1

OFFRS HANDBOOK

1. Pakistan's largest salt mines are located in:

a. Sialkot
b. Khewrha
c. Multan
d. Taxila
2. Which country assisted Pakistan to establish Steel Mills of Pakistan?
a. China
b. Saudi Arabia
c. America
d. USSR
3. When were the first non party elections held in Pakistan?
a. 1984
b. 1985
c. 1986
d. 1987
4. How many amendments have been done in constitution of Pakistan so far?
a. 24
b. 25
c. 26
d. 27
5. JF-17 Thunder is built by Pakistan with the cooperation of:
a. France
b. Iran
c. China
d. Russia
6. Warsak Dam has been built on which river?
a. Indus
b. Swat
c. Kabul
d. Ravi
7. In which year, Pakistan conducted its nuclear tests?
a. 1988
b. 1992
c. 1996
d. 1998
 2
8. Youm-e-Takbeer is celebrated in Pakistan on:
a. 23rd March
b. 7th September
c. 11th August
d. 28th May
9. The famous Punjabi folklore "Heer Ranjha" was written by:
a. Sultan Bahu
b. Waris Shah
c. Bulhey Shah
d. Baba Fareed
10. Famous Chagai hills are located in which part of Pakistan?
a. Baluchistan
b. Swat
c. Murree
d. Wana
11. How many seats are allocated in Senate to each province of Pakistan?
a. 16
b. 23
c. 25
d. 30
12. Silk route provides access from Pakistan to ________
a. India
b. Afghanistan
c. Iran
d. China
13. Khilafat Movement started in the year__________
a. 1905
b. 1906
c. 1909
d. 1919
14. The famous Sufi poetry book "Shah Jo Risalo" was written by:
a. Sachal Sarmast
b. Khwaja Fareed
c. Shah Abdul Lateef Bhitai
d. Shaikh Ayaz
15. "Thal Desert" is located in:
a. KPK
 3
b. Punjab
c. Sindh
d. Baluchistan
16. Pakistan's National Anthem was written by:
a. Hafeez Jhalandhri
b. Khewrha
c. Multan
d. Taxila
17. Which city is known as Manchester of Pakistan?
a. Sialkot
b. Multan
c. Lahore
d. Faisalabad
18. Islamabad lies at the foothills of which mountain range of Pakistan?
a. Koh-e-Sufaid
b. Koh-e-Sulaiman
c. Margallah
d. Himalaya
19. Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah joined Muslim League in the year:
a. 1911
b. 1912
c. 1913
d. 1914
20. War of Independence started in the year:
a. 1840
b. 1845
c. 1850
d. 1857
21. Which fruit of Pakistan is famous across the globe?
a. Mango
b. Apple
c. Banana
d. Cherry
22. In which year Pakistan became the member of United Nations?
a. 1947
b. 1950
c. 1952
 4
d. 1955
23. Tarbela Dam was built during the government of:
a. Ayub Khan
b. Iskandar Mirza
c. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
d. Muhammad Ali Bogra
24. In which year Pakistan enforced its first Constitution?
a. 1947
b. 1950
c. 1952
d. 1956
25. Who was declared as the youngest IT expert in Pakistan?
a. Arfa Kareem
b. SaminaBaig
c. Jasmine Masih
d. Ayesha Sayyed
26. Who was the first President of Islamic Republic of Pakistan?
a. Liaqat Ali Khan
b. Iskandar Mirza
c. Quaid-e-Azam
d. Choudhury Muhammad Ali
27. When was The State Bank of Pakistan inaugurated?
a. July 1948
b. Aug 1949
c. Jun 1950
d. Mar 1951
28. On which river Mangla Dam is built?
a. River Jhelum
b. River Indus
c. River Neelum
d. River Chenab
29. Which country opposed Pakistan’s entry to UN?
a. India
b. Iran
c. Afghanistan
d. US
30. Which country assisted Pakistan to built Warsak Dam?
 5
a. Canada
b. China
c. US
d. USSR
31. The area between Rawalpindi and Peshawar is called:
a. Salt Region
b. Gandhara Region
c. Abbasin Region
d. Potohaar Region
32. Abdur Rehman Chughtai was a famous Pakistani:
a. Architect
b. Calligrapher
c. Musician
d. Painter Artist
33. Which country first recognized Pakistan as an independent state?
a. China
b. Iran
c. Saudi Arabia
d. USA
34. How many persons have received Nishan-e-Haider in Pakistan?
a. 9
b. 10
c. 11
d. 12
35. NFC Award is regarding distribution of resources among:
a. Divisions
b. District Governments
c. Government Departments
d. Provinces
36. The highest pass of Pakistan is:
a. Babusar
b. Khyber
c. Tochi
d. Khunjrab
37. In Pakistan, the members of Senate are elected by:
a. Direct elections
b. People
 6
c. Local Governments
d. Provincial Assemblies
38. President of Pakistan, under 1962 Constitution, was elected by:
a. Direct elections
b. People
c. BD Members
d. Provincial Assemblies
39. In 1906, Muslim delegation met with Viceroy Lord Minto at Simla under the
leadership of:
a. Sir Agha Khan
b. Allama Iqbal
c. Muhammad Ali Jinnah
d. Moulana Muhammad Ali Johar
40. Who was appointed as the Chief Martial law administrator after Yahya Khan?
a. Ghullam Ishaq Khan
b. Gen Zia-ul-Haq
c. Gen Tikka Khan
d. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
41. Who was appointed as the first President of All India Muslim League?
a. NawabMohsin-ul-Mulk
b. Sardar Abdur Rab Nishter
c. Allama Iqbal
d. Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk
42. The ruins of Meher Garh are located near which city of Pakistan?
a. Thatta
b. Sibbi
c. Taxila
d. Sahiwal
43. Who is the youngest Pakistani woman to climb the Mount Everest?
a. Samina Baig
b. Naila Sudpara
c. Hina Nazir Sabir
d. Salma Saduzai
44. Waris Shah is a famous poet of:
a. Urdu
b. Sindhi
c. Saraiki
 7
d. Punjabi
45. Quaid-i-Azam resigned from Congress in the year:
a. 1918
b. 1920
c. 1922
d. 1924
46. Who was the second Governor General of Pakistan?
a. Khawaja Nazim-ud-Din
b. Chaudhry Muhammad Ali
c. Muhammad Ali Bogra
d. Ghullam Muhammad
47. First census of Pakistan was held in the year:
a. 1951
b. 1952
c. 1953
d. 1954
48. Indus Basin Treaty was signed under the patronage of:
a. WTO
b. IMF
c. World Bank
d. Asian Development Bank
49. Basic Democracies System was introduced by:
a. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
b. Ghullam Muhammad
c. Gen Zia-ul-Haq
d. Field Marshal Ayub Khan
50. Which pass connects Pakistan with Afghanistan?
a. Khyber Pass
b. Khunjerab pass
c. Tochi pass
d. Gomal pass
51. Pakistan opened its first embassy in:
a. India
b. Iran
c. Afghanistan
d. US
52. Which day is celebrated in commemoration of its Nuclear Tests in Pakistan?
 8
a. Youm-e-Tadbeer
b. Youm-e-Diffa
c. Youm-e-Takbeer
d. Youm-e-Azam
53. Sultan Bahu and Bulleh Shah are famous poets of which language?
a. Punjabi
b. Sindhi
c. Saraiki
d. Balochi
54. Luck now Pact was signed between Muslim League and:
a. Congress
b. Unionist Party
c. Jamiat Ulema-i-Hind
d. Arya Samaj Party
55. After 1971 war, a peace accord between Pakistan and India was signed at:
a. Tashkent
b. London
c. Geneva
d. Simla
56. When did Pakistan join Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)?
a. 1967
b. 1968
c. 1969
d. 1970
57. South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was established
in the year:
a. 1983
b. 1984
c. 1985
d. 1986
58. First Pakistani Prime Minister to visit America was:
a. Liaqat Ali Khan
b. Khawaja Nazim- ud -Din
c. Mohammad Ali Bogra
d. I.I. Chundrigar
59. Highest peak of Himalayan Range in Pakistan is:
a. K-2
 9
b. Nanga Parbat
c. Tirch Mir
d. Rakaposhi
60. Mohenjo-Daro is located near which city of Pakistan?
a. Okara
b. Larkana
c. Sahiwal
d. Thatta
61. Which is the biggest barrage of Pakistan?
a. Sukker
b. Guddu
c. Chasma
d. Tarimmu
62. The famous book "Jinnah of Pakistan" is written by:
a. Hudson
b. Hector Bolitho
c. Paul Smith
d. Stanley Walport
63. "Friends Not Masters" is the autobiography of which Army General of
Pakistan?
a. General Pervez Musharaf
b. General Yahya
c. General Ayub
d. General Zia ulHaq
64. Rann of Kutch is a wide stretch of marshy land situated towards the:
a. South of Pakistan
b. East of Pakistan
c. North-east of Pakistan
d. South-east of Pakistan
65. What is the total length of Pakistan's coastline?
a. 1046 KM
b. 2046 KM
c. 3046 KM
d. 545 KM
66. Pakistan purchased Gwader from which country?
a. Oman
b. Iran
 10
c. China
d. UAE
67. What is the meaning of Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad?
a. Elimination of Satan
b. Elimination of Discord
c. Elimination of Terrorists
d. Elimination of Taliban
68. What is the total length of Pakistan’s boundary with Afghanistan?
a. 2252 KM
b. 2262 KM
c. 2272 KM
d. 2282 KM
69. Which country assisted Pakistan to build Chashma Nuclear Power Project?
a. Canada
b. China
c. USSR
d. UK
70. Tashkent Agreement between Pakistan and India was signed after:
a. 1948 War
b. 1965 War
c. 1971 War
d. Kargil War
71. Site of Kalabagh Dam is located in :
a. Punjab
b. Sindh
c. KPK
d. Gilgit Baltistan
72. The idea of SAARC was the brain child of:
a. President Zia ulHaq
b. President Zia urRehman
c. President Mamoon Abdul Qayum
d. Prime Minister Rajiv Ghandhi
73. Presidential form of government was introduced in:
a. 1949 Independent Act
b. 1956 Constitution
c. 1962 Constitution
d. 1973 Constitution
 11
74. Which city is known as city of Saints and Shrines?
a. Thatta
b. Lahore
c. Multan
d. Nankana Sahib
75. Cholistan desert is located near:
a. Mirpur Khas
b. Khushab
c. Multan
d. Bahawalpur
76. Soan is the famous river of:
a. Pothohar Plateau
b. Balochistan Plateau
c. Deosai Plateau
d. Suleman Range
77. Which is the most populous district of Pakistan?
a. Lahore
b. Peshawar
c. Multan
d. Quetta
78. What is the total length of Pakistan’s boundary with India?
a. 2252 Km
b. 2912 Km
c. 2282 Km
d. 2300 Km
79. In which year Pakistan’s capital was shifted from Karachi to Islamabad?
a. 1955
b. 1962
c. 1967
d. 1972
80. How many seats are reserved for minorities in the National Assembly of
Pakistan?
a. 10
b. 20
c. 30
d. 40
81. Urdu is estimated to be the original mother tongue of how many Pakistanis?
 12
a. 8%
b. 12 %
c. 16%
d. 24%
82. A senator is elected in Pakistan for:
a. 3 Years
b. 6 Years
c. 9 Years
d. 12 Years
83. Which is Pakistan’s biggest desert?
a. Thal
b. Cholistan
c. Thar
d. Sahara
84. After how many years did Pakistan frame its first constitution?
a. 6 Years
b. 7 Years
c. 8 Years
d. 9 Years
85. In which year, Pakistan became a full member of Shanghai Cooperation
Organization (SCO)?
a. 2011
b. 2013
c. 2015
d. 2017
86. In which year Chuara Chauri incident took place?
a. 1920
b. 1921
c. 1922
d. 1923
87. How many members of the National Assembly of Pakistan?
a. 340
b. 341
c. 342
d. 343
88. Who is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of Pakistan?
a. President of Pakistan
 13
b. Prime Minister
c. Defence Minister
d. Chief of Army Staff
89. Chief Justice of Pakistan can officially be removed from his office by
President, only if advised by:
a. Chairman Senate
b. Prime Minister
c. Supreme Judicial Council
d. Supreme Bar Council
90. According to 1973 constitution who elects the Prime Minister?
a. National Assembly
b. Senate
c. President
d. Provincial Assembly
91. India took the Kashmir issue to the Security Council on:
a. 1st January 1948
b. 1st January 1949
c. 1st January 1950
d. 1st January 1951
92. Lowari Pass connects Chitral with:
a. Dir
b. D.I.Khan
c. Bannu
d. Naran
93. "Reconstruction of Religious Thoughts in Islam" is a famous book written by:
a. Maulana Maududi
b. Abdul Kalam Azad
c. Allama Iqbal
d. Liaqat Ali Khan
94. The regulatory authority to control Mass Media in Pakistan is called:
a. NEFTA
b. PEPCO
c. PEMRA
d. PESCO
94. Who acts as President of Pakistan in the absence of the president Under
1973 Constitution?
a. Prime Minister
 14
b. Speaker National Assembly
c. Chairman Senate
d. Joint Chief of Staff
95. Tashkent Accord was signed in the year:
a. 1965
b. 1966
c. 1967
d. 1968
96. By profession, Mohtarma Fatima Jinnah was a:
a. Dental Surgeon
b. Lawyer
c. House Wife
d. Nurse
97. Simla Agreement was signed by Z.A. Bhutto and:
a. Rajiv Ghandi
b. Indra Ghandi
c. Jawahar Lal Nehru
d. Sardar Sauran Singh
98. What was the official language declared in 1956 constitution?
a. Urdu
b. Bengali
c. English
d. Both A & B
99. Legal Framework Order (LFO was given by:
a. Liaqat Ali Khan
b. Ayub Khan
c. Yahya Khan
d. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
100. The concept of “Enlightened Moderation” was given by:
a. Benazir Bhutto
b. Pervez Musharaf
c. Bilawal Bhutto
d. Imran Khan
101. Which one is the biggest railway station in Pakistan?
a. Karachi
b. Rawalpindi
c. Lahore
 15
d. Multan
102. Keenjhar Lake is located in:
a. Sindh
b. Punjab
c. KPK
d. Gilgit-Baltistan
103. Which small land strip separates Pakistan from Central Asian States?
a. Siachin
b. Wakhan
c. PirPanjal
d. Tirchmir
104. Under 1973 Constitution of Pakistan, federal legislature consists of:
a. One Houses
b. Two House
c. Three Houses
d. Four Houses
105. Pakistan's National Anthem was written by:
a. Allama Iqbal
b. Hafeez Jalandhari
c. Habib Jalib
d. Faiz Ahmad Faiz
106. Who presided over the session of All India Muslim League in 1930?
a. Alama Muhammad Iqbal
b. Sir Syed Ahmad
c. Sir Agha Khan
d. Quaid-i-Azam
107. Quaid-i-Azam gave his famous Fourteen Points in the year:
a. 1920
b. 1924
c. 1929
d. 1930
108. Who started the Non-Cooperation Movement against the Britishers in India?
a. Gandhi
b. Sir Agha Khan
c. Quaid-i-Azam
d. Nehru
 16
109. According to the fourteen points of Quaid-i-Azam, Sindh was to be separated
from:
a. Kolkata
b. Bombay
c. United Province
d. Punjab
110. Khilafat Movement started in the year 1919 after:
a. Simon Report
b. Nehru Report
c. Simon commission
d. World War – I
111. Faisalabad was formerly known as:
a. Lyallpur
b. Chambellpur
c. Montgomery
d. Faisalpura
112. How many times Pakistan has won Hockey World Cup?
a. Two
b. Three
c. Four
d. Five
113. Who was the first Prime Minister of Pakistan?
a. Liaqat Ali Khan
b. Feroze Khan Noon
c. Ch Muhammad Ali
d. Mohammad Ali Bogra
114. The ‘Nehru Report’ was published in the year:
a. 1926
b. 1927
c. 1928
d. 1929
115. War of Independence started in the year:
a. 1850
b. 1852
c. 1857
d. 1859
 17
116. Quaid-i-Azam became the President of the Muslim League for the first time in
the year:
a. 1915
b. 1916
c. 1919
d. 1921
117. In which year Sindh was separated from Bombay?
a. 1924
b. 1930
c. 1935
d. 1940
118. Quit India Movement started in the year:
a. 1913
b. 1914
c. 1927
d. 1942
119. The name of Pakistan was first coined by:
a. Quaid-i-Azam
b. Allama Iqbal
c. Chaudhry Rehmat Ali
d. Chaudhry Muhammad Ali
120. Muslim delegation met with Viceroy Lord Minto at Simla under the leadership
of:
a. Quaid-i-Azam
b. Sir Agha Khan
c. Sir Muhammad Shafi
d. Liaqat Ali Khan
121. Partition of Bengal was annulled in the year:
a. 1910
b. 1911
c. 1914
d. 1916
122. Who was appointed as the first President of All India Muslim League?
a. Quaid-i-Azam
b. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
c. Nawab Mohsin- ul- Mulk
d. Nawab Waqar -ul- Mulk
 18
123. In which year Cripps Mission was sent to Sub-Continent?
a. 1914
b. 1937
c. 1940
d. 1942
124. Pakistan co-hosted the ICC Cricket World Cup in the year:
a. 1992
b. 1996
c. 1999
d. 2003
125. According to the constitutions of 1973, President is bound to act on the advice
of:
a. Prime Minister
b. Chief Justice
c. Chairman Senate
d. Chief of Army Staff
126. Which country was first visited by Prime Minister Liaqat Ali Khan?
a. UK
b. USSR
c. USA
d. China
127. Luck now Pact was signed between Muslim League and Congress in the
year:
a. 1916
b. 1917
c. 1918
d. 1919
128. Boundary agreement between China and Pakistan was signed in the year:
a. 1962
b. 1963
c. 1964
d. 1965
129. Who was the opponent of General Ayub Khan in the elections of 1965?
a. Fatima Jinnah
b. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
c. Mujeebur Rahman
d. Maulana Memood
 19
130. During Khilafat Movement, Muslims of India migrated to:
a. KSA
b. Iran
c. Turkey
d. Afghanistan
131. Jansher Khan is famous Pakistani player of:
a. Cricket
b. Hockey
c. Snooker
d. Squash
132. The commission which was to demarcate boundaries between India and
Pakistan was called:
a. Simon Commission
b. Mountbatten Commission
c. Patel Commission
d. Radcliff Commission
133. According to 1973 Constitution of Pakistan, sovereignty belongs to:
a. Prime Minister
b. Parliament
c. Allah
d. People
134. Prime Minister of Pakistan is elected by the members of:
a. Judiciary
b. Provincial Assemblies
c. Senate
d. National Assembly
135. From which city Hindi-Urdu controversy was started?
a. Madras
b. Calcutta
c. Bombay
d. Benaras
136. "Quaid-i-Azam resigned from Congress in the year:
a. 1919
b. 1920
c. 1921
d. 1922
137. According to 1973 Constitution, which institution of government is supreme?
 20
a. Parliament
b. Judiciary
c. Presidency
d. Executive
138. What was the form of government according to the 1962 constitution of
Pakistan?
a. Presidential
b. Parliamentary
c. Unitary
d. Monarchical
139. Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP-I) was built with the assistance of:
a. USA
b. USSR
c. France
d. China
140. The power of issuing an Ordinance in Pakistan is exercised by:
a. Parliament
b. President
c. Prime Minister
d. Chief Justice
141. Who was the first female Prime Minister in the Muslim World?
a. Benazir Bhutto
b. Khalida Zia
c. NasiraJameel
d. HaseenaWajid
142. Allama Iqbal received his Ph.D. degree from which country?
a. France
b. England
c. Germany
d. USA
143. Orange Train Project is located in which city of Pakistan?
a. Rawalpindi
b. Multan
c. Lahore
d. Karachi
144. Which Indian Prime Minister signed "Lahore Declaration" in 1999 with
Pakistan?
 21
a. Atal Behari Vajpayee
b. Man Mohan Singh
c. Narender Modi
d. Indra Gandhi
145. ‘The Manila Pact’ is the other name of:
a. SEATO
b. CENTO
c. CPEC
d. Shimla Accord
146. In 1930, Allam Iqbal gave his famous address at:
a. Dhaka
b. Allahabad
c. Calcutta
d. Lahore
147. First census of Pakistan was held in the year:
a. 1951
b. 1952
c. 1953
d. 1954
148. Who was the last viceroy of United India?
a. Lord Linlithgo
b. Lord Dalhousie
c. Lord Curzon
d. Lord Mountbatten
149. The ideological basis of Pakistan Movement is derived from:
a. Two Nation Theory
b. Nationalist Theory
c. Communist Theory
d. Capitalist Ideology
150. Which is the highest civil award in Pakistan?
a. Sitara-e-Shujaat
b. Hilal-e-Shujaat
c. Nishan-e-Pakistan
d. Tamgha-e-Shujaat
 22
Ser Cat Questions Answers
What do we mean by “Hard-nosed being tough, stubborn, or
151. Idioms
attitude”? uncompromising
What do we mean by the idiom “Turn to begin to improve after
152. Idioms
the corner”? a difficult period/ situation
What do we mean by “getting your to be more organized and
153. Idioms
act together”? behave in a better way
a harmless lie; a small or
154. Idioms What do we mean by “a white lie”?
unimportant lie
What do we mean by “hang up your to stop playing a sport
155. Idioms
boots”? and retire
What do we mean by “to hit the
156. Idioms go to sleep
sack”?
What do we mean by “Play devil's to argue the opposite just
157. Idioms
advocate”? for the sake of argument
What do we mean by “A storm in a A big fuss/noise about a
158. Idioms
teacup”? small problem
What do we mean by “Bolt from the Something that happened
159. Idioms
blue”? without warning
Make a fresh start,
160. Idioms ‘To turn a new leaf’ means? change one's conduct or
attitude for the better
To take something with a
"grain of salt" or "pinch of
salt" means to view
161. Idioms ‘To take with a grain of salt’ means? something with
skepticism or doubt and
not to interpret something
literally.
To say something the
way it is, not to dress the
162. Idioms ‘To call a spade a spade’ means?
truth up and speak in a
straight forward manner.
To deal with a difficult
‘To take the bull by the horns’
163. Idioms situation in a very direct
means?
or confident way
 23
appearing to be valid or
164. Idioms What does ‘holding water’ mean? reasonable; making
sense
What does “it’s a piece of cake”
165. Idioms It’s very easy
mean?
What does “It’s raining cats and
166. Idioms It’s raining heavily
dogs” mean?
What does “kill two birds with one Get two things done with
167. Idioms
stone” mean a single effort
168. Idioms What does ‘Achilles’ heel’ mean? Weak point
What does ‘A blessing in disguise’ A good thing that initially
169. Idioms
mean? seemed bad.
Avoid sharing your true
What does ‘Beat about the bush’ viewpoint or feelings
170. Idioms
mean? because it is
uncomfortable.
What does ‘To cleanse the Augean The massive efforts put in
171. Idioms
stables’ mean? to correct the system.
What does ‘On the horns of dilemma’ State of confusion /
172. Idioms
mean? indecision.
Idioms / What do we mean by the expression
Let's not talk about the
173. Expressi- “We will cross the bridge when we
problem right now
ons / come to it”?
It means “Something that
174. Idioms What does “a dime a dozen” mean? is very common, not
unique”
It means “to make a bad
175. Idioms What does “adding insult to injury”?
situation even worse”
It means “giving time or
What does “beating a dead horse”
176. Idioms energy to something that
mean?
is ended or over”
It means “suddenly,
What does “on the spur of the
177. Idioms without planning in
moment” mean?
advance”.
What does “feeling under the It means “not feeling well,
178. Idioms
weather” mean? or feeling sick”.
 24
It means “being in good
179. Idioms What does “fit as a fiddle” mean?
health”.
It means “being treated
What does “getting a taste of your
180. Idioms the way that you have
own medicine” mean?
been treating others”
It means “doing
What does “going on a wild goose
181. Idioms something that is
chase” mean?
pointless”
It means “not holding
What does “letting someone off the
182. Idioms someone responsible for
hook” mean
something”.
It means “sharing
What does “letting the cat out of the
183. Idioms information that was
bag” mean?
intended to be a secret”
It means “do or say
something to relieve
184. Idioms What does “break the ice” mean? tension or get
conversation going in a
strained situation”.
It means “an issue,
What does “the elephant in the person, or problem that
185. Idioms
room” mean? someone is trying to
avoid”.
It means “everyone gets
What does “Every dog has his day”
186. Idioms their chance to do
mean?
something big”.
It means “to change
What does “Blow hot and cold”
187. Idioms mood,attitude or course
mean?
of actionfrequently”.
The choice or solution
What does ‘Best of both worlds’ has all of the advantages
188. Idioms
mean? of two contrasting things
at the same time
What does ‘Biting off more than Try to do too much;
189. Idioms
you can chew’ mean? something too difficult
190. Idioms What does ‘Heard it on the Hearing rumors about
 25
grapevine’ mean? someone or something
What do we mean by “white a possession that is
191. Idioms
elephant”? useless or troublesome
What do we mean by “A bull in china extremely awkward,
192. Idioms
shop”? clumsy person
Phrasal What do we mean by the phrasal fall asleep easily,
193.
Verbs verb “drop off”? especially unintentionally
Phrasal to stay somewhere
194. What do we mean by “put up”?
Verbs temporarily
to be willing to accept
Phrasal someone or something
195. What do we mean by “put up with”?
Verbs that is unpleasant or not
desirable
Phrasal be patient or tolerant with
196. ‘Bear with’ means:
Verbs someone
to succeed in doing
Phrasal
197. ‘Carry off something’ means: something, esp. when
Verbs
this is difficult
What do we mean by the expression
198. Vocab Lazy, inactive person
“couch potato”?
What do we mean by the word
199. Vocab Disbeliever, cynic
“Skeptic”?
What do we mean by the word
200. Vocab careful, thorough
“Meticulous”?
What do we mean by the word
201. Vocab unaware, unmindful
“Oblivious”?
What do we mean by the word
202. Vocab Suppress, strangle
“stifle”?
203. Vocab What does ‘conscientious’ mean? Careful, keen, meticulous
204. Vocab What does ‘diligent’ mean? Hardworking, keen
205. Vocab What does ‘impregnable’ mean? Undefeatable
Learned, knowledgeable,
206. Vocab What does ‘Erudite’ mean?
scholarly
207. Vocab What is the meaning of ‘insomnia’? Sleeplessness
What is the pronunciation and Pronunciation:ipitemi
208. Vocab
meaning of the word ‘epitome’? Meaning: perfect
 26
example of something
A clever plan to turn a
209. Vocab What is the meaning of ‘ploy’? situation to one’s
advantage
One who spends money
210. Vocab ‘Thrifty’ means:
wisely
using very few words and
211. Vocab ‘Brusquely’ means:
sounding rude, curtly
212. Vocab ‘Lucid’ means: transparently clear
213. Vocab ‘Obliterate’ means: Destroy, eliminate
214. Vocab ‘Abysmal’ means: Terrible, awful, horrible
215. Vocab ‘Obdurate’ means: Stubborn, inflexible
Go back on, break your
216. Vocab ‘Renege’ means:
word, backtrack
217. Vocab ‘Remiss’ means: Careless, negligent
218. Vocab ‘Zenith’ means: Peak, summit, pinnacle
We use the word few
when we want to talk
about the quantity of
What is the difference between a few something. Usually, we
219. Grammar
and few? use it when we want to
talk about a small
quantity. A few means
more than Few
‘He was an honest person.’ Which
220. Grammar Linking Verb
part of speech is the word was?
A sentence that consists
of an independent clause
221. Grammar What is a complex sentence? and a dependent clause
is called complex
sentences.
Both are correct. If the
Which is the correct pronunciation of definite article precedes a
222. Grammar the definite article ‘The’ as ‘thee’ and consonant sound it is
‘tha’? pronounced as ‘tha’ e.g.
‘the party’ and if it
 27
precedes a vowel sound
it is pronounced as ‘thee’
e.g. ‘the egg’.
We use ‘her’ or ‘it’ for
Which is the pronoun used for countries and only for
countries and do we have any Germany ‘He’ is used
223. Grammar
exception? since they call their
country as fatherland not
motherland.
Which of the following sentence is
correct?
224. Grammar She writes beautifully.
She writes beautifully.
She writes beautiful.
An -ing form of verb used
225. Grammar What is a gerund? as a noun e.g. swimming,
flying, etc.
Correct the sentence ‘He is known by
226. Grammar He is known to me.
me’.
Correct the sentence ‘By whom you By whom were you
227. Grammar
were taught?’ taught?
Correct the sentence ‘He asked me He asked me where I had
228. Grammar
where had I gone. gone.
What does ‘It’s always darkest before Things always get worse
229. Proverb
the dawn’ mean? before they get better.
You can’t force someone
What does ‘You can lead a horse to
to make what is
230. Proverb water, but you can’t make him drink’
seemingly the right
mean?
decision.
231. Misc What are spellings of ‘abhorrence’? -
chain reaction, when one
What do we mean by the phrase
232. Misc event sets off a chain of
“Domino effect”?
similar events
Aim is usually a short
What is the difference between ‘aim’
233. Misc term goal while ambition
and ‘ambition’?
is a long term objective
234. Misc What is the difference between effect Effect, with an ‘e’, is a
 28
and affect? noun and Affect is a verb
235. Misc What does ‘nuptial bond’ mean? Marriage contract
Sickness refers to state
What is the difference between
236. Misc of mind, whereas illness
‘sickness’ and illness?
implies physical ailment.
‘Cold’ refers to
What is the difference between ‘cold’
237. Misc unpleasant, whereas,
and cool?
‘cool’ implies ‘pleasant’.
‘Stationary’ refers to
What is the difference between
238. Misc ‘static’. ‘Stationery’
‘stationary’ and ‘stationery’?
implies writing material.
‘Economic’ is related to
trade / finance, whereas,
What is the difference between
239. Misc ‘economical’ involves
‘economic’ and ‘economical’?
austerity (saving money
or time).
Abbreviation is the short
form of a word and
What is the difference between an
240. Misc Acronym is a speakable
abbreviation and Acronym?
word made from first
letters of word.
The singular and plural
241. Misc What is the plural of elite?
form of elite is same
The spelling is C-L-I-C-H-
What is the spelling and meaning of E and the meaning is
242. Misc
the word cliché? often-repeated word or
expression.
Adopt is to take
something over, and to
243. Misc Difference between adopt and adapt? adapt is to change the
behaviour to suit your
needs.
Give up means to stop
What is the difference between Give trying to do something;
244. Misc
up and Give in? Give indenotes surrender
to something
 29
245. Misc What is the singular of ‘data’? Datum
246. Misc What is the plural of ‘crisis’? Crises
Mistakes are usually
What is the difference between error accidental. Errors are
247. Misc
and mistake? usually made due to the
lack of knowledge.
‘Fewer’ refers to items
which you can count
individually. ‘Less’ refers
What is the difference between fewer
248. Misc to things like commodity,
and less?
such as sand or water,
which you cannot count
individually.
Historic means famous
Differentiate between ‘historic’ and or significant whereas
249. Misc
‘historical’. Historical means related
to history.
250. Misc How to spell etiquette? -
251. Define Economics?
Economics is a social science concerned with the production, distribution, and
consumption of goods and services. It is the study of how best to allocate scarce
resources among the competing uses.
252. How can we define the term Economy?
An economy is a system of organizations and institutions that either facilitate or play
a role in the production and distribution of goods and services in a society.
Economies determine how resources are distributed among members of a society;
they determine the value of goods or services; and they even determine what sorts
of things can be traded or bartered for those services and goods.
253. What do you know about Islamic Economic System?
Basic structure of Islamic Economic system is found in the Holy Quran and Hadith.
Islamic economic system is that part of Islamic way of life which relates to the
economic activities of the people.
254. Define Capitalism?
An economic system in which privately-owned companies and businesses undertake
most economic activity (with the goal of generating private profit), and most work is
performed by employed workers who are paid wages or salaries.
 30
255. Which economic system characterized by central ownership of
resources?
An economic system in which most wealth is owned or controlled collectively
(through the state, other public institutions, or non-profit organizations), and the
operation of markets is influenced or managed through regulation and planning.
256. What is the central idea of Mixed Economy?
Mixed economy is neither pure Capitalism nor pure Socialism but a mixture of both.
Mixed Economy means that the private and public enterprises operate side by side.
257. How can we define the term Economic Growth?
Economic growth is the expansion of total output produced in the economy. It is
usually measured by the expansion of real GDP.
258. Is Economic Development the same as Economic Growth?
Economic development is the process through which a country’s economy expands
and improves in both quantitative and qualitative terms like, the accumulation of real
capital; the development of education, skills, and human capacities; improvements in
governance, democracy, and stability; and changes in the sectoral make-up of the
economy.
259. Define Economic Planning?
“Conceiving, initiating, regulating and controlling economic activity by the state
according to the set priorities with a view to achieving well defined objectives within a
given time”.
260. How Depression affects an economy?
A depression is a very deep, long, and painful recession, in which unemployment
rises to very high levels, and economic output does not bounce back.
261. Define Economic Problem?
It is the problem of scarcity and choice between alternative uses of resources. It
arises out of scarcity and is solved by making choice.
262. What is a consumer and customer?
Consumer surplus is defined as the difference between what the consumer wants to
pay for a product and what he actually pays
263. What is National Income?
National Income is the total income of a country. It is the aggregate of all individual
incomes plus the income of the government.
National Income = Consumption + government expenditure + Investments+
(Exports less Imports) + National Resident’s Foreign Production – Non-National
Resident’s Domestic Production
264. Explain Gross Domestic Product?
 31
The value of all the goods and services produced for money in an economy,
evaluated at their market prices. It excludes the value of unpaid work (such as caring
reproductive labor performed in the home). GDP is calculated by adding up the
value-added at each stage of production.
GDP = Consumption + government expenditure + Investments + (Exports less
Imports)
265. How Gross National Product is different from Gross Domestic output?
NNP is an economic statistic that includes GDP, plus any income earned by
residents from overseas investments, minus income earned within the domestic
economy by overseas residents.
GNP = Consumption + Investment + Government + (net exports) + (net income
earned by domestic residents from overseas investments - net income earned by
foreign residents from domestic investments)
266. What is Net National Product?
The total market value of all final goods and services produced by the factors of
production of a country during a given time period, minus depreciation. In the
process of production of goods and services of a country some capital is used.
NNP= Gross National Product − Depreciation
267. Why Per Capita Income of an economy is an important indicator?
The level of GDP divided by the population of a country or region. Changes in real
GDP per capita over time are often interpreted as a measure of changes in the
average standard of living of a country, although this is misleading (because it
doesn’t account for differences in the distribution of income across factors of
production and individuals, and it doesn’t consider the value of unpaid labor).
PCI = GDP / Total Population
268. Define the term Disposable Personal Income?
It is the total net amount left with the individual after paying direct taxes out of their
Personal Income. Subtracting personal outlays (which includes the major category
of personal [or private] consumption expenditure) yields personal (or,
private) savings, hence the income left after paying away direct taxes is referred to
as disposable income.
Disposable Personal Income = Personal Income – (Payable Taxes + Other
Deductions)
269. What do you know about Marginal Propensity to Consume and save?
The percentage of an additional dollar of income which is consumed is called MPC,
whereas the percentage of an additional dollar of income that is saved is known as
MPS.
 32
270. Define the term Mortgage.
A mortgage is a special kind of credit, usually longer-term in duration, used to
finance the construction or purchase of property or a long-lasting structure (such as
a home or building).
271. What is Budget of an Economy?
The budget is a formal estimate of future income and expenses, covering a definite
period of time. It is a detailed statement of a government’s expected expenditures
and revenues.
272. How we can define the term Deficit Budget?
The amount by which the government’s budget outlays exceed its budget receipts for
any given period.
273. When a budget is termed as Surplus Budget?
The amount by which the government’s budget receipts exceed its budget outlays for
any given period.
274. How the concept Current Expenditures can be defined?
It shows proposed expenditure on civil administration, economic and social services,
defense, debt services and grants to provinces. In Pakistan around 80% of total
budget is consumed by current expenses leaving a small proportion for development
projects.
275. Which expenditures are called Developmental Expenditure?
Every year every government earmarks a part of its resources for new development
projects and schemes. If more funds are allocated for development purposes, then
the rate of growth of the economy will be higher.
276. Define the concept Deficit Financing?
Deficit financing is the process of arranging sufficient finance through loans, grants
etc. from internal and external sources in order to bridge up the gap between
estimated expenditures and revenues of government.
277. What do you know about Fiscal Policy?
The use of taxation and government expenditures to effect changes in aggregate
economic variables and to realize the goal of economic policy.
278. What is Import Tariff?
A tariff is a tax imposed by a government on goods and services imported from other
countries that serves to increase the price and make imports less desirable.
279. Define the term Subsidy.
Subsidy is a direct or indirect payment, economic concession, or privilege granted by
a government to private firms, households, or other governmental units in order to
promote a public objective.
 33
280. What are the Sukuks?
Sukuk are securities of equal denomination representing individual ownership
interests in a portfolio of eligible existing or future assets. Simply we can say sukkuk
are Islamic bonds based on shariah.
281. How Value Added Tax is imposed?
A value-added tax (VAT) is a consumption tax placed on a product whenever value
is added at each stage of the supply chain, from production to the point of sale.
282. What is With-holding Tax?
Withholding is an act of deduction or collection of tax at source, which has generally
been in the nature of an advance tax payment.
283. Define Debt.
The total amount of money owed by an individual, company or other organization to
banks or other lenders is their debt. It represents the accumulated total of past
borrowing. When it is owed by government, it is called public debt, and it represents
the accumulation of past budget deficits.
284. Explain circular debt of Pakistan.
In Pakistan, circular debt is a public debt which is a cascade of unpaid government
subsidies, which results in accumulation of debt on distribution companies. When
this happens, the distribution companies can't pay independent power
producers who in turn, are unable to pay fuel providing companies thus creating the
debt effect as prevalent in the country. As of January 2021, the total circular debt of
Pakistan is ₨2,306 billion
285. What is Foreign Debt?
Public debt that is payable to lenders outside the country, like IMF, World Bank etc.
286. What is Domestic Debt?
Internal or domestic debt represents the government’s obligations to domestic
lenders.
287. What is Debt Servicing?
Debt service is the cash that is required to cover the repayment of interest and
principal on a debt for a particular period.
288. What is Debt Trap?
Debt traps are circumstances in which it is difficult or impossible for a borrower to
pay back money that they have borrowed. These traps are usually caused by high
interest rates, short time period and are a hallmark of a predatory lending.
289. What do you know about Balance of Payment?
"Balance of Payments is a comprehensive record of all the economic transactions of
the residents of a country with the rest of the world during a given period of time."
 34
290. Define Current Account.
It includes all international traded transactions of goods and services and
international unilateral transfer (i.e. gift and foreign aid).
291. What is Capital Account?
It is a record of financial transactions consisting of direct investment and purchase of
interest bearing financial certificates etc.
292. What is meant by Free Trade Agreement?
An agreement between two or more countries which eliminates tariffs on trade
between the countries, reduces non-tariff barriers to trade, cements rights and
protections for investors and corporations, and takes other measures to guarantee a
generally liberalized, pro-business economic environment.
293. Define Protectionism.
The term “Protectionism” is used to denote a policy of encouraging the home
industry by the use of bounties or by the imposition of high customs duties on foreign
products. The object is to build up home national industries even by sacrificing
utilities on the part of consumers.
294. Explain Import Substitution Policy?
A strategy that emphasizes the replacement of imports with domestically produced
goods, rather than the production of goods for export, to encourage the development
of domestic industry.
295. What is Export Led Growth?
Export-led growth occurs when a country seeks economic development by engaging
in international trade and encourages the industry to increase exports.
296. What is meant by Remittances?
The term 'remittance' derives from the word 'remit', which means 'to send back'.
Remittance refers to an amount of money transferred or sent from one party to
another, usually overseas.
297. How Transfer payments are different from income?
Transfer Payment is the amount of money and benefits that one gets without
providing the services of any factor of production. It is received only because of the
relationship / position of the recipient with the payee. For example pocket money,
unemployment allowance, Zakat and alms.
298. What is meant by FDI in Economics?
Foreign Direct Investment: An investment by a company based in one country, in
an actual operating business, including real physical capital assets (like buildings,
machinery and equipment), located in another country.
299. How BOT projects work?
 35
The construction and the operation of a manufacturing or services facility in a foreign
country for a set period of time after which it is handed over to a local government
authority for a nominal fee. BOT is usually used as a means of financing large or
complicated infrastructure projects in developing economies unable to finance the
project themselves.
300. How Return on Investment is calculated?
Return on investment is a simple ratio of the gain from an investment relative to the
amount invested.
ROI = Net Income / Cost of Investment.
301. Define Public Investment?
It is the real investment spending by government or public institutions on structures,
infrastructure, machinery and equipment, and other real capital.
302. What is Private Investment?
Private Investment is on private account i.e., private investors or entrepreneurs are
influenced by marginal efficiency of capital (i.e., profit expenditure) and the rate of
interest. It is profit-elastic.
303. What do you mean by term Public Private Partnership?
A form of financing public investment, and sometimes the direct provision of public
services, in which finance is provided by private investors (in return for interest), and
private firms are involved in the management of the construction or operation of the
publicly-owned facility. PPPs have been heavily criticized for increasing the cost of
public projects and generating undue profits for private investors.
304. Differentiate between Cost, Price and Profit?
The cost to manufacture a product might include the cost of raw materials and other
inputs used. Price is the amount a customer is willing to pay for a product or service.
The difference between price paid and costs incurred is profit.
305. What is meant by term money?
Broadly speaking, money is anything that can be used as a means of payment (for
example, to settle a debt). It includes actual currency, bank deposits, credit cards
and lines of credit, and various modern electronic means of payment.
306. Define the term Monetary Policy?
Monetary policy reflects the use by government and government agencies
(especially the central bank) of interest rate adjustments and other levers (such as
various banking regulations) to influence the flow of new credit into the economy.
307. What is open Market Operation?
In the wider sense means purchase or sale by a central bank of any kind of paper in
which it deals, like government securities or any other public securities or trade bills,
 36
etc. In practice, however, the term is applied to purchase or sale of government
securities, short-term as well as long-term, at the initiative of the central bank, as a
deliberate credit policy.
308. Define Interbank Rate?
The interbank rate is the rate of interest at which banks execute loan and other
transactions among themselves.
309. What is meant by Money Supply?
Money supply means the total amount of money (currency, coins, cheques, credit
and deposits) in circulation in a particular economy. Control and management of
money supply is the responsibility of central bank of an economy.
310. Define the term “Time Value of Money”?
Time value of money is the idea that money that is available at the present time is
worth more than the same amount in the future, due to its potential earning capacity.
This core principle of finance holds that provided money can earn interest, any
amount of money is worth more the sooner it is received.
311. What is Interest Rate?
The interest rate is the price of money. The quantity of money demanded increases
and decreases with the fluctuation of the interest rate. Following the simple law of
demand, the increase in interest rate leads to decrease demand for money and vice
versa.
312. Define Bank?
Bank is an entity that accepts deposits and issues loans. It makes profit by charging
more interest for the loans than it pays on the deposits, as well as through various
service charges. By issuing new loans (or credit), banks create new money which is
essential to promoting economic growth and job creation.
313. What do you know about Commercial Bank?
Commercial banks are the institutions which perform general banking functions.
They receive deposits, advance loans and create credit.
314. What Is a Debit Card?
A debit card is a payment card that deducts money directly from a consumer’s
checking account to pay for a purchase. Debit cards eliminate the need to carry cash
or physical checks to make purchases directly from your savings. In addition, debit
cards, also called “check cards,” offer the convenience of credit cards and many of
the same consumer protections when issued by major payment processors such as
Visa or MasterCard.
315. What Is Bankruptcy?
 37
Bankruptcy is a legal proceeding involving a person or business that is unable to
repay their outstanding debts. The bankruptcy process begins with a petition filed by
the debtor, which is most common, or on behalf of creditors, which is less common.
All of the debtor's assets are measured and evaluated, and the assets may be used
to repay a portion of outstanding debt.
316. What is Central Bank?
A public financial institution usually established at the national level and controlled by
a national government, which sets short-term interest rates, lends money to
commercial banks and governments, and otherwise oversees the operation of the
credit system. Some central banks also have responsibility for regulating the
activities of private banks and other financial institutions.
317. Who is the issuing authority of currency notes and coins?
Central bank of an economy is the issuing authority of currency notes at guarantee
of government, whereas coins are issued directly by the government.
318. How Foreign Exchange Rate can be defined?
It is the “price” at which the currency of one country can be converted into the
currency of another country. A country’s currency is “strong,” or its exchange rate is
“high,” if it can purchase more of another country’s currency. A country’s currency
appreciates when its value (compared to other currencies) grows; it depreciates
when its value falls.
319. What is meant by term Foreign Exchange Reserve?
Foreign exchange reserves are assets denominated in a foreign currency that are
held by a central bank. These may include foreign currencies, bonds, treasury bills,
and other government securities.
320. How Fixed Exchange Rate System works in an economy?
An international monetary system that each country’s currency is set at a fixed level
relative to other currencies, and this fixed level is defended by government
intervention in the foreign exchange market.
321. What is Floating Exchange Rate system?
An international monetary system in which exchange rates are set by the forces of
demand and supply with minimal government intervention
322. Define Currency Appreciation?
It is the rise in the value of one currency relative to another.
323. What is Currency Depreciation?
This represents the loss of value from an existing stock of real capital (for an
individual company or for the whole economy), reflecting the normal wear-and-tear of
machinery, equipment, and infrastructure. A company or country must invest
 38
continuously just to offset depreciation, or else its capital stock will gradually run
down.
324. Define Devaluation in Currency?
It is a change in the level of a fixed exchange rate in a downward direction; a
depreciation of a fixed rate.
325. Define Over- Valuation of Currency?
Increase in the official value of a currency.
326. Define the term Inflation.
It is a process whereby the average price level in an economy increases over time.
327. How Cost Push Inflation occur?
Increases in the price level caused by monopoly and/or union pressure or by
decreases in the supply of products or resources.
328. What is Demand Pull Inflation?
Increases in the price level caused by increases in the demand of products and
resources.
329. Can you define Hyper Inflation?
It is a situation of extremely rapid inflation (reaching 100% per year or more), often
resulting from a condition of economic or political breakdown.
330. Do you know something about Stagflation?
Stagflation is a situation when there is stagnation as well as inflation, both side
by side.
331. How can we measure Consumer Price Index?
The consumer price index (CPI) is a measure of the overall price level paid by
consumers for the various goods and services they purchase. Retail price
information is gathered on each type of product, and then weighted according to its
importance in overall consumer spending, to construct the CPI. Monthly or annual
changes in the CPI provide a good measure of the rate of consumer price inflation.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) = [Cost of the basket in the current year / Cost of
the basket in the base year] x 100
332. What is Market?
“Economists understand by the term market not any particular market place in which
things are bought and sold but whole of any region in which buyers and sellers are in
such free intercourse with one another that the price of the same good tend to
equality easily and quickly.’’
333. Define Stock Exchange Market?
 39
It is a place where shares of joint stock corporations are bought and sold. Most
modern stock markets no longer have a physical presence, but rather consist of
connected computer networks.
334. What is Share?
It is a financial assets which represent the ownership of a small proportion of the
total equity (or net wealth) of a corporation. Shares can be bought and sold on a
stock market.
335. What do you know about the term Initial Public Offering (IPO)?
An initial public offering (IPO) refers to the process of offering shares of a private
corporation to the public in a new stock issuance. Public share issuance allows a
company to raise capital from public investors.
336. Explain the term Blue Chips Stock?
Blue chip stocks are shares of very large and well-recognized companies with a long
history of sound financial performance. These stocks are known to have capabilities
to endure tough market conditions and give high returns in good market conditions.
Blue chip stocks generally cost high, as they have good reputation and are often
market leaders in their respective industries.
337. Define the term Bullish Trend in stock market.
A 'trend' in financial markets can be defined as a direction in which the market
moves. 'Bullish Trend' is an upward trend in the prices of an industry's stocks or the
overall rise in broad market indices, characterized by high investor confidence.
338. Which trend is known as Bearish Trend in Stock Market?
'Bearish Trend' in financial markets can be defined as a downward trend in the prices
of an industry's stocks or the overall fall in broad market indices.
339. What Is the Black Market?
A black market is a transaction platform, whether physical or virtual, where goods or
services are exchanged illegally. What makes the market "black" can either be the
illegal nature of the goods and services themselves, the illegal nature of the
transaction or both.
340. Why KSE 100 Index is used as an indicator of stock exchange
performance?
The KSE 100 Index is designed to measure the performance of 100 companies
which comprises the sector largest market capitalization companies and highest
market capitalization companies (other than sector largest market capitalization
companies).
341. What do know about Securities & Exchange Commission of Pakistan?
 40
The Securities & Exchange Commission of Pakistan is the financial regulatory
agency in Pakistan whose objective is to develop a modern and efficient corporate
sector and a capital market based on sound authority principles, in order to
encourage investment and foster economic growth and prosperity in Pakistan.
342. What is meant by Unemployment Rate?
This measures the share of working age adults who are actually employed in a
paying position. The employment rate can be a better indicator of the strength of
labour markets than the unemployment rate (since the unemployment rate depends
on whether or not a non-working individual is considered to be "in" the labour force).
343. What is Human Development Index (HDI)?
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistic developed and compiled by the
United Nations to measure and various countries' levels of social and economic
development. It is composed of four principal areas of interest: mean years of
schooling expected years of schooling, life expectancy at birth, and gross
national income per capita.
344. What is Poverty?
A state of having inadequate income or other resources to support a household or
group of households at a basic standard of living is called poverty. Poverty can be
measured in absolute or relative terms.
345. What is Income Inequality?
The distribution of income across individual households typically demonstrates
inequality between higher-income and lower income households.
346. Multinational Corporation:
A multinational corporation (MNC) is a company which directly undertakes
productive facilities or operations in more than one country. Foreign direct
investment is the act of investing in, or expanding, those actual productive
operations in other countries.
347. What do you know about International Monetary Fund?
The IMF promotes itself as “an organization of 188 countries, working to foster global
monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote
high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the
world.” It was created in 1944, while World War II was still raging, as part of
the Bretton Woods Agreement. The agreement sought to create a monetary and
exchange rate management system that might prevent a repeat of the
currency devaluations that contributed to the economic challenges of that period.
348. What is the roll of Asian development bank?
 41
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a regional development bank established
on 19 December 1966, which is headquartered in the Ortigas Center located in the
city of Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, Philippines. The highest policy-making body of
the bank is the Board of Governors, composed of one representative from each
member state. it was formed to foster economic growth and co-operation in the
region of Asia and the Pacific and to contribute to the acceleration of economic
development of the developing countries of the region.
349. What is World trade organization?
The World Trade Organization (WTO) claims to be “the only global international
organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations.” The WTO’s efforts
center on developing trade agreements between nations to encourage cross-border
commerce. This includes setting up the agreements, interpreting the
agreements and facilitating dispute settlement.
350. What is World Bank?
The World Bank Group, like the IMF, was created at Bretton Woods in 1944. Its goal
is to provide “financial and technical assistance to developing countries around the
world” in an effort to “reduce poverty and support development.” It consists of five
underlying institutions, the first two of which are collectively referred to as The World
Bank. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD),
International Development Association (IDA), International Finance
Corporation (IFC), Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, International
Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes.
351. International Political System
International Political System is defined as, “A political system which is prevalent in
the entire world, which manifest an international equilibrium, balance of power,
whether bi-polarism or polycentrism, diplomacy international law and patterns of
international political economy”.
352. International Law
International law is defined as rules, principles and conventions that govern the
relations between or among the states. International law has been built up piecemeal
through agreements, long established customs, tribunals and international
conferences. There is no international-law-making body as such and national
governments themselves decide to adhere to the principles and conventions of
international law.
353. Sovereignty
 42
Sovereignty is defined as,” The supreme decision making and decision enforcing
authority possessed by a sovereign state”, it is also defined as, “Supreme power
over the citizens and subject unrestrained by law.”
354. National Interest
The national interest, often referred to by the French term raison d'État, is a
country's goals and ambitions whether economic, military, or cultural. The national
interest of a state is multi faceted therefore, National Interest is defined as,” The sum
total of strategic, economic, political and ideological objectives that a particular
country wants to achieve both at internal and external fronts”. It means real interests
of the country as a whole, such as preservation, independence, territorial integrity,
military security and economic wellbeing.
355. Foreign Policy
Foreign Policy is defined as, “A strategy or planned course of actions developed by
decision makers of a state vis-à-vis other states or international entities, aimed at
achieving specific goals defined in terms of national interest”. In narrower sense it
refers to the actions of the government officials to influence human behavior beyond
the jurisdiction of their own state.
356. Good Offices and Mediation
Good Offices is defined as, “ A procedure where a third state involve diplomatic
efforts to re-establish direct bilateral negotiations between disputing parties, it
denotes the bringing of the disputing parties together and counseling or suggesting a
settlement without participating in the negotiation or conducting an inquiry into the
various aspects of the dispute”. When the parties to a dispute refuse to negotiate, a
third state may come forward and offer its good offices for the purpose of
conciliation. The party tendering good offices may be an individual or an international
organ. For example in Middle East peace process Norway’s Foreign Minister offered
his “good offices” to Israel and PLO to end the Palestinian dispute.
357. Mediation
Mediation is defined as, “A peaceful settlement procedure whereby a third party aids
the disputants in finding a solution by offering substantive suggestions”. Mediation
may be requested by the parties to a dispute or volunteered by a third state. For
example Indus Water Treaty is a classic example of mediation by World Bank
between India and Pakistan to resolve the water dispute.
358. Negotiation
Negotiation is defined as, “A diplomatic interaction, contact or dialogue between two
or more states for the purpose of arriving at a settlement of a dispute”. Such
negotiations are carried out either by the heads of states or by their accredited
 43
agents. Often there is an exchange of correspondence for clearing up controversy.
The various attempts made by India and Pakistan to settle some of their outstanding
differences by exchange of notes, furnishes examples of negotiations. At present the
two governments are trying to solve the Kashmir issue through negotiations.
359. Diplomacy
Diplomacy is defined as “Management of international relations by negotiations or
the method by which these relations are adjusted and managed” It is in-fact a
practice of conducting relations between states through official representatives. In
popular sense diplomacy means employment of tact, shrewdness and skill in any
negotiation or transaction. Diplomacy manifests itself in many forms e.g. shuttle
diplomacy, official diplomacy, offensive diplomacy and defensive diplomacy.
360. Power Politics

Power politics is defined as, “Nation-states maneuvers to obtain power in

international politics”. All the states of the world seek to gain, maintain, and ultimately
enhance power in multidimensional aspects. Power politics is a means to conduct
international relations. Nations compete to dominate the world's resources and it is to
a nation's advantage to be manifestly able to harm others. It prioritizes national self-
interest over the interest of other nations or the international community.
361. Balance of Power
It is a concept that describes how states deal with the problem of national security by
shifting alliances. Balance of Power is defined as, “An international equilibrium
where no state is in a position of domination to lay down the rules for other”. Balance
of power is the game of the great powers and a real balance of power seldom exists
because of the rapid changes in the capabilities of the states. Small countries can
only be the weights in the balance used by the big players. Since its origin in the 16th
century, it is the basic principle of the international politics and will remain so till the
time nation-states exist in the world. For a country to obtain balance of power
following means are used:-
 Armaments
 Alliances
 Divide and Rule
 Buffer States
362. Balance of Terror
Balance of Terror is defined as “The equilibrium of power among nuclear states
stemming from common fear of annihilation in a nuclear war”. The vast arsenal of
 44
destructive power underlying the balance of terror has eliminated total war as a
rational instrument of policy but has grossly increased the dangers of accidental war.
363. Cold War
It may be defined as, “Extreme state of tension between countries in which each side
adopts policies designed to strengthen itself and weaken the other, but falling short
of actual war”. The cold war period has been characterized by political maneuvering,
diplomatic wrangling, psychological warfare, ideological hostility, economic warfare
and other power contests falling short of an all out hot war. The term is frequently
used to describe the relationship which has existed between the western powers
(capitalist countries and the communist block of former Soviet Union).
364. Non-Alignment
It is defined as “The desire and ability of an independent country to follow an
independent policy in foreign affairs”. It reflects the policy of a state to refrain from
being a participant in big power’s rivalry and to avoid joining of any bloc. Non-
Alignment was a famous term during cold war where a group of states were neither
interested in aligning themselves either with Soviet Union or with USA.
365. Clash of Civilizations
After the end of cold war a new theory has been floated by Samuel P. Huntington
that the cold war and ideological conflict between Communism and Capitalism will be
replaced by the clash of civilizations. The major clash is predicted between Islamic
and Christian civilizations. He puts forward the following arguments in this regard: -

 Differences in language, culture and religion.

 World as a global village
 Close interaction among the nations of the world that will create identity
problem
 Religion as a source of identity
 Anti-western feelings
366. Treaty
A formal agreement among the sovereign states which establishes defines or
modifies their mutual rights and obligations. Treaty is the highest form of
commitment between the two or more states and the parties to a treaty are bound to
observe it.
367. Commonwealth
Commonwealth is defined as, “A voluntary association of independent states that
were once part of the British Empire”. Commonwealth members include most
 45
European, African, Asian, Western Hemispheric and Oceanic countries. Queen
Elizabeth is head of Commonwealth.
368. Ideology
In the present day world the word ‘ideology’ is very common in the vocabulary of
international politics. A set of ideas can win over human minds without using
organised power. So it has been defined as ‘‘The articulation of basic political,
economic and social values as a body of ideas that serves as the basis for an ideal
social system or way of life is called ideology”. An ideology is dynamic force in the
power equation since the unity and validity it creates can be directed against states
or groups. An ideology is a cluster of ideas about social, political and economic life or
government that originates in most cases, as consciously advocated or dogmatically
asserted social, political or religious slogans or battle cries and which through
continuous usage and preaching gradually become the characteristic features or
dogmas of a particular group, party or a nationality. Ideology can be applied to a
great variety of moving ideas of our times including many of the “isms” e.g.
Communism, Socialism, Fascism, Liberalism and so on. Democracy in a way is also
an ideology and the same is true for the major religions, notably Islam and
Christianity.
369. Imperialism
Imperialism has been defined as “The policy that aims at building and maintaining an
empire, in which many states and people, spread over a wide geographical area, are
controlled by one dominant state”. Imperialism is the opposite of the principle of self-
determination which is the more generally accepted creed today.
370. Capitalism
Capitalism is defined as, “An economic system in which the means of production,
distribution and exchange are privately owned and operated for private profit”.
Capitalism, also called free market economy, is an economic system where the
investment of capital, production, distribution, income, and prices are determined not
by government but through the operation of a competitive market where decisions
regarding transfer of money, goods (including capital goods), and services are
voluntary and private rather than regulated and mandated by government. Although
most of the West European countries and the U.SA are characterized as capitalist
states, yet in these countries the governments exert their control on the economy
through variety of direct and indirect means.
371. Socialism
Socialism is an economic system of government which advocates state ownership of
the means of production with equal distribution of goods among the people. The
 46
central goal is to establish a ‘worker’s paradise’ an ideal state with perfect equality.
“An ideology that rejects individualism, private ownership in favour of a system
based on economic collectivism, governmental, societal or industrial group
ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods and social
responsibility”.
372. Communism
It has been described as “any economic theory or system based on the ownership of
all property by the community as a whole or the political system under which the
economy including capital, property, major industries, and public services are
controlled and directed by the state and in that sense is “communal”. Modern
communism is based on Marxism, as interpreted by the Russian revolutionary leader
Lenin.
373. Bi-polarism
Bi-polarism is that pattern of international political system wherein the balance of
power politics have tended towards the polarization of power, usually around the
strongest members of rival alliances or groupings. World War II transformed the
international political system from a polycentric into a bipolar system dominated by
USA and USSR. After the end of cold war the world system has converted itself into
a uni-polar one, where the U.SA is playing the role of sole super power.

374. What was Operation Blue Star?

Operation Blue Star was the code name of an Indian military action which was
carried out between 1 and 10 June, 1984, in order to capture the Sikh
leader Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and his followers along with the demolition of
the buildings of Harman dir Sahib (Golden Temple) complex in Amritsar, Punjab.

375. The Peloponnesian War was fought when and between whom?

The Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC) was an ancient Greek war fought by
the Delian League led by Athens against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta.

376. When was the Battle of Waterloo fought and what is its Significance?

The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday, 18 June 1815, near

Waterloo in Belgium, part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands at the time. A
French army under the command of Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by
two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition, a British-led coalition consisting of units
from the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Hanover, Brunswick and Nassau, under
the command of the Duke of Wellington, referred to by many authors as the Anglo-
allied army or Wellington's army, and a Prussian army under the command of Field
 47
Marshal von Blücher, referred also as Blücher's army. The battle marked the end
of the Napoleonic Wars.
377. When was the Battle of Bulge fought and what is its significance?
The Battle of the Bulge, also known as the Ardennes Counteroffensive, was a major
German offensive campaign on the Western Front during World War II, and took
place from 16 December 1944 to 25 January 1945. It was launched through the
densely forested Ardennes region in Belgium and Luxembourg towards the end of
the war in Europe. The offensive was intended to stop Allied use of the Belgian port
of Antwerp and to split the Allied lines, allowing the Germans to encircle and
destroy four Allied armies and force the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in
the Axis powers' favor. The "Bulge" was the largest and bloodiest single battle
fought by the United States in World War IIand the third-deadliest campaign in
American history.
378. What is Nagorno-Karabakh conflict?
The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict is an ethnic and territorial conflict
between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh,
inhabited mostly by ethnic Armenians and seven surrounding districts, inhabited
mostly by Azerbaijanis until their expulsion during the War which are de
facto controlled by the self-declared Republic of Artsakh, but are internationally
recognized as de jure part of Azerbaijan. The conflict has its origins in the early 20th
century, though the present conflict began in 1988, when the Karabakh Armenians
demanded that Karabakh be transferred from Soviet Azerbaijan to Soviet Armenia.
The conflict escalated into a full-scale war in the early 1990s.A ceasefire signed in
1994 provided for two decades of relative stability, which significantly deteriorated
along with Azerbaijan's increasing frustration with the status quo, at odds with
Armenia's efforts to cement it. A four-day escalation in April 2016 became the
deadliest ceasefire violation until the conflict. The fighting stopped with a ceasefire
agreement on November 10, 2020, by which most of the territories lost by
Azerbaijan during the First Nagorno-Karabakh war were returned to Azerbaijan.
379. Who was Iranian General Qasim suleimani and why was he
assassinated?
Qasim Soleimani (11 March 1957 – 3 January 2020) was an Iranian major
general in the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and, from 1998 until his
death in 2020, commander of its Quds Force, a division primarily responsible
for extraterritorial military and clandestine operations. In his later years, he was
considered by some to be the second most powerful person in Iran behind Ayatollah
Ali Khamenei and his right-hand man. Soleimani was assassinated in a targeted
 48
U.S. drone strike on 3 January 2020 in Baghdad, which was approved by U.S.
President Donald Trump. The strike was strongly condemned by some, including the
Iranian government, and a multi-city funeral was held in Iraq and Iran for Soleimani
and other casualties. Hours after his burial on 7 January 2020, the Iranian
military launched missiles against U.S. bases in Iraq; while no lives were lost in
the second attack, the Pentagon reported that 110 U.S. troops were wounded as a
result.
380. What is Israel-UAE Peace Deal?
The Israel–United Arab Emirates Treaty of Peace, officially the Abraham Accords
Peace Agreement: was initially agreed to in a joint statement by the United
States, Israel and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) on August 13, 2020, officially
referred to as the Abraham Accords. The UAE thus became the third Arab country,
after Egypt in 1979 and Jordan in 1994, to agree to formally normalize its
relationship with Israel, as well as the first Persian Gulf country to do so.
Concurrently, Israel agreed to suspend plans for annexing parts of the West
Bank. The agreement normalized what had long been informal but robust foreign
relations between the two countries. The agreement was signed at the White
House on September 15, 2020. It was approved unanimously by the Israeli cabinet
on October 12 and was ratified by the Knesset on October 15. The UAE parliament
and cabinet ratified the agreement on October 19.
381. Who is Jullian Assange?
Julian Paul Assange (born 3 July 1971) is an Australian editor, publisher,
and activist who founded Wiki Leaks in 2006. Wiki Leaks came to international
attention in 2010 when it published a series of leaks provided by U.S.
Army intelligence analyst Chelsea Manning. These leaks included the Baghdad
airstrike Collateral Murder video (April 2010), the Afghanistan war logs (July
2010), the Iraq war logs (October 2010), and Cable gate (November 2010). After
the 2010 leaks, the United States government launched a criminal investigation into
Wiki Leaks.In November 2010,Sweden issued an international arrest warrant for
Assange over allegations of sexual assault. Assange said the allegations were a
pretext for him to be extradited from Sweden to the United States because of his role
in publishing secret American documents. After failing in his battle against extradition
to Sweden, he breached bail and took refuge in the Embassy of Ecuador in
London in June 2012. He was granted asylum by Ecuador on the grounds of political
persecution, with the presumption that if he was extradited to Sweden, he would be
eventually extradited to the US. Swedish prosecutors dropped their investigation in
2019, saying their evidence had weakened over time. On 11 April 2019, Assange's
 49
asylum was withdrawn following a series of disputes with the Ecuadorian authorities.
The police were invited into the embassy, and he was arrested. He was found guilty
of breaching the Bail Act and sentenced to 50 weeks in prison. The United States
government unsealed an indictment against Assange, related to the leaks provided
by Chelsea Manning. On 23 May 2019, the United States government further
charged Assange with violating the Espionage Act of 1917. Editors from newspapers
including The Washington Post and The New York Times, as well as press freedom
organisations, criticised the government's decision to charge Assange under the
Espionage Act, characterising it as an attack on the First Amendment to the United
States Constitution, which guarantees freedom of the press. Assange is incarcerated
in HM Prison Belmarsh. On 4 January 2021, District Judge Vanessa Baraitser ruled
against the United States' request to extradite him and stated that doing so would be
"oppressive" by reason of his mental health; the United States has 14 days to
appeal. On 6 January 2021, Assange was denied bail.
382. What is South China Sea Conflict?
The South China Sea disputes involve both island and maritime claims by
several sovereign states within the region, namely Brunei, the People's Republic of
China (PRC), the Republic of China (ROC/Taiwan), Indonesia, Malaysia,
the Philippines, and Vietnam. An estimated US$ 3.37 trillion worth of global
trade passes through the South China Sea annually, ] which accounts for a third of
the global maritime trade. 80 percent of China's energy imports and 39.5 percent
of China's total trade passes through the South China Sea. China's actions in the
South China Sea have been described as part of China's salami slice
strategy.The disputes involve the islands, reefs, banks, and other features of the
South China Sea, including the Spratly Islands, Paracel Islands, Scarborough
Shoal, and various boundaries in the Gulf of Tonkin.
383. Who is Edward Snowden?
Edward Joseph Snowden (born June 21, 1983) is an American whistleblower who
copied and leaked highly classified information from the National Security
Agency (NSA) in 2013 when he was a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
employee and subcontractor.
384. What is Article 370?
Article 370 of the Indian constitution gave special status to Jammu and Kashmir, a
region located in the northern part of Indian subcontinent which was administered
by India as a state from 1954 to 31 October 2019, conferring it with the power to
have a separate constitution, a state flag and autonomy over the internal
administration of the state.
 50
385. What is Indo-China Doklam crisis?
The 2017 China India border standoff or Doklam standoff refers to the military border
standoff between the Indian Armed Forces and the People's Liberation Army of
China over Chinese construction of a road in Doklam near a trijunction border
area, known as Donglang. On 16 June 2017 Chinese troops with construction
vehicles and road-building equipment began extending an existing road southward in
Doklam, a territory which is claimed by both China as well as India's ally Bhutan. On
18 June 2017, as part of Operation Juniper, about 270 Indian troops armed with
weapons and two bulldozers crossed the Sikkim border into Doklam to stop the
Chinese troops from constructing the road. On 28 August, both India and China
announced that they had withdrawn all their troops from the face-off site in Doklam.
Doklam is an area disputed between China and Bhutan located near their tri-junction
with India. Unlike China and Bhutan, India does not claim Doklam but supports
Bhutan's claim. China's claim on Doklam is based on the 1890 Convention of
Calcutta between China and Britain, which states in Article.
386. What is Indo-China recent stand-off?
The 2020 China–India skirmishes were part of an ongoing military standoff
between China and India. From 5 May 2020, Chinese and Indian troops engaged in
aggressive melee, face-offs and skirmishes at locations along the Sino-Indian
border, including near the disputed Pangong Lake in Ladakh and the Tibet
Autonomous Region, and near the border between Sikkim and the Tibet
Autonomous Region. Additional clashes also took place at locations in eastern
Ladakh along the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
387. Who is Mohsen Fakhrizadeh?
Mohsen Fakhrizadeh Mahabadi (1958 – 27 November 2020) was a brigadier
general in the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, an academic physicist, and a
senior official in the nuclear program of Iran. Fakhrizadeh was assassinated in a
road ambush in Absard on 27 November 2020. Although initially reported to be
conducted by gunmen and a bomb, Iran says that the attack utilized an
autonomous satellite-operated gun. Iran alleged Israeli involvement, without
evidence. The killing raised tensions in the region. In response to his death, the
Iranian legislature passed a bill to block inspections of its nuclear program.
388. What is Bay of Pigs?
The Bay of Pigs (Spanish: Bahía de los Cochinos) is an inlet of the Gulf of
Cazones located on the southern coast of Cuba. By 1910, it was included in Santa
Clara Province, and then instead to Las Villas Province by 1961, but in 1976, it was
 51
reassigned to Matanzas Province, when the original six provinces of Cuba were re-
organized into 14 new Provinces of Cuba.
389. What is bay of pigs invasion?
The bay is historically important for the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion of 1961. The Bay
of Pigs Invasion was a failed landing operation on the southwestern coast of Cuba in
1961 by Cuban exiles who opposed Fidel Castro's Cuban Revolution. Covertly
financed and directed by the U.S. government, the operation took place at the height
of the Cold War, and its failure led to major shifts in international relations between
Cuba, the United States, and the Soviet Union.
390. What is significance of Mount Etna?
Mount Etnais an active stratovolcano on the east coast of Sicily, Italy, in
the Metropolitan City of Catania, between the cities of Messina and Catania. It lies
above the convergent plate margin between the African Plate and the Eurasian
Plate. It is the highest active volcano in Europe outside the Caucasus[3] and the
highest peak in Italy south of the Alps with a current height of 3,326 m (10,912 ft),
though this varies with summit eruptions.
391. Where is River Volga?
The Volga is the longest river in Europe. Flowing through Central Russia to Southern
Russia and into the Caspian Sea, it has a length of 3,531 km (2,194 mi) It is also
Europe's largest river in terms of discharge and drainage basin. It is widely regarded
as the national river of Russia. Four of the ten largest cities of Russia, including the
nation's capital, Moscow, are located in the Volga's drainage basin.
392. Where is River Danube?
The Danube is Europe's second-longest river, after the Volga. It is located in Central
and Eastern Europe. The Danube was once a long-standing frontier of the Roman
Empire and today flows through 10 countries. The river runs through the largest
number of countries in the world (the Nile is second with 9 countries). Originating
in Germany, the Danube flows southeast for 2,850 km (1,770 mi), passing through
orbordering Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova
and Ukraine before draining into the Black Sea. Its drainage basin extends into nine
more countries
393. Where are Alps?
The Alps are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies
entirely in Europe, stretching approximately 1,200 km (750 mi) across eight Alpine
countries (from west to
east): France, Switzerland, Monaco, Italy, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany,
and Slovenia. The Alpine arch generally extends from Nice on the western
 52
Mediterranean to Trieste on the Adriatic and Vienna at the beginning of the
Pannonian basin. The mountains were formed over tens of millions of years as the
African and Eurasian tectonic plates collided. Extreme shortening caused by the
event resulted in marine sedimentary rocks rising by thrusting and folding into high
mountain peaks such as Mont Blanc and the Matterhorn. Mont Blanc spans the
French–Italian border, and at 4,809 m (15,778 ft) is the highest mountain in the Alps.
The Alpine region area contains 128 peaks higher than 4,000 m (13,000 ft).
394. Where are Pyrenees
The Pyrenees is a mountain range between Spain and France. Reaching a height of
3,404 metres (11,168 ft) altitude at the peak of Aneto, it extends for about 491 km
(305 mi) from its union with the Cantabrian Mountains to the Mediterranean Sea. For
the most part, the main crest forms a divide between Spain and France, with
the microstate of Andorra sandwiched in between. Historically, the Crown of
Aragon and the Kingdom of Navarre extended on both sides of the mountain range.
395. Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia is a historical region of Western Asia situated within the Tigris–
Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent. In terms of the
modern nation-state it corresponds with much of Iraq, Kuwait, the eastern parts
of Syria, Southeastern Turkey, and regions along the Turkish–Syrian and Iran–Iraq
borders. The Sumerians and Akkadians (including Assyrians and Babylonians)
dominated Mesopotamia from the beginning of written history (c. 3100 BC) to the fall
of Babylon in 539 BC, when it was conquered by the Achaemenid Empire. It fell
to Alexander the Great in 332 BC, and after his death, it became part of the
Greek Seleucid Empire. Later the Arameans dominated major parts of Mesopotamia
(c. 900 BC – 270 AD)
396. Troy
Troy was a city in the northwest of Asia Minor (modern Turkey), southwest of the
Çanakkale Strait, south of the mouth of the Dardanelles and northwest of Mount
Ida.The location in the present day is the hill of Hisarlik and its immediate vicinity. In
modern scholarly nomenclature, the Ridge of Troy (including Hisarlik) borders the
Plain of Troy, flat agricultural land, which conducts the lower Scamander River to the
strait. Troy was the setting of the Trojan War described in the Greek Epic Cycle.
According to archaeologist Manfred Korfmann, Troy's location near the Aegean Sea,
as well as the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea, made it a hub for military activities
and trade, and the chief site of a culture that Korfmann calls the "Maritime Troja
Culture", which extended over the region between these seas.
397. What is six day war
 53
The Six-Day War or "War of 1967", also known as the June War, 1967 Arab–Israeli
War, or Third Arab–Israeli War, was fought between 5 and 10 June 1967
between Israel and Jordan, Syria, and Egypt. Relations between Israel and its
neighbours were not normalized after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. In 1956 Israel
invaded the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt, with one of its objectives being the reopening
of the Straits of Tiran that Egypt had blocked to Israeli shipping since 1950. Israel
was eventually forced to withdraw, but was guaranteed that the Straits of Tiran would
remain open. A United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) was deployed along the
border, but there was no demilitarization agreement. In the months prior to June
1967, tensions became dangerously heightened.
398. What is YomKippur War
The Yom Kippur War, Ramadan War, or October War also known as the 1973
Arab–Israeli War, was fought from October 6 to 25, 1973, by a coalition of Arab
states led by Egypt and Syria against Israel. The war took place mostly in Sinai and
the Golan—occupied by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War—with some fighting in
African Egypt and northern Israel. Egypt's initial war objective was to use its military
to seize a foothold on the east bank of the Suez Canal and use this to negotiate the
return of the rest of Sinai.
399. Where is Balkan
The Balkans also known as the Balkan Peninsula, are a geographic area in
southeastern Europe with various definitions and meanings, including geopolitical
and historical. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains that stretch
throughout the whole of Bulgaria. The Balkan Peninsula is bordered by the Adriatic
Sea in the northwest, the Ionian Sea in the southwest, the Aegean Sea in the south,
the Turkish Straits in the east, and the Black Sea in the northeast. The northern
border of the peninsula is variously defined. The highest point of the Balkans
is Mount Musala, 2,925 metres (9,596 ft), in the Rila mountain range, Bulgaria.
400. Where is Baltic
The Baltic states also known as the Baltic countries, Baltic republics, Baltic
nations, or simply the Baltics, is a geopolitical term, typically used to group the
three sovereign states on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea: Estonia, Latvia,
and Lithuania. The term is not used in the context of cultural areas, national identity,
or language, because while the majority of people in Latvia and Lithuania are Baltic
people, the majority in Estonia are Finnic. The three countries do not form an official
union, but engage in intergovernmental and parliamentary cooperation.The most
important areas of cooperation among the three countries are foreign and security
policy, defence, energy, and transportation.
 54
401. What is Das Kapital
Das Kapital, also known as Capital. A Critique of Political is a foundational
theoretical text in materialist philosophy, economics and politics by Karl Marx. Marx
aimed to reveal the economic patterns underpinning the capitalist mode of
production in contrast to classical political economists such as Adam Smith, Jean-
Baptiste Say, David Ricardo and John Stuart Mill. While Marx did not live to publish
the planned second and third parts, they were both completed from his notes and
published after his death by his colleague Friedrich Engels. Das Kapital is the most
cited book in the social sciences published before 1950.
402. Who is Machiavelli?
Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli was an Italian Renaissance diplomat,
philosopher and writer, best known for The Prince (Il Principe), written in 1513. He
has often been called the father of modern political philosophy and political science.
For many years he served as a senior official in the Florentine Republic with
responsibilities in diplomatic and military affairs. He wrote comedies, carnival songs,
and poetry. His personal correspondence is of high importance to historians and
scholars.[7] He worked as secretary to the Second Chancery of the Republic of
Florence from 1498 to 1512, when the Medici were out of power.
403. Define Management?
Management is the process of coordinating work activities so that they are
completed efficiently and effectively with and through other people.
404. What is meant by Effectiveness in management?
Completing activities so that organizational goals are attained “doing the right things”
concerned with ends.
405. What is meant by Efficiency in management?
Getting the most output from the least amount of inputs “doing things right”
concerned with means.
406. In an organization, what are three distinctive levels of management?
Fol are three distinctive levels of Management:-
a. Top Management
b. Middle Management
c. Low Level (First Line) Management
407. What are three skills needed by any manager?
Fol are the skills:-
a. Conceptual Skills
b. Technical Skills
c. Human Skills.
 55
408. Define Human Skills?
The ability to work with, understand, and motivate other people, both individually and
in groups, describes human skills.
409. Define Conceptual Skills?
Managers must have the mental ability to analyze and diagnose complex situations.
These tasks require conceptual skills. Decision making, for instance, requires
managers to spot problems, identify alternatives, evaluate those alternatives, and
select the best one.
410. What is the resp of Top Managers?
A top manager is one of a relatively small group of people at the uppermost level of
the organization who manage the entire operation
411. What are resp of Middle management?
A manager who implements the broad strategies devised by top managers and who
supervises and coordinates the work of the first-line managers
412. What are resp of first-line managers?
First-line managers oversee groups of people who produce the goods or services
provided by the organization.
413. What are four functions of Management?
Four functions of management are as fol:-
a. Planning
b. Organizing
c. Leading
d. Controlling.
414. Define Planning?
Defining goals, establishing strategies to achieve goals, developing plans to
integrate and coordinate activities.
415. Define Organizing?
Arranging work and pooling up resources to accomplish organizational goals.
416. Define Leading?
Working with and through people to accomplish goals by influencing employee
behaviours by motivation.
417. Define Controlling?
Monitoring, comparing, and correcting the work is called controlling.
418. How many type of goals are there in Management?
There are three types of goals in management viz:-
a. Strategic Goals
b. Tactical goals
 56
c. Operational goals.
419. What are Strategic Goals?
Strategic goals are set by top management and are broadly defined targets for the
organization’s overall results.
420. What are Tactical Goals?
Tactical goals are set by top and middle managers and are targets for future results
to be achieved by specific divisions or functional units of the organization.
421. Elaborate the importance of Policy in an Organization?
A policy provides managers with general guidelines for action to achieve
organizational goals. Policies define broad boundaries for managerial actions in
recurring situations so that managers have some flexibility in responding to each
situation.
422. How Contingency plan can help in any un-foreseen situation?
Rarely do situations unfold exactly as managers have planned. Unexpected
environmental shifts such as economic recession or severe weather conditions can
cause serious problems that require managerial response, therefore alternative
courses of action to be followed in such cases.
423. Define Benchmarking?
The search for the best practices among competitors and non-competitors that lead
to their superior performance.
424. What is Scenario planning ?
"Scenario is a consistent view of what the future is likely to be. So scenario planning
is developing plans based on various possible future scenarios.
425. What is Bureaucratic Management?
This theory emphasizes the need for organizations to operate in a rational manner
rather than relying on owners’ and managers’ arbitrary whims.
426. Define Chain of Command?
The line of authority extending from upper organizational level to the lowest
organizational level, which clarifies who reports to whom. It helps employees answer
questions such as, “who do I go to if I have a problem. “To whom I am responsible?”
following are the elements of chain of command.
427. Define Authority?
Authority is the right to give orders and the power to exact obedience. It derives from
the formal authority of the office and from personal authority based on factors like
intelligence and experience. With authority comes responsibility.
428. Define Equity principle in management?
Employees should be treated with kindness and justice.
 57
429. What is a Formal organization?
A structure where roles and positions are formally assigned is known as formal
organization.
430. What is an informal organization?
A structure where roles and positions are not formally assigned is kwon as informal
organization. A joint personal activity is carried out without joint purpose, e.g. golf
club, chess club.
431. What is span of control?
It’s the the number of people under comdany body.
432. Compare wide span of control with narrow span of control?
The more people under the control of one manager is called wide span of control,
while the less number of people reporting to one manager is known as narrow span
of control.
433. Define Departmentalization?
Departmentalization is the arrangement of individual jobs and activities into logical
groups and the clustering of groups into larger departments and units that combine
to form the total organization.
434. What are four diff types of departmentalization?
Fol are types of departmentalization:-
a. Functional Departmentalization
b. Product Departmentalization
c. Geographical Departmentalization
d. Customer Departmentalization.
435. What is Functional departmentalization?
Grouping jobs by functions performed is the basis for grouping together jobs that
relate to a single organizational function or specialized skill, such as marketing,
finance, operations, human resources, information resources, and research and
development.
436. What is Product Departmentalization?
When managers apply Product Departmentalization, they group jobs according to
the goods and services offered, enabling members of each group to concentrate on
the activities that produce their respective goods or services.
437. What is Geographical departmentalization?
In geographical departmentalization, jobs are grouped according to defined
locations. Although it can also refer to the locations of major organizational facilities,
geographical departmentalization generally follows the pattern of customer location.
438. What is Customer Departmentalization?
 58
In Customer Departmentalization, jobs are grouped according to the unique needs of
specific groups of customers or constituents. The major benefit of customer
departmentalization is the increased responsiveness to the diverse needs of a
variety of customer groups.
439. What is Centralization in any organization?
The degree to which decision making is concentrated at the upper level of the
organization. If top managers make the organization’s key decision with little or no
input from below then organization is centralized.
440. How Decentralization can be defined ?
The degree to which the lower level employees provide input or actually make
decisions.
441. Discuss Formalization?
It refers to how standardized an organization’s jobs are and the extent to which
employees’ behaviour is guided by rules and procedure. If a job is highly formalized,
then the person doing that job has very little discretion over what is to be done, when
it is to be done, how it is do be done. Everything is described in clear terms.
442. What are stages in group development?
Stages in groups development arefol:-
a. Forming
b. Storming
c. Norming
d. Performing
e. Adjourning.
443. What is Performing?
It is the last stage of any group when it is fully functional and people perform their
duties.
444. Define word Motivation?
The process, by which a person’s efforts are energized, directed and sustained
towards attaining a goal.
445. Do you know something about Theory X
Theory X says:-
a. People are lazy.
b. People dislike work.
c. People avoid work if possible.
d. Most people like to be managed.
e. Most people are passive and low risk takers and want job security.
 59
f. Minimum performance is possible only when people are coerced,
threatened and closely directed/controlled.
446. What is Need for Achievement?
The drive to excel, to achieve desired standards, to strive to succeed.
447. What is Need for Power?
The need to make others behave in a way that they would not have behaved
otherwise.
448. What are Crisis Problems?
A crisis problem is a critical situation that demands an immediate managerial
decision. When managers face a crisis problem, they must consider the threat to the
organization and make a decision that will defuse that threat as quickly and
effectively as possible.
449. How can you define Opportunity Problems?
An opportunity problem is a situation that can be addressed in a way that gains the
organization some significant advantage
450. What are Physiological Needs?
Include hunger, thirst, shelter and other bodily needs.
451. What is Job Design?
Job design is the process of structuring work and designating the specific work
activities of an individual or group of individuals to achieve certain organizational
objectives.
452. What is Job Description?
A job analysis results in a description of the duties and responsibilities of the job.
Such a description is useful to the current jobholders and their supervisors as well as
to prospective employees.
453. Define disaster management?
Disaster management refers to a plan on how organizations deal with potential
disasters and include the precautions that need to be addressed so that the effect of
a disaster is minimized and the organizations are able to either maintain or quickly
resume the mission of critical functions.
454. Define disaster preparedness?
Disaster preparedness consists of a wide range of measures, both long and short
term, designed to save lives and limit the amount of damage that might otherwise be
caused by the event.
455. Define Disaster response?
Disaster response is the sum total of the actions taken by the people and the
institutions in the face of a threat or occurrence of a disaster. These actions
 60
commence with the warning of an incoming threatening event or with the
commencement of the event itself, if it occurred without warning.
456. What are types of disasters?
Disasters may be classified under two major categories namely; natural disaster and
human induced disasters.
457. Which natural disaster is not common in Pakistan?
A cyclone is not a very common phenomenon in Pakistan. There has been one
notable incident of cyclone in 1999 during which tropical storm in northern Arabian
Sea developed into a cyclone and reached south-eastern coast of Pakistan. The
areas of Thatta, Badin and Ketty Ban suffered losses as a result.
458. What is civil unrest?
Civil unrest may result due to political, social humanitarian or religious sentiments.
Terrorism in all its forms has turned out to be a main issue in the world mainly
directed against Islam
459. What are major reasons behind failure of svcs?
Typically the failure of services may be due to terrorism, strike by employees,
technical failure etc. In our present scenario, current vulnerability is terrorism
especially directed towards blowing up of gas pipelines and electricity distribution
system.
460. Which phase of disaster management does have emphasis on reducing
the vulnerability?
Inpre-emergency phase, the emphasis is on reducing the vulnerability of the
communities from the impact of natural phenomenon.
461. How stress is good?
While stress is typically discussed in a negative context, it also has a positive value.
It is an opportunity when it offers potential gain.
462. How economic uncertainty causes stress?
Changes in the business cycle create economic uncertainties. When the economy is
contracting, for example, people become increasingly anxious about their security
463. What is task demand?
Task demands are factors related to a person’s job. They include the design of the
individual’s job (autonomy, task variety, degree of automation), working conditions,
and the physical work layout
464. What is role demand?
Role demands relate to pressures placed on a person as a function of the particular
role he or she plays in the organization. Role conflicts create expectations that may
be hard to reconcile or satisfy.
 61
465. How does social support reduce stress?
The logic underlying this moderating variable is that social support acts as a
palliative, mitigating the negative effects of even high-strain jobs.
466. How do internals manage stress?
The internals are likely to believe that they can have a significant effect on the
results. They, therefore, act to take control of events.
467. What is type A personality?
The Type A personality is characterized by feeling a chronic sense of time urgency
and by an excessive competitive drive
468. What are Physiological Symptoms of stress?
Stress could create change in metabolism, increase heart and breathing rates,
increase blood pressure, bring on headaches, and induce heart attacks
469. What are the Psychological Symptoms of stress?
Tension, anxiety, irritability, boredom, and procrastination.
470. Absence is which symptoms of stress?
Absence is behaviorally related stress symptoms.
471. How does physical exercise reduce stress?
Physical exercise increase heart capacity, lower at-rest heart rate, provide a mental
diversion from work pressures, and offer a means to “let off steam”.
472. Define conflict.
It is a process that begins when one party perceives that another party has
negatively affected, or is about to negatively affect, that first party cares about.
473. Absence of conflict is not good for an organization?
Conflict can be positive as well, as it helps building a just workplace order. It leads us
to listen to the other person's point of view. It is also a symbol of countervailing
power. It is difficult to see a system of fairness where people are not allowed to
differ.
474. If a conflict is dysfunctional, what can the parties do to deescalate it?
Problem solving, Super-ordinate goals,Expansion of resources, Avoidance and
Compromise are some of the techniques to deescalate conflict.
475. Define smoothing?
Smoothing means playing down differences while emphasizing common interests
between the conflicting parties.
476. What is time management?
Time management is the act or process of exercising conscious control over the
amount of time spent on specific activities, especially to increase efficiency or
productivity
 62
477. What is first generation of time management?
First generation is based on reminders based on clocks and watches, but with
computer implementation possible; can be used to alert a person when a task is to
be done.
478. What is attention management?
Attention Management relates to the management of cognitive resources, and in
particular the time that humans allocate their mind (and organizations the minds of
their employees) to conduct some activities.
479. What is task list?
A task list (also to-do list or things-to-do) is a list of tasks to be completed, such as
chores or steps toward completing a project. It is an inventory tool which serves as
an alternative or supplement to memory.
480. How ABC approach can be used to prioritize tasks?
An early advocate of "ABC" prioritization was Alan Lakein. In his system "A" items
were the most important ("A-1" the most important within that group), "B" next most
important, "C" least important
481. Define Trust.
Trust is a positive expectation that another individual will not, through words, actions,
or decisions, act opportunistically.
482. How trust is a history dependent process?
Trust is a history-dependent process because it is based on relevant but limited
sample of experience. It takes time to form, building incrementally and accumulating.
483. Which type of trust can be destroyed by one violation?
The most fragile relationships are based on deterrence-based trust. One violation or
inconsistency can destroy the relationship.
484. To which extent deterrence-based trust will work?
Deterrence-based trust will work only to the degree that punishment is possible,
consequences are clear, and the punishment is actually imposed if the trust is
violated.
485. Which type of trust involves predictability?
Knowledge-based trust relies on information rather than deterrence. Knowledge of
the other party and predictability of his or her behavior replaces the contracts,
penalties, and legal arrangements more typical of deterrence-based trust
486. Define Identification-based Trust.
The highest level of trust is achieved when there is an emotional connection between
the parties.
487. How consistency can lead to trust?
 63
When you share your feelings, others will see you as real and human. They will
know who you are and their respect for you will increase.
488. Define reactive and proactive change.
Reactive change is undertaken piecemeal to resolve specific problems as they
occur.Planned change is deliberately designed and implemented in anticipation of
future environmental threats and opportunities.
489. What are internal forces of change?
In the internal environment, forces for change can come from owners and
shareholders, boards of directors, employees, or organizational culture.
490. What are external forces of change?
External forces for change arise from both the general and the task environments,
but regardless of origin, such external forces can affect the organization’s ability to
achieve its goals.
491. How manager can implement a Strategy for change?
Managers can make changes in the four components of strategy namely:-
a. Expanding or narrowing their scope of products or markets
b. Changing their resource deployment
c. Developing some other distinctive competence
d. Enhancing organizational synergy for improved efficiency and
effectiveness
492. What does reorganization mean?
A second type of planned change involves altering the organization structure. This
type of change, known as reorganization.
493. What is change in people and culture?
It involves changing people and culture. Managers seeking to improve performance
and to compete more effectively can change people and culture by altering the skills,
the knowledge, the values, the attitudes, or the behavior of organization members.
494. Which stage of change does thaw the behaviors?
Unfreezing before the change is introduced, organization members who will be
affected by the planned change are made aware of the need for change and are
motivated to accept the change. This stage thaws their behaviour, values, and
attitudes in anticipation of the coming change.
495. At which point in the change process, the change can be
institutionalized?
The change can be institutionalized after the change has been introduced,
management reinforces and supports the new patterns so that the change is frozen
in place.
 64
496. How Employees Can Express Dissatisfaction?
Employees can express their dissatisfaction in four ways:-
a. Voice
b. Exit
c. Neglect
d. Loyalty
497. Define Job satisfaction.
Job satisfaction is an individual’s general attitude toward his job.
498. Define Job involvement.
Employees with a high level of job involvement strongly identify with and really care
about the kind of work they do.
499. Define Halo effect.
It means drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single
characteristic, such as intelligence, sociability, or appearance.
500. Define Narcissism.
Narcissism describes a person who has a grandiose sense of self-importance,
requires excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement and is arrogant.
501. What is locus of control?
A person’s perception of the source of his or her fate is termed Locus of control.
502. How does personality affect the organizational behavior?
People with outgoing personalities often work best in positions where they get to
interact with others.
503. Define Leadership.
Leadership is an ability to motivate and influence the followers.
504. What is the difference between a leadership and a manager?
The main difference between the two is that leaders inspire and motivate,
while managers simply get the things done by virtue of their authority.
What are different managerial roles performed by a leader?
There are three major managerial roles performed by a leader i.e. interpersonal,
informational and decisional roles.
505. What is power?
Power is the capacity or ability to direct or influence the behaviour of others or the
course of events.
506. What are the different types of power?
There are six types of power i.e. legitimate, reward, coercive, informational, referent
and expert power.
507. What does coercive power mean?
 65
It is ability to reprimand, to demote or to penalize the people.
508. What are the different reactions to use of power?
When leaders apply power to influence or to affect the attitude and behaviors of the
followers, they may show commitment, compliance, or resistance.
509. What does Trait theory of leadership tell?
They are based on the premise that leaders are 'born, not made' (i.e.,
that leadership is largely innate, rather than being developed through learning).
510. What is the shortcoming of trait theories?
Much of the Trait Theory research fails to develop a singular list of traits to predict
effective leadership and to look at how specific traits influence leadership outcomes
such as performance, productivity, and employee satisfaction.
511. What is an Autocratic leadership?
Autocratic leadership is a leadership style characterized by individual control over all
decisions and little input from group members.
512. How autocratic leadership is different from democratic leadership?
Autocratic leaders make all the decisions themselves. On the other hand,
Democratic leaders take an active role in the decision-making process, but they
involve others.
513. Which set of theories consider the situations?
Contingency theories consider the situations in addition to the leadership styles.
514. Who is a task-oriented leader?
A task-oriented leader places a heavy emphasis on structure, plans, and schedules
for getting things done.
515. Who is an employee-oriented leadership?
Employee-oriented leadership style (relationship oriented) emphasizing concern
for employee welfare, needs, advancement and personal growth.
516. Who is a transactional leader?
This type of leader sets the criteria for their workers according to previously defined
requirements and motivate their followers by the reward-penalty system.
517. How does transformational leadership work?
Transformational leadership is a theory of leadership where a leader works with
teams to identify needed change, creating a vision to guide the change through
inspiration, and executing the change in tandem with committed members of a
group.
518. How do you explain the thinking and outlook of a transformational
leader?
 66
Transformational leaders are strategic thinkers. These are leaders who seek to bring
about change and to be able to achieve this, they require strategic thinking.
519. What is the difference between transactional leadership and
transformational leadership?
A transformational leadership style creates a vision and inspires subordinates to
strive beyond required expectations, whereas transactional leadership focuses more
on extrinsic motivation for the performance of job tasks.
520. What does charisma mean?
Charisma is a collection of traits and behaviors that make you appeal to other
people. The word comes from the Greek word "charis," which means "grace" or
"gift." A person who is charismatic is exceptionally engaging, likeable, trustworthy,
and, in many cases, a bit "magical."
521. What is charismatic leadership?
Charismatic leadership is defined by a leader who uses his or her communication
skills, persuasiveness, and charm to influence others.
522. What is vision?
Vision is knowing who you are, where you are going and what will guide
your journey.
523. Does charismatic leadership have a dark side?
Yes, there is also a “dark side” to charismatic leaders. They can increase risk levels
to organizations and threaten the well-being of members. The personalized need for
power, negative life themes, and narcissistic tendencies of personalized charismatic
leaders can lead to unethical and destructive behavior.
524. Are people born with charisma or can it be acquired?
There is a strong belief that charisma is some innate quality or characteristic. But
there is growing evidence that people can become more charismatic. Research has
determined some of the key elements of charisma. Some are related to style (and
personality) and may represent the "born" part of charisma, while other elements are
behaviors that are acquired, developed, and honed over time.
525. Does effective charismatic leadership depend on the situation?
Charisma appears to be most successful when the followers’ task has an ideological
component or when the environment involves a high degree of stress and
uncertainty.
526. What is participative leadership?
Participative leadership is a managerial style that invites input from employees on all
or most company decisions. The staff is given pertinent information regarding
 67
company issues, and a majority vote determines the course of action the company
will take.
527. What is directive leadership?
Under directive leadership, managers must guide employees' work goals and
establish the path by which they can achieve those goals.
528. Which style of leadership is best in crisis?
Charismatic leadership works best in the crisis.
529. Define Motivation.
Motivation is the process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented
behaviors.
530. Can motivation be measured empirically?
No motivation cannot be empirically measured or observed.
531. What is the process of motivation?
The motivation process progresses through a series of discrete steps.
Needs/motives are the starting point of motivation. An unsatisfied need creates
tension that stimulates drives within the individual to take an action. The action taken
by the individual will lead to the reward/goal which satisfies the need and reduces
tension.
532. What is an extrinsic motivation?
Extrinsic motivation arises from outside.
533. What is intrinsic motivation?
Intrinsic motivation comes from within a person.
534. What are primary needs?
The primary needs are those that are linked to the survival of the human being: food,
clothing, footwear, housing, health, etc.
535. What are secondary needs?
Secondary needs are generally psychological, such as the need for nurturing,
independence, and achievement.
536. What is morale?
Morale can be defined as the total satisfaction derived by an individual from his job,
his work-group, his superior, the organization he works for and the environment.
537. How motivation is different from morale?
Morale can be defined as the total satisfaction derived by an individual from his job,
his work-group, his superior, the organization he works for and the environment.
538. How many needs were identified by Maslow hierarchy of needs?
 68
There are five main levels to Maslow's hierarchy of needs. These levels begin from
the most basic needs to the most advanced needs. These needs are physiological,
safety, social, esteem and self-actualization needs.
539. What is self-actualization need?
Self-actualization needs are the highest level in Maslow's hierarchy, and refer to the
realization of a person's potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak
experiences. Maslow (1943) describes this level as the desire to accomplish
everything that one can, to become the most that one can be.
540. What is reinforcement?
Reinforcement is a term used to refer to anything that increases the likelihood that a
response will occur.
541. What is negative reinforcement?
Positive reinforcement works by presenting a motivating/reinforcing stimulus to the
person after the desired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior more likely to
happen in the future.
542. What is positive reinforcement?
Negative reinforcement occurs when a certain stimulus (usually an aversive
stimulus) is removed after a particular behavior is exhibited. The likelihood of the
particular behavior occurring again in the future is increased because of
removing/avoiding the negative consequence.
543. Explain different types of decisions?
The routine decisions or structured decisions are called the programmed decision
whereas the decisions taken when a need arises are called non programmed
decisions.
544. What are the conditions under which decisions are made?
There are four conditions i.e certainty, risk, uncertainty, and ambiguity.
545. Define the risk condition of decision making.
A condition of risk exists when the leader understands the problem and has enough
information to understand the possible alternatives and to estimate the probability
that each alternative will result in the desired outcome.
546. What is a rational decision making?
Rational decision making is a multi-step process for making choices between
alternatives. The process of rational decision-making favors logic, objectivity, and
analysis over subjectivity and insight.
547. Explain bounded rationality?
 69
Bounded rationality is the idea that, when individuals make
decisions rationality is limited by the tractability of the decision problem; the cognitive
limitations of the mind; and, the time available to make the decision.
548. What is satisficing?
Satisficing is a decision-making process that strives for adequate rather than perfect
results.
549. What are steps of rational decision-making process?
Following are the steps:-
a. Step 1: Identify the Problem
b. Step 2: Establish Decision Criteria
c. Step 3: Weigh Decision Criteria
d. Step 4: Generate Alternatives
e. Step 5: Evaluate Alternatives
f. tep 6: Select the Best Alternative
550. What are the most important barriers of effective decision making?
There are numerous barriers to effective decision-making. Leaders are limited in
their ability to collect comprehensive information, and they are limited in their ability
to cognitively process all the information that is available. Leaders cannot always
know all the possible outcomes of all the possible options, and they often face time
constraints that limit their ability to collect all the information that they would like to
have. In addition, Leaders, like all humans, have biases that influence their decision-
making, and that can make it difficult for them to make good decisions.
551. What is a bias?
A particular tendency, trend, inclination, feeling, or opinion, especially one that is
preconceived or unreasoned.
552. How do biases affect rational decision making?
Biases in how we think can be major obstacles in any decision-making
process. Biases distort and disrupt objective contemplation of an issue by
introducing influences into the decision-making process that are separate from
the decision itself.
553. Define a group.
A group is a collection of individuals who interact with each other such
that one person's actions have an impact on the others.
554. What is a formal group?
A formal group is formed when people come together to accomplish specific goals
and objectives.
555. What is an Informal Group?
 70
An informal group is formed when two or more people come together to accomplish
a specific task which is mainly socially geared.
556. What is a difference between a group and a crowd?
The crowd means a group of people congregated or collected into a close body
without order, whereas group means a number of things or persons being in some
relation to one another
557. Define team.
A team is defined as a group of people who perform interdependent tasks to work
toward accomplishing a common mission or specific objective.
558. What is the difference between a team and a group?
A group is a collection of individuals who coordinate their individual efforts. On the
other hand, at team is a group of people who share a common team purpose and a
number of challenging goals.
559. What is the difference between a Team leader and a Team manager?
A manger is able to handle tasks and responsibilities and ensure that others get their
work done. A leader will inspire and motivate their team to achieve their goals.
560. What is a task group?
Task groups are groups of individuals brought together to accomplish a specific
action or produce a product.
561. What is special purpose team?
A special purpose team is made up of members with diverse levels of experience
and knowledge who work together on a special activity.
562. What are the different stages of group development?
Bruce Tuckman, an educational psychologist, identified a five-stage development
process that most teams follow to become high performing. He called the
stages: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning.
563. Explain the storming stage of group development?
Members may disagree on team goals, and subgroups and cliques may form around
strong personalities or areas of agreement. To get through this stage, members must
work to overcome obstacles, to accept individual differences, and to work through
conflicting ideas on team tasks and goals.
564. What role is played by a leader in storming stage?
Being a hectic stage with heightened emotions, this period requires a leader to
control the chaos while providing a empathetic ear to team members. While a team
is in the Storming process, a leader should make sure that there is a clear
understanding of purpose amongst group members.
565. Define norming stage of group development?
 71
In this phase, the group starts to solidify and make progress.
566. What is the difference between roles and norms?
In group, a role is the expected behavior depending on the position. While norms are
those behaviors that are shared by more than one person which have been formed
by attitudes, behaviors, beliefs and values within the organization.
567. What is cohesiveness in a group?
Cohesiveness is a characteristic of group which refers to the degree of loyalty
commitment members exhibit to the group.
568. How is group interdependence a cause of conflict?
Group interdependence is, when accomplishment of your goal requires reliance on
others to perform their tasks.
569. What is a crisis problem?
A problem that requires an immediate solution is known as crisis problem.
570. What is a non-crisis problem?
A problem that can be solved without urgency is known as non-crisis problem.
571. What is groupthink?
Groupthink is a psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people in
which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or
dysfunctional decision-making outcome.
572. What is mediation?
Mediation is a conflict-reduction method in which an impartial third part is asked to
resolve the dispute.
573. What are the different techniques used to resolve conflicts in a group?
There are numerous techniques to resolve conflict like face-to-face interaction,
mediation, negotiation or discussion.
574. What is devil’s advocate?
The devil's advocacy decision-making technique is where an individual is allowed to
become the critic in the proposed decision.
575. What is the major advantage of decision making in group?
A major advantage to involving groups in decision-making is that you can incorporate
different perspectives and ideas.
576. What is the major disadvantage of decision making in group?
Group decisions can also be less efficient than those made by an individual. Group
decisions can take additional time because there is the requirement of participation,
discussion, and coordination among group members.
577. Define communication.
 72
Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place, person
or group to another. Every communication involves (at least) one sender, a message
and a recipient.
578. What are the functions of communication?
The functions of communication in an organization are to inform, persuade, and
motivate. Informing provides data and information to employees so that they can
make educated decisions. Upward, downward, and horizontal informing are three
ways that workers can acquire information.
579. What are the types of communication?
Communication can be categorized into two basic types:
a. Verbal communication
b. Non-verbal communication
580. What is nonverbal communication?
Nonverbal communication is the transfer of information through the use of body
language including eye contact, facial expressions, and gestures etc.
581. What is top-down form of communication?
Top-down communication literally is a method of issuing communication, instructions
and information within a business using a hierarchical structure. Information from the
highest-ranking officials within the company filters down to employees using the
company's managerial structure.
582. What is upward communication?
Upward communication is the flow of information from lower to higher levels in an
organization.
583. What is the process of communications?
The process of communication refers to the transmission or passage of information
or message from the sender through a selected channel to the receiver overcoming
barriers that affect its pace. The process of communication is a cyclic one as it
begins with the sender and ends with the sender in the form of feedback.
584. What is grapevine?
Grapevine is a person-to-person informal communication channel through which
information flows horizontally, vertically or diagonally without following any set rule or
regulation among the people within or outside the organization.
585. What is noise in the process of communication?
In communication studies and information theory, noise refers to anything that
interferes with the communication process between a speaker and an audience. It's
also called interference.
586. What are factors which affect the process of communication?
 73
Following are the factors which affect the process of communication:-
a. Emotional Difference
b. Past Experiences
c. Educational and Intellectual Difference
d. Group Affiliations
e. Positional Differences among the Personnel
f. Functional Relationship between Sender and Receiver
587. What is internal communication?
Internal communication is exchange of information among organization members.
588. How does perception affect the communication?
Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information. This
process affects our communication because we respond to stimuli differently,
whether they are objects or persons, based on how we perceive them.
589. What is centralized network of communication?
These networks funnel information to and through a key individual.
590. What is decentralized network of communication?
These networks allow all members to share their experiences, which can foster
creativity and innovation.
591. Define stereotyping.
A stereotype is an over-generalized belief about a particular category of people.
592. What is incorrect filtering?
Incorrect filtering is the distortion or withholding of information to manage a person’s
reactions or exclusion of important information.
593. What is selective perception?
Selective perception refers to filtering what we see and hear to suit our own needs.
This process is often unconscious.
594. Define informational overload?
Information overload can be defined as “occurring when the information processing
demands on an individual’s time to perform interactions and internal calculations
exceed the supply or capacity of time available for such processing
595. What are the advantages of written communication over face-to-face
communication?
It allows accurate dissemination of information since the message being
communicated would be written more carefully and well thought over to provide
accurate and clear information. It provides a permanent record of information, which
can be preserved for future reference whenever needed.
596. What is external communication?
 74
External communication is the transmission of information between a business and
another person or entity in the company's external environment.
597. Which is the external sound present in the channels of communication?
Noise is the external sound present in the channels of communication, which results
in the reduction of the audibility or omission of some words from the message.
598. What are semantic problems?
These are problems arising from expression or transmission of meaning in
communication.
599. What is encoding in communication process?
Encoding is the process of turning thoughts into communication.
600. What does decoding mean?
Decoding means to impart understanding of the message. Receiver has to identify
the person, words symbols, etc.
601. When is the communication process complete?
Communication is complete only when the receiver understands the message. Many
communication problems arise because of misunderstandings.

602. The word “Islam” means "surrender, submission and peace.

603. Fundamental Beliefs of Islam(Articles of Faith)
 Oneness of Allah Almighty
 Prophet hood
 Angels
 Divine (Revealed) Books
 The Day of Judgment. (Hereafter)
604. Four Arch Angels and their duties: The main four angels in Islam are the
following:

 HazratJibreel AS: The angel in charge of communicating Allah’s words to

His prophets.
 HazratMikaeel AS: This angel is in charge of rainfall and sustenance
 HazratIsrafil AS: He is in charge of blowing the trumpet to mark the Day of
Judgment.
 HazratIzraeel: AS He is the Angel of death to take the souls with the order
of Allah SWT.
605. Famous Divine Books:
 The Taurat: Revealed to HazratMusa(Moses) A.S.
 The Zabur: Revealed to HazratDaud (David) A.S.
 75
 The Injeel: Revealed to HazratIssa (Jesus) A.S.
 The Holy Quran: Revealed to Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH).
606. Difference between Rasool and Nabi. A Rasul is a messenger of Allah who
was given a new Shariat. Nabi was also the messenger of Allah, but he was not
given any new Shariat and followed the shariat of earlier Rasul.
607. Khatam e Nabuwat. To believe that Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) is the last
messenger of Allah.
608. “Tafsir” is the Interpretations of the Holy Quran by Islamic scholars.
609. Destiny in Islam means that everything which a man gets in his life is attached
with the huge disciplined system created by Allah Almighty and He known it already.
610. First institution of Islam is Suffah.

611. Barzakh the term refers to the interval between death and resurrection, or
between life in this world and life in the Hereafter.
612. What is the Islamic Year?
The Islamic year started from the migration (Hijra) of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)
from Mecca to Medina in 622 AD.
613. What is “Shariah”?
Shariah is the comprehensive Muslim law derived from two sources i-e the Holy
Quran and the Sunnah or traditions of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
614. KiramanKatibeenare the angels who are sitting on our shoulders and keep
the record of all our deeds.
615. MunkarNakeerare the angels who will appear in the grave after death and
ask certain questions.
Part 2 - Islamic History
616. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) was born on 12 Rabi- ul – Awwal (571 A.D) and
died in 12Rabi- ul – Awwal (632A.D).
617. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) spent 23 years in Makkah and 10 years in Madina
after prophethood.
618. Charter of Madina was issued on 1 A.H. It had 53 articles.
619. Transfer of Qibla from Bait ulMaqdas to the Holy Kabahwas ordered in 2 nd
A.H.
620. The name Muhammad was given by Abdul Muttalib (grandfather) while the
name Ahmed was given by Bibi Aminah.
621. On 27thRajab, 10 Nabvi the event of Miraj took place.
622. Hijra to Madinah took place in 13th Nabvi.
623. First Azan was called out in 1. A.H.
 76
624. Total deaths during the battles of early Islam do not exceed from one
thousand.
625. Prophet (PBUH) addressed Khutba-e-Jum’aa for the first time in 1st Hijra.
626. Prophet (PBUH) performed one Hajj(10 A.H) and four Umras (7 A.H)
627. Zaid Bin Haritha (R.A) was the adopted son of the Holy Prophet (PBUH).
628. Islamic official seal started on 1st Muharram, 7 A.H.
629. Caliph: Successor of Muhammad as leader of the Muslim community
630. Madinah: Originally this city was called Yathrib, and was located about 200
km north of Mecca. This was the first city-state that was established under the
banner of Islam
631. Four sacred months in Islam
 ThulQa'dah
 ThulHijjah
 Muharram
 Rajab
632. Four Famous Scholars of Fiqh
 Imaam As-Shafee,
 Imaam Abu Haneefah,
 Imaam Malik,
 Imaam Ahmad bin Hambal
633. Islamic calendar began in 622 A.D with the order of Hazrat Umar (RA).
634. The name of the she camel of Rasulullah (PBUH) was Al-Qaswa.
635. Sons and daughters of Nabi Muhammad (PBUH)

Sons:

 Hazrat Al-Qasim (RA)

 Hazrat Abdullah(RA)
 Hazrat Ibrahim(RA)

Daughters

 Hazrat Fatimah (RA)

 Hazrat Zainab (RA)
 HazratRuqaiyyah (RA)
 Hazrat Umm Kulthum (RA)
636. Rashidun Caliphate means first four successive caliphs (successors) of the
last Prophet after his death in 632 A.D (11 AH).
 77
637. HazratAbubakr (RA) bravely fought with the rebellions and enemies of Islam
just after the death of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), and settled peace in state.
638. Bait-ul-Maqdas was conquered in the era of Hazrat Umar (RA).
639. Hazrat Usman (RA) gathered the whole Ummah on Quran as a same book.
640. Hazrat Ali (RA) was given the title “Haidar” and “the door of knowledge” by the
Holy Prophet (PBUH).
641. Buraq: A winged horse like animal which carried Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)
during the israa' journey.
642. Asharah al-Mubashsha: The ten companions of Prophet Muhammad
(PBUH) who were given the tidings of being among the dwellers of Paradise in the
Hereafter.

Part 3 - Fiqh

643. The word fiqhis an Arabic term meaning "deep understanding" or "full
comprehension".
644. Faqih: An Islamic scholar who can give authoritative legal opinion or
judgment.
645. Usul al Fiqh is the collection of principles pertaining to the methodology for the
extraction of Fiqh.
646. Fatwa: A legal verdict given on a religious basis. The sources on which a
Fatwa is based are the Qur’an and authenticated Ahadeeth.
647. Main sources of Islamic law.
 The Holy Qur’an
 Sunnah
 Ijma' (consensus)
 Qiyas (analogical deduction) are four sources in Islam
648. Ijtihad means striving or self-exertion in any activity which entails a measure
of hardship.
649. Experts of Islamic Fiqh (Mujtahideen) developed Islamic by-laws under the
guidance of main sources of Islamic law.
650. Main experts of Islamic law are four, whom Muslim Ummah follow them:
 Imam Malik
 Imam Abu Hanifah
 Imam Shafee
 Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal

Part 4 - Ethical values in Islam

 78
651. Amrbil-ma'ruuf narrates: enjoining what is right This means both teaching
and enjoining what is good and right The complementary act to this is "nahy'
anal-munkar" (forbidding/ stopping what is evil and wrong).
652. The heaviest weight is of good ethical values in the Day of Judgment.
653. The one, who offers prayers but does not behave with people politely, will
be in trouble in hereafter.
654. According to Hadith: Telling a lie is one of the biggest evil in Islam.
655. Even in the fun, Islam does not allow to tell a lie, to make mock for others
and to hurt any other individual.
656. Islam treats all human being on equal base. There is no discrimination on
the bases of religion, cast, colour and any other. All human being should be given
respect and dignity equally.
657. Backbiting: Saying something bad about a Muslim in his absence, even if it
is true. This is forbidden in Islam.
658. Hadd: Punishment specified in the Qur' an for a major crime, such as
murder, stealing or fornication.
659. Hasad: This means feeling jealous of someone for a certain blessing
(good fortune or wealth, e.g.)
660. Ihsan: Doing good or favours to others or showing them kindness.

Part 5 - Define “Taharat”

661. The Arabic word for 'purification' is 'Ta-ha-ra', which literally means 'purity';
662. Obligatory parts of “ghusal”.
 To put water into the mouth so that it reaches the throat.
 To sniff water into the nose.
 To run water over the whole body so that no part of the skin remains
dry.
663. Obligatory parts of “Tayammum".
 To have the intention of seeking purity for the sake of Allah’s approval.
 To strike both palms on pure dust and wipe the face.
 To strike both the palms on pure dust and wipe hands up to and
including the elbow.
664. Obligatory parts of Wazu are four.
 To wash face from forehead to chin and one ear to other.
 To wash arm till elbow.
 To wipe out one fourth of the head.
 To wash feet till ankles.
 79
Part 6 Jihad
665. The Arabic word (‫ )جہاد‬literally means “to strive” and “to exert” oneself.
666. Jihad was allowed in 2nd Hijrah.
667. Every Muslim has to continue his efforts by the means of sword, hands,
wealth, tongue and the heart at least
668. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) organized 76 important military expeditions against
the Quraish, the Jews and other Arab tribes and two against Romans. Thus as a
whole, he organised 78 military campaigns.

Part 7 - Quran and Hadith

669. Haroof e Muqateaatare the singular words in the beginning of certain Surahs
of the holy Qur'an. Their meanings are not known to anyone except Allah Almighty
and the Prophet (PBUH).
670. “Hadith” means the actions; sayings and statements of the Holy Prophet
(PBUH) are called Hadith.
671. Hadith-e-Qudsi means saying having reference to Divine direction starting
with the words “Allah has said”.
672. Hadith Sahih means sound or most authentic tradition narrated by narrators
of unimpeachable integrity and having no defect in memory.
673. Hadith accepted by both Bukhari and Muslim is called Mutafaq-Aleh.
674. “ Hadith” literally means “statement”. It was also popularly known as
Sunnah)‫ (سن ِۃ‬meaning practice or custom.
675. Two authentic books of Hadith Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim are called
Sahihain.
676. The first revelation contains the first five verses of Surah Al Alaq.
677. Hazrat Usman (R.A) collected the Qur'an on Qureshi style of reciting.
678. Hazrat Zaid bin Thabit (R.A) was appointed as the main scribe of the Holy
Quran.
679. Asmaa-ur- Rijalis the knowledge about the narrators of Hadith.
680. The common theme of all Divine books is Tauheed, Rejection of Shirk, Belief
in life here after,Ethics and Prayers.
681. First Wahi was reveled in the Cave of Hira while the last Wahi was reveled in
the plain of Arafat.
682. Surah Al- Baqrah is the longest Surah of the Holy Quran (forty Rukoo’s and
Two Eighty Six verses) and Surah Al- Kausar (One Rukoo and Three verses) is the
shortest Surah of the Holy Quran.

Part 8 - Pillars of Faith

 80
683. Pillars of Islam: There are five major pillars of Islam:
 Shahadat
 Salat
 Saum
 Zakat
 Hajj
684. The Arabic word Salah means ‘to Pray’, ‘to supplicate or invoke’, ‘to -Petition’
or ‘to Magnify’.It is the first act of worship made obligatory / compulsory.

685. Salat made obligatory in 10th Nabvi

686. There are thirteen things called the “Farz” (imperative) parts, which have to
be fulfilled for the prayer to be valid and proper. Seven of these are pre-requisites,
which must be fulfilled before the commencement of the prayer, the other six called
the pillars of the prayer.
687. SalatulJuma became Farz in Madina.
688. Namaz-e-Istisqa is offered for rain.
689. Namaz-e-Khasof is offered during Lunar eclipse.
690. Meaning of Zakat is “to purify”.
691. The Holy Qur’an has mentioned “Salat” and “Zakat” together at about 32
places.
692. Zakat became obligatory in 2 AH.
693. There are eight Heads for distributions of Zakat to whom you can give Zakat.
694. Zakat” is obligatory at a uniform rate of 2.5 % i.e. 1/40 part of gold, silver,
stock goods, metal, coins, currency notes and ornaments.
695. Nisabof Zakat for gold is 7 ½ Tola and silver is 52½ Tolaor equivalent
696. Fasting was made obligatory in 2ndA.H.
 81
697. Hazrat Umar (RA) arranged the Namaz-e-Tarrawih for the first time during his
reign.
698. 1st Ashra of Ramzan is “Ashra-e-Rehmat”, 2ndAshra is “Ashra-e- Maghfirat”
and 3rd “Ashra is “Ashra-e-Nijat”.
699. Feedingsixty people or to observe sixty continuous fastingis the atonement for
breaking the fast.
700. Hajj was made compulsory in 9 A.H.
701. While going for Hajj, “Meeqat” is the place beyond which no one can advance
without putting on Ihram.
701. Which strait is separating Asia and Europe?
Strait of Bosporus is separating Asia and Europe. Its total length is 31 km and width
is 700 meters. It is also known as Strait of Istanbul.
702. What is meant by trans-continental country? Name any trans-
continental country of Asia and Africa.
The term trans-continental country refers to a country which exists in two
continents. Egypt is a trans-continental country in Asia and Africa.
703. Which strait is separating Asia and North America?
Bearing strait is separating Asia and North America.
704. What is the old name of Japan?
Nippon is the old name of Japan.
705. Which country of the world is Known as “The land of the Rising Sun”?
Japan is known as the “The land of the Rising Sun”.
706. What are the Western and Eastern Ghats?
Western and Eastern Ghats are mountain ranges. And they are located in India.
707. What is the length of Afghanistan Coastal line?
The length of Afghanistan Coastal line is zero because Afghanistan is a landlocked
country.
708. Which mountain range is separating Asia and Europe to the North?
Ural mountain range is separating Asia and Europe to the North.
709. Which two Islands of India are located in Indian Ocean?
Nicobar and Lakshadweep Islands of India are located in Indian Ocean.
710. Elburz and Zagros mountain ranges are located in which country?
Elburz and Zagros mountain ranges are located in Iran.
711. Which is the largest country (by area) of Africa?
Algeria is the largest country of Africa by area.
712. Write two important geographical features of Seychelles?
 82
Seychelles is the smallest country of Africa. It is an Island country located in Indian
Ocean.
713. Name three important deserts of Africa?
Namib Desert, Sahara Desert and Kalahari Desert are three important deserts of
Africa.
714. Which African river crosses the equator twice?
Congo river crosses the equator twice.
715. What is “Cape of Good Hope”?
“Cape of Good Hope” is a rocky headland on the Atlantic Coast of South Africa.
716. Describe the location of Strait of Gibraltar?
Strait of Gibraltar is located between Europe and Africa. It connects Mediterranean
sea with Atlantic Ocean.
717. Where Golan Heights are located?
Golan Heights are located in Lebanon, Syria and Israel (West Asia). Presently, It is
occupied by Israel.
718. What is Horn of Africa?
It is the north eastern most point of Africa. This land of Africa juts hundreds of
kilometers in Arabian Sea. Djibouti, Eritrea, Somalia and Ethiopia are the main
countries of Horn of Africa.
719. What is 38th Parallel line?
38th Parallel line is boundary line between North and South Korea.
720. What is the capital of Libya?
Tripoli is the capital of Libya.
721. What is English Channel?
English Channel is an arm of Atlantic Ocean. It separates southern England from
Northern France. It is 563 km long and 246 km wide. The narrowest part in this
channel is Strait of Dover.
722. Which is the most populous country of Europe?
The most populous country of Europe is Russia.
723. What are the Baltic States?
Estonia, Latvia and Lithonia are Baltic States. These countries gained
independence from Russian empire in the wake of WWI. The term Baltic stems
from Baltic sea.
724. What is the rank of European Continent in terms of area?
Europe rank 6th in the world in terms of area.
725. Which is the smallest country of Europe?
 83
Vatican City is the smallest country of Europe with only 0.44 sq Km area. It is
located inside Italy.
726. Where the Iberian Peninsula is located?
Iberian Peninsula is located in Spain and Portugal. It is the second largest
peninsula of the Europe.
727. Name any desert of the Europe.
Europe is the only continent in the world having no desert.
728. Name any four Seas of the Europe.
Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, North Sea and Norwegian Sea.
729. Which is the longest mountain range of the Europe?
Alps mountain range is the longest mountain range of the Europe. 1120 km is the
approximate length and it spans across seven countries.
730. What is meant by trans-continental country? Name two trans-
continental countries of Asia and Europe.
The term trans.-continental country refers to a country which exists in two
continents. Russia and Turkey are two trans-continental countries of Asia and
Europe.
731. Which country is called as Cockpit of Europe?
Belgium is called as cockpit of Europe.
732. Rainfall is measured by which instrument?
Rain Gauge is the instrument used to measure rainfall / precipitation.
733. Longest River of the World is located in which continent?
Nile is the longest river of the world.
734. Which country is known as Lady Shoe of the world?
Italy is regarded as Lady Show Country of the world due to its shape like heel of the
lady show placed at the earth.
735. What is Door to Hell and where it is located?
It is a large crater having a diameter of 40 m and it is located in Tajikistan.
736. Which is the deepest point on earth?
Mariana Trench near Islands of Philippines is the deepest point on Earth. It is
located in Pacific Ocean.
737. Which is the Second Largest continent by area and population?
Continent of Africa is the Largest continent by area and population.
738. Which is largest Country of the world by area?
Russia is the largest Country of the world by area.
739. Pakistan is divided into how many physiographical divisions?
 84
Pakistan is divided into five physiographical divisions.i.e; Mountains, Plains,
Plateaus, Deserts and Rivers.
740. What is the name of narrow strip that separates Pakistan and
Afghanistan?
Wakhan Corridor is the name given to border between Pakistan and Afghanistan.
741. The border of Pakistan and India between Pakistan Punjab and Indian
Punjab is known as?
Sir Radcliffe Line is the border between Pakistan Punjab and Indian Punjab.
742. What do you know about Baltic States?
All those territories which gained independence from the Russian Empire in the
wake of WW-I. Baltic States are located at the eastern coast of Baltic Sea. Latvia,
Estonia, Lithuania are the Baltic states.
743. How much area of Pakistan is covered by mountains and plateaus?
60 % (Approx.)Pakistan is covered by mountains and plateaus.
744. Which is the Largest Lake of the world by area?
Caspian Sea is called as largest Lake of the world.
745. Which is the highest elevated capital of the world?
Lapaz – Boliviais the highest elevated capital of the world.
746. Which is the lowest elevated capital of the world?
Baku-Azerbaijanis the lowest elevated capital of the world.
747. What do you know about Bermuda Triangle?
It is located in western part of North Atlantic Ocean. A number of aircrafts and
vessels allegedly disappeared.
748. What is the length of Panama Canal?
82 Kmis the length of Panama Canal.
749. What is the length of Suez Canal?
193 Kmis the length of Panama Canal.
750. Suez Canal joins which two seas?
Suez Canal joins Red Sea (East of Africa) to Mediterranean Sea (North of Africa).
751. Why Red Sea is called as Red Sea?
It is due to the color reflection of various algae and daffodils present at the surface
of sea.
752. Which is the largest river of the world by water volume and where is it
located?
River Amazon in South Americais the largest river of the world by water volume.
753. Name the Capital of the Nepal:
 85
Kathmandu is the Capital of the Nepal.
754. What is Horn of Africa?
It is the north-eastern most point of Africa. This land of Africa juts hundreds of
kilometers in the Arabian Sea.
755. Which country is called as Sugar Bowl of the world?
Cubais called as sugar bowl of the world due to highest sugar production in the
world.
756. Which country is called as ‘Door to Europe’?
Turkeyis called as ‘Door to Europe’ because of its location.
757. What is Strait? Which is the largest strait of the world?
Strait is a narrow water body connecting two larger water bodies. Strait of Malacca
is the largest strait of the world having a length of 805 km.
758. Which country has the greatest number of volcanoes?
Philippineshas the greatest number of volcanoes.
759. Which Country is the World’s largest Coffee Producer?
Brazil is World’s largest coffee producer.
760. Which country is below sea level?
Netherlandis below sea level.
761. Which is the deepest underwater trench in the world?
Mariana Trench is the deepest and located in Pacific Ocean.
762. Name the driest desert of the world?
Atacama desert is the driest desert in the world.
763. Where is the Ring of Firelocated?
Ring of Fire is located in Pacific Ocean where Volcanoes keeps erupting.
764. Name any four important islands of Japan:
Four major islands of Japan are: Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu and Shikoku.
765. What is the source of River Indus?
River Indus originates from Lake Mansarovar.
766. What is the Length of Indus River?
Length of Indus River is 2900 km.
767. Where the Victoria Desert is located?
The Victoria Desert in located in Australia.
768. Which strait is located between India and Srilanka?
Palk Strait is located between India and Srilanka.
769. Bali island is the part of which Asian Country?
Bali island is situated in Indonesia.
 86
770. Which is highest peak of Hindu Kush mountain?
Tirich Mir is highest peak of Hindu Kush mountain.
771. Madagascar Island is located on which side of Continent of Africa:
Madagascar Island is located onEast / South-East of Continent of Africa.
772. Alexandria Seaport belongs to which country?
Alexandria is the Seaport of Egypt.
773. Name the Currency of Bangladesh:
Takka is the Currency of Bangladesh.
774. What is the longest Mountain range of the world?
Andes is the longest mountain range of the world. It is located in Continent of South
America.
775. Which place of the world receives maximum rainfall?
Cherapunji (in India) receives maximum rainfall in the world.
776. Which country has the Maximum numbers of official languages?
South Africa has maximum number of official language.
777. Which is the largest Rain Forest of the world?
Amazon Rain forest is the largest forest of the world and it is located in the continent of
South America.
778. Which instrument is used to measure Magnitude of the Earthquake?
Magnitude of the earthquake is measured by Richter scale.
779. Where is Greenwich line located?
It is located at zero Degrees Longitude and passes through Greenwich (England).
780. Name the Capital of Iraq:
Baghdad is the capital of the world.
781. Babusar Pass connects which two cities?
Babusar Pass connects AbbottabadtoGilgit.
782. What is the purpose of Contours on Map?
Contours are used on map for showing points of equal Height.
783. Great Rift Valley is situated in which Continent?
Great Rift Valley is situated in Continent of Africa.
784. Name the capital of Maldives:
Mali is the capital of Maldives.
785. Which national agency is responsible for surveying and mapping of
Pakistan?
Survey of Pakistan is responsible for surveying and mapping of Pakistan.
786. Which is the capital of North Korea?
 87
Pyongyang is the capital of North Korea.
787. What is isthmus?
It is the narrow strip of land which connects two massive land areas. e.g; Panama.
788. Tropic of Capricorn is located in which hemisphere?
Tropic of Capricorn is located in southern Hemisphere.
789. How many countries are located in Continent of Australia?
There are only three countries located in Continent of Australia. Australia, New Zealand
and Papua New Guinea.
790. What is the Length of Costal line of Pakistan?
Length of Costal line of Pakistan is 1059 km.
791. Which is the highest peak of Hindukush range?
The highest peak of Hindukush range is Tirchmir.
792. Which country has the largest coast line of the world?
Canada has the largest coast line of the world.
793. Which is the driest place of the earth?
Atacama desert is the driest place of the earth.
794. Which is the largest country of Arabian peninsula?
Saudi Arabia is the largest country of Arabian peninsula.
795. The largest country (by Area) of South America is:
Brazil is the largest country (by Area) of South America.
796. Which is the tallest mountain of the world?
Mount Everest is the tallest mountain of the world.
797. Which city is the capital of Australia?
Canberra is the capital of Australia.
798. The name of mountain range along the border of China and Pakistan:
Karakoram Range is the famous mountain range located along the Pak China
Border.
799. The deepest point in the ocean is known as?
Mariana Trench is the deepest point on the earth ocean.
800. What is the name of mountain range along the border of Afghanistan and
northern Pakistan?
Hindu Kush mountain range along the border of Afghanistan and northern Pakistan.
801. Define Computer.
A computer is an electronic machine which is used to perform arithmetic or logical
operations and graphical manipulations.
802. Define Data.
Data is collection of raw facts and figures.
 88
803. What is information?
The processed or organized form of data is called, an information.
804. Define Central processing unit (CPU).
CPU is the heart of computer, this is the component that actually executes
instructions organized in programs which tells the computer what to do.
805. What is the function of OAS?
OAS stands for Office Automation System, used to perform routine office work in a
paperless environment.
806. What is the use of Global Positioning System (GPS).
Global Positioning System, is a global navigation satellite system that provides
location, velocity and time synchronization.
807. What is the role of Memory in Computer?
Memory is a storage place which enables a computer to store data, programs, and
intermediate results.
808. Define Internet.
The Internet is a vast network that connects computers all over the world. Through
the Internet, people can share information and communicate from anywhere with
an Internet connection.
809. Which one of the following should you prefer:-
a. Core i5 with 10th Generation
b. Core i7 with 3rd Generation
Core i5 with 10th Generation, because in terms of generation it contains latest
technology and maximum speed as compare to core i7 with 3 rd generation.
810. Name few input devices.
Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Microphone etc.
811. Define Output device.
A display screen, printer, or other device that lets you see what the computer has
accomplished.
812. Name few output devices.
Monitor / LCD / LED, Speaker, Printer etc.
813. What is Geographic Information System?
A geographic information system is a conceptualized framework that provides the
ability to capture and analyze spatial and geographic data.
814. What is NEWCAP?
NEWCAP stands for Network Enabled Warfare Capabilities. It is a software
developed by C4I Dte. It is used to perform GIS based analyses and preparation of
Overlays on digitized maps.
 89
815. Define Network.
When two or more computers are interconnected, in order to share resources and
information, they form a Network.
816. Describe Antivirus software. Name few examples.
Antivirus software, or anti-virus software, also known as anti-malware, is a computer
program used to prevent, detect, and remove malware. Antivirus software was
originally developed to detect and remove computer viruses, hence the name. E.g.
Bit defender, Avira, Kaspersky, Norton.
817. What is hotspot?
A hotspot is a physical location where people can access the Internet, typically using
Wi-Fi, via a wireless local area network (WLAN) with a router connected to an
Internet service provider.
818. Define Wifi.
Wi-Fi is a wireless network technology that uses radio frequency waves to connect
mobile devices to the internet without any actual cables
819. What is Local Area Network?
A local area network is a computer network that interconnects computers within a
limited area such as a residence, school, laboratory, university campus or office
building.
820. Define Input device.
The input device is the conduit through which data and instructions are entered in a
computer.
821. Define Proxy Server.
In computer networking, a proxy server is a server application or appliance that acts
as an intermediary for requests from clients seeking resources from servers that
provide those resources.
822. What is a malware in computer? Name few examples.
Malware is the collective name for a number of malicious software variants, including
viruses, ransom ware and spyware. Shorthand for malicious
software, malware typically consists of code developed by cyber attackers, designed
to cause extensive damage to data and systems or to gain unauthorized access to a
network. E.g. Viruses, worms, Trojan viruses, spyware, adware and ransom ware.
823. What is Virtual Private Network (VPN)?
A virtual private network provides privacy, anonymity and security to users by
creating a private network connection across a public network connection. VPNs can
be used in combination with proxy servers, and overlay networks.
824. Define Internet Service Provider. Name few examples.
 90
An Internet service provider is an organization that provides a myriad of services for
accessing, using, or participating in the Internet. Internet service providers can be
organized in various forms, such as commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or
otherwise privately owned. E.g. PTCL, NayaTel, Paknet, Wateen.
825. What is Database Management System (DBMS)? Name few examples.
A database management system (DBMS) is system software for creating
and managing databases. A DBMS makes it possible for end users to create,
protect, read, update and delete data in a database. E.g. MySQL, MS Access,
FoxPro, Oracle.
826. What is topologies in network?
Network topology is the arrangement of the elements of a communication network.
Network topology can be used to define or describe the arrangement of various
types of telecommunication networks, including command and control radio
networks, industrial fieldbusses and computer networks.
827. What is multimedia?
Multimedia is a form of communication that combines different content forms such as
text, audio, images, animations, or video into a single presentation, in contrast to
traditional mass media, such as printed material or audio recordings.
828. What do you know about Learning Management System?
A learning management system is a software application for the administration,
documentation, tracking, reporting, automation and delivery of educational courses,
training programs, or learning and development programs. The learning
management system concept emerged directly from e-Learning.
829. Describe “Over The Top” applications.
An over-the-top (OTT) application is any app or service that provides a
product over the Internet and bypasses traditional distribution. Services that
come over the top are most typically related to media and communication and are
generally, if not always, lower in cost than the traditional method of delivery. E.g.
Netflix, Amazon, Hulu.
830. What is eLearning?
eLearning, or electronic learning, is the delivery of learning and training through
digital resources. Although eLearning is based on formalized learning, it is provided
through electronic devices such as computers, tablets and even cellular phones that
are connected to the internet.
831. What is RAM?
 91
RAM stands for Random Access Memory, and is used as a short-term memory
storage space for the computer to place data it's currently working on so it's easily
accessible.
832. What is microprocessor?
A microprocessor is a computer processor where the data processing logic and
control is included on a single integrated circuit, or a small number of integrated
circuits.
833. What is ROM?
ROM stands for Read-Only Memory which is a type of electronic storage that comes
built in to a device during manufacturing.
834. Define Integrated Circuit.
An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit is a set of electronic circuits on
one small flat piece of semiconductor material that is normally silicon.
835. What is touch screen?
A touch screen or touch screen is the assembly of both an input and output device.
The touch panel is normally layered on the top of an electronic visual display of an
information processing system. The display is often an LCD or LED display while the
system is usually a laptop, tablet, or smart phone.
836. What are Peripheral Devices in computer?
The devices which are attached with a computer system are known as Peripheral
devices. In simple words, all the input and output devices are called Peripheral
Devices.
837. Define Intranet.
Intranet is a local or restricted communications network, especially a private network
created using World Wide Web software.
838. Hat is Extranet?
An extranet is a controlled private network that allows access to partners, vendors
and suppliers or an authorized set of customers – normally to a subset of the
information accessible from an organization's intranet.
839. Define Virtual Reality.
Virtual reality (VR), the use of computer modeling and simulation that enables a
person to interact with an artificial three-dimensional (3-D) visual or other sensory
environment.
840. Define Augmented Reality.
Augmented reality (AR) is the real-time use of information in the form of text,
graphics, audio, and other virtual enhancements integrated with real-world objects.
841. Define Flow chart.
 92
A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents a workflow or process. A flowchart
can also be defined as a diagrammatic representation of an algorithm, a step-by-step
approach to solving a task. The flowchart shows the steps as boxes of various kinds,
and their order by connecting the boxes with arrows.
842. Define Algorithm.
In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm is a finite sequence of well-
defined, computer-implementable instructions, typically to solve a class of problems
or to perform a computation.
843. What is Cyber Security?
Computer security, cyber security or information technology security is the protection
of computer systems and networks from information disclosure, theft of or damage to
their hardware, software, or electronic data, as well as from the disruption or
misdirection of the services they provide.
844. Define Holography.
Holography is the science and practice of making holograms. A hologram, also
known as a holograph, is a real world recording of an interference pattern which
uses diffraction to reproduce a 3D light field, resulting in an image which still has the
depth, parallax, and other properties of the original scene.
845. Define data communication.
The exchange of information between two devices via some form Transmission
medium (such as copper cable, twisted pair cable etc.).
846. Define network.
A network is a set of devices connected by a physical media links.
847. What is protocol?
It is a set of rules that governs data communication. A protocol defines what is
communicated, how it is communicated, and when it is communicated. The key
elements of protocol are syntax, semantics and timing. Some examples are as
under:-
 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
 Internet Protocol (IP)
 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

 Simple mail transport Protocol (SMTP)

 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)

848. What is a Minicomputer?
A multi-user computer capable of supporting up to hundreds of users simultaneously.
 93
849. What is a Personal computer?
A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor.
850. Define Workstation?
A powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a personal computer, but it
has a more powerful microprocessor and, in general, a higher-quality monitor.
851. Define Mainframe computer.
A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands
of users simultaneously.
852. What is a Supercomputer?
An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per
second.
853. Name some of the internetworking devices?
Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges, Switches, Routers, Brouter etc.
854. What is the most appropriate software for complex calculations in
computer?
Microsoft Excel
855. What is Windows?
A personal computer operating system from Microsoft.
856. What is Telemedicine?
A process of treatment through communication technologies.
857. What is Computer Virus?
One kind of program, which is harmful to computer operation.
858. Name any two types of commonly used printers are?
Inkjet printer, Dot Matrix printer and Laser printer etc.
859. Write the name of different computer storage device.
Hard disk, Floppy disk, Compact disk.
860. What is Cryptography?
The art and science of making and study of maps is known as cryptography.
861. What is Information Technology?
Information technology is the use of computers to store, retrieve, transmit, and
manipulate data or information.
862. What do you mean by encryption?
A process of converting plain text into cipher text.
863. What is the purpose of using a web browser? Name any one commonly
used web browser.
 94
The web browser fetches the page requested, interprets the text and formatting
commands that it contains and display the page property formatted on the screen.
E.g. Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Safari.
864. What are Social Media Networks?
Social networking is the use of Internet-based social media sites to stay connected
with friends, family, colleagues, customers, or clients. Social networking can have
a social purpose, a business purpose, or both, through sites like Facebook, Twitter,
LinkedIn, and Instagram
865. What is network architecture? Name two major network architectures.
Network architecture refers to how computers are organized in a system and how
tasks are allocated between these computers. Two of the most widely
used types of network architecture are peer-to-peer and client/server.
Client/server architecture is also called 'tiered' because it uses multiple levels.
866. What are the firewalls in computer system?
Firewalls are defensive barriers that fence off a private network from the internet.
867. What are cookies?
Cookies are messages that a web server transmits to a web browser so that the web
server can keep track of the user’s activity on a specific web site.
868. What is client- server technology?
It is a network where one computer acts as the server and another is called client.
The server is the most important part of the network system providing access to
resources and security.
869. What is IP address?
The internet address is 32 bits that uniquely and universally defines a host or router
on the internet. E.g. 192.168.1.1
870. What is an Operating System?
An operating system is a program that manages the computer hardware. It acts as
an intermediate between user of a computer and the computer hardware. It controls
and coordinates the use of the hardware among the various application programs for
the user. E.g. Windows, Linus, MacOS.
871. What is a program?
Program is a set of instructions to perform some task.
872. What do you mean by OSI?
Open System Interconnection model is a model for understanding and designing
network architecture.
873. What is USB?
 95
Stands for "Universal Serial Bus." USB is the most common type of computer port
used in today's computers. It can be used to connect keyboards, mice, game
controllers, printers, scanners, digital cameras, and removable media drives, just to
name a few.
874. What is meant by GUI?
GUI stands for Graphical user interface. A graphical user interface (GUI) is a type of
user interface through which users interact with electronic devices via visual indicator
representations.
875. Define Data Processing.
Data processing is, generally, "the collection and manipulation of items of data to
produce meaningful information." In this sense it can be considered a subset of
information processing, "the change of information in any manner detectable by an
observer."
876. Define Hybrid Computer.
Hybrid computers are computers that exhibit features of analog computers and
digital computers. The digital component normally serves as the controller and
provides logical and numerical operations, while the analog component often serves
as a solver of differential equations and other mathematically complex equations.
E.g. Ultrasound Machine, Monitoring Machines, Electrocardiogram Machine, forensic
and defence.
877. What is mean by CU?
The control unit (CU) is a component of a computer's central processing unit (CPU)
that directs the operation of the processor. It tells the computer's memory, arithmetic
and logic unit and input and output devices how to respond to the instructions that
have been sent to the processor.
878. Define High Level Language.
High level languages are written in a form that is close to our human language,
enabling to programmer to just focus on the problem being solved.
879. Define Storage Types.
There are two types of storage devices used with computers: a primary storage
device, such as RAM, and a secondary storage device, such as a hard drive.
Secondary storage can be removable, internal, or external.
880. What is the difference Between Data and Information?
Information is a processed, organized data presented in a given context and is useful
to humans. Data is an individual unit that contains raw material which does not carry
any specific meaning. Information is a group of data that collectively carry a logical
meaning.
 96
881. Explain Cloud Computing.
Cloud computing is the delivery of different services through the Internet. These
resources include tools and applications like data storage, servers, databases,
networking, and software. As long as an electronic device has access to the web, it
has access to the data and the software programs to run it.
882. What is the purpose of MS Word?
Microsoft Word or MS Word (often called Word) is a graphical word processing
program that users can type with. It is made by the computer company Microsoft.
Its purpose is to allow users to type and save documents. Similar to
other word processors, it has helpful tools to make documents.
883. What is the purpose of MS Excel?
MS Excel is a spreadsheet programme developed by Microsoft in 1985, with the sole
purpose of helping businesses compile all their financial data, yearly credit, and
yearly debit sheets. Fast forward to the future after 31 years, it is now the most
commonly used program for creating graphs and pivot tables.
884. What is the purpose of MS Powerpoint?
Microsoft PowerPoint is a software application that is particularly used to present
data and information by using text, diagrams with animation, images, and transitional
effects, etc in the form of slides. It helps people to better understand the idea or topic
in front of the audience practically and easily.
885. Define the word “System Unit”.
A system unit is the part of a computer that houses the primary devices that perform
operations and produce results for complex calculations. It includes the
motherboard, CPU, RAM and other components, as well as the case in which these
devices are housed.
886. Differentiate between System software and Application Software?
System software is used for operating computer hardware. On other hand
Application software is used by user to perform specific task. System software is
installed on the computer when operating system is installed. On other hand in
application software can't run independently.
System Softwares: Compiler, Assembler, Debugger, drivers etc.
Application Softwares: Word processor, web browser, media players etc.
887. What are the advantages of using cloud computing?
The advantages of using cloud computing are
 Data backup and storage of data
 Powerful server capabilities
 97
 SaaS ( Software as a service)
 Information technology sandboxing capabilities
 Increase in productivity
 Cost effective & Time saving
888. Explain different models for deployment in cloud computing?
The different deployment models in cloud computing are
 Private Cloud
 Public Cloud
 Community Cloud
 Hybrid Cloud
889. What is Artificial Intelligence?
Artificial Intelligence is a field of computer science wherein the cognitive functions of
the human brain are studied and tried to be replicated on a machine/system. Artificial
Intelligence is today widely used for various applications like computer vision,
speech recognition, decision-making, perception, reasoning, cognitive capabilities,
and so on.
890. List some applications of AI.
 Natural language processing
 Chatboxs
 Sentiment analysis
 Sales prediction
 Self-driving cars
 Facial expression recognition
 Image tagging
891. What is a virtual memory?
Virtual memory is a feature of an operating system that enables a computer to be
able to compensate shortages of physical memory by transferring pages of data from
random access memory to disk storage. This process is done temporarily and is
designed to work as a combination of RAM and space on the hard disk.
892. What is 3D Printing?
3D printing or additive manufacturing is a process of making three dimensional solid
objects from a digital file.The creation of a 3D printed object is achieved using
additive processes. In an additive process an object is created by laying down
successive layers of material until the object is created. Each of these layers can be
seen as a thinly sliced cross-section of the object.
893. Describe Cache Memory?
 98
Cache memory is a chip-based computer component that makes retrieving data from
the computer's memory more efficient. It acts as a temporary storage area that the
computer's processor can retrieve data from easily. This temporary storage area,
known as a cache, is more readily available to the processor than the computer's
main memory source, typically some form of DRAM.
894. What is Cyber Warfare?
Cyberwarfare is the use of digital attacks to attack a nation, causing comparable
harm to actual warfare and/or disrupting the vital computer systems
895. What is World Wide Web (www)?
The World Wide Web—commonly referred to as WWW, W3, or the Web—is an
interconnected system of public webpages accessible through the Internet. The Web
is not the same as the Internet: the Web is one of many applications built on top of
the Internet.
896. Define E-Commerce.
Ecommerce, also known as electronic commerce or internet commerce, refers to the
buying and selling of goods or services using the internet, and the transfer of money
and data to execute these transactions. Ecommerce is often used to refer to the sale
of physical products online, but it can also describe any kind of commercial
transaction that is facilitated through the internet.
897. What is Water Marking in OAS?
A watermark in OAS is a stamp of an Individual’s OAS ID along with Date and time
that shows up faintly behind the text on a document page.
898. What is defragmentation in computer?
In the maintenance of file systems, defragmentation is a process that reduces the
degree of fragmentation. It does this by physically organizing the contents of the
mass storage device used to store files into the smallest number of contiguous
regions (fragments, extents).
899. What is the Z drive in Office Automation System?
Z drive in OAS is an allocated drive to all the OAS users, for storage and
management of official data on OAS.
900. How to Speed up the computer?
 Uninstall unnecessary software
 Remove temporary files
 Add more RAM to your PC
 Limit the programs at startup
 Check for spyware and viruses
 99
 Use Disk Cleanup and defragmentation
 Consider a startup SSD
 Take a look at your web browser settings
 Apply defragmentation