04 Clinical PKPD
04 Clinical PKPD
04 Clinical PKPD
เพื่อใ ้นัก ึก า
9,*)?*95:
8 @
• Principal of PK/PD C
D(+) E7
J+ ()*")7
เ"นราย'คคล
• Design dosage regimen for individualize patient
3
Principal of PK/PD
%*B: 9,"!*5:
,%))"?")? @
Pharmacokinetics (PK): relationship between the dose administered and the changes in
the drug concentration in the body with time.
O %+)P7 @D0MF
Q PK/PD parameters predicting efficacy
95+%"")7 B(7% !,:: #,(A
S
3. T>MIC------ f T>MIC
PK PD
T
7 E% U58GVWX5YD"<8=
Correlation
Dose optimization
Concentration time curve
+ *)) @B)
%J*7
_
+*
F*7*") @5F 9,:#*?% ()*")
/
@`0+
Q PK/PD parameters predicting efficacy
95+*)
1. Cmax/MIC ------ f Cmax/MIC
@
3. T>MIC------ f T>MIC
PK PD
+##%J*7@%%_!!A@#&ab)?+5!,::#,(A"+)(*5"
/
)7*e"7*%(?")? 1.112
Correlation
!*5B ]\
Dose optimization
B(%+%*") c
%D5H<HVd V#
@
%*B: 9,"!*5:
4B*) @B)
&@ = <+K
.@ 4H=
0@ V 2 <8= =Whg ]W ]
c %,+B+#"5 !%9@6(7" <8= >
8 d!!*?+?-
c
.@ c e% @
J*#*)A
[P [\ *)#:K
c D*B*7") @
! <8=
4H= &11
b,+B 9"7*%*F:
4H=<8= .3 03
+7 c A,+)*%"*# (
%+,A:% V"B+%" c ()+ %+,A:% c )*J*5" c B7)@*((+"++B)@<H
B*7%,*+57 c E7
@*)%
N,"A j <8= )*7J*m+e+
N,"A @*"
c %(6+7 E7 4H=
Zo+*D*"8G*D*"
c
E
b
*e*"*ee?"*
=")?:)%,+%*") #:9:)#:)% V*B: #:9:)#:)%
q e*)A7 c %" ]W "e**7o5)*)/D@(+c &3. cV" V")#" ] *ee?"* q + ce*)7 L8Gb `$lY&3.$l
M48V8c &..&1&1&&Y @
c l;``h @ DdGG8d Egc +++7
<"5%") B+)
k
*)#:K ",A 477*7*
/
8)( N"
%+*)%
*ee57"*))++
`2&1
" I c ?(% c8 c
7%*)A"
@
B7)@B*5
Carbapenems fT>MIC: 40-50%
* W
;
s V"" ; <(77"5*)*
s
8V
<8=
V*B: ""@*)!"
=")? @
V"(5") 7+e
'
[L8[\
kJ*"*%()*)+F
*)#:K
!% > <8= 7" ;
5+?%+B
@
i
t
;
/
+,,:7%",
Nn &.3;&11;.3/03
^+)" 4H=8<8= Y11/l11 /
8:(+) ;
*)#:K
8V j <8=
I c ?(%7 c *ee57"*))++
*)):,B"7%
V""
1&JY. EB g"* !,:: #,(A
@8GNW
7%*)A"
/
%(%",*+5
Penicillins killing fT>MIC: 50-60% of drug exposure
Carbapenems s
p fT>MIC: 40-50%
Cephalosporins s <8= fT>MIC: 60-70%
F%*B:)"?")+
+++"B)%"(%e@575()@%"
Aminoglycosides Concentration- Cmax/MIC : 8-10 Maximize drug
dependent killing concentration
u c
&2&1&hJ
E ^+7%( f
s
V-+A*
VHd 8 +7 A+))") &0&h *7 6+:
AUC24/MIC = 25-35
Vancomycin Time-dependent AUC24/MIC = 400-600 Maximize amount
<fg4 killing (± Conc. of drug
dependent)
+/
)()7
)"
+ %7()+B*
Pharmacokinetics (PK)
D/J5((*)))%)@)+*%"*("*@,(
• Concentration at site of infections
77)*("*5(%++7)
- Blood : plasma concentration
+5F:"5+, A*))*)A EF:
- Lung: penetration to alveolar epithelial lining fluid (ELF)
+)
<:)*)A*%*7 B"(%Je+7J
- Brain: penetration to CSF /
Pharmacodynamics (PD)
• Microbiological response
+@ 5+ D+)*7
- Susceptibility : depend on MIC /
Pharmacokinetics and dosing
Loading dose (adjust from body weight)------ LD = Css x Vd
Maintenance dose (adjust from renal clearance)------MD = Css x CL
%J+) O <\8D8WN(%(F#%")@(+
X
6+*57B+)
g7 ]0 @
/.*)
k5"+#"7)/(77@5+
• No loading dose??
A5*"B+ ; #,*97
E
&3/01Y&$
• Loading dose + Maintenance dose (intermittent infusion ??
volume of distribution (Vd) and thus may prove key in selecting agents
expected to attain adequate penetration to the site of infection.
Excretion : Hepatic or renal clearance (CL)
%J(7 + ]6 s !,:: #,(A %"" Ve+*) bB"7 9:):%,+%: 8% %*77(: )"*7-
Protein binding: only unbound drug can distribute to site of infection.
@
Pharmacokinetics of beta-lactams
(Vd) is low (0.3-0.5 L/kg) and similar to that of extracellular fluid (ECF).
B(# "@.@"@,7 /
+E
/ i /
8+?%+B7"7)77"*"")**
&$l&`
/
,"55*)A
F+,-
8R88
PK/PD changes in critical illness
*+วยระยะ.กฤต
h 8) NV e+,7 @
)" %"(% hMW H
5"*)
N) 4 @
@
5"A"
+% c ( c e*) c+E 7"5+)*
V"
;
*)
/
J
)""""" "e)
,+*) [P
*)%:,F+5
; +)
V(5()
d*5+)#
/
!%9@DD@(+
7:F:,:
=:!%,*
W9%
F*@
@))^#*e6N( =")? W7B+,
WMMM
%" s @
@B7
7:97*7
Overall, PK studies on ICU septic
Q
patients reported increased Vd
o))*(5(7F**7)
J-9"+56(B*)
+
#,"e)7
+*
e"(5# A+7 6+7*?
S
C = Dose
7:97*7 @
w
S
Vd
S
,
V^ #+%+
;
G*+7 ?")? @
;^# @
<
E
=:
eee@8=H)e)"@*ee!e
+
8#+
6%e
Q
o()*", E%
8@ !,::
#,(A ,""7%
G!5 ?5:+,"+)5%5**
4%e+%:,
#
)" ;
#:+, #+B) /
?")%#
Changes in Vd
• Sepsis can lead to endothelial damage and increased capillary permeability.
95+7B+ 8gN
Hypoalbuminemia
- Vd และ CL ของยาที่มี high protein binding จะเพิ่มขึ้น
#"7: x\+*e"+@)5()@5(EB
eee@-)"*5(5#e"7e)@7(AA:7% +)
?,*%*?+55- D)$(#e5"+#%%
/
/ /
/ /
k
PK/PD parameter: %T>MIC
N", #,*9
@
@
5o"*#,*9)*"*(/+*++""%e:@A@H4
- Prolonged infusion or Continuous infusion
eee@#,*96JP)*e5ee#"7:5%%)
- Increased frequency
Prolonged administration of beta-lactam
&3/0112$
7*)+@*)v0/5+?%+BmMe*"7b#,*98D0`#
Short infusion
*)!(7: M(%%") V+)
/
/
B+%(,: #")(%7
/
Prolonged administration of beta-lactam
4 +7A7**%)***)*57 Drug A
%J*")+%: b"% @
คำถำม
ถ้าผู้ป่ ยติดเชื้อที่มี MIC = 8 mg/L
dosage regimen ใดที่เ มาะ มกับผู้ป่ ยรายนี้ ?
#,*9%)7*eJ""A%@*) 5A8^k`J,5Y@J, *)!(7*") >
MIC E
<4G
8VW <8=
+
`
/
8
4 4
<*)"+) @
,:A*B:)%+%*")
8 3 2
Y`1@$31& @
l`` @ cs 23& @
7%,*9-
Drug A
&A
&$'$` %,*95:
*)!(7*") )"" ]
<+*)%:)+)?: c i*" 9,"5")A:# *)!(7*")
*%7 4H=
=")?(9*7?:)%
&`
57*)*"(FF*""7575+7%7*F
[L8[\8()@)5
;
#"7+A: ,:A*B:)
?J"*?: F+,*+%*")
G"+
V" #"7: $/ ,:?"BB:)# D"" ]x #"7: eee@e"
• Current dosing regimen may be suboptimal in many patients /
4(%"B+%+ @
+@ c *)%" 8@ f"7+ @
<8=
CLSI2020
4o*% .$&3l2l ]
c &hJ ] c +)%*
4% 1`
b*+))* +%
[+9:, ",*A*)+5 ?
9+9:, 4eee
G*J*5 [L %" @
Y$&& eJ" 8=H@
/
f:7(5% /
8# 5"+#
No loading dose (3 MU q 8 h)take 2-3 day to reach steady-state
<*)%" %,*9 ]= B+K"7)**)** V+5") g8GW
#"7: ,:?"BB:)#+%*")7
Css = 2.3 mg/L
(7 c 7+ e+ c+*,c *7 +
Colistinmethate m
patients.
<\
t
I
c
/
4p H6( @
%+%%""7 &J&` #*% )*)o+ =,"e!""%7
loading dose และใ ้ maintenance dose อีก 12 ชม. โดยขนาดยาปรับตาม Clcr
6"*5 eee@@)(v)H6D(%*h*
#"7: 8#"5 B*7 G"6( eee@)+"+%F"F*%F#+5+5)#A ภาค ิชาอายุร า ตร์ าขาโรคติดเชื้อ คณะแพทย า ตร์ ิรริ าชพยาบาล
Dose optimization based on
Monte Carlo Simulation
Introduction to Monte Carlo Simulation
D+)%+, M*55B+)
)*+B7
e+))+ "e +)"%J:, #+ 8V EB <")+?"
E
E 21/`1$
;
The term ‘Monte
hoe Carlo’ was introduced by during the World War II in their development
4
#(+5*7%7
*)%(*%*")+5 6 J*B 8e*)"(* V")*" &`J %,+*%",7 D+)*) G*F B"#5: NHG
of the atomic bomb, and was a reference to the gaming city in Monaco.
@
allows calculation of the probability for obtaining a critical target exposure that
drives a specific microbiological effect for the range of possible MIC values
Monte Carlo Simulation for drug
optimization
+5#" ") U
<8= #*7%,*6(%*") (7 ]
)" <8= F+,*:7
o"A*
4
/ /
`Y ;
""" +(%" %+,A:%
8)%,"
<8= "+7*7E7
=Nf :B9*,*? 5e*7*)*55(EV
- CFR จะช่ ยใ ้ทราบขนาดยาต้านจุลชีพที่เ มาะ มในการรัก าแบบ empirical therapy เมื่อทราบการ
กระจายของค่า MIC <+#J+F "+7*7E7 <8=
คาถาม: ยาและ dose regimen ทีเ่ หมาะสาสาหรับ empirical treatment ต่อเชือ้ P. aeruginosa ในผูป้ ว่ ย ICU ?
/
/ /
/
()+ ]
#"7+A: ,:A*B:) *)*% F+,- #"7: 8%
J* =Nf &`&&`
c
dB9*,*?
P
/
7*)A + 011 *7"5+%: &$1&Y #,*)P 8)(
#,*9
P
%*)- $1Y1P
o+ ?5*)*?+5 "(%?"B: 11 @
8% 4[4=Md 7?",:
L"A* ; 7:F:,: M# 7:F:,: = RR 8
• Evaluates the clinical implications of extended infusion of piperacillin- tazobactam therapy for
critically ill patients using the dosage regimen from Monte Carlo simulation
+*)E%
%:)A: "! g%+-
=7 ]W E55 "(7e @
>
/
&l
87 M"% A"
v 9
4V <8= t0 . 5"5 H. 8 D D(+)
The figure : the probability of achieving free piperacillin concentration in excess of the MIC for 50% of the dosing interval (50% f TMIC)
)E
*7
• The MIC50 and MIC90 values were defined as the lowest concentration
of fosfomycin at which 50% and 90% of the isolates were inhibited,
respectively.
*@ %,*+5 $31$1$1
The MIC50 = 64 mg/L
The MIC90 = 128 mg/L J"(7*)A ;
<8= #*7%,*6(%*") 6+)P % [V4 4V E# % =Nf
%"
()*")7 ; eee@)7@7*")**
<8= $1t&.`
84 .Y c <+K #"7: c B- %,+*) /&l g8d c !*))+ Z M-9" c )+% N"7!"""*5(7 # #*:
,#"7:5#+-
@ @ @
@
@
The first day of treatment, the favorable T>MIC parameters of fosfomycin in critically ill
patients were observed in high dose (24 g/day) with prolonged or continuous infusion
regimens
z N"7!" [7:(#"
=fd R
&``&()*") 5%*5")+))*7)( f:7(5% )*J*5"
@
@
Site-Specific Considerations
6%(",A+))e) @ ?"B95*?+%:
D ?:55
)#*+5F:"5+,
dK%,+?:55(5+,
/
[@44@=4v55:67*:55+&5a(
<-?"95+7B+ /&&0&' 8)%,+?:55(5+,
;
+7 7"5(%*") b*)+ *)%" +5"*) &' 9):(B")*+ 5"5"5 8#e+5 e: @ %,:+% 9):(B")*+ e(**77)@F)
MdxN )* e*)
J% @
8=H
:77)/(B5(#+++@MG
)7*+77)*("%5(%++)*5"*)"*oF +) 8! 6,")?J"7?"9: J*7 dxN V(B
/
%J,(
bx [):(B")*+
1
8) 8% x:K* V(%",*+5
@
?"B9
)" @
M4[ G4 [ V 7:F:,: WE D) 8% #"7: M"e %J: +*,
@
Meropenem
#,*9 c 0 c J, @
A"
CLSI2020
n @
M* V+)) D"6
,
@
/
c /
Case study
J"e %e" ]
7:F:,:
ผู้ป่ ยอายุ 65 ปี ได้รับ ินิจฉัย HAP มีภา ะ sepsis และ respiratory failure จึงรัก าอยู่ใน อ
;
C ,