C

YO
U
R
PA
LA
RT
N
ER
FO
R
SS
M PU
RS
U
IN
G
EX
C
AT
EL
E LE
N
C
E

Ph
ys
ics
by
Ka
sh
an
OF WAVES

Ra
sh
id
SUPERPOSITION
 Diffraction of waves

The The it
•

spreading of wave as

id
slit

sh
passes through a or over

Ra
an
edge

an
.

sh
Ka
the
During diffraction energy of

by
•

ics
out its
wave
spreads and

ys
Ph
intensity falls .

t⑧ t
>

E
E
AT
C
N
LE
EL
C
EX
M
G
IN
U

:
SS
RS
PU
R
FO
LA
ER
N
RT
PA
C
R
U
YO

slit size =
wavelength slit size >
wavelength
Max Diffraction Less
Diffraction
Interference 3
types of Interference
at
when two meet Constructive
Interference
or more waves 1 .

id
point they overlap another Destructive
Interference

sh
a one 2 .

Ra
,

to
produce a new resultant wave 3. Intermediate
Interference

an
.

sh
Ka
Conditions
for interference

by
ics
1. Waves must meet at a point

ys
.

Ph
2. Waves must have The same nature
i. e. both mechanical or both
electromagnetic

E
frequency

E
Waves should
AT
C
3. have same

N
LE
EL
C
1 Small
difference EX
M
in
frequency G can
IN
U
SS
RS

still interference )
PU

cause
R
FO
LA
ER
N
RT
PA
C
R

Principle of superposition
U
YO

when two waves meet at a

point
in ,
the
spaceresultant displacements
of new wave is algebraic sum of
displacements of interfering waves .
 Constructive Interference Destructive
Interference
* I am

id
sh
2- -12 -
-12

Ra
-

an
•
> > >

sh
tls tls tls

Ka
-
2- -2 -

-2 -

by
ics
iemv AM iemv

ys
Ph
3-
2- +2 -

>

E
> '
tls

E
tis tis

AT
C
N
LE
EL
-2
-
-2

C
-

EX
M
G -3
IN -
U
SS
RS

AM
-

iemv iemv
PU
R
FO
LA
ER

alk alk AM
N

PURE PARTIALLY
RT
PA
C
R

4-
U

DESTRUCTIVE
YO

DESTRUCTIVE
INTERFERENCE
> > '

Hs Hs tis

4-
iemv Hmv iemv
-
 Intermediate
Interference

C
YO
U
R
PA
LA
RT
N
ER
FO
R
SS
M PU
RS
U
IN
G
EX
C
AT
EL
E LE
N
C
E

Ph
ys
ics
by
Ka
sh
an
Ra
sh
id
Path
Difference
path diff -

- di -

di
If the sources are vibrating
di
S,
in
phase

id
•

nil
path diff

sh
:

s ,•~

Ra
an
saw

sh
dz X :
wavelength

Ka
of 0,1 2,3 Constructive
Interference

by
n : no . waves n= , ,
. .
.

ics
a- 0.5 , 1. 5,25 Destructive
Interference

ys
- - -

s; ,

Ph
E
E
Example #1
Example #
AT
C
2

N
LE
EL
C
EX
M
✗ =
2cm d. = 10cm dz=l4cm IN
U
G
✗ = 2cm d, -
-
10cm dz= 15cm
SS
RS
PU
R

4~~~~~
4•~~~~
FO
LA

~~NÑ
ER

pathdiff.mx pathdiff.nl
N
RT

04=10 cm
PA
C

di loom
R

~
-
U

not 15-10 -_n( 2)

YO

14-10 -
.

~
n=2 n -2.5

.µµirÑ
-

sz.NN~di.is
" "

Destructive
"

Constructive
" "

g Interference Interference
a+a=2a la :
amplitude , a- a = 0
If the sources vibrate out of phase Example #3

✗ = 2cm d, = 10cm da =
14cm

Sis RULES
" "

-
FLIP ( sources vibrate out
of phase )

id
,

sh
d ,= 10cm

Ra
Si

an
.~~~~z

sh
Path diff -_nX

sz.NU#athdif=n+Ifn--

Ka
If Destructive
Interference

by
n :
0,112,3. . .

ics
Constructive
0.5 1.5.2.5
Interference 14-10 n (2)

ys
=

µµor
. .

, ,

Ph
n= 2
"

Destructive
"

Interference

E
E
AT
C
N
LE
EL
C
EX
M
G
IN
U
SS
RS
PU
R
FO
LA
ER
N
RT
PA
C
R
U
YO
Single Slit
Diffraction
I/ I/
nwm nwm
" "

id
sh
Ra
an
> -

sh
monochromatic

Ka
~

by
ics
light

ys
. , < ,

Ph
NO SLIT

SINGLE SLIT

E
E
Intensity falls as light
AT
C
N
LE
EL
C
EX spreads on a larger
M
G
IN
U
SS
RS
PU

area
R
FO
LA

.
ER
N
RT
PA
C
R
U
YO
 2 .
Double Slit
Diffraction ( Young 's Double Slit Experiment )
screen

id
sh
Ra
destructive

an
sh
minima ( dark fringe ) interference

Ka
by
constructive
> maxima ( bright fringe )

ics
interference

ys
Ph
monochromatic

light
.

source
lone
frequency )

E
E
AT
C
double

N
LE
EL
C
EX
M
slit IN
G
U
SS
RS
PU
R
FO
LA
ER

why is this
pattern produced ??
N
RT
PA
C
R
U
YO

→
light coming from two slits meet at
different points on screen .

→ At some
points light rays are in
phase so a bright spot is seen .

→ At some
points light rays are out
of phase so a dark
region is
seen .
 "
IIWM "
1.
Intensity fell Dark
spot
sideways • Destructive interference
2.
symmetric •

path diff =nt where n -

-

0.5.1.5 2.5 . - .

id
,

sh
pattern phase diff 180
•
:

Ra
Equidistant

an
.

sh
spots

Ka
< >

Formula XD

by
: n =

Tr

ics
' ⑦ ⑥ 00 ⑨ O -

ys
☐

Ph
>

-2.5 double slit

•

n -

r r
screen
<

n : 105 n :O u
•

-1
a- : x
n
Ar
-

u r

E
:
-

E
AT
C
-005

N
n -
n :L

LE
EL
r

C
EX
M
n -3 G
-
IN
U
SS
RS

slit
Bright spot separation
PU

a :
R
FO
LA
ER

constructive
interference t wavelength
N
RT

• :
PA
C
R
U

path diff nt where

fringe separation
YO

n
-0,1 , 2,3 x
-
• =
.
:
.
.

0° D: slit distance
phase diff to screen
-
• = -

Note :
Bright spots are
equidistant
another
from one .
Effects on
Fringe pattern
1.
Wavelength of light increased ( frequency decreased ,
blue color to red )

id
)
fringe separation ( xxx

sh
increase
:

Ra
brightness of bright fringe unchanged

an
:

XI

sh
darkness dark fringe unchanged : K =

of

Ka
a

by
ics
2. Slit to screen distance increased

ys
Ph
increase In 1
fringe separation :
☐ a

decrease I spot
brightness of bright fringe :
becomes
large )
darkness dark fringe unchanged :

of

E
E
AT
C
N
LE
EL
C
Slit
separation EX
increased
M
3 .
IN
G

In ✗ ta )
U
SS
RS

fringe separation
PU

decrease
R

:
FO
LA
ER

brightness of bright fringe unchanged

N
RT

:
PA
C
R
U

dark fringe unchanged

YO

darkness :

of
4.
Intensity of light decreased ( lamp dim
,
smaller suit size , lamp
far away from the slits )

id
unchanged

sh
fringe separation :

Ra
decrease
brightness of fringe
bright

an
:

sh
darkness dark fringe unchanged

Ka
:

of

by
ics
of the two
is
5. light coming from one slits decreased

ys
Ph
fringe separation unchanged
:

1 less overall light reduced )

brightness of bright fringe decrease : is

darkness dark fringe decrease 1 less dark destructive

: as no
pure
of

E
E
AT interference )
C
N
LE
EL
C
EX
M
G
IN
U
SS
RS
PU
R
FO
LA
ER
N
RT
PA
C
R
U
YO

-
 n :3 3rd
Diffraction Grating order
>

2nd order
•

>?⃝
minima

with n=2
'
minima
Problems double slit •

id
1st order
Very intensity of spots Diffraction

sh
1. low

Ra
03 minima
Very small gap between spots
''

2.
grating n=1

an
, •
,
o,

sh
0th order

Ka
= "
01
iii. traction grating resolved me • n= 0 maxima

by
ics
problems mono =

ys
-

•
÷

Ph
chromatic n -1
-

1st order

Grating comprises of hundreds of light maxima

suits un so that more n -2 2nd order

per
• -

E
bright spots

E
and
light AT
C
can maxima
pass

N
LE
EL
C
•

EX
M
are
produced on screen .
IN
G n=3
U
SS
RS

3rd
PU

order
R
FO
LA

Maxima Bright fringe 1 Constructive

ER

Tnt )
N

:
maxima
RT
PA
C

.
R

1 Destructive
U

Minima Dark Tnt )

fringe
YO

: .
 N ✗ =
A sin 0 >
angle -
between 01h and n'hordes

id
L s

sh
v
I -

Ra
^

=
d.
order of wavelength slit
separation1- line

an
=
•

sh
maxima 1 length of =

Ka
•

by
÷

ics
ys
Ph
calculations d
for finding
FIERO
4000 lines -
0.01m

E
E
line d
AT
C
1

N
LE
-

EL
C
205×10-6
EX
M
IN
G D= 0.01 m
U
=
SS
RS

4000
PU
R
FO
LA

3rd
ER

order maxima
nX=dsinO
of
N

at b) angle
RT
PA
C
R

(1) 1=2.5×10-6 sin 10°

U

nX=dsinO
YO

✗ = 4.34×10 -7m 13114.34×10-+1=2.5×10-6 Sino

" "

1434 nm ) Blue 0=31.40

VIBGYOR
400hm 700hm
c) angle between 1st and 3rd order maxima
01 -
> 3
=
Oz -
O,
= 31.4° - 10°

id
"
" "N
21.4°
"

sh
=
"

Bright fringes

Ra
an
sh
.n_µ,m

Ka
d) between both 3rd order maxima
angle

by
ics
in

ys
Ph
03 → 3
= 31.40×2
03 62.8° A- 1-
I
"
I T f
n
→ 3 =

n=z n :O
n -2
-

E
highest order

E
e) maxima visible
AT
C
on screen

N
LE
EL
Dark
90° fringes
C
Omax
EX
M
G
= IN
U
SS
RS

MX dsinl
PU
R

=
FO
LA
ER

ml 4.34×10-+1 2.5×10-6 sin 90°

N
RT

=
PA
C
R
U
YO

n : 5.76 so n =
5

f) total bright spots on screen

order )
5 +5 + 11 zeroth = 11
bright fringes !
 Red
Diffraction of Light

id
sh
Ra
white light is
When passed through

an
sh
a
diffraction grating

Ka
.

by
ics
RED n= 2

ys
Ph
?⃝
VIOLET

RE "
• White
light comprises of colors from n -1
-

¥
E
VIOLET
blue

E
red

AT
C
to

N
LE
EL
C
, white
light ,
•
no
war µ
EX
Evey has ,ayµ
M
•
own wane
G
IN .
U
SS
RS

VIOLET
Upon diffraction spread based
PU

•
colors
R

1
FO

n
LA

=
, RED
ER

their
wavelengths
N
RT

on .
PA
C
R
U

t doin 0 VIOLET
YO

n = move ✗

TX sinot t RED n -2

film
-

V1 BGY OR 1650hm )
>
more
diff . n :O is white spot as
every color
low high t has a constructive
interference over
wavelength wavelength more 0 there .
Path
diff :O & phase diff :O
colors combine to form white light
 MT 12015112213

id
difference

sh
't
path n
-

Ra
-

an
ni
39

sh
24
-
- .

Ka
by
lo -
n X

ics
-

ys
if X=2 n
-
-

Ph
3
h =3 33
X
if
-

-
-

4 h -
-
2.58
if X
-
-

E
E
AT
C
N
LE
EL
C
EX
M
G
IN
U
SS
RS
PU
R
FO
LA
ER
N
RT
PA
C
R
U
YO
 MY 201811211

Of the
sources are

id
out

sh
operating

Ra
example phase
Of
one

an
,

only !

sh
would make

Ka
crest the

by
and

ics
If source oscillates other would

ys
out

Ph
of phase ! make trough
at the same

time .
So the

E
E
AT
C
rules
of path
N
LE
EL
C
EX
difference
M
IN
G now
U
SS
RS

86888
PU
R
FO
LA
ER
N
RT
PA
C
R
U
YO
 C
YO
U
R
PA
LA
RT
N
ER
FO
R
SS
M PU
RS
U
IN
G
EX
C
AT
EL
E LE
N
C
E

Ph
ys
ics
by
Ka
sh
an
Ra
sh
id
 C
YO
U
R
PA
LA
RT
N
ER
FO
R
SS
M PU
RS
U
IN
G
EX
C
AT
EL
E LE
N
C
E

Ph
ys
ics
by
Ka
sh
an
Ra
sh
id
MIT 12008/121

id
sh
Ra
an
sh
Ka
initial final

by
✗ =

ics
✗ =
700hm ÷2 ✗ =
350mm

ys
Ph
✗ = 3.0mm ✗ =
? ✗ ✗ ✗ ad 1-
a → za a

E
E
X

AT ÷
C
un kn

N
=
so =

LE
EL
-2×2
C
EX
M
G
IN
U
SS
RS

t ta 0.75mm
PU

✗ an =
R
FO
LA
ER
N
RT
PA
C
R
U
YO
 C
YO
U
R
PA
LA
RT
N
ER
FO
R
SS
M PU
RS
U
IN
G
EX
C
AT
EL
E LE
N
C
i

E
27mm

Ph
ys
ics
by
Ka
sh
an
Ra
sh
id
✗
x=
K

N=

=
=

=
XD
3mm
a-

a-
XD

30-27

3×10-3=+15 )
0.9×10-3
5.4×10 -7m
MJ / 201711713

id
•

sh
Ra
an
sh
Ka
by
ics
ys
Ph
④
-

path diff
-

k
0.5 ,
1. 5,2-5

E
E
0.51
AT
C
I
:( E)
N
diff
LE
n=1 1-
path
EL
C
EX
M
G
1.51
pathdiff :( 2-f)
IN
✗
U
SS
RS

n=z
PU
R
FO
LA
ER
N
RT
PA
C
R
U
YO
Double slit with Sound For
interference pattern
Experiment .
an

to be
produced the ,

waves must be coherent

id
• cro

sh
n i -

they
e .
must have a

Ra
constant
phase difference

an
.

sh
MIC

Ka
In order to have

by
• a

ics
constant
phase difference

ys
Ph
→ One
light source and
two slits were used
both
so that
light from

E
the

E
slits have

AT
C
same

N
LE
EL
C phase difference
EX
M
G
IN .
U
SS
RS
PU
R
FO
LA
ER

Two loudspeakers and

N

→
RT
PA
C
R
U

is
YO

one source
power
used so
-

that birth

speakers produce
coherent waves .
 i CRO
Y
,
QUIET
#!

my
Whn *
s ,

id
sh
NW

Ra
! LOUD

an
Sz

sh
!

Ka
Loudness decrease loudness decrease

by
Ix e >

ics
'
Sound O -5 -0.5
coming from source t n -

ys
•
n
-

n' I. 5 4=1.5
-

Ph
i
,
travels less distance than
i l l l

source 2 Hence wave

from S2 l
l
L
l l
L I
.

I
,
,
l
has a smaller amplitude L i f i
r
l
L

E
'

E
from
i
S,
i
than
AT
C
'
l i i

N
wave .

LE
.
,
l

EL
.

l l

C
I
y

EX
M
At Y destructive '
I
no
pure G
• IN . i

Q Q '
Q i Q
U
,
SS
i
RS

i
.
,
PU

interference occurs and '

n- I
R

n
,
-
i -
FO

n= uz
LA

NII
ER

intensity
N

is still
left
RT

some µ
PA
C

.
R
U
YO

middle
constructive

interference
n -
- O
 C
YO
U
R
PA
LA
RT
N
ER
FO
R
SS
M PU
RS
U
IN
G
EX
C
AT
EL
E LE
N
C
E

Ph
ys
ics
by
Ka
sh
an
Ra
sh
id
 C
YO
U
R
PA
LA
RT
N
ER
FO
R
SS
M PU
RS
U
IN
G
EX
C
AT
EL
E LE
N
C
E

Ph
ys
ics
by
Ka
sh
an
Ra
sh
id