sources and human activities. However, human activities are the
primary sources. Natural sources of air pollution include dust storms, wildfires, and
volcanoes. Human activities are the primary cause of air pollution. The combustion of
fossil fuels such as coal and oil for electricity and transport produces air pollutants such
as nitrogen oxides. Emissions from industrial factories and vehicles release large
amounts of carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, chemicals, and organic compounds into the
atmosphere due to various activities. Agricultural activities also contribute to air
pollution through the use of pesticides and fertilizers, which emit harmful chemicals.
Waste production also contributes to air pollution, primarily due to the generation of
methane in landfills.
Second, let’s discuss the current situation of air pollution. Air pollution is a major
concern worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), air pollution is
a silent killer. 92% of the world’s population lives in an environment with air quality
below the WHO standard. This is a significant increase from the 80% reported in 2016.
The most common air pollutants are particulate matter (PM), ground-level ozone (O3),
nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). In Vietnam, Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh
City are the most polluted cities. The most polluted country in the world is Chad, which
might seem surprising as it is a small and sparsely populated country.
Third, let’s talk about the effects of air pollution. Air pollution affects both humans and
the environment. For the environment, it can have a devastating impact on animals and
plants. Harmful compounds can irritate the respiratory tract and weaken the immune
system of animals. They can also cause widespread leaf loss in fruit trees, which can
eventually lead to tree death. This can indirectly contribute to global warming by
increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Smoke can also lead to
acid rain which can kill plants, pollute water sources, and kill beneficial microorganisms
in the soil. This can disrupt agriculture leading to reduced crop yields by damaging
plants and making it difficult for them to absorb nutrients.
Air pollution also has a significant impact on humans. The consequences of air pollution
on humans are very serious. Air pollution is a major factor contributing to the increasing
rate of respiratory and cancer diseases. According to WHO, air pollution causes seven
million deaths each year, with about four million in Asia Pacific.
It not only takes the lives of millions of people but also causes economic losses of nearly
five trillion USD each year. Air pollution also reduces the average life expectancy of each
person by two years and is the fourth leading cause of death in the world after high
blood pressure, smoking, and unhealthy eating habits.
Particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) pollution is responsible for most deaths because they are
very small in size and easily enter the lungs causing respiratory diseases. PM2.5
combined with gases in the air causes irritation of mucous membranes, preventing
hemoglobin from combining with oxygen, causing cells to lack oxygen leading to
decreased lung function, and exacerbating asthma and heart disease.
According to WHO, air pollution is one of many factors contributing up to 25% of heart
diseases and strokes.
In addition, air pollution can cause asthma and lung cancer. It can also affect the central
nervous system, increasing the risk of Parkinson’s disease, autism, and irritability. These
are just a few examples of the consequences of air pollution. In fact, it causes many
diseases and is a silent killer for millions of people around the world.
Last but not least, let’s discuss some solutions to deal with air pollution.
Firstly, there are actions that individuals can take. Simple things like planting trees can
help clean the air. Using public transportation instead of personal cars whenever
possible can also reduce pollution. It’s important not to litter and to use energy-efficient
devices to reduce pollution from power plants.
Industrial companies can also play a part by using fewer chemicals in agriculture and
forestry. They must dispose of waste properly and use less polluting materials for
burning.
Next, let’s look at what governments can do. They can design cities in a way that
reduces traffic and pollution, although this will require time and money. They can
educate people about the dangers of air pollution so they can take steps to reduce it.
Governments can support policies that reduce air pollution. Additionally, they can ban
cars that pollute heavily and ensure emissions from factories are treated before they are
released into the air.
That concludes the presentation. Please let me know if you have any questions.

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