Most

Frequently

Python
Asked

Interview
Questions
w i t h a n s w e r s

Basic Level: Page 2

Advanced Level: Page 15

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Basic Level

1. What is the Difference Between a Shallow Copy and Deep Copy?

Answer:
Deepcopy creates a different object and populates it with the child objects of
the original object. Therefore, changes in the original object are not reflected
in the copy.

copy.deepcopy() creates a Deep Copy.

Shallow copy creates a different object and populates it with the references
of the child objects within the original object. Therefore, changes in the
original object are reflected in the copy.

copy.copy creates a Shallow Copy.

2. How Is Multithreading Achieved in Python?

Answer:
Multithreading usually implies that multiple threads are executed
concurrently. The Python Global Interpreter Lock doesn't allow more than
one thread to hold the Python interpreter at that particular point of time. So
multithreading in python is achieved through context switching. It is quite
different from multiprocessing which actually opens up multiple processes
across multiple threads.

3. Discuss Django Architecture.

Answer:
Django is a web service used to build your web pages. Its architecture is as
shown:

Template: the front end of the web page

Model: the back end where the data is stored
View: It interacts with the model and template and maps it to the URL
Django: serves the page to the user

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4. What Advantage Does the Numpy Array Have over a Nested List?
Answer:
Numpy is written in C so that all its complexities are backed into a simple to use
a module. Lists, on the other hand, are dynamically typed. Therefore, Python
must check the data type of each element every time it uses it. This makes
Numpy arrays much faster than lists.
Numpy has a lot of additional functionality that list doesn’t offer; for instance, a
lot of things can be automated in Numpy.

5. What are Pickling and Unpickling?

Answer:

Pickling Unpickling

Converting a Python object Converting a byte stream to a

hierarchy to a byte stream is Python object hierarchy is called
called picklingPickling is also unpicklingUnpickling is also
referred to as serialization referred to as deserialization

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If you just created a neural network model, you can save that model to your hard
drive, pickle it, and then unpickle to bring it back into another software program
or to use it at a later time.

6. How is Memory managed in Python?

Answer:
Python has a private heap space that stores all the objects. The Python memory
manager regulates various aspects of this heap, such as sharing, caching,
segmentation, and allocation. The user has no control over the heap; only the
Python interpreter has access.

7. Are Arguments in Python Passed by Value or by Reference?

Answer:
Arguments are passed in python by a reference. This means that any changes
made within a function are reflected in the original object.
Consider two sets of code shown below:

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In the first example, we only assigned a value to one element of ‘l’, so the output
is [3, 2, 3, 4].
In the second example, we have created a whole new object for ‘l’. But, the
values [3, 2, 3, 4] doesn’t show up in the output as it is outside the definition of
the function.

8. How Would You Generate Random Numbers in Python?

Answer:
To generate random numbers in Python, you must first import the random
module.
The random() function generates a random float value between 0 & 1.
> random.random()
The randrange() function generates a random number within a given range.
Syntax: randrange(beginning, end, step)
Example - > random.randrange(1,10,2)

9. What Does the // Operator Do?

Answer:
In Python, the / operator performs division and returns the quotient
in the float.
For example: 5 / 2 returns 2.5
The // operator, on the other hand, returns the quotient in integer.
For example: 5 // 2 returns 2

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Answer:
The ‘is’ operator compares the id of the two objects.
list1=[1,2,3]
list2=[1,2,3]
list3=list1
list1 == list2 🡪 True
list1 is list2 🡪 False
list1 is list3 🡪 True

11. What Is the Purpose of the Pass Statement?

Answer:
The pass statement is used when there's a syntactic but not an
operational requirement.

12. How Will You Check If All the Characters in a String

are Alphanumeric?

Answer:
Python has an inbuilt method isalnum() which returns true if all characters
in the string are alphanumeric.
Example -
>> "abcd123".isalnum()
Output: True
>>”abcd@123#”.isalnum()
Output: False
Another way is to use regex as shown.
>>import re
>>bool(re.match(‘[A-Za-z0-9]+$','abcd123’))
Output: True
>> bool(re.match(‘[A-Za-z0-9]+$','abcd@123’))
Output: False

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13. How Will You Merge Elements in a Sequence?

Answer:
There are three types of sequences in Python:
·Lists
·Tuples
·Strings
Example of Lists -
>>l1=[1,2,3]
>>l2=[4,5,6]
>>l1+l2
Output: [1,2,3,4,5,6]
Example of Tuples -
>>t1=(1,2,3)
>>t2=(4,5,6)
>>t1+t2
Output: (1,2,3,4,5,6)
Example of String -
>>s1=“Talent”
>>s2=“Battle”
>>s1+s2
Output: ‘TalentBattle’

13. How Will You Merge Elements in a Sequence?

Answer:
There are three types of sequences in Python:
·Lists
·Tuples
·Strings
Example of Lists -
>>l1=[1,2,3]
>>l2=[4,5,6]
>>l1+l2
Output: [1,2,3,4,5,6]
Example of Tuples -
>>t1=(1,2,3)
>>t2=(4,5,6)
>>t1+t2
Output: (1,2,3,4,5,6)
Example of String -
>>s1=“Talent”
>>s2=“Battle”
>>s1+s2
Output: ‘TalentBattle’

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14. How Would You Remove All Leading Whitespace in a String?

Answer:
Python provides the inbuilt function lstrip() to remove all leading spaces from a
string.
>>“ Python”.lstrip
Output: Python

15. How Would You Replace All Occurrences of a Substring

with a New String?
Answer:
The replace() function can be used with strings for replacing a substring
with a given string. Syntax:
str.replace(old, new, count)
replace() returns a new string without modifying the original string.
Example -
>>"Hey John. How are you, John?".replace(“john",“John",1)
Output: “Hey John. How are you, John?

16. What Is the Difference Between Del and Remove() on Lists?

Answer:
The replace() function can be used with strings for replacing a substring
with a given string. Syntax:
str.replace(old, new, count)
replace() returns a new string without modifying the original string.
Example -
>>"Hey John. How are you, John?".replace(“john",“John",1)
Output: “Hey John. How are you, John?

del remove()

del removes all elements of a remove() removes the first

list within a given range occurrence of a particular
Syntax: del list[start:end] character
Syntax: list.remove(element)

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Here is an example to understand the two statements -

>>lis=[‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’]
>>del lis[1:3]
>>lis
Output: [“a”,”d”]
>>lis=[‘a’, ‘b’, ‘b’, ‘d’]
>>lis.remove(‘b’)
>>lis
Output: [‘a’, ‘b’, ‘d’]
Note that in the range 1:3, the elements are counted up to 2 and
not 3.

17. How Do You Display the Contents of a Text File in Reverse Order?
Answer:
You can display the contents of a text file in reverse order using
the following steps:
· Open the file using the open() function
· Store the contents of the file into a list
· Reverse the contents of the list
· Run a for loop to iterate through the list

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18. Differentiate Between append() and extend().

Answer:

append() extend()

·append() adds an element ·extend() adds elements from an

to the end of the list iterable to the end of the list
Example - Example -
>>lst=[1,2,3] >>lst=[1,2,3]
>>lst.append(4) >>lst.extend([4,5,6])
>>lst >>lst
Output:[1,2,3,4] Output:[1,2,3,4,5,6]

19. What Is the Output of the below Code? Justify Your

Answer:
>>def addToList(val, list=[]):
>> list.append(val)
>> return list
>>list1 = addToList(1)
>>list2 = addToList(123,[])
>>list3 = addToList('a’)
>>print ("list1 = %s" % list1)
>>print ("list2 = %s" % list2)
>>print ("list3 = %s" % list3)

Output:
list1 = [1,’a’]
list2 = [123]
lilst3 = [1,’a’]

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Note that list1 and list3 are equal. When we passed the information to the
addToList, we did it without a second value. If we don't have an empty list as the
second value, it will start off with an empty list, which we then append. For list2,
we appended the value to an empty list, so its value becomes [123].
For list3, we're adding ‘a’ to the list. Because we didn't designate the list, it is a
shared value. It means the list doesn’t reset and we get its value as [1, ‘a’].
Remember that a default list is created only once during the function and not
during its call number.

20. What Is the Difference Between a List and a Tuple?

Answer:
Lists are mutable while tuples are immutable.
Example:
List
>>lst = [1,2,3]
>>lst[2] = 4
>>lst
Output:[1,2,4]
Tuple
>>tpl = (1,2,3)
>>tpl[2] = 4
>>tpl
Output:TypeError: 'tuple' the object does not support item assignment
There is an error because you can't change the tuple 1 2 3 into 1 2 4. You have to
completely reassign tuple to a new value.

21. What Is Docstring in Python?

Answer:
Docstrings are used in providing documentation to various Python modules,
classes, functions, and methods.

Example -
def add(a,b):
" " "This function adds two numbers." " "
sum=a+b
return sum
sum=add(10,20)
print("Accessing doctstring method 1:",add.__doc__)
print("Accessing doctstring method 2:",end="")
help(add)

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Output -
Accessing docstring method 1: This function adds two numbers.
Accessing docstring method 2: Help on function add-in module __main__:
add(a, b)
This function adds two numbers.

22. How Do You Use Print() Without the Newline?

Answer:
The solution to this depends on the Python version you are using.
Python v2
>>print(“Hi. ”),
>>print(“How are you?”)
Output: Hi. How are you?
Python v3
>>print(“Hi”,end=“ ”)
>>print(“How are you?”)
Output: Hi. How are you?

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25. Write a Function Prototype That Takes a

Variable Number of Arguments
Answer: T

The function prototype is as follows:

def function_name(*list)
>>def fun(*var):
>> for i in var:
print(i)
>>fun(1)
>>fun(1,25,6)
In the above code, * indicates that there are multiple arguments of a variable.

26. What Are *args and *kwargs?

Answer:
args
It is used in a function prototype to accept a varying number of arguments.
It's an iterable object.
Usage - def fun(*args)

kwargs
It is used in a function prototype to accept the varying number of keyworded
arguments.
·It's an iterable object
·Usage - def fun(**kwargs):
fun(colour=”red”.units=2)

27. “in Python, Functions Are First-class Objects.” What Do You

Infer from This?

Answer:
It means that a function can be treated just like an object. You can assign them
to variables, or pass them as arguments to other functions. You can even return
them from other functions.

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28. What Is the Output Of: Print(__name__)? Justify Your

Answer.
__name__ is a special variable that holds the name of the current module.
Program execution starts from main or code with 0 indentations. Thus,
__name__ has a value __main__ in the above case. If the file is imported from
another module, __name__ holds the name of this module.

29. What Is a Numpy Array?

Answer:
A numpy array is a grid of values, all of the same type, and is indexed by a tuple
of non-negative integers. The number of dimensions determines the rank of the
array. The shape of an array is a tuple of integers giving the size of the array
along each dimension.

30. What Is the Difference Between Matrices and Arrays?

Answer:

Matrices Arrays

·A matrix comes from ·An array is a sequence of objects

linear algebra and is a two- of similar data type
dimensional An array within another array
representation of data forms a matrix
It comes with a powerful
set of mathematical
operations that allow you
to manipulate the data in
interesting ways

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31. How Do You Get Indices of N Maximum Values in a Numpy Array?

Answer:
>>import numpy as np
>>arr=np.array([1, 3, 2, 4, 5])
>>print(arr.argsort( ) [ -N: ][: : -1])

32. How Would You Obtain the Res_set from the Train_set and the
Test_set from Below?
>>train_set=np.array([1, 2, 3])
>>test_set=np.array([[0, 1, 2], [1, 2, 3])
Res_set 🡪 [[1, 2, 3], [0, 1, 2], [1, 2, 3]]

Choose the correct option:

1.res_set = train_set.append(test_set)
2.res_set = np.concatenate([train_set, test_set]))
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4.None of these

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Answer:
Here, options a and b would both do horizontal stacking, but we want vertical
stacking. So, option c is the right statement.
resulting_set = np.vstack([train_set, test_set])

33. How Would You Import a Decision Tree Classifier in Sklearn?

Choose the Correct Option.
1.from sklearn.decision_tree import DecisionTreeClassifier
2.from sklearn.ensemble import DecisionTreeClassifier
3.from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeClassifier
4.None of these

Answer:
3. from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeClassifier

34. You Have Uploaded the Dataset in Csv Format on

Google Spreadsheet and Shared It Publicly. How Can You
Access This in Python?
Answer:
We can use the following code:
>>link = https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/...
>>source = StringIO.StringIO(requests.get(link).content))
>>data = pd.read_csv(source)

35. What Is the Difference Between the Two Data Series given Below?

df[‘Name’] and df.loc[:, ‘Name’], where:

df = pd.DataFrame(['aa', 'bb', 'xx', 'uu'], [21, 16, 50, 33], columns =
['Name', 'Age'])

Choose the correct option:

1.1 is the view of original dataframe and 2 is a copy of original dataframe
2.2 is the view of original dataframe and 1 is a copy of original dataframe
3.Both are copies of original dataframe
4.Both are views of original dataframe

Answer:
3. Both are copies of the original dataframe.

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36. You Get the Error “temp.Csv” While Trying to Read a File
Using Pandas. Which of the Following Could Correct It?

Error:
Traceback (most recent call last): File "<input>", line 1,
in<module> UnicodeEncodeError:
'ascii' codec can't encode character.

Choose the correct option:

1.pd.read_csv(“temp.csv”, compression=’gzip’)
2.pd.read_csv(“temp.csv”, dialect=’str’)
3.pd.read_csv(“temp.csv”, encoding=’utf-8′)
4.None of these

Answer:
The error relates to the difference between utf-8 coding and a Unicode.
So option 3. pd.read_csv(“temp.csv”, encoding=’utf-8′) can correct it.

37. How Do You Set a Line Width in the Plot given Below?

>>import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

>>plt.plot([1,2,3,4])
>>plt.show()

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Choose the correct option:

1.pd.read_csv(“temp.csv”, compression=’gzip’)
2.pd.read_csv(“temp.csv”, dialect=’str’)
3.pd.read_csv(“temp.csv”, encoding=’utf-8′)
4.None of these

Answer:
3. In line two, write plt.plot([1,2,3,4], lw=3)

38. How Would You Reset the Index of a Dataframe to a given List?

Choose the Correct Option

1.df.reset_index(new_index,)
2.df.reindex(new_index,)
3.df.reindex_like(new_index,)
4.None of these

Answer:
3. df.reindex_like(new_index,)

39. How Can You Copy Objects in Python?

Answer:
The function used to copy objects in Python are:
copy.copy for shallow copy and
copy.deepcopy() for deep copy

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40. What Is the Difference Between range() and xrange()

Functions in Python?

Answer:

range() xrange()

range returns a Python list xrange returns an xrange object

object

41. How Can You Check Whether a Pandas Dataframe Is Empty or Not?
Answer:

The attribute df.empty is used to check whether a pandas data frame is

empty or not.
>>import pandas as pd
>>df=pd.DataFrame({A:[]})
>>df.empty
Output: True

42. If You Split Your Data into Train/Test Splits, Is It Possible to over
Fit Your Model?
Answer:
Yes. One common beginner mistake is re-tuning a model or training new
models with different parameters after seeing its performance on the test
set.

43. Which Python Library Is Built on Top of Matplotlib and Pandas

to Ease Data Plotting?
Answer:
Seaborn is a Python library built on top of matplotlib and pandas to ease data
plotting. It is a data visualization library in Python that provides a high-level
interface for drawing statistical informative graphs.

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44. What are the important features of Python?

Answer:
Python is a scripting language. Python, unlike other programming languages
like C and its derivatives, does not require compilation prior to execution.
Python is dynamically typed, which means you don't have to specify the
kinds of variables when declaring them or anything.
Python is well suited to object-oriented programming since it supports class
definition, composition, and inheritance.

45. What type of language is Python?

Answer:
Although Python can be used to write scripts, it is primarily used as a
general-purpose programming language.

46. Explain how Python is an interpreted language.

Answer:
Any programming language that is not in machine-level code before
runtime is called an interpreted language. Python is thus an
interpreted language.

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47. What is PEP 8?

Answer:
PEP denotes Python Enhancement Proposal. It's a collection of guidelines for
formatting Python code for maximum readability.

48. Explain Python namespace.

Answer:
In Python, a namespace refers to the name that is assigned to each object.

49. What are decorators in Python?

Answer:
Decorators are used for changing the appearance of a function without
changing its structure. Decorators are typically defined prior to the function
they are enhancing.

50. How to use decorators in Python?

Answer:
Decorators are typically defined prior to the function they are enhancing. To
use a decorator, we must first specify its function. Then we write the
function to which it is applied, simply placing the decorator function above
the function to which it must be applied.

51. Differentiate between .pyc and .py.

Answer:
The .py files are the source code files for Python. The bytecode of the python
files are stored in .pyc files, which are created when code is imported from
another source. The interpreter saves time by converting the source .py files
to .pyc files.

52. What is slicing in Python?

Answer:
Slicing is a technique for gaining access to specific bits of sequences such
as strings, tuples, and lists.

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53. How to use the slicing operator in Python?

Answer:
Slicing is a technique for gaining access to specific bits of sequences such as
lists, tuples, and strings. The slicing syntax is [start:end:step]. This step can
also be skipped. [start:end] returns all sequence items from the start
(inclusive) to the end-1 element. It means the ith element from the end of the
start or end element is negative i. The step represents the jump or the
number of components that must be skipped.

54. What are keywords in python?

Answer:
In Python, keywords are reserved words with a specific meaning. They are
commonly used to specify the type of variables. Variable and function names
cannot contain keywords. Following are the 33 keywords of Python:

Yield Except
For Del
Else Continue
Elif Class
If Assert
Not With
Or Try
And False
Raise True
·Nonlocal Return
None Pass
Is Lambda
In Def
Import As
Global Break
From While
Finally

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55. How to combine dataframes in Pandas?

Answer:
The following are the ways through which the data frames in Pandas can be
combined:

Concatenating them by vertically stacking the two dataframes.

Concatenating them by horizontally stacking the two dataframes.
Putting them together in a single column.

56. What are the key features of the Python 3.9.0.0 version?
Answer:
Zoneinfo and graphlib are two new modules.
Improved modules such as asyncio and ast.
Optimizations include improved idiom for assignment, signal handling, and
Python built-ins.
Removal of erroneous methods and functions.
Instead of LL1, a new parser is based on PEG.
Remove Prefixes and Suffixes with New String Methods.
Generics with type hinting in standard collections.

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57. In Python, how is memory managed?

Answer:
Python's private heap space is in charge of memory management. A
private heap holds all Python objects and data structures. This
secret heap is not accessible to the programmer. Instead, the
Python interpreter takes care of it.
Python also includes a built-in garbage collector, which recycles all
unused memory and makes it available to the heap space.
Python's memory management is in charge of allocating heap
space for Python objects. The core API allows programmers access
to some programming tools.

58. Explain PYTHONPATH.

Answer:
It's an environment variable that is used when you import a module.
When a module is imported, PYTHONPATH is checked to see if the
imported modules are present in various folders. It is used by the
interpreter to determine which module to load.

59. Explain global variables and local variables in Python.

Answer:
Local Variables:
A local variable is any variable declared within a function. This variable
exists only in local space, not in global space.
Global Variables:
Global variables are variables declared outside of a function or in a
global space. Any function in the program can access these variables.

60. Is Python case sensitive?

Answer:
Yes, Python is case sensitive.

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61. How to install Python on Windows and set path variables?
Answer:
Download Python from https://www.python.org/downloads/
Install it on your computer. Using your command prompt, look for
the location where PYTHON is installed on your computer by typing
cmd python.
Then, in advanced system settings, create a new variable called
PYTHON_NAME and paste the copied path into it.
Search the path variable, choose its value and select ‘edit’.
If the value doesn't have a semicolon at the end, add one, and then
type %PYTHON HOME%.

62. Is it necessary to indent in Python?

Answer:
Indentation is required in Python. It designates a coding block. An
indented block contains all of the code for loops, classes, functions, and so
on. Typically, four space characters are used. Your code will not execute
correctly if it is not indented, and it will also generate errors.

63. On Unix, how do you make a Python script executable?

Answer:
Script file should start with #!/usr/bin/env python.

64. What is the use of self in Python?

Answer:
Self is used to represent the class instance. In Python, you can access the
class's attributes and methods with this keyword. It connects the attributes
to the arguments. Self appears in a variety of contexts and is frequently
mistaken for a term. Self is not a keyword in Python, unlike in C++.

65. What are the literals in Python?

Answer:
For primitive data types, a literal in Python source code indicates a
fixed value.

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66. What are the types of literals in Python?

Answer:
For primitive data types, a literal in Python source code indicates a fixed value.
Following are the 5 types of literal in Python:
String Literal: A string literal is formed by assigning some text to a variable
that is contained in single or double-quotes. Assign the multiline text
encased in triple quotes to produce multiline literals.
Numeric Literal: They may contain numeric values that are floating-point
values, integers, or complex numbers.
Character Literal: It is made by putting a single character in double-quotes.
Boolean Literal: True or False
Literal Collections: There are four types of literals such as list collections, tuple
literals, set literals, dictionary literals, and set literals.

67. What are Python modules? Name a few Python built-in

modules that are often used.
Answer:
Python modules are files that contain Python code. Functions, classes, or
variables can be used in this code. A Python module is a .py file that contains code
that may be executed. The following are the commonly used built-in modules:

JSON
data time
random
math
sys
OS

68. What is _init_?

Answer:
_init_ is a constructor or method in Python. This method is used to allocate
memory when a new object is created.

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69. What is the Lambda function? Get free mentorship
from experts?

Answer:
A lambda function is a type of anonymous function. This function can
take as many parameters as you want, but just one statement.

70. Why Lambda is used in Python?

Answer:
Lambda is typically utilized in instances where an anonymous function
is required for a short period of time. Lambda functions can be applied
in two different ways:

Assigning Lambda functions to a variable

Wrapping Lambda function into another function

71. How does continue, break, and pass work?

Answer:

Continue When a specified condition is met,

the control is moved to the
beginning of the loop, allowing
some parts of the loop to be
transferred.

Break When a condition is met, the loop

is terminated and control is passed
to the next statement.

Pass When you need a piece of code

syntactically but don't want to
execute it, use this. This is a null
operation.

72. What are Python iterators?

Answer:
Iterators are things that can be iterated through or traversed.

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73. Differentiate between range and xrange.
Answer:
In terms of functionality, xrange and range are essentially the same.
They both provide you the option of generating a list of integers to
use whatever you want. The sole difference between range and
xrange is that range produces a Python list object whereas x range
returns an xrange object. This is especially true if you are working
with a machine that requires a lot of memory, such as a phone
because range will utilize as much memory as it can to generate
your array of numbers, which can cause a memory error and crash
your program. It is a beast with a memory problem.

74. What are unpickling and pickling?

Answer:
The Pickle module takes any Python object and converts it to a string
representation, which it then dumps into a file using the dump method.
This is known as pickling. Unpickling is the process of recovering original
Python objects from a stored text representation.

75. What are generators in Python?

Answer:
Functions which return an iterable set of items are known as generators.

76. How do you copy an object in Python?

Answer:
The assignment statement (= operator) in Python does not copy objects.
Instead, it establishes a connection between the existing object and the
name of the target variable. The copy module is used to make copies of an
object in Python. Furthermore, the copy module provides two options for
producing copies of a given object –

Deep Copy: Deep Copy recursively replicates all values from source to
destination object, including the objects referenced by the source object.
from copy import copy, deepcopy

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from copy import copy, deepcopy

list_1 = [1, 2, [3, 5], 4]
## shallow copy
list_2 = copy(list_1)
list_2[3] = 7
list_2[2].append(6)
list_2 # output => [1, 2, [3, 5, 6], 7]
list_1 # output => [1, 2, [3, 5, 6], 4]
## deep copy
list_3 = deepcopy(list_1)
list_3[3] = 8
list_3[2].append(7)
list_3 # output => [1, 2, [3, 5, 6, 7], 8]
list_1 # output => [1, 2, [3, 5, 6], 4]

Shallow Copy: A bit-wise copy of an object is called a shallow copy.

The values in the copied object are identical to those in the original
object. If one of the values is a reference to another object, only its
reference addresses are copied.

77. In Python, are arguments provided by value or reference?

Answer:
Pass by value: The actual item's copy is passed. Changing the value of the
object's copy has no effect on the original object's value.

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 Get free mentorship
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Pass by reference: The actual object is passed as a reference. The

value of the old object will change if the value of the new object is
changed.
Arguments are passed by reference in Python.
def appendNumber(arr):
arr.append(4)
arr = [1, 2, 3]
print(arr) #Output: => [1, 2, 3]
appendNumber(arr)
print(arr) #Output: => [1, 2, 3, 4]

78. How to delete a file in Python?

Answer:
Use command os.remove(file_name) to delete a file in Python.

79. Explain join() and split() functions in Python.

Answer:
The join() function can be used to combine a list of strings based on a
delimiter into a single string.
The split() function can be used to split a string into a list of strings based
on a delimiter.
string = "This is a string."
string_list = string.split(' ') #delimiter is ‘space’ character or ‘ ‘
print(string_list) #output: ['This', 'is', 'a', 'string.']
print(' '.join(string_list)) #output: This is a string.

80. What are negative indexes and why are they used?
Answer:
·The indexes from the end of the list, tuple, or string are called negative
indexes.
·Arr[-1] denotes the array's last element. Arr[]

81. How will you capitalize the first letter of string?

Answer:
The capitalize() function in Python capitalizes a string's initial letter. It
returns the original text if the string already contains a capital letter at the
beginning.

Page no: 30
82. What method will you use to convert a string to all lowercase?
Answer:
The lower() function can be used to convert a string to lowercase.

83. In Python, how do you remark numerous lines?

Answer:
Comments that involve multiple lines are known as multi-line comments. A #
must prefix all lines that will be commented. You can also use a convenient
shortcut to remark several lines. All you have to do is hold down the ctrl key
and left-click anywhere you want a # character to appear, then input a # once.
This will add a comment to every line where you put your cursor.

84. What is the purpose of ‘not’, ‘is’, and ‘in’ operators?

Answer:
Special functions are known as operators. They take one or more input
values and output a result.
not- returns the boolean value's inverse
is- returns true when both operands are true
in- determines whether a certain element is present in a series

85. What are the functions help() and dir() used for in Python?
Answer:
Both help() and dir() are available from the Python interpreter and are used to
provide a condensed list of built-in functions.
dir() function: The defined symbols are displayed using the dir() function.
help() function: The help() function displays the documentation string and also
allows you to access help for modules, keywords, attributes, and other items.

86. Why isn't all the memory de-allocated when Python exits?
Answer:
When Python quits, some Python modules, especially those with circular
references to other objects or objects referenced from global namespaces,
are not necessarily freed or deallocated.
Python would try to de-allocate/destroy all other objects on exit because it
has its own efficient cleanup mechanism.
It is difficult to de-allocate memory that has been reserved by the C library.

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 Join WhatsApp Group for
87. What is a dictionary in Python? Placement

Answer:
Dictionary is one of Python's built-in datatypes. It establishes a one-to-one
correspondence between keys and values. Dictionary keys and values are
stored in pairs in dictionaries. Keys are used to index dictionaries.

88. In Python, how do you utilize ternary operators?

Answer:
The Ternary operator is the operator for displaying conditional statements.
This is made of true or false values and a statement that must be evaluated.

89. Explain the split(), sub(), and subn() methods of the

Python "re" module.
Answer:
Python's "re" module provides three ways for modifying strings. They are:
split (): a regex pattern is used to "separate" a string into a list
subn(): It works similarly to sub(), returning the new string as well as the
number of replacements.
sub(): identifies all substrings that match the regex pattern and replaces them
with a new string

90. Explain Python packages.

Answer:
Packages in Python are namespaces that contain numerous modules.

91. What are built-in types of Python?

Answer:
Given below are the built-in types of Python:
Built in functions
Boolean
String
Complex numbers
Floating point
Integers

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92. What are the benefits of NumPy arrays over (nested)
Python lists?
Answer:
Lists in Python are useful general-purpose containers. They allow for
(relatively) quick insertion, deletion, appending, and concatenation, and
Python's list comprehensions make them simple to create and operate.
They have some limitations: they don't enable "vectorized" operations like
elementwise addition and multiplication, and because they can include
objects of different types, Python must maintain type information for each
element and execute type dispatching code while working on it.
NumPy arrays are faster, and NumPy comes with a number of features,
including histograms, algebra, linear, basic statistics, fast searching,
convolutions, FFTs, and more.

93. What is the best way to add values to a Python array?

Answer:
The append(), extend(), and insert (i,x) procedures can be used to add
elements to an array.

94. What is the best way to remove values from a Python array?
Answer:
The pop() and remove() methods can be used to remove elements from an
array. The difference between these two functions is that one returns the
removed value while the other does not.

95. Is there an object-oriented Programming (OOps) concept

in Python?
Answer:
Python is a computer language that focuses on objects. This indicates
that by simply constructing an object model, every program can be
solved in Python. Python, on the other hand, may be used as both a
procedural and structured language.

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96. How multithreading is achieved in Python?

Answer:
Although Python includes a multi-threading module, it is usually not a
good idea to utilize it if you want to multi-thread to speed up your code.
As this happens so quickly, it may appear to the human eye that your
threads are running in parallel, but they are actually sharing the same CPU
core.
The Global Interpreter Lock is a Python concept (GIL). Only one of your
'threads' can execute at a moment, thanks to the GIL. A thread obtains the
GIL, performs some work, and then passes the GIL to the following thread.

97. How are classes created in Python?

Answer:
The class keyword in Python is used to construct a class.

98. What is pandas dataframe?

Answer:
A dataframe is a 2D changeable and tabular structure for representing data
with rows and columns labelled.

99. Explain monkey patching in Python.

Answer:
Monkey patches are solely used in Python to run-time dynamic updates
to a class or module.

100. What is inheritance in Python?

Answer:
Inheritance allows one class to gain all of another class's members (for
example, attributes and methods). Inheritance allows for code reuse,
making it easier to develop and maintain applications.

101. What are the different types of inheritance in Python?

Answer:
The following are the various types of inheritance in Python:

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Single inheritance: The members of a single super class are acquired by

a derived class.
Multiple inheritance: More than one base class is inherited by a derived
class.
Muti-level inheritance: D1 is a derived class inherited from base1 while
D2 is inherited from base2.
Hierarchical Inheritance: You can inherit any number of child classes
from a single base class.

102. Is multiple inheritance possible in Python?

Answer:
A class can be inherited from multiple parent classes, which is known as
multiple inheritance. In contrast to Java, Python allows multiple inheritance.

103. Explain polymorphism in Python.

Answer:
The ability to take various forms is known as polymorphism. For example, if the
parent class has a method named ABC, the child class can likewise have a
method named ABC with its own parameters and variables. Python makes
polymorphism possible.

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 Get free mentorship
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104. What is encapsulation in Python?

Answer:
Encapsulation refers to the joining of code and data. Encapsulation is
demonstrated through a Python class.

105. In Python, how do you abstract data?

Answer:
Only the necessary details are provided, while the implementation is hidden
from view. Interfaces and abstract classes can be used to do this in Python.

106. Is access specifiers used in Python?

Answer:
Access to an instance variable or function is not limited in Python. To imitate
the behavior of protected and private access specifiers, Python introduces
the idea of prefixing the name of the variable, function, or method with a
single or double underscore.

107. How to create an empty class in Python?

Answer:
A class that has no code defined within its block is called an empty class.
The pass keyword can be used to generate it. You can, however, create
objects of this class outside of the class. When used in Python, the PASS
command has no effect.

108. What does an object() do?

Answer:
It produces a featureless object that serves as the foundation for all classes.
It also does not accept any parameters.

109. What is Flask and explain its benefits.

Answer:
Flask is a Python web microframework based on the BSD license. Two of its
dependencies are Werkzeug and Jinja2. This means it will have few, if any,
external library dependencies. It lightens the framework while reducing
update dependencies and security vulnerabilities.

Page no: 36
A session is just a way of remembering information from one request to the
next. A session in a flask employs a signed cookie to allow the user to inspect
and edit the contents of the session. If the user only has the secret key, he or
she can change the session. Flask.secret key.

110. Is Django better as compared to Flask?

Answer:
Django and Flask map URLs or addresses entered into web browsers into
Python functions.

Flask is easier to use than Django, but it doesn't do much for you, so you will
have to specify the specifics, whereas Django does a lot for you and you won't
have to do anything. Django has prewritten code that the user must examine,
whereas Flask allows users to write their own code, making it easier to grasp.
Both are technically excellent and have their own set of advantages and
disadvantages.

111. Differentiate between Pyramid, Django, and Flask.

Answer:
Pyramid is designed for larger apps. It gives developers flexibility and allows
them to utilize the appropriate tools for their projects. The database, URL
structure, templating style, and other options are all available to the
developer. Pyramid can be easily customized.
Flask is a "microframework" designed for small applications with
straightforward needs. External libraries are required in a flask. The flask is
now ready for use.
Django, like Pyramid, may be used for larger applications. It has an ORM in it.

112. What is PIP?

Answer:
PIP denotes Python Installer Package. It is used to install various Python
modules. It's a command-line utility that creates a unified interface for
installing various Python modules. It searches the internet for the package and
installs it into the working directory without requiring any user intervention.

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 113. What is the use of sessions in the Django framework?
Answer:
Django has a session feature that allows you to store and retrieve data for each
site visitor. Django isolates the process of sending and receiving cookies by
keeping all necessary data on the server-side and inserting a session ID cookie
on the client-side.

114. Write a program that checks if all of the numbers in a

sequence are unique.
Answer:
def check_distinct(data_list):
if len(data_list) == len(set(data_list)):
return True
else:
return False;
print(check_distinct([1,6,5,8])) #Prints True
print(check_distinct([2,2,5,5,7,8])) #Prints False
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 Get free mentorship
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115. What is an operator in Python?

Answer:
An operator is a symbol that is applied to a set of values to produce a result. An
operator manipulates operands. Numeric literals or variables that hold values are
known as operands. Unary, binary, and ternary operators are all possible.

The unary operator, which requires only one operand, the binary operator, which
requires two operands, and the ternary operator, which requires three operands.

116. What are the various types of operators in Python?

Answer:
Bitwise operators
Identity operators
Membership operators
Logical operators
Assignment operators
Relational operators
Arithmetic operators

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 FAQs

1 What is Talent Battle?

Talent battle is a group of mentors and educators who help students to prepare
for their On and Off campus placement opportunities. We have trainers with an
average of 10 years of experience in training students for their Tech company
drives. We train students on Aptitude, Programming, communication skills,
projects, advance technologies and all other necessary skills to get placed in their
dream companies. If you want to get placed in any of your dream companies,
then join our complete masterclass and fulfill your dream!

2 When and how to prepare for campus placements?

The best time to start preparing for your campus is in your third year of
engineering. During this time you can start preparing for your Aptitude, Verbal
and Programming skills.
Most of the companies have a similar testing pattern for selecting students.
There are typically tests on aptitude, programming and communication skills.
The short answer for this question is, prepare with Talent Battle's Masterclass as
we cover all of the above mentioned topics in detail.

3 What is Complete Masterclass?

Complete Masterclass is a combination of Concept Clearing lectures for Aptitude,
Coding, DSA + Company Specific Training for 30+ Companies + Interview
Preparation with Mock Interviews. Foundational and Company Specific Training
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Along with that we have 240+ hours of Full stack Development course, either of
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4 Why to chose Talent Battle?

We have structured and disciplined way of preparation. You don't need to seek
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