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    Chapter 2 Diodes

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    Suraj Sigdel
    Diodes are two-terminal non-linear devices that are used for rectification, clamping, and switching. There are two types - vacuum diodes and semiconductor diodes. Semiconductor diodes like silicon and germanium diodes are now commonly used. A semiconductor has an energy band gap between the conduction and valence bands. Doping a semiconductor with impurities creates an intrinsic or extrinsic semiconductor. Zener diodes are special purpose diodes that conduct in the reverse bias region to regulate voltage. Zener diodes maintain a constant voltage for changing currents above the zener breakdown voltage and are used in voltage regulator circuits.

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    Chapter 2 Diodes

    Uploaded by

    Suraj Sigdel
    10 views33 pages
    Diodes are two-terminal non-linear devices that are used for rectification, clamping, and switching. There are two types - vacuum diodes and semiconductor diodes. Semiconductor diodes like silicon and germanium diodes are now commonly used. A semiconductor has an energy band gap between the conduction and valence bands. Doping a semiconductor with impurities creates an intrinsic or extrinsic semiconductor. Zener diodes are special purpose diodes that conduct in the reverse bias region to regulate voltage. Zener diodes maintain a constant voltage for changing currents above the zener breakdown voltage and are used in voltage regulator circuits.

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    Diodes are two-terminal non-linear devices that are used for rectification, clamping, and switching. There are two types - vacuum diodes and semiconductor diodes. Semiconductor diodes like silicon and germanium diodes are now commonly used. A semiconductor has an energy band gap between the conduction and valence bands. Doping a semiconductor with impurities creates an intrinsic or extrinsic semiconductor. Zener diodes are special purpose diodes that conduct in the reverse bias region to regulate voltage. Zener diodes maintain a constant voltage for changing currents above the zener breakdown voltage and are used in voltage regulator circuits.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    10 views33 pages

    Chapter 2 Diodes

    Uploaded by

    Suraj Sigdel
    Diodes are two-terminal non-linear devices that are used for rectification, clamping, and switching. There are two types - vacuum diodes and semiconductor diodes. Semiconductor diodes like silicon and germanium diodes are now commonly used. A semiconductor has an energy band gap between the conduction and valence bands. Doping a semiconductor with impurities creates an intrinsic or extrinsic semiconductor. Zener diodes are special purpose diodes that conduct in the reverse bias region to regulate voltage. Zener diodes maintain a constant voltage for changing currents above the zener breakdown voltage and are used in voltage regulator circuits.

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    Chapter -2

    Diodes
    Diode
    • Two terminal non-linear device.
    • Two types Vacuum and semiconductor diode.
    • Due to various advantages of semiconductor diode it
    replace vacuum diode.
    • Used in many applications as clipper, clamper,
    switching, rectification etc.
    • Resistivity of semiconductor lies between conductors
    insulators.
    • Has negative temperature coefficient and highly
    dependent on temperature.
    • Germanium, silicon etc.
    Energy bands in conductors,
    Semiconductors and Insulators
    • An energy band which separates the conduction band
    and the valence band is called Forbidden gap.
    • At room temperature, the energy gap of silicon and
    germanium is 1.14 eV and 0.67 eV, respectively.
    Hole current: Due to thermal energy this valence electron will leave
    the valence band and enter into the conduction band.

    • This will leave a vacancy at L , thus creating a hole there.


    • Now the valance electron at M will come to fill the hole at L.
    • This will result that the hole will disappear at L and appear at M
    consequently, hole will be created at N, this process goes on and on.
    • It can be noted from the fig. that valence electrons move along the
    path PNML whereas, holes move along the path LMNP.
    • In valance band, hole current due to flow of hole similar to positive
    charge.
    • In conduction band free electrons are available. I = Ie+ Ih
    Types of Semiconductor
    1. Intrinsic semiconductor: Pure semiconductors silicon ,
    germanium.
    2. Extrinsic semiconductor: Impure semiconductor, either
    P-type or N-type.
    • Process of adding impurity to pure semiconductor is
    doping.
    • When doped with trivalent impurities like boron, gallium
    etc. P-type semiconductor is formed.
    • When doped with pentavalent impurities like arsenic,
    antimony etc. N-type semiconductor is formed.
    Conductivity of semiconductor
    PN junction diode
    Forward biased PN junction diode:
    • A negative voltage is applied to the N-type material and
    a positive voltage is applied to the P-type material.
    • During forward bias depletion layer decreases.
    • The negative voltage repels electrons (positive voltage
    repels holes) towards the junction giving them the
    energy to cross the junction and combine with the holes
    (recombination at junction), causes current flow through
    the diode.
    Reverse biased PN junction diode:
    • A negative voltage is applied to the P-type material and
    a positive voltage is applied to the N-type material.
    • During reverse bias depletion layer increases.
    • The negative voltage attract holes (positive voltage
    attract electrons) towards the junction, thus depletion
    layer is widen.
    • A very small reverse leakage (Is)
    current flow through the junction
    due to minority carriers.
    • Every 10°c rise in temperature
    reverse saturation current gets doubled.
    V-I characteristics of PN diode
    Diode equation:

    Where I is
    diode current.

    IS is the reverse bias


    saturation current
    VD is the voltage across
    the diode.
    VT is the thermal voltage
    kT/q.
    n is the ideality factor
    generally 1 or 2.
    Clamper circuit
    • An electronic circuit that changes the DC level of a signal
    to the desired level without changing the shape of the
    applied signal.
    • Dc component is simply added to the input signal or
    subtracted from the input signal.
    • Diode, capacitor and resistor is used.
    • Positive and Negative clamper.
    • Positive clamper circuit adds the positive dc component
    to the input signal to push it to the positive side.
    • Negative clamper circuit shifts the input signal towards
    the negative dc level.
    DC power supply
    • Transformer − An input transformer for the stepping down of the 230v AC power
    supply.
    • Rectifier − A Rectifier circuit to convert the AC components present in the signal to
    DC components.
    • Smoothing − A filtering circuit to smoothen the variations present in the rectified
    output.
    • Regulator − A voltage regulator circuit in order to control the voltage to a desired
    output level.
    • Load − The load which uses the pure dc output from the regulated output.
    Rectifier
    • Converts ac current/voltage to dc current/voltage.
    • Diode can be used for rectification.
    • Two types half wave and full wave rectifier.
    # Half wave rectifier
    • Made with single diode which is connected in series with load.
    • During the positive half of the AC input, diode becomes forward biased
    and currents starts flowing through it.
    • During the negative half cycle, diode becomes reverse biased and current
    stops flowing through it. Efficiency is nearly 40%.
    Zener diode
    • special purposed heavily doped PN junction
    diode works on reverse bias condition (as
    voltage regulator).
    • In forward bias acts as ordinary diode.
    • When reverse voltage is greater than zener
    breakdown voltage massive increase in flow of
    current.
    • The breakdown voltage across it is constant
    for a large change of current through it so
    works as voltage regulator.
    Zener diode as voltage regulator
    • Output voltage is constant after zener breakdown.

    • When Vin is less than Vz diode acts as open circuit.(off stage)


    • Vin is greater than zener voltage VZ , the zener operates in the breakdown
    region and maintains constant voltage across the load.(large current flows
    through zener).
    • Zener diode is so doped that whenever Iz increases Rz decreases but Vz
    remains constant. Vin = I* Rs + Vz.
    • As the load current increases, the zener current decreases so that current
    through resistance RS is constant. I = IL + Iz
    • Vout= Vin – IRS, and I is constant, therefore, output voltage remains
    unchanged.
    • As voltage Vin increase, more current will flow through the zener, the
    voltage drop across RS will increase but load voltage would remain
    constant.
    • V- I characteristics of Zener diode

    • When input is low all current is transferred to load and when input is high
    excess current is passed by zener, hence output across RL is constant.
    • Here – 1 mA is Iz minimum.( current between minimum and maximum but Vz
    is constant).

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