Physical Quantities and Units

1. Which of the following is not an SI base unit 9. When a beam of light is incident on a surface, it
(Systeme International Units)? delivers energy to the surface. The intensity of
A Kelvin (K) B coulomb (C) the beam is defined as the energy delivered per
C second (s) D Ampere (A) unit area per unit time.
What is the unit of intensity, expressed in SI base
2. Which of the following quantities do not carry units?
any units? A kg m 2 s 1 B kg m2 s 3 C kg s 2 D kg s 3
Refractive
A Impulse
Index 10. Which of the following definitions is correct and
Electric Electric field uses only quantities rather than units?
B A Density is mass per cubic metre.
potential strength
Power / B Potential difference is energy per unit current.
C Strain C Pressure is force per unit area.
Energy
Refractive D Speed is distance travelled per second.
D Strain
Index
11. Which of the following statements is false?
3. What is the special name given to the unit of A A homogeneous equation is a physical correct
electromotive force of a battery, and what are the equation.
base units of electromotive force? B The principle of homogeneity of an equation
2 -3 -1
A V, kg m s A cannot determine the value of a unitless constant
B N, kg m s -2 in an equation.
2 -3 -1
C N, kg m s A C For an equation to be physically correct, it must
D V, kg m s -2 have dimensional consistency.
D The principle of homogeneity of an equation of
4. The electrical power, P dissipated in a resistor of an equation cannot discriminate between two
resistance R when a current I passes through the quantities having the same units(e.g. length of
2
resistor is given by P=I R. How may R be pendulum string, radius of pendulum bob).
expressed in base units?
A A2 kg-1 m-2 s3 B kg m2 s-2 A-2 12. Which of the following has different SI units from
2 -3 -2
C kg m s A DWA -2 the other.
A stress x strain B stress / strain
5. Which of the following pairs of quantities are C potential energy per unit volume
both scalars? D Moment of a force
A speed, velocity B current, charge
C pressure, force 13. The unit of strain are
D electric potential, work A mass / (length x time2) B (length)-1
C length D no units
6. E is given by
14. What is the SI base unit of pressure?
E = (F / A) / (e / l) A kg m s-2 B kg m2 s-2
-1 -2
Where C kg m s D kg m-2 s-2
F = force exerted on cross-sectional area A of the
material. 15. r V
e = deformation produced (an extension or under steamline conditions in a viscous fluid
compression) experiences a retarding force, given by F = KrV ,
l = original length of the material. K K
2 -1
E possesses a unit similar to A kg m s B kg s-1 m-1
-2 -2
A work B power C kg m s D kg m s-2
C energy D pressure
16. which one of the following pairs of electrical units
7. Which is a pair of SI base units? are the units not equivalent?
A ampere joule A J s-1; W B J C-1; V
-1
B coulomb second CAs ; C D N c-1; V m-1
C kilogram kelvin
D metre newton 17. What is the ratio 1µm / 1 Gm ?
A 10-3 B 10-9 C 10-12 D 10-15
8. If p is the momentum of an object of mass m,
then the expression p2 / m has the same units as Note
A acceleration B energy For formulae see back side of this work sheet
C force D impulse
Formulae
1. Refractive index: Refractive index = speed of light in vacuum or air ; n=c/v
speed of light in any medium

2. Impulse: Impulse = (Force)(time) = Change of momentum ; u)

3. Electric Potential: Electric Potential = Work done / charge ; V=W/Q

4. Electric field strength: Electric field strength = Force / charge = P.d/ distance ; E=F / Q = V /d

5. Strain: Strain = extension / original length =e/l

6. Stress: Stress = force / cross-sectional Area ; A

7. Moment of a force: Torque = (force)(perpendicular distance) ;

8. Momentum: Momentum = (mass)(velocity) ; P = mv

Answer grid:
Q.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

Answer

Paper 2 (Structured theory) :

1. For each of the four concepts listed in the left hand column, place a tick by the correct example
of that concept in the appropriate box. [4]
Concept
A base quantity mole length kilogram

A base unit coulomb ampere volt

A scalar quantity torque velocity kinetic energy

A vector quantity mass weight density

2. Complete following table to show each quantity and its unit. [4]

quantity unit
speed
m s-1
density

s-1
electric field strength
.......................................

kg m s-1

3. (a)

............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Explain why an equation must be homogeneous with respect to the units if it is to be correct.
[1]
(c) Write down an equation which is homogeneous, but still incorrect.
[1]
 CIE Questions on Physical Quantities and Units
1. A 9. Which of the following could be measured in the
moves a distance L in time T. The equation relating same units as force?
these quantities is A energy / distance B energy x distance
C energy / time D momentum x distance
{Q.2/June.2004/9702-1}

10. The notation µs is used as an abbreviation for a

Where a is the internal radius of the tube and P and Q
certain unit of time.
are constants.
What is the name and value of this unit?
Which line gives the correct units for P and Q?
P Q name value
A m2 m2s-2
6
B m2 ms-2 A microsecond 10 s
2
C m m3s-2 3
3 B microsecond 10 s
D m ms-2
{Q.4/Nov. 2011/9702/11} C millisecond 10 6
s
3
2. Which pair of units are both SI base units? D millisecond 10 s
A ampere, degree Celsius B ampere, Kelvin {Q.3/June.2004/9702-1}
C coulomb, degree Celsius D coulomb. Kelvin
{Q.1/Nov.2005,June 2002/9702-1} 11. A student measures a current as 0.5 A. Which of the
3. following correctly expresses this result?
-2
Which line in the A 50mA B 50MA C 500mA D 500MA
table correctly indicates the prefixes micro, nano and {Q.1/Nov.2003/9702-1}
pico? 12.
x 10-12 x 10-9 x 10-6 The momentum of an object of mass m is p. Which
quantity has tehsame base units as p2/m?
A nano Micro pico A enrgy B force C power D velocity
{Q.3/Nov.2000/9702-1}
B nano Pico micro
The unit of work, the joule, may be defined as the
13. work done when the point of application of a force
C pico Nano micro
of 1 newton is moved a distance of 1 metre in the
D pico Micro nano direction of the force.
{Q.2/Nov.2005, Nov 2002/9702-1} Express the joule in terms of the base units of mass,
length and time, the kg, m and s.
Which quantity is measured in electronvolts (eV)? A kg m 1 s2 B kg m2 s 2
4. A electric charge B electric potential C kg m s2 1
C kg s 2
C energy D power {Q.2/June.2003/9702-1}
{Q.1/Nov. 2011/9702/12}
14. Which formula could be correct for the speed v of
Which group of quantities contains only vectors? ocean waves in terms of the density of sea water,
5. the acceleration of free fall g, the depth h of the
A acceleration, displacement, speed
B acceleration, work, electric field strength ocean and the wave length
C displacement, force, velocity A B
D power, electric field strength, force C D
{Q.1/Nov. 2011/9702/13} {Q.3/June.2002/9702-1}
6. 15. Which of the following is a base quantity with its
To check calculations, the units are put into the correct S.I. unit?
following equations together with the numbers. Quantity Unit
Which equation must be incorrect?
A force = 300 J / 6 m B power = 6000 J × 20 s A Current A
C time = 6 m / 30 m s 1 D velocity = 4 m s 2 × 30 s B Mass G
{Q.1/June 2011/9702/11}
C Temperature °C
7. Which of the following definitions is correct and uses D weight N
only quantities rather than units?
A Density is mass per cubic metre. {Q.1/ Nov. 2001/8702-1}
B Potential difference is energy per unit current. 16.
Four physical quantitiesP, Q, R and S are related by
C Pressure is force per unit area. the equation P =Q RS. Which statement must be
D Speed is distance travelled per second. correct for the equation to be homogeneous?
{Q.2/Nov.2004/9702-1} A P, Q, R and S all have the same units.
8. B P, Q, R and S are all scalar quantities.
When a beam of light is incident on a surface, it C The product RS has the same units as P and Q.
delivers energy to the surface. The intensity of D The product RS is numerically equal to (Q and P)
the beam is defined as the energy delivered per unit {Q.1/Nov. 1999/9243/1}
area per unit time. What is the unit of intensity,
expressed in SI base units? Show that Pressure = density x (speed)2 is
A kg m 2 s 1 B kg m2 s 3 C kg s 2 D kg s 3 17. homogeneous equation. {Q.1 (b)//June 01/8702-2}
{Q.3/Nov.2004/9702-1}
 1(g) Estimation
Q. 1 Give an SI unit and an estimate of the magnitude of each of the following physical quantities.
(Marks will be awarded for the correct order of magnitude of each estimate, not necessary for its
accuracy).
Physical Quantity Magnitude unit

the weight of an adult

the power of a hair drier

the energy required to bring to the boil a kettle full of
water
the resistance of a domestic lamp

the wavelength of visible light

Mass of a cricket ball

Q. 2 Make reasonable estimates of the following quantities.
(a) mass of an apple
mass = ............................................... kg [1]
(b) number of joules of energy in 1 kilowatt-hour
number = ................................................... [1]
(c) wavelength of red light in a vacuum
wavelength = ............................................m [1]
(d) pressure due to a depth of 10 m of water
pressure = .............................................. Pa [1]
{Q. 1/June 2002/9702}
Q. 3 Make estimates of the following quantities.
(a) the speed of sound in air

(b) the density of air at room temperature and pressure

(c) the mass of a protector

(d) the volume, in cm3, of the head of an adult person

{Q. 1/June 2005/9702}

Q.4 Make reasonable estimates of the following quantities.
(a) the frequency of audible sound wave

(b) the wavelength, in nm, of ultraviolet radiation

(c) the mass of a plastic 30 cm ruler

(d) the density of air at atmospheric pressure

-3
[1]
{Q. 1/June 2008/9702}
Q. 5 Make estimates of the following quantities:

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f) The diameter o

(g) (h)

(i) (j)
 1(g) Estimation (Answers)
Q. 1 Give an SI unit and an estimate of the magnitude of each of the following physical quantities.
(Marks will be awarded for the correct order of magnitude of each estimate, not necessary for its
accuracy).
Physical Quantity Magnitude unit

the weight of an adult 585 to 980 N

the power of a hair drier 400 to 1000 W

the energy required to bring to the boil a kettle full of
7500 to 315000 J
water
the resistance of a domestic lamp 240 to 960

the wavelength of visible light 400 to 700 × 10-9 m

Mass of a cricket ball kg

Q. 2 Make reasonable estimates of the following quantities.
(a) mass of an apple
mass = allow 50 g to 500 g [1]
(b) number of joules of energy in 1 kilowatt-hour
number = allow 3M J to 4M J [1]
(c) wavelength of red light in a vacuum
wavelength = allow 600 to 800 n m [1]
(d) pressure due to a depth of 10 m of water
pressure = allow 5 × 104 to 5× 105 Pa [1]
{Q. 1/June 2002/9702}
Q. 3 Make estimates of the following quantities.
(a) the speed of sound in air
speed = allow 100 ms-1 to 900 ms-1 [1]
(b) the density of air at room temperature and pressure
density = allow 0.5 kg m-3 to 1.5 kg m-3 [1]
(c) the mass of a protector
mass = 5 to 50 g [1]
3
(d) the volume, in cm , of the head of an adult person
volume = allow 2 × 103 cm3 to 9 × 103 cm3 [1]
{Q. 1/June 2005/9702}
Q. 4 Make reasonable estimates of the following quantities.
(a) the frequency of audible sound wave
frequency = allow anything in the range 20 Hz to 20 kHz [1]
(b) the wavelength, in nm, of ultraviolet radiation
wavelength = allow anything in the range 10 nm to 400 nm [1]
(c) the mass of a plastic 30 cm ruler
mass = allow anything in the range 10 g to 100 g [1]
(d) the density of air at atmospheric pressure
density = allow anything in the range 0.1 kg m-3 to 10 kg m-3 [1]
{Q. 1/June 2008/9702}
Q. 5Make estimates of the following quantities:

(a) Length of a car 4m (b) diameter of a hair 5 × 10-4 m

(c) diameter of an atom 3 × 10-10 m (d) diameter of a nucleus 6 × 10-15 m

(e) mass of an adult human 55 to 95 kg (f) The diameter of a pencil 0.5 to 1 cm

(g) Volume of a pea 0.5 cm3 (h) The speed of a jumbo jet 220 m s-1

(i) The temperature of the human body 310 K (j) The height of ceiling in a room 2.5-3.5m
MEASUREMENTS & ERRORS
1
 {Q. 1/Nov. 17/9702/22}
2.

{Q. 5/Nov. 17/9702/21}

3.

{Q. 4/Nov. 17/9702/23}

4.

{Q. 5/Nov. 17/9702/23}

11. The dimensions of a cube are measured with 17. The following are the readings of a travelling
vernier calipers. microscope when the cross-wires are aligned at
opposite ends of a diameter of a capillary bore.
R1 = (21.14 ± 0.01) cm
30 mm R2 = (20.98 ± 0.01) cm
What is the maximum percentage uncertainty in
the area of the cross-section of the capillary bore?
(A) 13 % (B) 25 %
30 mm (C) 18 % (D) 29 %
30 mm
18. Using a micrometer, the diameter of apiece of
The measured length of each side is 30 mm. If wire was found to be (0.15 ± 0.01) mm. The area
the vernier calipers can be read with an of cross-section of the wire may be quoted as
uncertainty of ± 0.1 mm, what does this give for (A) 0.01767 ± 0.00236 mm2
the approximate uncertainty in the value of its (B) 0.0176714 ± 0.002356 mm2
volume? (C) (1.76 ± 0.24) x 10-2 mm2
(A) 1/27 % (B) 0.3 % (C) 1/3 % (D) 1% (D) (0.018 ± 0.002) mm2
The diameter, height and mass of a given
12. 19. The wall thickness of a cylindrical glass tube is
cylinder are found to be (3.6 ± 0.1) cm, (2.8 ±
determined by measuring its external and internal
0.1) cm and (56 ± 1)g respectively. The density
diameters with the help of vernier calipers. If the
of the cylinder can be quoted as
readings obtained are (27.23 ± 0.01) cm and
(A) (1.97 ± 0.22) g cm-3
(24.15 ± 0.01) cm respectively, the wall thickness
(B) (1.9 ± 0.2) g cm-3
of the glass tubing is
(C) (2.00 ± 0.22) g cm-3
(A) 3.08 ± 0.02 cm (B) 1.54 ± 0.02 cm
(D) (2.0 ± 0.2) g cm-3
(C) 3.08 ± 0.01 cm (D) 1.54 ± 0.01 cm
In an experiment, a radio-controlled car takes
13. 20. A student finds the density of liquid by measuring
2.50 ± 0.05 s to travel 40.0 ± 0.1 m.
its mass and its volume. The following is a
What is th
summary of his measurements.
uncertainty in this value? Mass of empty beaker = (20 ± 1) g
(A) 16 ± 1 m s-1 (B) 16.0 ± 0.2 m s-1 Mass of empty beaker + liquid = (70 ± 1) g
(C) 16.0 ± 0.4 m s-1 (D) 16.00 ± 0.36 m s-1 Volume of liquid =(10.0 ± 0.6) cm3
He correctly calculates the density of the liquid as
5.0 g cm-3.
In a simple electrical circuit, the current in a What is the uncertainty in this value?
14.
resistor is measured as (2.50 ± 0.05) mA. The (A) 0.3 g cm-3 (B) 0.5 g cm-3
resis (C) 0.6 g cm -3
(D) 2.6 g cm-3
2%.
If these values were used to calculate the power A student uses a metre rule to measure the length
dissipated in the resistor, what would be the
21. of an elastic band before and after stretching it.
percentage uncertainty in the value obtained? The lengths are recorded as
(A) 2 % (B) 4 % (C) 6 % (D) 8 % band before stretching, Lo = 50.0 ± 0.1 cm
band after stretching, Ls = 51.6 ± 0.1 cm.
A student makes measurements from which she Determine
15.
calculates the speed of sound as 327.66 ms 1.She (a) the change in length (Ls - Lo), quoting your
estimates that her result is accurate to ±3 %. answer with its uncertainty,
Which of the following gives her result
expressed to the appropriate number of (Ls - Lo [1]
significant figures? (b) the fractional change in length, (Ls - Lo)
(A) 327.7 ms 1 (B) 328 ms 1 Lo
(C) 330 ms 1 (D) 300 ms 1
[1]
(c) the uncertainty in your answer in (b).
The power loss P in a resistor is calculated
16.
Using the formula
P= V2/R.

The uncertainty in the potential difference V is

3% and the uncertainty in the resistances R is
2%. What is the uncertainty in P?
(A) 4% (B) 7% (C) 8% (D) 11%
[3]
PRECISION & ACCURACY
 VECTORS
Q1. (a) State the difference between a scalar quantity and a vector quantity.

(b) Two forces of magnitude 6.0 N and 8.0 N act at a point P. Both forces act away from point P and the
angle between them is 40°. Figure below shows two lines at an angle of 40° to one another.

40°

P
Draw a vector diagram to determine the magnitude of the resultant of two forces. [4]
{Q.1 / June 2004/9702-1}

Q.2 A picture of weight 5 N is suspended from a hook on a wall by a cord which has a breaking strength of
25 N. Initially (Fig. 2.1) the picture is found to be too low; the cord is shortened, with the intention of
hanging the picture as in Fig. 2.2.

5°
45°
Picture
Picture

Fig. 2.1 Fig. 2.2

However, when the picture is replaced the chord breaks immediately. Explain why the cord broke when
supporting a load so much less than its breaking strength.
 Surprise Test (Topic : Vectors )

Name :_____________________________________________

Contact No. _________________________ School:____________________________

Paper 1 (MCQ)

Q. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Answer

Paper 2 (AS Theory)

The diagram shows the forces acting on a stationary kite. The force F is the force that the air exerts on the kite. The
weight of the kite is 2.5 N

(a) Show on the diagram how force F can be resolved into horizontal and vertical components. [1]
(b) The magnitude of the tension, T, is 25 N. [1]
Calculate
(i) the horizontal component of the tension,

........................................................................................................................................................................................
...
(ii) the vertical component of the tension.

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
(c) (i) Calculate the magnitude of the vertical component of F.

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) State the magnitude of the horizontal component of F.

..........................................
(iii) Hence calculate the magnitude of F.

[4]
 VECTORS
VECTORS
1. Which pair contains one vector and one 8. Two forces, each of 10 N, act at a point P as hown
scalar quantity? in the diagram. The angle between the directions of
A displacement : acceleration the forces is 120°.
B force : kinetic energy
C momentum : velocity 10 N
D power : speed

2. Which list contains only scalar quantities?

A mass, acceleration, temperature, kinetic 120°
energy 10 N
B mass, pressure, electric potential, kinetic P
energy What is the magnitude of the resultant force?
C acceleration, temperature, volume, A5N B 10 N C 17 N D 20 N
electric charge
D moment, impulse, density, electric field 9. Figure shows three force vectors.
4N
3. Which line in the table correctly identifies
force, kinetic energy and momentum as
scalar or vector quantities? 3N
Kinetic
Force Momentum
energy 1N
A scalar vector vector Which of the following vectors A, B, C, D would
B vector scalar scalar be most likely to represent their resultant.
C vector scalar vector
D vector vector vector A B C D

4. Forces of 4N and 6N act at a point. Which

of the following could not be the magnitude
of their resultant? Two forces act on a circular disc as shown in the
A1N B6N C8N D 10 N 10. diagram.
3N
5. The following physical quantities can be
either positive or negative.
4N
s: displacement of a particle along a
straight line
: temperature on the Celsius scale Which arrow best shows the line of action of the
q : electric charge resultant forces. A
V: reading on a digital voltmeter B
C D
Which of these quantities are vectors?
A s, , q, V B s, q, V
C ,V D s only

6. Find the angle between two equal forces F

when their resultant is also equal to F.
A 120° B 135° C 45° D 60° The vector diagram shows three coplanar forces
11. acting on an object at P
7. A force of 5 N may be represented by two
perpendicular components OY snd OX as
shown in the diagram, which is not drawn to 3N
scale.
Y P 4N

3N 5N
4N

O X
The magnitude of the resultant of these three forces
OY is of magnitude 3 N. is 1N. What is the direction of this resultant.

What is the magnitude of OX. A B C D

A2N B3N C4N D5N
Theory section
12. Two forces X and Y act at a point P as For each of the following figures, express the
shown. The lengths of the lines represent vector R in terms of vectors P and Q.
the magnitudes of the forces.
R P R
X P
Q Q

P
Y
Which vector diagram shows the resultant R
of these two forces? Q R P R
A B
P Q
X X
R R

Y Y *************************
The diagram shows two vectors X and Y.
C

X X
Y Y

R
D Draw the vector triangle in which the vector Z
show
X Y (a) the magnitude and direction of vector X + Y?

13. Figure shows the velocities 20 m s-1 and 25

m s-1 of two cars X and Y at one instant on a
circular track.

Y X
(b) the magnitude and direction of vector X Y?

The velocity of Y relative to X in m s-1 is

given by which vector.

A 5 B 45

45
C D
5
(c) the magnitude and direction of vector Y X?

14. A pendulum bob is held stationary by a

horizontal force H. The three forces acting
on the bob are shown in the diagram.
T

30° H

W
Which statement is correct?
A H = T cos 30° B T = H cos 30° **********************
C W = T cos 30° D W = Tsin 30°
 VECTORS
1. The diagram below shows a heavy flagpole PQ hinged 6. Two forces act on a circular disc as shown.
at a vertical wall at end P and held by a wire connected
between end Q and a point R on the wall. The weight of
the flagpole is w and the tension in the wire is T.

Which diagram shows the line of action of the

resultant force?

7.
Which two vector diagrams represent forces in
What is the direction of the force exerted by the wall on equilibrium?
the flagpole?
A PQ B PS C PX D QP

In the diagram below, a body S of weight W hangs

2. vertically by a thread tied at Q to the string PQR.
R

P Q 30° A P and Q B Q and R

C R and S D S and P

8. A hinged door is held closed in the horizontal

position by a cable.
Three forces act on the door: the weight W of the
S door, the tension T in the cable, and the force H at
the hinge.
If the system is in equilibrium, what is the tension in the
section PQ?
A W cos 60° B W tan 30°
C W cos 30° D W tan 60°

3. A body is acted on by three forces X, Y and Z that hold it

in equilibrium.
If X = 5 N, Y = 4 N, and Z = 3 N, what is the angle Which list gives the three forces in increasing
order of magnitude
between the directions of X and Z?
A 37° B 53° C 90° D 127° A H,T,W B T,H,W
C W,H,T D W,T,H
Three coplanar forces act at the point O as shown.
4. Y 9. The diagram shows the jib of a tower crane.
5N Only three forces act on the jib; the tension T
4N provided by a supporting cable; the weight W
60° 30° of the jib; and a force P (not shown) acting at
X
point X.
T
3N
The component of the resultant force, in N, along OX is
A0 B 0.96 C 2.33 D 3.33
X jib
W
A body slides down a smooth slope inclined at 30°
5. to the horizontal. The jib is in equilibrium.
Which triangle of forces is correct?

What is the acceleration?

A 5.0 m s-2 B 5.8 m s-2
C 8.7 m s-2 D 10 m s-2
1. A cable car of weight W hangs in equilibrium 3. The diagram shows a rope bridge that a student
from its cable at point P. makes on an adventure training course. The student
The cable has tensions T1 and T2 as shown. has a weight W.

Which formula gives the tension T in the rope?

4. The diagrams show two ways of hanging the same

picture.

Which diagram correctly represents the forces

acting at point P?

In both cases, a string is attached to the same points

on the picture and looped symmetrically
over a nail in a wall. The forces shown are those
that act on the nail.
In diagram 1, the string loop is shorter than in
diagram 2.
Which information about the magnitude of the
forces is correct?
A R1 = R2 T1 = T2 B R1 = R2 T1 > T2
C R1 > R2 T1 < T2 D R1 < R2 T1 = T2

5. A ladder is positioned on icy (frictionless) ground

and is leant against a rough wall. At the instant
2 A vector quantity V is resolved into two of release it begins to slide.
perpendicular components X and Y. The angle Which diagram correctly shows the directions of
between V and component X is . the forces P, W and R acting on the ladder as it
begins to slide?

The angle between component X and the vector

V is increased from 0° to 90°.
How do the magnitudes of X and Y change as
reased in this way?
X Y
A increase increase
B increase decrease
C decrease increase
D decrease Decrease
6. Vectors P and Q are drawn to scale. Which diagram shows the line of action of the
resultant force?

Which diagram represents the vector (P Q) ?

10.

The diagram shows a displacement vector.

7. Vectors P and Q are drawn to scale.

What is the vertical component of this
displacement vector?
11. A 3.0km B 4.0km C 5.0km D 6.6km

Which diagram represents the vector (P + Q)? A cyclist is travelling due south with velocity u.
The wind is blowing from the north-east with
velocity w.

The wind has a velocity v relative to the cyclist,

where v = w u.
Which vector diagram shows the magnitude and
direction of velocity v?

8. Two physical quantities P and Q are added. The

sum of P and Q is R, as shown.

Which quantity could be represented by P and by

Q?
A kinetic energy B power
C speed D velocity
9. Two forces act on a circular disc as shown.
KINEMATICS
 DISPLACEMENT-TIME GRAPHS
1. The graph of velocity against time for an object 3. A car at rest in a traffic queue moves forward in a
moving in a straight line is shown. straight line and then comes to rest again. The graph
shows the variation with time of its displacement.

S/m

Which of the following is the corresponding graph of

displacement against time?

t/s
What is its speed while it is moving?
A 0.70ms 1 B 0.80ms 1 C 1.25ms 1
D 1.40ms 1

4. A ball is released from rest above a horizontal surface

and bounces several times.
The graph shows how, for this ball, a quantity y varies
with time.

{Q.9/J12/12}

2. At time t = 0, a body moves from rest with constant What is the quantity y ?
acceleration in a straight line. At time t, the body is A acceleration B displacement
distance s from its rest position. A graph is drawn of s C kinetic energy D velocity
against t2, as shown. {Q.8/J13/12, Q.6/N09/11}

5. A brick is dislodged from a building and falls

vertically under gravity. Which graph best represents
the variation of its height h above the ground with time
t if air resistance is negligible?

Which statement describes the acceleration of the

body?
A It is equal to half the value of the gradient of the
graph.
B It is equal to the value of the gradient of the graph.
C It is equal to twice the value of the gradient of the
graph.
D It is equal to the reciprocal of the gradient of the
graph.
{Q.8/J13/13}

{Q.9/J12/12, Q.9/J10/11}
6. The variation with time t of the distance s moved by a
body is shown below.

8. {Q.8/J11/12}

Which displacement-time graph best represents the

motion of a falling sphere, the initial
acceleration of which eventually reduces until it begins
What can be deduced from the graph about the motion to travel at constant terminal velocity?
of the body?
A It accelerates continuously.
B It starts from rest.
C The distance is proportional to time.
D The speed changes.
{Q.8/N-11/12}
7. A tennis ball falls freely, in air, from the top of a tall
building. Which graph best represents the variation of
distance s fallen with time t ?

{Q.5/J09}
 KINEMATIC S GRAPHS
1. The graph of velocity against time for an object 3. The diagram shows a velocity-time graph for a mass
moving in a straight line is shown. moving up and down on the end of a spring.
Which point represents the velocity of the mass when
at the lowest point of its motion?

Which of the following is the corresponding graph of

displacement against time?

4. The graph shows velocity-time plots for two

vehicles X and Y. The accelerations and distances
travelled by the two vehicles can be estimated
from these plots.

Which statement is correct?

A The accelerations of X and Y are the same at
2.5 s.
2. A ball is released from rest above a horizontal surface. B The initial acceleration of Y is greater than
The graph shows the variation with time of its velocity. that of X.
C The distance travelled by X is greater than
that travelled by Y in the 5 s period.
D The distances travelled by X and Y in the 5 s
period are the same.

5. An object is dropped from a great height and falls

through air of uniform density. The acceleration of free
fall is g.
Which graph could show the variation with time t of
the acceleration a of the object?

Areas X and Y are equal.

This is because
A
and downward motion.
B the speed at which the ball leaves the surface after an
impact is equal to the speed at which it
returns to the surface for the next impact.
C for one impact, the speed at which the ball hits the
surface equals the speed at which it leaves
the surface.
D the ball rises and falls through the same distance
between impacts.
6. The diagram shows a velocity-time graph for a car.

v/

t/s
What is the distance travelled between time t = 0 and
t = 4 s?
A 2.5 m B 3.0 m C 20 m D 28 m
7. A boy throws a ball vertically upwards. It rises to a
maximum height, where it is momentarily at rest, and
falls back to his hands.
Which of the following gives the acceleration of the
ball at various stages in its motion? Take vertically
upwards as positive. Neglect air resistance. 9. The graph shows the variation with time of the
displacement for a particle moving along a straight
at maximum
rising falling track.
height
2 2
A 9.81 m s 0 + 9.81 m s
2 2 2
B 9.81 m s 9.81 m s 9.81 m s
2 2 2
C + 9.81 m s + 9.81 m s + 9.81 m s
2 2
D + 9.81 m s 0 9.81 m s
Which graph best shows the variation with time of the
8. When a car driver sees a hazard ahead, she applies the velocity of the particle?
brakes as soon as she can and brings the car to rest.
The graph shows how the speed v of the car varies with
time t after the hazard is seen.

10 The graph shows the variation with time of the velocity

of a trolley, initially projected up an inclined runway.
Which graph represents the variation with time t of the
distance s travelled by the car after the hazard has been
seen?

What is the maximum distance up the slope reached by

the trolley?
A 0.80 m B 1.0 m C 2.0 m D 4.0 m
 Su
Self
The City School Ravi campus
Johar Town Campus
A-1 OCTOBER ASSESSMENT (21-10-22) Physics D

1. A train, initially at rest at a station, has a 4. A steel ball is dropped from rest from a height h
uniform acceleration of 0.20 m s 2 until it above the ground. The ball hits the ground after a
reaches a speed of 20 m s-1. It travels for time t.
a time at this constant speed and then This is repeated for a number of different heights.
has a uniform deceleration of 0.40 m s-2 The graph shows the variation of h with t2 for the
until it comes to rest at the next station. ball.
The distance between the two stations is
3000 m.
What is the time taken by the train to
travel between the two stations?
A 75s B 150s C 230s D 300s

2. Which graph shows the variation with time

t of the velocity v of an object falling
vertically downwards in a vacuum?

The gradient of the graph is G.

Which expression gives the acceleration of the
ball?
A G/2 BG C 2G D G2

5. The curved line PQR is the velocity time graph for

a car starting from rest.

The diagram shows a velocity time graph

3. for a car.

What is the average acceleration of the car over

the first 5 s?
A the area below the curve PQ
B the area of the triangle PQS
C the gradient of the straight line PQ
D the gradient of the tangent at Q

6. A ball is thrown horizontally with a speed of 10.0

m s 1 above horizontal ground. The ball hits the
ground after a time of 3.0 s.
Air resistance is negligible.
What is the distance travelled during the What is the speed of the ball just before it hits the
first 4.0 s? ground?
A 2.5 m B 3.0 m A 10 ms-1 B 29 ms-1
C 20 m D 28 m C 31 ms-1 D 39 ms-1
7. A car travels anticlockwise along a 11 The diagram shows a velocity-time graph for a
horizontal circular road of radius 12 m, as mass moving up and down on the end of a spring.
shown. Which point represents the velocity of the mass
The car takes a time of 4.0 s to move when at the lowest point of its motion?
from position P to position Q.

What is the magnitude of the average 12 A ball is released from rest above a horizontal
velocity of the car for the journey from P surface. The graph shows the variation with time
to Q? of its velocity.
A 4.2ms-1 B 4.7ms-1
-1
C 6.0ms D 14 m s-1

8. The water surface in a deep well is 78.0

m below the top of the well. A person at
the top of thewell drops a heavy stone
down the well.
Air resistance is negligible. The speed of
sound in the air is 330 m s-1.
What is the time interval between the
person dropping the stone and hearing it
hitting the water?
A 3.75 s B 3.99 s
C 4.19 s D 4.22 s

9. A sprinter takes a time of 11.0 s to run a

Areas X and Y are equal.
100 m race. She first accelerates
uniformly from rest, reaching a speed of This is because
A
10 m s-1. She then runs at a constant
speed of 10 m s-1 until the finish line. upward and downward motion.
B the speed at which the ball leaves the surface
What is the uniform acceleration of the
sprinter for the first part of the race? after an impact is equal to the speed at which it
A 0.5 ms-2 B 0.91 m s-2 returns to the surface for the next impact.
C 1.7 m s-2 D 5.0 m s-2 C for one impact, the speed at which the ball hits
the surface equals the speed at which it leaves
the surface.
10 Two cars X and Y are positioned as D the ball rises and falls through the same
shown at time t = 0.
They are travelling in the same direction. distance between impacts.
X is 50 m behind Y and has a constant
velocity of 30 ms-1. Y has a constant 13 A ball is released from rest above a horizontal
velocity of 20 ms-1 surface and bounces several times.
The graph shows how, for this ball, a quantity y
varies with time.

What is the value of t when X is level with

Y?
A 1.0 s B 1.7 s What is the quantity y ?
C 2.5 s D 5.0 s A acceleration B displacement
C kinetic energy D velocity
 PROJECTILE
Q. 1 A ball is thrown from horizontal ground with an initial velocity of 15 ms-1 at an angle of 60° to the horizontal , as
shown in fig. 1.1

Initial velocity
15 m s-1

60°
Ground
Fig. 1.1

(i) Calculate, for this ball, the initial values of

1. the vertical component of the velocity

2. the horizontal component of the velocity

[3]
(ii) Assuming that air resistance can be neglected, use your answers in (i) to determine
1. the maximum height to which the ball rises,

2. the time of flight, i.e. the time interval between the ball being thrown and returning to ground level,

3. the horizontal distance between the point from which the ball was thrown and the point where it strikes the
ground.

[6]
(iii) Use your answers to (ii) to sketch the path of the ball, assuming air resistance is negligible. [2]

1. On your sketch in (iii), draw the path of the ball, assuming that air resistancer cannot be neglected. Label this
path A.

2. Suggest an explanation for any difference between the two paths N and A.
[6]
 Q.2 A steel ball is projected horizontally from a catapult near the ceiling of a laboratory. Photographs of the position of
the ball are taken at 0.10 s intervals. The photographs are superimposed and the result is illustrated in Fig. 2.1

horizontal distance / m

vertical
distance / m

Fig. 2.1
The first photograph is taken at the instant when the ball is projected.
(a) (i) Use Fig. 2.1 to show, by considering the horizontal motion of the ball, that air resistance is negligible.

.......................................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Hence calculate the horizontal velocity of the ball.

horizontal velocity = ........................................... m s-1[3]

(b) (i) From figure 2.1, read off the vertical distance through which the ball falls during the first 0.60 s of its motion.

distance = .......................................... m
(ii) Use your answer to (i) to calculate the vertical speed of the ball 0.60 s after projection.

speed = ....................................... m s-1

[5]
Q. 3 A rugby ball is kicked towards the goal posts shown in Fig. 3.1 from a position directly in front of the posts. The
ball passes over the cross-bar and between the posts.

Fig. 3.1
(a) The ball takes 1.5 s to reach a point vertically above the cross-bar of the posts.
(i) al component of velocity, Vh. Ignore air resistance.

Vh .............................................[2]
(ii) The ball reaches its maximum height at the same time as it passes over the cross-bar.
State the vertical component of velocity when the ball is at its maximum height.

..........................[1]
(iii) ight is 11 m. Calculate, Vv, the vertical component of velocity of the ball immediately
after it has been kicked. Ignore the effects of air resistance.
acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m s-2

Vv...............................................[3]

(b) (i) Determine the magnitude of the initial velocity, v, of the ball immediately after it is kicked.

V...............................................[3]
(ii) Determine the angle above the horizontal at which the ball was kicked.

Angle............................[1]
(c) State and explain at what instant the ball will have its maximum kinetic energy.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
Q.4 A stone is thrown with a horizontal velocity of 20 m s 1 from the top of a cliff 15 m high.
The path of the stone is shown in Fig. 4.1.

Fig. 4.1

Air resistance is negligible.

For this stone,
(i) calculate the time to fall 15 m,

time = .............................................. s [2]

(ii) calculate the magnitude of the resultant velocity after falling 15 m,

resultant velocity = ........................................ m s 1 [3]

(iii) describe the difference between the displacement of the stone and the distance that it travels.

....................................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................................................. [2]

{Q.1/9702/22/M/J/11}

MCQ (KINEMATICS)

A moving body undergoes uniform acceleration while travelling in a straight line between points X, Y and Z. The
distances XY and YZ are both 40 m. The time to travel from X to Y is 12 s and from Y to Z is 6.0 s.
What is the acceleration of the body?
A 0.37 m s 2 B 0.49 m s 2 C 0.56 m s 2 D 1.1 m s 2

{Q.8/9702/12/O/N/10}
Q.5 A ball is thrown from a point P, which is at ground level, as illustrated in Fig. 5.1.

Fig.5.1

The initial velocity of the ball is 12.4 m s 1 at an angle of 36° to the horizontal.The ball just passes over a wall of height h. The
ball reaches the wall 0.17 s after it has been thrown.
(a) Assuming air resistance to be negligible, calculate
(i) the horizontal distance of point P from the wall,

distance = .............................................. m [2]

(ii) the height h of the wall.

h = .............................................. m [3]
(b) A second ball is thrown from point P with the same velocity as the ball in (a). For this ball, air resistance is not
negligible.
This ball hits the wall and rebounds.
On Fig. 5.1, sketch the path of this ball between point P and the point where it first hits the ground. [2]
{Q.2/9702/22/O/N/10}
 )
PROJECTILE (Motion in two dimensions)

1. In the absence of air resistance, a stone is thrown from P and follows a parabolic path in which the higher
point reached is T.
T

The vertical component of acceleration of the stone is

A zero at T B greatest at T C greatest at P D the same at P as at T.

2. A motorcycle stunt-rider moving horizontally takes off from a point 1.25 m above the ground, landing 10
m away as shown.

What was the speed at take-off?

A5ms1 B 10 m s 1
C 15 m s 1
D 20 m s 1

3.

What are the vertical and horizontal components of its velocity after a time t ?
Assume that air resistance is negligible. The acceleration of free fall is g.

4. A projectile is launched at point O and follows the path OPQRS, as shown. Air resistance may be
neglected.

Which statement is true for the projectile when it is at the highest point Q of its path?
A
B
C The kinetic energy of the projectile is zero. D The momentum of the projectile is zero.

5. A stone is projected horizontally in a vacuum and moves along a path as shown. X is a point on this path.
XV and XH are vertical and horizontal lines respectively through X. XT is the tangent to the path at X.

Along which direction or directions do forces act on the stone at X?

A XV B XH C XV and XH D XT
Forces, Density & Pressure
L
DYNAMICS
 Momentum, Conservation of momentum and Collision

1. The diagram shows two trolleys, X and Y, about to collide and gives the momentum of each
trolley before the collision.

20 Ns 12 N s
X Y

After the collision, the directions of motion of both trolleys are reversed and the magnitude of
the momentum of X is then 2 Ns. What is the magnitude of the corresponding momentum of Y?
A6Ns B8Ns C 10 N s D 30 N s

2. Three identical stationary discs, P, Q and R are placed in a line on a horizontal, flat, frictionless
surface. Disc P is projected straight towards disc Q.

P Q R

If all consequent collisions are perfectly elastic, what will be the final motion of three discs?
P Q R
A moving left moving left moving right
B moving left stationary moving right
C moving left moving right moving right
D stationary stationary moving right

3. Which graph best shows the variation with time of the momentum of a body accelerated by a
constant force?
A B C D
P P P P

0 t 0 t 0 t 0 t

4. A car accelerates uniformly along a straight horizontal road.

Which graph best represents how the resultant horizontal force F acting on the car varies with
the speed v of the car? }
A B C D
F F F F

t t t t

5. What is the definition of force?

A the mass of a body multiplied by its acceleration
B the power input to a body divided by its velocity
C the rate of change of momentum
D the work done on a body divided by its displacement

6. A body of mass m traveling with speed 5u collides with and sticks to a body of mass 5m
travelling in the same direction with speed u.
u
5u

m 5m

What is the speed with which the two travel after sticking together?
A (3/10)u B u C (6/5)u D (10/6)u
7. A car driver presses the accelerator sharply down when the traffic lights go green. The force on the car
varies with time as shown.
force

0 time

A B C D
v v v v

t t t t

8. A vehicle, initially at rest on a horizontal road, is subject to a horizontal resultant force F which
varies with time t as shown.
F

0 t

v over the same period of time?

A B C D
v v v v

0
0 t 0 t 0 t 0 t

9. Two similar spheres, each of mass m and travelling with speed v, are moving towards each other.
v v

m m

The spheres have a head-on elastic collision. Which statement is correct?

A The spheres stick together on impact. B The total kinetic energy after impact is mv2
C The total kinetic energy before impact is zero. D The total momentum before impact is 2 mv

10. A body, initially at rest, explodes into two masses M1 and M2 that move apart with speeds V1
and V2 respectively. What is the ratio V1 / V2 ?
A M1/ M2 B M2/ M1 C ( M1/ M2 )½ D ( M2/ M1 )½

11. Two spheres A and B approach each other along the same straight line with speeds UA and UB.
The spheres collide and move off with speeds V A and VB, both in the same direction as the initial
direction of sphere A, as shown below.
Before collision UA UB

A B
After collision
VA VB
Which equation applies to an elastic collision?
A UA + UB = VB - VA B UA - UB = VB - VA
C UA UB = VB + VA D UA + UB = VB + VA

12. Two equal masses travel towards each other on a frictionless air track at speeds of 60 cm s-1 and
30 cm s-1. They stick together on impact.

60 cm s-1 30 cm s-1

What is the speed of the masses after impact?

A 15 cm s-1 B 20 cm s-1 C 30 cm s-1 D 45 cm s-1
13. A ball of mass 2 kg travelling at 8ms 1 strikes a ball of mass 4 kg travelling at 2ms 1. Both balls
are moving along the same straight line as shown.

After collision, both balls move at the same velocity v. What is the magnitude of the velocity v?
A 4ms 1 B 5ms 1 C 6ms 1 D 8ms 1

14. Two balls X and Y approach each other along the same straight line and collide elastically.
Their speeds are uX and uY respectively. After the collision they move apart with speeds vX and
vY respectively. Their directions are shown on the diagram.

Which of the following equations is correct?

A uX + u Y = v X + v Y B uX + u Y = v X vY
C uX uY = v X + v Y D u X uY = v X vY

15. The diagram shows a situation just before a head-on collision. A lorry of mass 20 000 kg is
travelling at 20.0 m s 1 towards a car of mass 900 kg travelling at 30.0 m s 1 towards the lorry.

mass of lorry 20 000 kg mass of car 900 kg

What is the magnitude of the total momentum?

A 373 kN s B 427 kN s C 3600 kN s D 4410 kN s

16. A particle of mass m strikes a vertical rigid wall perpendicularly from the left with velocity v.

If the collision is perfectly elastic, the total change in momentum of the particle that occurs as a
result of the collision is
A 2mv to the right. B 2mv to the left.
C mv to the right. D mv to the left.
Answers
1. C 2. D 3. A 4. D 5. C 6. D 7. B
8. B 9. B 10. B 11. A 12. A 13. A 14. A
15. A 16. B
 DYNAMICS

1. Two blocks X and Y, of masses m and 3m respectively, are accelerated along a smooth horizontal surface by
a force F applied to block X as shown.

What is the magnitude of the force exerted by block X on block Y during this acceleration?
AF/4 BF/3 C F /2 D3F/4

2. Which is not one of Newton's laws of motion?

A The total momentum of a system of interacting bodies remains constant, providing no external force acts.
B The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the external force acting on the
body and takes place in the direction of the force.
C If body A exerts a force on body B, then body B exerts an equal and oppositely-directed force on body A.
D A body continues in a state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by some
external force.

3. A motorist travelling at 10ms 1 can bring his car to rest in a distance of 10 m. If he had been travelling at
30ms 1, in what distance could he bring the car to rest using the same braking force?
A 17 m B 30 m C 52 m D 90m

4. A child (mass m) sits on a car seat which is accelerating horizontally at 0.50 g (where g is the acceleration of
free fall)

What is the magnitude of the total force F exerted by the car seat on the child?
A 0.50 mg B 1.0 mg C 1.1 mg D 1.5 mg

5. Which is a statement of the principle of conservation of momentum?

A A force is equal to the rate of change of momentum of the body upon which it acts.
B In a perfect elastic collision, th e relative momentum of the bodies before impact is equal to their
relative momentum after impact.
C The momentum of a body is the product of the mass of the body and its velocity.
D The total momentum of a system of interacting bodies remains constant, providing no external force
acts.

6. A mass accelerates uniformly when the resultant force acting on it

A is zero. B is constant but not zero.
C increases uniformly with respect to time. D is proportional to the displacement from a fixed point.

8. A molecule of mass m travelling horizontally with velocity u hits a vertical wall at right angles to the wall. It
then rebounds horizontally with the same speed. What is its change in momentum?
A zero B mu C mu D 2mu

9. A force F is applied to a freely moving object. At one instant of time, the object has velocity v and
acceleration a. Which quantities must be in the same direction?
A a and v only B a and F only C v and F only D v, F and a

Q (a) Distinguish between mass and weight. [3]

(b) State two situations where a body of constant mass experience a change in its apparent weight. [2]
 Ne s
1. A resultant force of 100 N is applied to an object placed on a roof whose weight is 500 N as
shown in fig.1.
mass 100 N

Fig 1

What is the acceleration of the mass?

2. A net force of 10 N is applied to a 2.0 kg mass, initially at rest for a time of 10 s.

(a) What is the speed of the mass after the interval of acceleration.
(b) What distance does the mass move during the period of acceleration.

3. In fig. 3, find the acceleration of the system and the tension in the string between the two masses
if m = 1.0 kg and F = 12 N

2m T T F
m Fig 3

4. In fig. 4, find the acceleration of the system and the tension in the string between the two masses
if m = 1.o kg and F = 12 N. F

2m Fig. 4

T
m
5. In fig. 5, the surface and pulley are ideal. Let m1 = 1.0 kg and m2 = 4.0 kg.
m2

Fig. 5
m1
(a) Calculate the acceleration of the system;
(b) Calculate the tension in the string connecting the masses.

6. A box of mass 8.0 kg rests on a horizontal, rough surface. A string attached to the box passes
over a smooth pulley and supports a 2.0 kg mass at its other end.

8. 0 kg
box smooth pulley

rough surface
2.0kg

When the box is released, a friction force of 6.0 N acts on it. What is the acceleration of the box?
A 1.4 ms-2 B 1.7 ms-2 C 2.0 ms-2 D 2.5 ms-2

7. In fig. 7, calculate the acceleration of the system and the tension in the connecting strings. Take
m = 2.0 kg.( neglect friction and mass of the pulley)

Fig. 7
m
2m
 Newton s

Answers
1. given : F = 100 N ; W = 500 N
first find the mass : W = mg ; 500 = m (9.81) ; m = 51.0 kg
nd law: F = ma ; 100 = (51.0 ) a ; a = 1.96 ms-2

2 .given : F = 10 N ; m = 2.0 kg
first find the acceleration : F = ma ; 10 = (2.0) a ; a = 5.0 ms-2
constant force produce constant acceleration ;
(a) v = u + a t ; v = 0 + ( 5.0 )( 10 ) ; v = 50 ms-1
(b) S = u t + (1/2) a t 2 ; S = 0 + (1/2)( 5.0 )( 10 )2 ; S = 2.5 x102 m

3. Note: Only forces in the horizontal direction should be considered

For m : F T = ma
For 2m : T = 2ma
Adding both these equations
ma + 2ma = F ; 3ma = F ; 3 (1.0 ) a = 12 ; a = 4.0 ms-2
To find T, substitute a = 4.0 ms-2 in any equation.
2 ( 1.0 )( 4.0 ) = T ; T = 8.0 N

4. For top mass, one upward force and two downward forces
F T 2mg=2ma
For bottom mass, one upward force and one downward force
T mg = ma
Adding both these equations,
F 3mg = 3ma
12 3( 1.0 ) (9.81) = 3 ( 1.0 ) ( a )
a = - 5.8 m s-2
Note: The negative sign means the system is accelerating downward instead of upward. The upward force is
less than the total weight of the system.

5. Since the surface is frictionless, the mass m1 moves downward and m2 to the right.
For m1 : m1 g T = m1 a
For m2 : T = m2 a
Adding these equations:
m1 g = m1 a + m2 a
( 1.0 ) ( 9.81 ) = (1.0) a + ( 4.0 ) a
a = 2.0 ms-2
To find T, substitute a = 2.0 ms-2 in equation for mass m2.
T = m2 a ; T = ( 4.0 ( 2.0 ) ; T = 8.0 N

6. Vertical forces on 2 kg mass

downward weight upward tension = ma ; mg T = ma ; 2g T = 2a
Horizontal forces on box of mass 8 kg
Rightward tension Leftward friction = ma ; T f = ma ; T 6 = 8a
Adding both these equations,
2g 6 = 10 a ; 2 ( 9.81 ) 6 = 10 ( a ) ; a = 1.36 ms-2
So Answer is option A

7. Vertical force on 2 m mass :

downward weight upward tension = ma ; 2 mg T =2 ma ; 2( 2 ) g T = 2( 2 )a
Vertical force on m mass :
upward tension - downward weight = ma ; T - mg = ma ; T (2 )g = ( 2 ) a
Adding both these equations,
4g 2g = 4a + 2a ; 2g=6a ; 2( 9.81 ) = 6 a ; 3.3 m s-2
To find T, substitute a = 3.3 ms-2 in any equation.
T 2g=2a ; T - 2( 9.81 ) = 2( 3,3) ; T = 6.6 + 19.6 ; T = 26.2 N
 DYNAMICS
Q. A steel ball of mass 73 g is held 1.6 m above a horizontal steel plate, as illustrated in Figure.

The ball is dropped from rest and it bounces on the plate, reaching a height h.
(a) Calculate the speed of the ball as it reaches the plate.

speed = .......................................... ms 1 [2]

(b) As the ball loses contact with the plate after bouncing, the kinetic energy of the ball is 90% of that just
before bouncing. Calculate
(i) the height h to which the ball bounces,

h = ............................................... m
(ii) the speed of the ball as it leaves the plate after bouncing.

speed = .......................................... ms 1[4]

(c) Using your answers to (a) and (b), determine the change in momentum of the ball during the bounce.

change = ............................................. Ns [3]

(d) With reference to the law of conservation of momentum, comment on your answer to (c).

.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................[3]
 DYNAMICS

Q. A ball falls from rest onto a flat horizontal surface. Fig. 1.1 shows the variation with time t of the velocity v
of the ball as it approaches and rebounds from the surface.

Fig. .1.1
Use data from Fig. 1.1 to determine
(a) the distance travelled by the ball during the first 0.40 s,

(b) the change in momentum of the ball, of mass 45 g, during contact of the ball with the surface,

(c) the average force acting on the ball during contact with the surface.
 DYNAMICS

Q. An experiment is carried out to determine the speed of a bullet. The bullet, of mass 15 g and speed v, is fired
horizontally at a box of sand of mass 6000 g, suspended by strings as shown in Fig. 1.1.

Fig. 1.1 Fig. 1.2

The bullet becomes embedded in the sand in the box and causes the box to rise to a maximum height of 4.6 cm, as
shown in Fig. 1.2.
(a) State with a reason whether the collision is elastic or inelastic.
......................................
............................................................................................................................. ................. [1]
(b) Use the principle of conservation of energy to show that the initial speed of the box, immediately after the bullet has
become embedded, is 0.95 m s-1. [3]

(c) Calculate the initial speed of the bullet.

speed = .................................. m s-1 [3]

Q.(a) Collisions can be described as elastic or inelastic.
State what is meant by an inelastic collision.
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
(b) A ball of mass 0.12 kg strikes a stationary cricket bat with a speed of 18ms 1. The ball is in contact with the bat for
0.14 s and returns along its original path with a speed of 15ms 1. Calculate
(i) the momentum of the ball before the collision,

(ii) the momentum of the ball after the collision,

(iii) the total change of momentum of the ball,

(iv) the average force acting on the ball during contact with the bat,

(v) the kinetic energy lost by the ball as a result of the collision.
 DYNAMICS

1. Two blocks X and Y, of masses m and 3m respectively, are accelerated along a smooth horizontal surface by
a force F applied to block X as shown.

What is the magnitude of the force exerted by block X on block Y during this acceleration?
AF/4 BF/3 C F /2 D3F/4

2. Which is not one of Newton's laws of motion?

A The total momentum of a system of interacting bodies remains constant, providing no external force acts.
B The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the external force acting on the
body and takes place in the direction of the force.
C If body A exerts a force on body B, then body B exerts an equal and oppositely-directed force on body A.
D A body continues in a state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by some
external force.

3. A motorist travelling at 10ms 1 can bring his car to rest in a distance of 10 m. If he had been travelling at
30ms 1, in what distance could he bring the car to rest using the same braking force?
A 17 m B 30 m C 52 m D 90m

4. A child (mass m) sits on a car seat which is accelerating horizontally at 0.50 g (where g is the acceleration of
free fall)

What is the magnitude of the total force F exerted by the car seat on the child?
A 0.50 mg B 1.0 mg C 1.1 mg D 1.5 mg

5. Which is a statement of the principle of conservation of momentum?

A A force is equal to the rate of change of momentum of the body upon which it acts.
B In a perfect elastic collision, th e relative momentum of the bodies before impact is equal to their
relative momentum after impact.
C The momentum of a body is the product of the mass of the body and its velocity.
D The total momentum of a system of interacting bodies remains constant, providing no external force
acts.

6. A mass accelerates uniformly when the resultant force acting on it

A is zero. B is constant but not zero.
C increases uniformly with respect to time. D is proportional to the displacement from a fixed point.

8. A molecule of mass m travelling horizontally with velocity u hits a vertical wall at right angles to the wall. It
then rebounds horizontally with the same speed. What is its change in momentum?
A zero B mu C mu D 2mu

9. A force F is applied to a freely moving object. At one instant of time, the object has velocity v and
acceleration a. Which quantities must be in the same direction?
A a and v only B a and F only C v and F only D v, F and a

Q (a) Distinguish between mass and weight. [3]

(b) State two situations where a body of constant mass experience a change in its apparent weight. [2]
 DYNAMICS
Q. A steel ball of mass 73 g is held 1.6 m above a horizontal steel plate, as illustrated in Figure.

The ball is dropped from rest and it bounces on the plate, reaching a height h.
(a) Calculate the speed of the ball as it reaches the plate.

speed = .......................................... ms 1 [2]

(b) As the ball loses contact with the plate after bouncing, the kinetic energy of the ball is 90% of that just
before bouncing. Calculate
(i) the height h to which the ball bounces,

h = ............................................... m
(ii) the speed of the ball as it leaves the plate after bouncing.

speed = .......................................... ms 1[4]

(c) Using your answers to (a) and (b), determine the change in momentum of the ball during the bounce.

change = ............................................. Ns [3]

(d) With reference to the law of conservation of momentum, comment on your answer to (c).

.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................[3]
 DYNAMICS

Q. A ball falls from rest onto a flat horizontal surface. Fig. 1.1 shows the variation with time t of the velocity v
of the ball as it approaches and rebounds from the surface.

Fig. .1.1
Use data from Fig. 1.1 to determine
(a) the distance travelled by the ball during the first 0.40 s,

(b) the change in momentum of the ball, of mass 45 g, during contact of the ball with the surface,

(c) the average force acting on the ball during contact with the surface.
 DYNAMICS

Q. An experiment is carried out to determine the speed of a bullet. The bullet, of mass 15 g and speed v, is fired
horizontally at a box of sand of mass 6000 g, suspended by strings as shown in Fig. 1.1.

Fig. 1.1 Fig. 1.2

The bullet becomes embedded in the sand in the box and causes the box to rise to a maximum height of 4.6 cm, as
shown in Fig. 1.2.
(a) State with a reason whether the collision is elastic or inelastic.
......................................
............................................................................................................................. ................. [1]
(b) Use the principle of conservation of energy to show that the initial speed of the box, immediately after the bullet has
become embedded, is 0.95 m s-1. [3]

(c) Calculate the initial speed of the bullet.

speed = .................................. m s-1 [3]

Q.(a) Collisions can be described as elastic or inelastic.
State what is meant by an inelastic collision.
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
(b) A ball of mass 0.12 kg strikes a stationary cricket bat with a speed of 18ms 1. The ball is in contact with the bat for
0.14 s and returns along its original path with a speed of 15ms 1. Calculate
(i) the momentum of the ball before the collision,

(ii) the momentum of the ball after the collision,

(iii) the total change of momentum of the ball,

(iv) the average force acting on the ball during contact with the bat,

(v) the kinetic energy lost by the ball as a result of the collision.
 8

3 (a) State the principle of conservation of momentum.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Ball A moves with speed v along a horizontal frictionless surface towards a stationary ball B,
as shown in Fig. 3.1.

6.0 m s–1
4.0 kg A

v initial path
A B
of ball A 30°
4.0 kg 12 kg
12 kg B
3.5 m s–1
before collision after collision

Fig. 3.1 Fig. 3.2 (not to scale)

Ball A has mass 4.0 kg and ball B has mass 12 kg.

The balls collide and then move apart as shown in Fig. 3.2.
Ball A has velocity 6.0 m s–1 at an angle of to the direction of its initial path.
Ball B has velocity 3.5 m s–1 at an angle of 30° to the direction of the initial path of ball A.

(i) By considering the components of momentum at right-angles to the direction of the initial
path of ball A, calculate .

= ........................................................ ° [3]

© UCLES 2017 9702/23/O/N/17

 9

(ii) Use your answer in (i) to show that the initial speed v of ball A is 12 m s–1.
Explain your working.

[2]

(iii) By calculation of kinetic energies, state and explain whether the collision is elastic or
inelastic.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2017 9702/23/O/N/17 [Turn over

 5

2 (a) State the principle of conservation of momentum.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) A stationary firework explodes into three different fragments that move in a horizontal plane,
as illustrated in Fig. 2.1.

7.0 m s–1

3.0M

A B
2.0M 1.5M

6.0 m s–1 8.0 m s–1

Fig. 2.1

The fragment of mass 3.0M –1 perpendicular to line AB.

The fragment of mass 2.0M has a velocity of 6.0 m s–1 at angle to line AB.
The fragment of mass 1.5M has a velocity of 8.0 m s–1 at angle to line AB.

(i) Use the principle of conservation of momentum to determine .

= ........................................................ [3]

(ii) Calculate the ratio

kinetic energy of fragment of mass 2.0M .
kinetic energy of fragment of mass 1.5M

ratio = ...........................................................[2]

© UCLES 2018 9702/22/M/J/18 [Turn over

WORK, ENERGY & POWER
 WORK, ENERGY & POWER (Page 1)
1. A mass is raised vertically. In time t, the increase in 7. Car X is travelling at half the speed of car Y.
its gravitational potential energy is Ep and the Car X has twice the mass of car Y.
increase in its kinetic energy is Ek. Which statement is correct?
What is the average power input to the mass? A Car X has half the kinetic energy of car Y.
A (Ep Ek)t B (Ep + Ek)t B Car X has one quarter of the kinetic energy of car
C (Ep + Ek)/ t D (Ep Ek) / t Y.
C Car X has twice the kinetic energy of car Y.
2. A boat moving at constant speed v through still D The two cars have the same kinetic energy.
water experiences a total frictional drag F.
What is the power developed by the boat? 8. A barrel of mass 50 kg is loaded onto the back of a
A (1/2)Fv B Fv C ( Fv2 D Fv2 lorry 1.6 m high by pushing it up a smooth plank
3.4 m long.
3. The graph shows how a spring is gradually
stretched due to force applied to it.

Force/N

What is the minimum work done?

A 80 J B 170 J C 780 J D 1700 J

9. The kinetic energy of a particle is increased by a

extension/m
factor of 4.
What is the potential energy stored in the spring?
By what factor does its speed increase?
A 1.2 kJ B 15 kJ C 0.6 kJ D 0.24kJ
A2 B4 C8 D 16
4. The graph shows how the extension of a spring
A horizontal force of 90 N is used to push a box
varies with the force used to stretch it. 10 across a horizontal floor. The frictional force on
the box is 50 N.
extension/m What is the gain in kinetic energy of the box when it
is moved through a distance of 6.0 m?
A 240 J B 300 J C 540 J D 840 J

11 A cyclist is capable of generating an average power

of 3.0 kW during a 4.0 km speed trial. His
aerodynamic suit and position on the cycle reduce
resistive forces to 180 N.
force/N What is the approximate time achieved in the speed
What is the strain energy stored in the spring when trial?
the extension is 4.0 cm? A 140 s B 240 s C 1300 s D 2200 s
A 60 J B 120 J C 600 J D 1200 J
12 A constant force of 9.0 kN, parallel to an inclined
5. What is the expression used to define power? plane, moves a body of weight 20 kN through a
A input energy / output energy distance of 40 m along the plane at constant speed.
B energy x time taken The body gains 12 m in height, as shown.
C force x velocity
D taken time / done work

A ball is thrown vertically upwards.

6.
Neglecting air resistance, which statement is
correct?
A The kinetic energy of the ball is greatest at the
greatest height attained.
B By the principle of conservation of energy, the
total energy of the ball is constant throughout How much of the work done is dissipated as heat?
its motion. A 120 kJ B 240 kJ C 360 kJ D 600 kJ
C By the principle of conservation of momentum,
the momentum of the ball is constant 13 A concrete cube of side 0.50 m and uniform density
throughout its motion. 2.0 × 103 kg m-3 is lifted 3.0 m vertically by a crane.
D The potential energy of the ball increases What is the change in potential energy of the cube?
uniformly with time during the ascent. A 0.75 kJ B 7.4 kJ C 29 kJ D 470 kJ
 WORK, ENERGY & POWER (Page 2
14. A solid rubber ball has a diameter of 8.0 cm. It is D The potential energy of the ball increases uniformly
released from rest with the top of the ball 80 cm with time during its ascent.
above a horizontal surface. It falls vertically and then B{Q. 15/June 2013/12}
bounces back up so that the maximum height reached 18. A bow of mass 400 g shoots an arrow of mass 120 g
by the top of the ball is 45 cm, as shown. vertically upwards. The potential energy stored in the
bow just before release is 80 J. The system has an
efficiency of 28%.
What is the height reached by the arrow when air
resistance is neglected?
A4m B 19 m C 187 m D 243 m
B{Q. 16/June 2013/12}
19. A train on a mountain railway is carrying 200 people
of average mass 70 kg up a slope at an angle of 30° to
the horizontal and at a speed of 6.0 m s-1. The train
itself has a mass of 80 000 kg.
The percentage of the power from the engine which is
used to raise the passengers and the train is 40 %.
What is the power of the engine?
If the kinetic energy of the ball is 0.75 J just before it A 1.1 MW B 2.8 MW C 6.9 MW D 14 MW
strikes the surface, what is its kinetic energy C{Q. 17/June 2013/12}
just after it leaves the surface? 20. A gas is enclosed inside a cylinder which is fitted with
A 0.36 J B 0.39 J C 0.40 J D 0.42 J
a frictionless piston.
B{Q. 17/June 2013/11}
15. A 2wind turbine has blades that sweep an area of 2000
m . It converts the power available in the wind to
electrical power with an efficiency of 50%. What is
the electrical power generated if the wind speed is 10
m s-1? (The density of air is 1.3 kg m-3.)
A 130 kW B 650 kW C 1300 kW D 2600 kW
B{Q. 18/June 2013/11}
16. The diagram shows a wheel of circumference 0.30 m. Initially, the gas has a volume V1 and is in equilibrium
A rope is fastened at one end to a force meter. The with an external pressure p. The gas is then heated
rope passes over the wheel and supports a freely slowly so that it expands, pushing the piston back until
hanging load of 100 N. The wheel is driven by an the volume of the gas has increased to V2.
electric motor at a constant rate of 50 revolutions per How much work is done by the gas during this
second. expansion?
When the wheel is turning at this rate, the force meter A p(V2 V1) B p(V2 V1) / 2
reads 20 N. C p(V 2 + V1) D p(V2 + V1) /2
A{Q. 18/June 2013/12}
A railway engine accelerates a train of total mass 800
tonnes (1 tonne = 1000 kg) from rest to a speed of 50
21. m s-1. How much work must be done on the train to
reach this speed?
A 1.0 × 106 J B 2.0 × 106 J
9
C 1.0 × 10 J D 2.0 × 109J
C{Q. 20/Nov 2012/11}
The force resisting the motion of a car is taken as
speed.
The magnitude of the force at a speed of 20 m s-1 is 800
22. N.
engine to maintain a steady speed of 40 m s-1?
A 32 kW B 64 kW C 128 kW D 512 kW
C{Q. 17/June 2012/11}
What is the internal energy of an object?
What is the output power of the motor? A It i
A 0.3 kW B 1.2 kW C 1.8 kW D 3.8 kW 23. movement through space.
B{Q. 19/June 2013/11} B It is the energy associated with the random
movement of the molecules in the object.
17. A ball is thrown vertically upwards. C It is the energy due to the attractions between the
Neglecting air resistance, which statement is correct?
A The kinetic energy of the ball is greatest at the molecules in the object.
greatest height attained. D It is the sum of all the microscopic potential and
B By the principle of conservation of energy, the total kinetic energies of the molecules in the object.
energy of the ball is constant throughout its D{Q. 19/June 2012/11}
motion.
C By the principle of conservation of momentum, the
momentum of the ball is constant throughout its
motion.
 WORK, ENERGY & POWER (Page 3)
24. A gas is contained inside a sealed syringe, as shown. 28. A trolley starts from rest at X. It rolls down to Y and
eventually comes to rest at Z.

The volume of gas at room temperature is 2.0 cm3.

Atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa.
What is the work done by the gas when it is heated
and expands to a volume of 6.0 cm3?
A 404 J B 404mJ C 404J D 404kJ Which row is a possible summary of the energy
{Q.15/ Nov 2015/variant 11} changes during this process?
A combined heat and power (CHP) station generates
electrical power and useful heat. The diagram shows
25. the input and output for a CHP station.

{Q.16/ Nov2015/variant 13}

29. An object of weight 15.0 N is pulled along a
horizontal surface at a constant velocity of 2.00 m s 1.
The force pulling the object is 12.0 N at 30° to the
What is the efficiency of the CHP station for horizontal, as shown.
producing useful power?
A 31% B 38% C 50% D 81%
{Q.16/ Nov2015/variant 11}
A car of mass 500 kg is at rest at point X on a slope,
as shown.
26. the slope with its engine switched off. At point Y the
car has moved through a vertical height of 30 m and
has a speed of 11 m s 1.

What is the power used to move the object?

A 12.0W B 20.8W C 24.0W D 30.0W
{Q.17/ Nov2015/variant 13}
30. A team of nine dogs can pull a sledge with a combined
force of 800 N at a speed of 1.5 m s 1 for 360 minutes.
What is the average work done by each dog during
this time?
A 4.8 × 104 J B 4.3 × 105J
6
C 2.9 × 10 J D 2.6 × 107J
What is the energy dissipated by frictional forces {Q.16/ June 2015/variant 11}
when the car moves from X to Y? 31. Which statement is correct?
A 3.0 × 104 J B 1.2 × 105 J A A ball lands on the ground and bounces. The kinetic
C 1.5 × 105 J D 1.8 × 105 J energy changes sign, because the ball changes
{Q.16/ Nov2015/variant 12} direction.
In which situation is no work done? B A car drives up a slope at a steady speed. The power
A The air in a bicycle tyre is released because of a generated by the engine equals the potential energy
puncture. gained per unit time.
27. B A ball is dropped and falls to the ground. C An electric heater can be 100% efficient.
C A box moves at constant speed across a smooth D It is impossible for momentum to be conserved in a
horizontal surface. collision
D A crane lifts a steel girder at constant speed. {Q.17/ June2015/variant 11}
{Q.17/ Nov2015/variant 12} 32. A conveyor belt is driven at velocity v by a motor.
Sand drops vertically on to the belt at a rate of m kg s
1
. What is the additional power needed to keep the
conveyor belt moving at a steady speed when
the sand starts to fall on it?
A uniform solid block has weight 500 N, width 0.4 m A (1/2) mv Bmv C (1/ 2) mv D mv
and height 0.6 m. The block rests on the edge of a {Q.17/ June2015/variant 11}
33. step of depth 0.8 m, as shown. 39.
the van travels at constant speed down a
hill from P to Q.

k. The magnitude of the change in

p.
Which statement is correct?
A k p B k p
The block is knocked over the edge of the step and C p k> 0 D k= 0
rotates through 90° before coming to rest with the 0.6 {Q.19/ Nov.2014/variant 13}
m edge horizontal. A box of weight 30 N is released from rest on a ramp
What is the change in gravitational potential energy 40.
that is at an angle of 30° to the horizontal. The box
of the block? slides down the ramp so that it falls through a vertical
A 300 J B 400 J C 450 J D 550 J distance of 8.0 m. A constant frictional force of 10 N
{Q.15/ June2015/variant 12} acts on the box while it is moving.
A fisherman lifts a fish of mass 250 g from rest
through a vertical height of 1.8 m. The fish gains a
34. speed of 1.1 m s 1.
What is the energy gained by the fish?
A 0.15 J B 4.3 J C 4.4 J D 4.6 J
{Q.17/ June2015/variant 12}
The gas in an engine does work on a piston of cross-
sectional area 80 cm2. The pressure on the piston has
a constant value of 4.6 × 105Pa.
35. What is the kinetic energy of the box after falling
through this distance?
A 80J B 160J C 240J D 400J
{Q.17/ Nov.2014/variant 13}
41. A mass at point X inside a uniform gravitational field
experiences a gravitational force of 0.200 N.
It has 1.00 J of gravitational potential energy.

How much work is done by the gas on the piston

when it moves through a distance of 25 cm?
A 9.2 × 102 J B 9.2 × 104 J
6
C 9.2 × 10 J D 9.2 × 108 J
{Q.17/ June2015/variant 13}
A loaded aeroplane has a total mass of 1.2 × 105 kg
while climbing after take-off. It climbs at an angle of
36. 23° to the horizontal with a speed of 50 m s 1. What is
the rate at which it is gaining potential energy at this
time?
A 2.3 × 106 J s 1 B 2.5 × 106J s 1
7 1
C 2.3 × 10 J s D 2.5 × 107J s 1
{Q.18/ June2015/variant 13} The mass is then moved to point Y.
When a horizontal force F is applied to a frictionless What is its new gravitational potential energy?
trolley over a distance s, the kinetic energy of the A 0.90J B 0.94J C 1.06J D 1.10J
37. trolley changes from 4.0 J to 8.0 J. If a force of 2F is 42. {Q.14/ June2014/variant 12}
applied to the trolley over a distance of 2s, what will A ball drops onto a horizontal surface and bounces
the original kinetic energy of 4.0 J become? elastically. What happens to the kinetic energy of the
A 16 J B 20 J C 32 J D 64 J ball during the very short time that it is in contact with
{Q.19/ June 2015/variant 13} the surface?
A projectile is launched at 45° to the horizontal with A Most of the kinetic energy is lost as heat and sound
initial kinetic energy E. Assuming air resistance to be energy.
38. negligible, what will be the kinetic energy of the B The kinetic energy decreases to zero and then
projectile when it reaches its highest point? returns to its original value.
A 0.50E B 0.71E C 0.87E DE C The kinetic energy remains constant because it is an
{Q.16/ Nov2014/variant 11} elastic collision.
D The kinetic energy remains constant in magnitude
but changes direction.
{Q.18/ June2014/variant 13}