Top 100 Python Interview Questions With Ans

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Top 100 Python Interview Questions with
Ans
Basic Python Interview Questions
Q1. What is the difference between list and tuples in Python?
LIST vs TUPLES
LIST TUPLES
Tuples are immutable (tuples are lists which can’t be

Lists are mutable i.e they can be edited.
edited).
Lists are slower than tuples. Tuples are faster than list.
Syntax: list_1 = [10, ‘Chelsea’, 20] Syntax: tup_1 = (10, ‘Chelsea’ , 20)
Q2. What are the key features of Python?
 Python is an interpreted language. That means that, unlike languages like C and its
variants, Python does not need to be compiled before it is run. Other interpreted languages
include PHP and Ruby.
 Python is dynamically typed, this means that you don’t need to state the types of
variables when you declare them or anything like that. You can do things like x=111 and
then x="I'm a string" without error
 Python is well suited to object orientated programming in that it allows the definition of
classes along with composition and inheritance. Python does not have access specifiers
(like C++’s public, private).
 In Python, functions are first-class objects. This means that they can be assigned to
variables, returned from other functions and passed into functions. Classes are also first
class objects
 Writing Python code is quick but running it is often slower than compiled languages.
Fortunately，Python allows the inclusion of C based extensions so bottlenecks can be
optimized away and often are. The numpy package is a good example of this, it’s really
quite quick because a lot of the number crunching it does isn’t actually done by Python
 Python finds use in many spheres – web applications, automation, scientific modeling,
big data applications and many more. It’s also often used as “glue” code to get other
languages and components to play nice.
Q3. What type of language is python? Programming or scripting?

Ans: Python is capable of scripting, but in general sense, it is considered as a general-
purpose programming language. To know more about Scripting, you can refer to
the Python Scripting Tutorial.
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Q4.How is Python an interpreted language?
Ans: An interpreted language is any programming language which is not in machine
level code before runtime. Therefore, Python is an interpreted language.
Q5.What is pep 8?
Ans: PEP stands for Python Enhancement Proposal. It is a set of rules that specify
how to format Python code for maximum readability.
Q6. How is memory managed in Python?

Ans:
1. Memory management in python is managed by Python private heap space. All Python
objects and data structures are located in a private heap. The programmer does not have
access to this private heap. The python interpreter takes care of this instead.
2. The allocation of heap space for Python objects is done by Python’s memory manager.
The core API gives access to some tools for the programmer to code.
3. Python also has an inbuilt garbage collector, which recycles all the unused memory and
so that it can be made available to the heap space.
Q7. What is namespace in Python?

Ans: A namespace is a naming system used to make sure that names are unique to
avoid naming conflicts.
Q8. What is PYTHONPATH?

Ans: It is an environment variable which is used when a module is imported. Whenever
a module is imported, PYTHONPATH is also looked up to check for the presence of the
imported modules in various directories. The interpreter uses it to determine which
module to load.
Q9. What are python modules? Name some commonly used built-in modules in Python?
Ans: Python modules are files containing Python code. This code can either be functions
classes or variables. A Python module is a .py file containing executable code.
Some of the commonly used built-in modules are:
 os
 sys
 math
 random
 data time
 JSON
Q10.What are local variables and global variables in Python?

Global Variables:
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Variables declared outside a function or in global space are called global variables. These
variables can be accessed by any function in the program.
Local Variables:
Any variable declared inside a function is known as a local variable. This variable is
present in the local space and not in the global space.
Example:
1 a=2
2 def add():
3 b=3
4 c=a+b
5 print(c)
add()
6
Output: 5
When you try to access the local variable outside the function add(), it will throw an error.
Q11. Is python case sensitive?

Ans: Yes. Python is a case sensitive language.
Q12.What is type conversion in Python?

Ans: Type conversion refers to the conversion of one data type iinto another.
int() – converts any data type into integer type
float() – converts any data type into float type
ord() – converts characters into integer
hex() – converts integers to hexadecimal
oct() – converts integer to octal
tuple() – This function is used to convert to a tuple.
set() – This function returns the type after converting to set.
list() – This function is used to convert any data type to a list type.
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dict() – This function is used to convert a tuple of order (key,value) into a dictionary.
str() – Used to convert integer into a string.
complex(real,imag) – This functionconverts real numbers to complex(real,imag)

number.
Q13. How to install Python on Windows and set path variable?
Ans: To install Python on Windows, follow the below steps:
 Install python from this link: https://www.python.org/downloads/

 After this, install it on your PC. Look for the location where PYTHON has been installed
on your PC using the following command on your command prompt: cmd python.
 Then go to advanced system settings and add a new variable and name it as
PYTHON_NAME and paste the copied path.
 Look for the path variable, select its value and select ‘edit’.
 Add a semicolon towards the end of the value if it’s not present and then type
%PYTHON_HOME%
Q14. Is indentation required in python?

Ans: Indentation is necessary for Python. It specifies a block of code. All code within
loops, classes, functions, etc is specified within an indented block. It is usually done using
four space characters. If your code is not indented necessarily, it will not execute
accurately and will throw errors as well.
Q15. What is the difference between Python Arrays and lists?

Ans: Arrays and lists, in Python, have the same way of storing data. But, arrays can hold
only a single data type elements whereas lists can hold any data type elements.
Example:
1 import array as arr

2 My_Array=arr.array('i',[1,2,3,4])
3 My_list=[1,'abc',1.20]
4 print(My_Array)
print(My_list)
5
Output:
array(‘i’, [1, 2, 3, 4]) [1, ‘abc’, 1.2]
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Q16. What are functions in Python?
Ans: A function is a block of code which is executed only when it is called. To define
a Python function, the def keyword is used.
Example:
1 def Newfunc():
2 print("Hi, Welcome to Edureka")
3 Newfunc(); #calling the function
Output: Hi, Welcome to Edureka
Q17.What is __init__?
Ans: __init__ is a method or constructor in Python. This method is automatically called
to allocate memory when a new object/ instance of a class is created. All classes have
the __init__ method.
Here is an example of how to use it.
1
class Employee:
2
def __init__(self, name, age,salary):
3
self.name = name
4 self.age = age
5 self.salary = 20000
6 E1 = Employee("XYZ", 23, 20000)
7 # E1 is the instance of class Employee.
#__init__ allocates memory for E1.

8
print(E1.name)
9
print(E1.age)
10
print(E1.salary)
11
Output:
XYZ
23
20000
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Q18.What is a lambda function?
Ans: An anonymous function is known as a lambda function. This function can have any
number of parameters but, can have just one statement.
Example:
1 a = lambda x,y : x+y
2 print(a(5, 6))
Output: 11
Q19. What is self in Python?
Ans: Self is an instance or an object of a class. In Python, this is explicitly included as the
first parameter. However, this is not the case in Java where it’s optional. It helps to
differentiate between the methods and attributes of a class with local variables.
The self variable in the init method refers to the newly created object while in other
methods, it refers to the object whose method was called.
Q20. How does break, continue and pass work?

Allows loop termination when some condition is met and the control is transferre
Break
statement.
Allows skipping some part of a loop when some specific condition is met and
Continue
transferred to the beginning of the loop
Used when you need some block of code syntactically, but you want to skip its exec
Pass
basically a null operation. Nothing happens when this is executed.
Q21. What does [::-1} do?

Ans: [::-1] is used to reverse the order of an array or a sequence.
For example:
1 import array as arr
2 My_Array=arr.array('i',[1,2,3,4,5])
3 My_Array[::-1]
Output: array(‘i’, [5, 4, 3, 2, 1])
[::-1] reprints a reversed copy of ordered data structures such as an array or a list. the original
array or list remains unchanged.
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Q22. How can you randomize the items of a list in place in Python?
Ans: Consider the example shown below:
1 from random import shuffle

2 x = ['Keep', 'The', 'Blue', 'Flag', 'Flying', 'High']
3 shuffle(x)
4 print(x)
The output of the following code is as below.
['Flying', 'Keep', 'Blue', 'High', 'The', 'Flag']

Q23. What are python iterators?
Ans: Iterators are objects which can be traversed though or iterated upon.
Q24. How can you generate random numbers in Python?

Ans: Random module is the standard module that is used to generate a random number.
The method is defined as:
1 import random
2 random.random
The statement random.random() method return the floating point number that is in the
range of [0, 1). The function generates random float numbers. The methods that are used
with the random class are the bound methods of the hidden instances. The instances of
the Random can be done to show the multi-threading programs that creates a different
instance of individual threads. The other random generators that are used in this are:
1. randrange(a, b): it chooses an integer and define the range in-between [a, b). It returns
the elements by selecting it randomly from the range that is specified. It doesn’t build a
range object.
2. uniform(a, b): it chooses a floating point number that is defined in the range of [a,b).Iyt
returns the floating point number
3. normalvariate(mean, sdev): it is used for the normal distribution where the mu is a mean
and the sdev is a sigma that is used for standard deviation.
4. The Random class that is used and instantiated creates an independent multiple random
number generators.
Q25. What is the difference between range & xrange?

Ans: For the most part, xrange and range are the exact same in terms of functionality.
They both provide a way to generate a list of integers for you to use, however you please.
The only difference is that range returns a Python list object and x range returns an xrange
object.
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This means that xrange doesn’t actually generate a static list at run-time like range does.
It creates the values as you need them with a special technique called yielding. This
technique is used with a type of object known as generators. That means that if you have
a really gigantic range you’d like to generate a list for, say one billion, xrange is the
function to use.
This is especially true if you have a really memory sensitive system such as a cell phone
that you are working with, as range will use as much memory as it can to create your
array of integers, which can result in a Memory Error and crash your program. It’s a
memory hungry beast.
Q26. How do you write comments in python?

Ans: Comments in Python start with a # character. However, alternatively at times,
commenting is done using docstrings(strings enclosed within triple quotes).
Example:
#Comments in Python start like this

print("Comments in Python start with a #")
Output: Comments in Python start with a #
Q27. What is pickling and unpickling?

Ans: Pickle module accepts any Python object and converts it into a string representation
and dumps it into a file by using dump function, this process is called pickling. While the
process of retrieving original Python objects from the stored string representation is called
unpickling.
Q28. What are the generators in python?

Ans: Functions that return an iterable set of items are called generators.
Q29. How will you capitalize the first letter of string?

Ans: In Python, the capitalize() method capitalizes the first letter of a string. If the string
already consists of a capital letter at the beginning, then, it returns the original string.
Q30. How will you convert a string to all lowercase?

Ans: To convert a string to lowercase, lower() function can be used.
Example:
1 stg='ABCD'
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2 print(stg.lower())
Output: abcd
Q31. How to comment multiple lines in python?

Ans: Multi-line comments appear in more than one line. All the lines to be commented
are to be prefixed by a #. You can also a very good shortcut method to comment
multiple lines. All you need to do is hold the ctrl key and left click in every place
wherever you want to include a # character and type a # just once. This will comment all
the lines where you introduced your cursor.
Q32.What are docstrings in Python?

Ans: Docstrings are not actually comments, but, they are documentation strings. These
docstrings are within triple quotes. They are not assigned to any variable and therefore,
at times, serve the purpose of comments as well.
Example:
1
"""
2 Using docstring as a comment.
3 This code divides 2 numbers
4 """
5 x=8
6 y=4
z=x/y
7
print(z)
8
Output: 2.0
Q33. What is the purpose of is, not and in operators?

Ans: Operators are special functions. They take one or more values and produce a
corresponding result.
is: returns true when 2 operands are true (Example: “a” is ‘a’)
not: returns the inverse of the boolean value
in: checks if some element is present in some sequence
Q34. What is the usage of help() and dir() function in Python?

Ans: Help() and dir() both functions are accessible from the Python interpreter and used
for viewing a consolidated dump of built-in functions.
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1. Help() function: The help() function is used to display the documentation string and also
facilitates you to see the help related to modules, keywords, attributes, etc.
2. Dir() function: The dir() function is used to display the defined symbols.
Q35. Whenever Python exits, why isn’t all the memory de-allocated?
Ans:
1. Whenever Python exits, especially those Python modules which are having circular
references to other objects or the objects that are referenced from the global namespaces
are not always de-allocated or freed.
2. It is impossible to de-allocate those portions of memory that are reserved by the C library.
3. On exit, because of having its own efficient clean up mechanism, Python would try to de-
allocate/destroy every other object.
Q36. What is a dictionary in Python?

Ans: The built-in datatypes in Python is called dictionary. It defines one-to-one
relationship between keys and values. Dictionaries contain pair of keys and their
corresponding values. Dictionaries are indexed by keys.
Let’s take an example:
The following example contains some keys. Country, Capital & PM. Their corresponding
values are India, Delhi and Modi respectively.
1 dict={'Country':'India','Capital':'Delhi','PM':'Modi'}
1 print dict[Country]
India
1 print dict[Capital]
Delhi
1 print dict[PM]
Modi
Q37. How can the ternary operators be used in python?
Ans: The Ternary operator is the operator that is used to show the conditional statements.
This consists of the true or false values with a statement that has to be evaluated for it.
Syntax:
The Ternary operator will be given as:

[on_true] if [expression] else [on_false]x, y = 25, 50big = x if x < y else y
Example:
The expression gets evaluated like if x<y else y, in this case if x<y is true then the value
is returned as big=x and if it is incorrect then big=y will be sent as a result.
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Q38. What does this mean: *args, **kwargs? And why would we use it?
Ans: We use *args when we aren’t sure how many arguments are going to be passed to
a function, or if we want to pass a stored list or tuple of arguments to a function. **kwargs
is used when we don’t know how many keyword arguments will be passed to a function,
or it can be used to pass the values of a dictionary as keyword arguments. The identifiers
args and kwargs are a convention, you could also use *bob and **billy but that would not
be wise.
Q39. What does len() do?

Ans: It is used to determine the length of a string, a list, an array, etc.
Example:
1 stg='ABCD'
2 len(stg)
Q40. Explain split(), sub(), subn() methods of “re” module in Python.

Ans: To modify the strings, Python’s “re” module is providing 3 methods. They are:
 split() – uses a regex pattern to “split” a given string into a list.

 sub() – finds all substrings where the regex pattern matches and then replace them with
a different string
 subn() – it is similar to sub() and also returns the new string along with the no. of
replacements.
Q41. What are negative indexes and why are they used?
Ans: The sequences in Python are indexed and it consists of the positive as well as
negative numbers. The numbers that are positive uses ‘0’ that is uses as first index and
‘1’ as the second index and the process goes on like that.
The index for the negative number starts from ‘-1’ that represents the last index in the
sequence and ‘-2’ as the penultimate index and the sequence carries forward like the
positive number.
The negative index is used to remove any new-line spaces from the string and allow the
string to except the last character that is given as S[:-1]. The negative index is also used
to show the index to represent the string in correct order.
Q42. What are Python packages?

Ans: Python packages are namespaces containing multiple modules.
Q43.How can files be deleted in Python?

Ans: To delete a file in Python, you need to import the OS Module. After that, you need
to use the os.remove() function.
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Example:
1 import os
2 os.remove("xyz.txt")
Q44. What are the built-in types of python?

Ans: Built-in types in Python are as follows –
 Integers
 Floating-point
 Complex numbers
 Strings
 Boolean
 Built-in functions
Q45. What advantages do NumPy arrays offer over (nested) Python lists?
Ans:
1. Python’s lists are efficient general-purpose containers. They support (fairly) efficient
insertion, deletion, appending, and concatenation, and Python’s list comprehensions
make them easy to construct and manipulate.
2. They have certain limitations: they don’t support “vectorized” operations like elementwise
addition and multiplication, and the fact that they can contain objects of differing types
mean that Python must store type information for every element, and must execute type
dispatching code when operating on each element.
3. NumPy is not just more efficient; it is also more convenient. You get a lot of vector and
matrix operations for free, which sometimes allow one to avoid unnecessary work. And
they are also efficiently implemented.
4. NumPy array is faster and You get a lot built in with NumPy, FFTs, convolutions, fast
searching, basic statistics, linear algebra, histograms, etc.
Q46. How to add values to a python array?

Ans: Elements can be added to an array using the append(), extend() and the insert
(i,x) functions.
Example:
1 a=arr.array('d', [1.1 , 2.1 ,3.1] )

2 a.append(3.4)
3 print(a)
4 a.extend([4.5,6.3,6.8])
5 print(a)
a.insert(2,3.8)
6
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7 print(a)
Output:
array(‘d’, [1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.4])
array(‘d’, [1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.4, 4.5, 6.3, 6.8])
array(‘d’, [1.1, 2.1, 3.8, 3.1, 3.4, 4.5, 6.3, 6.8])
Q47. How to remove values to a python array?

Ans: Array elements can be removed using pop() or remove() method. The difference
between these two functions is that the former returns the deleted value whereas the
latter does not.
Example:
1 a=arr.array('d', [1.1, 2.2, 3.8, 3.1, 3.7, 1.2, 4.6])

2 print(a.pop())
3 print(a.pop(3))
4 a.remove(1.1)
print(a)
5
Output:
4.6
3.1
array(‘d’, [2.2, 3.8, 3.7, 1.2])
Q48. Does Python have OOps concepts?

Ans: Python is an object-oriented programming language. This means that any
program can be solved in python by creating an object model. However, Python can be
treated as procedural as well as structural language.
Q49. What is the difference between deep and shallow copy?

Ans: Shallow copy is used when a new instance type gets created and it keeps the values
that are copied in the new instance. Shallow copy is used to copy the reference pointers
just like it copies the values. These references point to the original objects and the
changes made in any member of the class will also affect the original copy of it. Shallow
copy allows faster execution of the program and it depends on the size of the data that is
used.
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Deep copy is used to store the values that are already copied. Deep copy doesn’t copy
the reference pointers to the objects. It makes the reference to an object and the new
object that is pointed by some other object gets stored. The changes made in the original
copy won’t affect any other copy that uses the object. Deep copy makes execution of the
program slower due to making certain copies for each object that is been called.
Q50. How is Multithreading achieved in Python?

Ans:
1. Python has a multi-threading package but if you want to multi-thread to speed your code
up, then it’s usually not a good idea to use it.
2. Python has a construct called the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL). The GIL makes sure that
only one of your ‘threads’ can execute at any one time. A thread acquires the GIL, does a
little work, then passes the GIL onto the next thread.
3. This happens very quickly so to the human eye it may seem like your threads are
executing in parallel, but they are really just taking turns using the same CPU core.
4. All this GIL passing adds overhead to execution. This means that if you want to make your
code run faster then using the threading package often isn’t a good idea.
Q51. What is the process of compilation and linking in python?

Ans: The compiling and linking allows the new extensions to be compiled properly without
any error and the linking can be done only when it passes the compiled procedure. If the
dynamic loading is used then it depends on the style that is being provided with the
system. The python interpreter can be used to provide the dynamic loading of the
configuration setup files and will rebuild the interpreter.
The steps that are required in this as:
1. Create a file with any name and in any language that is supported by the compiler of your
system. For example file.c or file.cpp
2. Place this file in the Modules/ directory of the distribution which is getting used.
3. Add a line in the file Setup.local that is present in the Modules/ directory.
4. Run the file using spam file.o
5. After a successful run of this rebuild the interpreter by using the make command on the
top-level directory.
6. If the file is changed then run rebuildMakefile by using the command as ‘make Makefile’.
Q52. What are Python libraries? Name a few of them.
Python libraries are a collection of Python packages. Some of the majorly used python
libraries are – Numpy, Pandas, Matplotlib, Scikit-learn and many more.
Q53. What is split used for?

The split() method is used to separate a given string in Python.
Example:
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1 a="edureka python"
2 print(a.split())
Output: [‘edureka’, ‘python’]
Q54. How to import modules in python?
Modules can be imported using the import keyword. You can import modules in three
ways-
Example:
1 import array #importing using the original module name
2 import array as arr # importing using an alias name
3 from array import * #imports everything present in the array module
OOPS Interview Questions

Q55. Explain Inheritance in Python with an example.
Ans: Inheritance allows One class to gain all the members(say attributes and methods)
of another class. Inheritance provides code reusability, makes it easier to create and
maintain an application. The class from which we are inheriting is called super-class and
the class that is inherited is called a derived / child class.
They are different types of inheritance supported by Python:
1. Single Inheritance – where a derived class acquires the members of a single super class.
2. Multi-level inheritance – a derived class d1 in inherited from base class base1, and d2 are
inherited from base2.
3. Hierarchical inheritance – from one base class you can inherit any number of child classes
4. Multiple inheritance – a derived class is inherited from more than one base class.
Q56. How are classes created in Python?

Ans: Class in Python is created using the class keyword.
Example:
1 class Employee:
2 def __init__(self, name):
3 self.name = name
4 E1=Employee("abc")
print(E1.name)
5
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Output: abc
Q57. What is monkey patching in Python?

Ans: In Python, the term monkey patch only refers to dynamic modifications of a class or
module at run-time.
Consider the below example:
1 # m.py
2 class MyClass:
3 def f(self):
4 print "f()"
We can then run the monkey-patch testing like this:
1 import m
2 def monkey_f(self):
3 print "monkey_f()"
5 m.MyClass.f = monkey_f
6 obj = m.MyClass()
obj.f()
7
The output will be as below:
monkey_f()
As we can see, we did make some changes in the behavior of f() in MyClass using the
function we defined, monkey_f(), outside of the module m.
Q58. Does python support multiple inheritance?

Ans: Multiple inheritance means that a class can be derived from more than one parent
classes. Python does support multiple inheritance, unlike Java.
Q59. What is Polymorphism in Python?

Ans: Polymorphism means the ability to take multiple forms. So, for instance, if the parent
class has a method named ABC then the child class also can have a method with the
same name ABC having its own parameters and variables. Python allows polymorphism.
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Q60. Define encapsulation in Python?
Ans: Encapsulation means binding the code and the data together. A Python class in an
example of encapsulation.
Q61. How do you do data abstraction in Python?

Ans: Data Abstraction is providing only the required details and hiding the implementation
from the world. It can be achieved in Python by using interfaces and abstract classes.
Q62.Does python make use of access specifiers?

Ans: Python does not deprive access to an instance variable or function. Python lays down the
concept of prefixing the name of the variable, function or method with a single or double
underscore to imitate the behavior of protected and private access specifiers.
Q63. How to create an empty class in Python?

Ans: An empty class is a class that does not have any code defined within its block. It can be
created using the pass keyword. However, you can create objects of this class outside the class
itself. IN PYTHON THE PASS command does nothing when its executed. it’s a null statement.
For example-
1 class a:
2 pass
3 obj=a()
4 obj.name="xyz"
print("Name = ",obj.name)
5
Output:
Name = xyz
Q64. What does an object() do?
Ans: It returns a featureless object that is a base for all classes. Also, it does not take any
parameters.
Basic Python Programs

Q65. Write a program in Python to execute the Bubble sort algorithm.
1 def bs(a): # a = name of list
2 b=len(a)-1 # minus 1 because we always compare 2 adjacent values
3
4 for x in range(b):
5 for y in range(b-x):
if a[y]>a[y+1]:
6
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7 a[y],a[y+1]=a[y+1],a[y]
8 return a
a=[32,5,3,6,7,54,87]
9
bs(a)
10
Output: [3, 5, 6, 7, 32, 54, 87]
Q66. Write a program in Python to produce Star triangle.

1 def pyfunc(r):
2 for x in range(r):
3 print(' '*(r-x-1)+'*'*(2*x+1))
4 pyfunc(9)
Output:
*
***
*****
*******
*********
***********
*************
***************
*****************
Q67. Write a program to produce Fibonacci series in Python.

1 # Enter number of terms needed #0,1,1,2,3,5....
2 a=int(input("Enter the terms"))
f=0 #first element of series

3
s=1 #second element of series
4
if a<=0:
5
print("The requested series is
6
",f)
7 else:
8 print(f,s,end=" ")
9 for x in range(2,a):
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10 next=f+s
11 print(next,end=" ")
f=s
12
s=next</pre>
13
14
Output: Enter the terms 5 0 1 1 2 3
Q68. Write a program in Python to check if a number is prime.

1
a=int(input("enter number"))
2
if a>1:
3 for x in range(2,a):
4 if(a%x)==0:
5 print("not prime")
6 break
7 else:
print("Prime")
8
else:
9
print("not prime")
10
Output:
enter number 3
Prime
Q69. Write a program in Python to check if a sequence is a Palindrome.

a=input("enter sequence")
1
b=a[::-1]
2
if a==b:
3
print("palindrome")
4
else:
5 print("Not a Palindrome")
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6
Output:
enter sequence 323 palindrome
Q70. Write a one-liner that will count the number of capital letters in a file. Your code
should work even if the file is too big to fit in memory.
Ans: Let us first write a multiple line solution and then convert it to one-liner code.
1 with open(SOME_LARGE_FILE) as fh:

2 count = 0
3 text = fh.read()
4 for character in text:
5 if character.isupper():
count += 1
6
We will now try to transform this into a single line.
1 count sum(1 for line in fh for character in line if character.isupper())
Q71. Write a sorting algorithm for a numerical dataset in Python.

Ans: The following code can be used to sort a list in Python:
1 list = ["1", "4", "0", "6", "9"]

2 list = [int(i) for i in list]
3 list.sort()
4 print (list)
Q72. Looking at the below code, write down the final values of A0, A1, …An.
1
A0 = dict(zip(('a','b','c','d','e'),(1,2,3,4,5)))
2 A1 = range(10)A2 = sorted([i for i in A1 if i in A0])
3 A3 = sorted([A0[s] for s in A0])
4 A4 = [i for i in A1 if i in A3]
5 A5 = {i:i*i for i in A1}
A6 = [[i,i*i] for i in A1]

6
print(A0,A1,A2,A3,A4,A5,A6)
7
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Ans: The following will be the final outputs of A0, A1, … A6
A0 = {'a': 1, 'c': 3, 'b': 2, 'e': 5, 'd': 4} # the order may vary

A1 = range(0, 10)
A2 = []
A3 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
A4 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
A5 = {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16, 5: 25, 6: 36, 7: 49, 8: 64, 9:
81}
A6 = [[0, 0], [1, 1], [2, 4], [3, 9], [4, 16], [5, 25], [6, 36], [7,
49], [8, 64], [9, 81]]
Python Libraries Interview Questions
Q73. Explain what Flask is and its benefits?
Ans: Flask is a web microframework for Python based on “Werkzeug, Jinja2 and good
intentions” BSD license. Werkzeug and Jinja2 are two of its dependencies. This means it
will have little to no dependencies on external libraries. It makes the framework light while
there is a little dependency to update and fewer security bugs.
A session basically allows you to remember information from one request to another. In
a flask, a session uses a signed cookie so the user can look at the session contents and
modify. The user can modify the session if only it has the secret key Flask.secret_key.
Q74. Is Django better than Flask?

Ans: Django and Flask map the URL’s or addresses typed in the web browsers to
functions in Python.
Flask is much simpler compared to Django but, Flask does not do a lot for you meaning
you will need to specify the details, whereas Django does a lot for you wherein you
would not need to do much work. Django consists of prewritten code, which the user will
need to analyze whereas Flask gives the users to create their own code, therefore,
making it simpler to understand the code. Technically both are equally good and both
contain their own pros and cons.
Q75. Mention the differences between Django, Pyramid and Flask.

Ans:
 Flask is a “microframework” primarily build for a small application with simpler

requirements. In flask, you have to use external libraries. Flask is ready to use.
 Pyramid is built for larger applications. It provides flexibility and lets the developer use the
right tools for their project. The developer can choose the database, URL structure,
templating style and more. Pyramid is heavy configurable.
 Django can also be used for larger applications just like Pyramid. It includes an ORM.
Q76. Discuss Django architecture.

Ans: Django MVT Pattern:
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Figure: Python Interview Questions – Django Architecture
The developer provides the Model, the view and the template then just maps it to a URL
and Django does the magic to serve it to the user.
Q77. Explain how you can set up the Database in Django.

Ans: You can use the command edit mysite/setting.py, it is a normal python module with
module level representing Django settings.
Django uses SQLite by default; it is easy for Django users as such it won’t require any
other type of installation. In the case your database choice is different that you have to
the following keys in the DATABASE ‘default’ item to match your database connection
settings.
 Engines: you can change the database by using ‘django.db.backends.sqlite3’ ,

‘django.db.backeneds.mysql’, ‘django.db.backends.postgresql_psycopg2’,
‘django.db.backends.oracle’ and so on
 Name: The name of your database. In the case if you are using SQLite as your database,
in that case, database will be a file on your computer, Name should be a full absolute path,
including the file name of that file.
 If you are not choosing SQLite as your database then settings like Password, Host, User,
etc. must be added.
Django uses SQLite as a default database, it stores data as a single file in the filesystem.
If you do have a database server—PostgreSQL, MySQL, Oracle, MSSQL—and want to
use it rather than SQLite, then use your database’s administration tools to create a new
database for your Django project. Either way, with your (empty) database in place, all that
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remains is to tell Django how to use it. This is where your project’s settings.py file comes
in.
We will add the following lines of code to the setting.py file:
1 DATABASES = {
2 'default': {
3 'ENGINE' : 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
4 'NAME' : os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'),
5 }
}
6
Q78. Give an example how you can write a VIEW in Django?

Ans: This is how we can use write a view in Django:
1 from django.http import HttpResponse

2 import datetime
3
4 def Current_datetime(request):
5 now = datetime.datetime.now()
6 html = "<html><body>It is now %s</body></html> % now
return HttpResponse(html)
7
Returns the current date and time, as an HTML document
Q79. Mention what the Django templates consist of.

Ans: The template is a simple text file. It can create any text-based format like XML,
CSV, HTML, etc. A template contains variables that get replaced with values when the
template is evaluated and tags (% tag %) that control the logic of the template.
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Figure: Python Interview Questions – Django Template
Q80. Explain the use of session in Django framework?

Ans: Django provides a session that lets you store and retrieve data on a per-site-visitor
basis. Django abstracts the process of sending and receiving cookies, by placing a
session ID cookie on the client side, and storing all the related data on the server side.
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Figure: Python Interview Questions – Django Framework
So the data itself is not stored client side. This is nice from a security perspective.
Q81. List out the inheritance styles in Django.
Ans: In Django, there are three possible inheritance styles:
1. Abstract Base Classes: This style is used when you only want parent’s class to hold
information that you don’t want to type out for each child model.
2. Multi-table Inheritance: This style is used If you are sub-classing an existing model and
need each model to have its own database table.
3. Proxy models: You can use this model, If you only want to modify the Python level behavior
of the model, without changing the model’s fields.
Web Scraping – Python Interview Questions

Q82. How To Save An Image Locally Using Python Whose URL Address I Already Know?
Ans: We will use the following code to save an image locally from an URL address
1 import urllib.request
2 urllib.request.urlretrieve("URL", "local-filename.jpg")
Q83. How can you Get the Google cache age of any URL or web page?
Ans: Use the following URL format:
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http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:URLGOESHERE
Be sure to replace “URLGOESHERE” with the proper web address of the page or site
whose cache you want to retrieve and see the time for. For example, to check the Google
Webcache age of edureka.co you’d use the following URL:
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:edureka.co
Q84. You are required to scrap data from IMDb top 250 movies page. It should only have
fields movie name, year, and rating.
Ans: We will use the following lines of code:
1
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
2
3
import requests
4
import sys
5
6
url = '<a href="http://www.imdb.com/chart/top">http://www.imdb.com/
7
response = requests.get(url)
8 soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text)
9 tr = soup.findChildren("tr")
10 tr = iter(tr)
11 next(tr)
12
for movie in tr:
13
title = movie.find('td', {'class': 'titleColumn'} ).find('a').c
14
year = movie.find('td', {'class': 'titleColumn'} ).find('span', {'class': 'sec
15
rating = movie.find('td', {'class': 'ratingColumn imdbRating'} ).find('s
16
row = title + ' - ' + year + ' ' + ' ' + rating
17
18
print(row)
19
The above code will help scrap data from IMDb’s top 250 list
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Data Analysis – Python Interview Questions
Q85. What is map function in Python?
Ans: map function executes the function given as the first argument on all the elements
of the iterable given as the second argument. If the function given takes in more than 1
arguments, then many iterables are given. #Follow the link to know more similar functions.
Q86. Is python numpy better than lists?

Ans: We use python numpy array instead of a list because of the below three reasons:
1. Less Memory
2. Fast
3. Convenient
For more information on these parameters, you can refer to this section – Numpy Vs List.
Q87. How to get indices of N maximum values in a NumPy array?

Ans: We can get the indices of N maximum values in a NumPy array using the below
code:
1 import numpy as np
2 arr = np.array([1, 3, 2, 4, 5])
3 print(arr.argsort()[-3:][::-1])
Output
[ 4 3 1 ]
Q88. How do you calculate percentiles with Python/ NumPy?
Ans: We can calculate percentiles with the following code
1 import numpy as np
2 a = np.array([1,2,3,4,5])
3 p = np.percentile(a, 50) #Returns 50th percentile, e.g. median
4 print(p)
Output
3
Q89. What is the difference between NumPy and SciPy?
Ans:
1. In an ideal world, NumPy would contain nothing but the array data type and the most basic
operations: indexing, sorting, reshaping, basic elementwise functions, et cetera.
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2. All numerical code would reside in SciPy. However, one of NumPy’s important goals is
compatibility, so NumPy tries to retain all features supported by either of its predecessors.
3. Thus NumPy contains some linear algebra functions, even though these more properly
belong in SciPy. In any case, SciPy contains more fully-featured versions of the linear
algebra modules, as well as many other numerical algorithms.
4. If you are doing scientific computing with python, you should probably install both NumPy
and SciPy. Most new features belong in SciPy rather than NumPy.
Q90. How do you make 3D plots/visualizations using NumPy/SciPy?

Ans: Like 2D plotting, 3D graphics is beyond the scope of NumPy and SciPy, but just as
in the 2D case, packages exist that integrate with NumPy. Matplotlib provides basic 3D
plotting in the mplot3d subpackage, whereas Mayavi provides a wide range of high-quality
3D visualization features, utilizing the powerful VTK engine.
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)

Q91. Which of the following statements create a dictionary? (Multiple Correct Answers
Possible)
a) d = {}
b) d = {“john”:40, “peter”:45}
c) d = {40:”john”, 45:”peter”}
d) d = (40:”john”, 45:”50”)
Answer: b, c & d.
Q92. Which one of these is floor division?
a) /
b) //
c) %
d) None of the mentioned
Answer: b) //
When both of the operands are integer then python chops out the fraction part and gives
you the round off value, to get the accurate answer use floor division. For ex, 5/2 = 2.5
but both of the operands are integer so answer of this expression in python is 2. To get
the 2.5 as the answer, use floor division using //. So, 5//2 = 2.5
Q93. What is the maximum possible length of an identifier?
a) 31 characters
b) 63 characters
c) 79 characters
d) None of the above
Answer: d) None of the above
Identifiers can be of any length.
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Q94. Why are local variable names beginning with an underscore discouraged?
a) they are used to indicate a private variables of a class

b) they confuse the interpreter
c) they are used to indicate global variables
d) they slow down execution
Answer: a) they are used to indicate a private variable of a class
As Python has no concept of private variables, leading underscores are used to indicate
variables that must not be accessed from outside the class.
Q95. Which of the following is an invalid statement?
a) abc = 1,000,000
b) a b c = 1000 2000 3000
c) a,b,c = 1000, 2000, 3000
d) a_b_c = 1,000,000
Answer: b) a b c = 1000 2000 3000
Spaces are not allowed in variable names.
Q96. What is the output of the following?

1
try:
2 if '1' != 1:
3 raise "someError"
4 else:
5 print("someError has not occured")
except "someError":
6
print ("someError has occured")
7
a) someError has occured

b) someError has not occured
c) invalid code
d) none of the above
Answer: c) invalid code
A new exception class must inherit from a BaseException. There is no such inheritance
here.
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Q97. Suppose list1 is [2, 33, 222, 14, 25], What is list1[-1] ?
a) Error
b) None
c) 25
d) 2
Answer: c) 25
The index -1 corresponds to the last index in the list.
Q98. To open a file c:scores.txt for writing, we use
a) outfile = open(“c:scores.txt”, “r”)

b) outfile = open(“c:scores.txt”, “w”)
c) outfile = open(file = “c:scores.txt”, “r”)
d) outfile = open(file = “c:scores.txt”, “o”)
Answer: b) The location contains double slashes ( ) and w is used to indicate that file is
being written to.
Q99. What is the output of the following?

1 f = None
2
3 for i in range (5):

4 with open("data.txt", "w") as f:
5 if i > 2:
6 break
7
print f.closed
8
a) True
b) False
c) None
d) Error
Answer: a) True
The WITH statement when used with open file guarantees that the file object is closed
when the with block exits.
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Q100. When will the else part of try-except-else be executed?
a) always
b) when an exception occurs
c) when no exception occurs
d) when an exception occurs into except block
Answer: c) when no exception occurs
The else part is executed when no exception occurs.
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More Question-
1) What is Python? What are the benefits of using Python?
Python is a programming language with objects, modules, threads, exceptions

and automatic memory management. The benefits of pythons are that it is
simple and easy, portable, extensible, build-in data structure and it is an open
source.
2) What is PEP 8?
PEP 8 is a coding convention, a set of recommendation, about how to write

your Python code more readable.
3) What is pickling and unpickling?
Pickle module accepts any Python object and converts it into a string
representation and dumps it into a file by using dump function, this process is
called pickling. While the process of retrieving original Python objects from the
stored string representation is called unpickling.
4) How Python is interpreted?
Python language is an interpreted language. Python program runs directly

from the source code. It converts the source code that is written by the
programmer into an intermediate language, which is again translated into
machine language that has to be executed.
5) How memory is managed in Python?
 Python memory is managed by Python private heap space. All Python

objects and data structures are located in a private heap. The
programmer does not have an access to this private heap and
interpreter takes care of this Python private heap.
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 The allocation of Python heap space for Python objects is done by
Python memory manager. The core API gives access to some tools for
the programmer to code.
 Python also have an inbuilt garbage collector, which recycle all the
unused memory and frees the memory and makes it available to the
heap space.
6) What are the tools that help to find bugs or perform static analysis?
PyChecker is a static analysis tool that detects the bugs in Python source
code and warns about the style and complexity of the bug. Pylint is another
tool that verifies whether the module meets the coding standard.
7) What are Python decorators?
A Python decorator is a specific change that we make in Python syntax to

alter functions easily.
8) What is the difference between list and tuple?
The difference between list and tuple is that list is mutable while tuple is not.
Tuple can be hashed for e.g as a key for dictionaries.
9) How are arguments passed by value or by reference?
Everything in Python is an object and all variables hold references to the

objects. The references values are according to the functions; as a result you
cannot change the value of the references. However, you can change the
objects if it is mutable.
10) What is Dict and List comprehensions are?
They are syntax constructions to ease the creation of a Dictionary or List

based on existing iterable.
11) What are the built-in type does python provides?
There are mutable and Immutable types of Pythons built in types Mutable
built-in types
 List
 Sets
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 Dictionaries
Immutable built-in types
 Strings
 Tuples
 Numbers
12) What is namespace in Python?
In Python, every name introduced has a place where it lives and can be
hooked for. This is known as namespace. It is like a box where a variable
name is mapped to the object placed. Whenever the variable is searched out,
this box will be searched, to get corresponding object.
13) What is lambda in Python?
It is a single expression anonymous function often used as inline function.
14) Why lambda forms in python does not have statements?
A lambda form in python does not have statements as it is used to make new
function object and then return them at runtime.
15) What is pass in Python?
Pass means, no-operation Python statement, or in other words it is a place

holder in compound statement, where there should be a blank left and nothing
has to be written there.
16) In Python what are iterators?
In Python, iterators are used to iterate a group of elements, containers like list.
17) What is unittest in Python?
A unit testing framework in Python is known as unittest. It supports sharing of

setups, automation testing, shutdown code for tests, aggregation of tests into
collections etc.
18) In Python what is slicing?
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A mechanism to select a range of items from sequence types like list, tuple,
strings etc. is known as slicing.
19) What are generators in Python?
The way of implementing iterators are known as generators. It is a normal

function except that it yields expression in the function.
20) What is docstring in Python?
A Python documentation string is known as docstring, it is a way of

documenting Python functions, modules and classes.
21) How can you copy an object in Python?
To copy an object in Python, you can try copy.copy () or copy.deepcopy() for

the general case. You cannot copy all objects but most of them.
22) What is negative index in Python?
Python sequences can be index in positive and negative numbers. For

positive index, 0 is the first index, 1 is the second index and so forth. For
negative index, (-1) is the last index and (-2) is the second last index and so
forth.
23) How you can convert a number to a string?
In order to convert a number into a string, use the inbuilt function str(). If you
want a octal or hexadecimal representation, use the inbuilt function oct() or
hex().
24) What is the difference between Xrange and range?
Xrange returns the xrange object while range returns the list, and uses the
same memory and no matter what the range size is.
25) What is module and package in Python?
In Python, module is the way to structure program. Each Python program file
is a module, which imports other modules like objects and attributes.
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The folder of Python program is a package of modules. A package can have
modules or subfolders.
26) Mention what are the rules for local and global variables in Python?
Local variables: If a variable is assigned a new value anywhere within the

function's body, it's assumed to be local.
Global variables: Those variables that are only referenced inside a function
are implicitly global.
27) How can you share global variables across modules?
To share global variables across modules within a single program, create a

special module. Import the config module in all modules of your application.
The module will be available as a global variable across modules.
28) Explain how can you make a Python Script executable on Unix?
To make a Python Script executable on Unix, you need to do two things,
 Script file's mode must be executable and

 the first line must begin with # ( #!/usr/local/bin/python)
29) Explain how to delete a file in Python?
By using a command os.remove (filename) or os.unlink(filename)
30) Explain how can you generate random numbers in Python?
To generate random numbers in Python, you need to import command as
import random
random.random()
This returns a random floating point number in the range [0,1)
31) Explain how can you access a module written in Python from C?
You can access a module written in Python from C by following method,
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Module = =PyImport_ImportModule("<modulename>");
32) Mention the use of // operator in Python?
It is a Floor Divisionoperator , which is used for dividing two operands with the
result as quotient showing only digits before the decimal point. For instance,
10//5 = 2 and 10.0//5.0 = 2.0.
33) Mention five benefits of using Python?
 Python comprises of a huge standard library for most Internet platforms

like Email, HTML, etc.
 Python does not require explicit memory management as the interpreter
itself allocates the memory to new variables and free them automatically
 Provide easy readability due to use of square brackets
 Easy-to-learn for beginners
 Having the built-in data types saves programming time and effort from
declaring variables
34) Mention the use of the split function in Python?
The use of the split function in Python is that it breaks a string into shorter
strings using the defined separator. It gives a list of all words present in the
string.
35) Explain what is Flask & its benefits?
Flask is a web micro framework for Python based on "Werkzeug, Jinja 2 and
good intentions" BSD licensed. Werkzeug and jingja are two of its
dependencies.
Flask is part of the micro-framework. Which means it will have little to no

dependencies on external libraries. It makes the framework light while there is
little dependency to update and less security bugs.
36) Mention what is the difference between Django, Pyramid, and Flask?
Flask is a "microframework" primarily build for a small application with simpler

requirements. In flask, you don't have to use external libraries. Flask is ready
to use.
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Pyramid are build for larger applications. It provides flexibility and lets the
developer use the right tools for their project. The developer can choose the
database, URL structure, templating style and more. Pyramid is heavy
configurable.
Like Pyramid, Django can also used for larger applications. It includes an
ORM.
37) Mention what is Flask-WTF and what are their features?
Flask-WTF offers simple integration with WTForms. Features include for Flask
WTF are
 Integration with wtforms

 Secure form with csrf token
 Global csrf protection
 Internationalization integration
 Recaptcha supporting
 File upload that works with Flask Uploads
38) Explain what is the common way for the Flask script to work?
The common way for the flask script to work is
 Either it should be the import path for your application

 Or the path to a Python file
39) Explain how you can access sessions in Flask?
A session basically allows you to remember information from one request to

another. In a flask, it uses a signed cookie so the user can look at the session
contents and modify. The user can modify the session if only it has the secret
key Flask.secret_key.
40) Is Flask an MVC model and if yes give an example showing MVC
pattern for your application?
Basically, Flask is a minimalistic framework which behaves same as MVC

framework. So MVC is a perfect fit for Flask, and the pattern for MVC we will
consider for the following example
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from flask import Flask In this code your,
app = Flask(_name_)  Configuration part will be
@app.route("/") from flask import Flask
Def hello(): app = Flask(_name_)
return "Hello World"  View part will be
app.run(debug = True) @app.route("/")
Def hello():
return "Hello World"
 While you model or main part will be
app.run(debug = True)
41) Explain database connection in Python Flask?
Flask supports database powered application (RDBS). Such system requires

creating a schema, which requires piping the shema.sql file into a sqlite3
command. So you need to install sqlite3 command in order to create or initiate
the database in Flask.
Flask allows to request database in three ways
 before_request() : They are called before a request and pass no

arguments
 after_request() : They are called after a request and pass the response
that will be sent to the client
 teardown_request(): They are called in situation when exception is
raised, and response are not guaranteed. They are called after the
response been constructed. They are not allowed to modify the request,
and their values are ignored.
42) You are having multiple Memcache servers running Python, in which
one of the memcacher server fails, and it has your data, will it ever try to
get key data from that one failed server?
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The data in the failed server won't get removed, but there is a provision for
auto-failure, which you can configure for multiple nodes. Fail-over can be
triggered during any kind of socket or Memcached server level errors and not
during normal client errors like adding an existing key, etc.
43) Explain how you can minimize the Memcached server outages in
your Python Development?
 When one instance fails, several of them goes down, this will put larger
load on the database server when lost data is reloaded as client make a
request. To avoid this, if your code has been written to minimize cache
stampedes then it will leave a minimal impact
 Another way is to bring up an instance of Memcached on a new
machine using the lost machines IP address
 Code is another option to minimize server outages as it gives you the
liberty to change the Memcached server list with minimal work
 Setting timeout value is another option that some Memcached clients
implement for Memcached server outage. When your Memcached
server goes down, the client will keep trying to send a request till the
time-out limit is reached
44) Explain what is Dogpile effect? How can you prevent this effect?
Dogpile effect is referred to the event when cache expires, and websites are
hit by the multiple requests made by the client at the same time. This effect
can be prevented by using semaphore lock. In this system when value
expires, first process acquires the lock and starts generating new value.
45) Explain how Memcached should not be used in your Python project?
 Memcached common misuse is to use it as a data store, and not as a

cache
 Never use Memcached as the only source of the information you need
to run your application. Data should always be available through
another source as well
 Memcached is just a key or value store and cannot perform query over
the data or iterate over the contents to extract information
 Memcached does not offer any form of security either in encryption or
authentication
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Shailesh Sir- Contact No: 9579670950, 9503522733

Tuples are immutable (tuples are lists which can’t be

Q2. What are the key features of Python?

Q3. What type of language is python? Programming or scripting?

Q6. How is memory managed in Python?

Q7. What is namespace in Python?

Q8. What is PYTHONPATH?

Some of the commonly used built-in modules are:

Q10.What are local variables and global variables in Python?

Q11. Is python case sensitive?

Q12.What is type conversion in Python?

int() – converts any data type into integer type

float() – converts any data type into float type

ord() – converts characters into integer

hex() – converts integers to hexadecimal

oct() – converts integer to octal

tuple() – This function is used to convert to a tuple.

set() – This function returns the type after converting to set.

str() – Used to convert integer into a string.

complex(real,imag) – This functionconverts real numbers to complex(real,imag)

Q13. How to install Python on Windows and set path variable?

Ans: To install Python on Windows, follow the below steps:

 Install python from this link: https://www.python.org/downloads/

Q14. Is indentation required in python?

Q15. What is the difference between Python Arrays and lists?

1 import array as arr

array(‘i’, [1, 2, 3, 4]) [1, ‘abc’, 1.2]

2 print("Hi, Welcome to Edureka")

3 Newfunc(); #calling the function

Output: Hi, Welcome to Edureka

Here is an example of how to use it.

6 E1 = Employee("XYZ", 23, 20000)

7 # E1 is the instance of class Employee.

#__init__ allocates memory for E1.

1 a = lambda x,y : x+y

Q19. What is self in Python?

Q20. How does break, continue and pass work?

Q21. What does [::-1} do?

Output: array(‘i’, [5, 4, 3, 2, 1])

1 from random import shuffle

The output of the following code is as below.

['Flying', 'Keep', 'Blue', 'High', 'The', 'Flag']

Q24. How can you generate random numbers in Python?

Q25. What is the difference between range & xrange?

Q26. How do you write comments in python?

#Comments in Python start like this

Q27. What is pickling and unpickling?

Q28. What are the generators in python?

Q29. How will you capitalize the first letter of string?

Q30. How will you convert a string to all lowercase?

Q31. How to comment multiple lines in python?

Q32.What are docstrings in Python?

Q33. What is the purpose of is, not and in operators?

not: returns the inverse of the boolean value

in: checks if some element is present in some sequence

Q34. What is the usage of help() and dir() function in Python?

Q36. What is a dictionary in Python?

Let’s take an example:

#init allocates memory for E1.