SULIT CC606: HYDROLOGY

SECTION A: 40 MARKS
BAHAGIAN A: 40 MARKAH

INSTRUCTION:
This section consists of TEN (10) short questions. Answer ALL questions.
ARAHAN :
Bahagian ini mengandungi SEPULUH (10) soalan pendek. Jawab semua soalan.

QUESTION 1
SOALAN 1

CLO1 List down the processes that are involved in hydrology cycle.
C1 Senaraikan proses-proses yang terlibat dalam kitaran hidrologi.
[4 marks]
[4 markah]

QUESTION 2
SOALAN 2

CLO1 Briefly explain the hydrology continuity equation.

C2 Terangkan secara ringkas persamaan keseimbangan hidrologi.
[4 marks]
[4 markah]

QUESTION 3
SOALAN 3

CLO1 Kuala Terengganu water catchment area is predicted to receive about 550 mm of rainfall.
C3 Evaporation is approximately 230 mm and the area is 8.8 x 107 m2. Calculate the runoff in
m3 .
Kawasan tadahan di Kuala Terengganu dijangka akan menerima hujan sebanyak 550mm.
Penyejatan dianggarkan sebanyak 230 mm pada keluasan kawasan adalah 8.8 x 107 m2 .
Kirakan air larian permukaan dalam unit m3.
[4 marks]
[4 markah]

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QUESTION 4
SOALAN 4

CLO1 Briefly explain the processes involved in precipitation types below:

C1 Terangkan secara ringkas proses-proses yang berlaku bagi jenis curahan di bawah :

(a) Convective precipitation [2 marks]

Hujan perolakan [2 markah]

(b) Orographic precipitation [2 marks]

Hujan gunung [2 markah]

QUESTION 5
SOALAN 5

CLO1 Rain gauge X is out of operation for a month after a storm. The rainfall amounts at three
C2 adjacent stations A, B and C are 10.3 cm, 9.5 cm and 13.0 cm respectively. The average of
annual precipitation amounts for the gauges are X = 96.3, A = 111.3, B = 93.0 and C = 106.4
cm. Determine the amount of rainfall for gauge X.
Tolok hujan di stesen X tidak beroperasi akibat daripada kejadian ribut. Jumlah hujan bagi
tiga stesen hujan yang berdekatan iaitu stesen A, B dan C ialah masing-masing 10.3 cm, 9.5
cm dan 13.0 cm. Didapati nilai hujan purata tahunan bagi stesen X ialah 96.3, A = 111.3, B
= 93.0 dan C = 106.4 cm. Tentukan nilai hujan bagi stesen X.
[4 marks]
[4 markah]

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QUESTION 6
SOALAN 6

Calculate the mean of precipitation for the following data in Table A6 by using The
CLO1
C3 Arithmetic Average Method.
Kirakan purata hujan berdasarkan Jadual A6 di bawah dengan menggunakan Kaedah
Purata Aritmetik.

Table A6 / Jadual A6
Station No Precipitation (mm)
Bil Stesen Hujan (mm)
1 30.8
2 30.6
3 31.8
4 26.4

[4 marks]
[4 markah]

QUESTION 7
SOALAN 7

CLO1 State FOUR (4) physical characteristics affecting runoff.

C1 Nyatakan EMPAT (4) ciri-ciri fizikal yang mempengaruhi air larian.
[4 marks]
[4 markah]

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QUESTION 8
SOALAN 8

CLO1 Figure A8 shows a hydrograph. Label A, B, C and D.

C1 Rajah A8 menunjukkan sebuah hidrograph. Labelkan A, B, C dan D.

A C

D
B

Figure A8/ Rajah A8

[4 marks]
[4 markah]

QUESTION 9
SOALAN 9

CLO1 Given X = 0.25, K = 0.75 day, ∆t = 6 hours, Calculate the value of C2 and C3 using
C2 Muskingum Method. Give answer up to 4 decimal places.
Diberi X = 0.25, k = 0.75 hari dan ∆t = 6 jam. Kira nilai C2 dan C3 menggunakan
Muskingum Method. Beri jawapan sehingga 4 tempat perpuluhan.
[4 marks]
[4 markah]

QUESTION 10
SOALAN 10

Qy =

CLO1 By referring to peak discharge formula above, identify the term of each component.
C2 Merujuk kepada formula aliran puncak di atas, kenalpasti istilah bagi setiap komponen.
[4 marks]
[4 markah]

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SECTION B: 60 MARKS
BAHAGIAN B: 60 MARKAH

INSTRUCTION:
This section consists of FOUR (4) structured questions. Answer THREE (3) questions only.
ARAHAN:
Bahagian ini mengandungi EMPAT (4) soalan berstruktur. Jawab TIGA (3) soalan sahaja.

QUESTION 1
SOALAN 1

By using the Velocity-Area Method and the rating of the current meter is V=0.004+0.136N,
where V is in m/s and N is in rev/s as shown in Table B1;
Dengan menggunakan persamaan meter arus V=0.004+0.136N di mana V=m/s dan N=
pusingan/saat seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Jadual B1;

CLO2 (a) Calculate the velocity for every section of the river.
C3 Kirakan halaju pada setiap keratan rentas sungai.
[11 marks]
[11 markah]

CLO2 (b) Estimate the discharge of the river.

C5 Anggarkan kadaralir sungai tersebut.
[9 marks]
[9 markah]
Table B1/ Jadual B1
Distance Depth Meter Number of Time, t
from measure current Rotation (N) (second)
riverbank (m) depth
(m) measure
(m)
27 5.97 0.2 537 50
0.8 533 50
37 6.88 0.2 653 50
0.8 463 50
47 6.35 0.2 743 50
0.8 656 50
57 5.15 0.2 777 50
0.8 530 50
67 6.87 0.2 754 50
0.8 582 50
77 6.69 0.2 779 50
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0.8 613 50
87 6.47 0.2 802 50
0.8 597 50
97 7.28 0.2 764 50
0.8 581 50
107 6.12 0.2 713 50
0.8 477 50
117 5.51 0.2 414 50
0.8 373 50

QUESTION 2
SOALAN 2

The stream flow data given in Table B2 was produced by a storm of 6-hour duration which is
assumed to have a uniform intensity over the catchment. If the catchment area is 10 400 ha;
Data aliran sungai yang diberikan di dalam Jadual B2 dihasilkan oleh satu kejadian hujan
selama 6 jam dengan anggapan bahawa intensiti hujan adalah seragam ke atas kawasan
tadahan. Jika kawasan tadahan mempunyai keluasan sebanyak 10 400 ha;

CLO2 (a) Calculate the volume of direct runoff and effective rainfall.
C3 Kirakan isipadu air larian permukaan dan hujan efektif.
[10 marks]
[10 markah]

CLO2 (b) Produce the Unit Hydrograph for the catchment.

C5 Terbitkan Unit Hidrograf (UH) untuk tadahan tersebut.
[10 marks]
[10 markah]

Table B2/ Jadual B2

Time (h) Total flow, Q (m3/s) Base flow (m3/s)
Masa (j) Jumlah aliran, Q (m3/s) Aliran dasar (m3/s)
0600 11 11

0800 170 8

1000 260 6

1200 266 6

1400 226 8

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1600 188 9

1800 157 11

2000 130 12

2200 108 14

2400 91 16

2600 76 17

2800 64 19

3000 54 21

3200 46 22

3400 38 24

3600 32 26

4000 27 27

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QUESTION 3
SOALAN 3

Table B3 shows a river hydrograph data.

Jadual B3 menunjukkan data hidrograf bagi sebatang sungai.

CLO2 (c) By using Muskingham Method, calculate outflow hydrograph. Given x = 0.25 and k = 9
C3 hours. Assume initial outflow is 110 m3/s.
Dengan menggunakan kaedah Muskingham, kirakan aliran keluar. Diberi x = 0.25 dan k
= 9 jam. Anggapkan aliran keluar awalan ialah 110 m3/s.
[18 marks]
[18 markah]
CLO2 (d) Estimate the maximum outflow and the time it occurred.
C5 Anggarkan aliran keluar maksimum dan masa ianya berlaku.
[2 marks]
[2 markah]

Table B3/ Jadual B3

Time (hour) Inflow (m3/s)
Masa (jam) Kadaralir masuk (m3/s)
0 120
5 300
10 720
15 560
20 370
25 250
30 220
35 190
40 170

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QUESTION 4
SOALAN 4

Below is the information of a high density residential area in Kuala Lumpur;

Berdasarkan maklumat di bawah bagi kawasan kediaman kepadatan tinggi di Kuala
Lumpur;

Housing area = 20 hectares

Keluasan kawasan perumahan = 20 hektar

Drainage type = Minor drainage

Jenis saliran = Saliran minor

Length of overland flow = 100 m

Panjang saliran atas tanah = 100 m

Length of the drain = 300 m

Panjang saluran = 300 m

Slope average = 0.2 %

Purata kecerunan = 0.2 %

a) By using Urban Storm Water Management Manual, calculate the time of concentration
CLO2
C3 (tc) for the area.
Dengan menggunakan Manual Saliran Mesra Alam, kirakan masa penumpuan bagi
kawasan tersebut.
[6 marks]
[6 markah]
CLO2 b) Estimate the peak flow for the area.
C5 Anggarkan aliran puncak bagi kawasan tersebut.
[14 marks]
[14 markah]

SOALAN TAMAT

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SULIT CC606: HYDROLOGY

Distance Vertical Depth of Number Time Number Velocity meter per second Width Vertical Area, A Discharge,
from left Depth, d Measurement of (sec.) of (m/s) (m) depth (m2) Q (m3/s)
bank (m) (m) Rotation, rotations Average
R per At Vertical Horizontal (m)
second, point Average Average
N

TOTAL

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