بايو م 2

Lecture 2 Prof. Dr.
Nahida Mohammed
Animal cell organelles:

Cytoplasm: In eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm is that part of the cell between the
cell membrane and the nuclear envelope. It is the jelly-like substance in a cell that
contains the cytosol, organelles, and inclusions, but not including the nucleus. In fact,
the cytoplasm and the nucleus make up the protoplasm of a eukaryotic cell.
In prokaryotic cells that do not have a well-defined nucleus, the cytoplasm is
simply everything enclosed by the cell membrane. It therefore contains the cytosol, and
all the other cellular components, including the chromosome in the nucleoid region.
• Organelles
- surrounded by membrane
nucleus, mitochondria, lysosome, perioxisome, endoplasmic reticulum, and
golgi
- not surrounded by membrane
ribosome, centrosome, centriole, basal bodies
• Cytoskeleton
- collection of microfilaments and microtubules
• Inclusions
- stored products
Mitochondria: are small tubular or rod-shaped organelles floating free throughout
the cell, produces enzymes for the metabolic conversion of nutrients to energy-yielding
molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to fuel the cell's activities. This function, known
as aerobic respiration, is the reason mitochondria are frequently referred to as the
powerhouse of the cell.
Mitochondria are also involved in controlling the concentration of calcium (Ca 2+) ions
within the cell. They work very closely with the endoplasmic reticulum to limit the
amount of calcium in the cytosol.
Some cells have several thousand mitochondria while others have none. Muscle cells
need a lot of energy so they have loads of mitochondria.
Neurons (cells that transmit nerve impulses) don't need as many. If a cell feels it is not
getting enough energy to survive, more mitochondria can be created.
Structure: Mitochondria are shaped perfectly to maximize their productivity.
They are made of two membranes. The outer membrane covers the organelle and
contains it like a skin. The inner membrane folds over many times and creates layered
structures called cristae. The fluid contained in the mitochondria is called the matrix.
Lecture 2 Prof. Dr. Nahida Mohammed
The folding of the inner membrane increases the surface area inside the organelle. Since
many of the chemical reactions happen on the inner membrane, the increased surface
area creates more space for reactions to occur.
Lysosomes:
Are single membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of enzymes
(about 50 different degradative enzymes) capable of breaking down all types of
biological polymers- proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.
Lysosomes function as the digestive system of the cell, serving both to degrade
material taken up from outside the cell and to digest worn-out components of the cell
itself. they do
- intracellular digestion - hydrolyze proteins, nucleic acids, complex
carbohydrates, phospholipids and other substrates
- autophagy - the digestion of worn-out organelles and mitochondrion
- autolysis - programmed cell death
- glucose mobilization - lysosomes in liver cells break down glycogen
lysosomes are visualized as dense spherical vacuoles, however, it can be variable

in shape and size as a result of differences in the materials that have been taken up for
digestion.
They are most abundant in cells which are related with the enzymatic reactions
such as liver cells, pancreatic cells, kidney cells... etc
Lysosomes are manufactured and budded into the cytoplasm by the Golgi
apparatus with enzymes inside, the enzymes that are within the lysosome are made in
the rough endoplasmic reticulum, which are then delivered to the Golgi apparatus via
transport vesicles.
TYPES OF LYSOSOMES:
Primary lysosome: are small saclike structures enclosing enzymes synthesized by the
rough endoplasmic reticulum, Since they store enzymes, they are also said to be
storage granules.
Secondary lysosome is formed by the fusion of primary lysosome with phagosomes.
The Secondary lysosome contain engulfed materials and enzymes. The materials are
progressively digested by the enzymes. So it is also called as digestive vacuole.
Peroxisomes:
• Appear similar to lysosomes but not produced by golgi complex
• In all cells but abundant in liver and kidney
• Function
- Neutralize free radicals.
- Produce H202 in process of alcohol detoxification and killing bacteria.
- Break down excess H2O2 with the enzyme catalase.
- Break down fatty acids into acetyl groups.
Golgi complex:
Also called Golgi apparatus or Golgi body, it is membrane-bound organelle that
is made up of a series of flattened, stacked pouches called cisternae.
It is located in the cytoplasm next to the endoplasmic reticulum and near the cell
nucleus. While many types of cells contain only one or several Golgi apparatus, plant
cells can contain hundreds.
The Golgi apparatus in general is responsible for transporting, modifying, and
packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations.
• Synthesizes CHO's, processes proteins from RER and packages them into golgi
vesicles.
• Golgi vesicles
- Irregular sacs near golgi complex that bud off cisternae .
- Some become lysosomes, some fuse with plasma membrane and some
become secretory vesicles.
• Secretory vesicles
- store a cell product for later release.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER):

A continuous membrane system that forms a series of flattened sacs within the
cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and serves multiple functions, being important
particularly in the synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of proteins.
All eukaryotic cells contain an endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In animal cells, the
ER usually constitutes more than half of the membranous. content of the cell.
Differences in certain physical and functional characteristics distinguish the two types
of ER, known as rough ER and smooth ER.
• Rough ER: is named for its rough appearance, which is due to the ribosomes
attached to its outer (cytoplasmic) surface. Rough ER lies immediately adjacent
to the cell nucleus, and its membrane is continuous with the outer membrane of
the nuclear envelope.
• Smooth ER: It is not associated with ribosomes, its involved in the synthesis of
lipids, including cholesterol and phospholipids, which are used in the production
of new cellular membrane. In certain cell types, smooth ER plays an important
role in the synthesis of steroid hormones from cholesterol. In cells of the liver, it
contributes to the detoxification of drugs and harmful chemicals.
• The sarcoplasmic reticulum: is a specialized type of smooth ER that regulates
the calcium ion concentration in the cytoplasm of striated muscle cells.
Ribosomes:
They are tiny granular structures that are present in large numbers in both
prokaryotes & eukaryotes (except sperm & RBC) and serve as the site of protein
synthesis. Ribosomes occur both as free particles in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
and as particles attached to the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic
cells.
• Free ribosomes are involved in synthesis of intracellular proteins.
• ER-bound ribosomes synthesize proteins which act intercellularly.
Ribosomes are composed of two subunits, each of which consists of protein and a type
of RNA called Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Types:
On the basis of sedimentation coefficient, ribosomes are of 2 types:
(A) 70S Ribosomes:
Found in prokaryotes.
(B)80S Ribosomes:
Found in cytoplasm of eukaryotes.

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Lecture 2 Prof. Dr.

Animal cell organelles:

lysosomes are visualized as dense spherical vacuoles, however, it can be variable

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER):

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