LITERATURE REVIEW

Theoretical Framework:

In our research we have used “THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR”. The

theory is all about

peoples’ intentions towards concept, beliefs, values, norms and control over ones’ self

and they

together form the attitude an individual possesses and the way they react or perceive

their eco-

system.

Self-efficacy:

The performance of a person’s particular action is affected by his individual

judgment. Self-efficacy is affiliated with the perception of having a confidence in

using the technology, an individual possesses if, taking the context of smartphones.

As an example, an individual having smartphone thinks that he can do tasks

efficiently by using smartphones. Technical support/ training and amicability

influences self-efficacy, which increases an individual’s skills in order to sufficiently

use the technology.

Interaction Competencies:

Students establish relationship with others with the help of communication through

different technologies. Students tend to interact through chatting with friends on

messenger that gives them quick response. For an effective communication they must

have technology related competencies such as smartphone and this required

competency is known as interaction competencies.

Behavioral intention is a person’s intention to act in a particular manner with

someone. It’s a subjective probability that an individual will perform in a specified

behavior (Raza et al., 2019).

Empirical Studies:

Chen, Kumar, Huang, & Kong (2015) focused on the level of university students’

addiction to their smartphones and to understand the difference between self-regulated

learning, learning flow, based on smartphone addiction level. After 210 students of

university students in Seoul were participated in this research, it has been found that

the higher the addiction level is, the lower level of self-regulated learning the students

have, as well as low level of flow when studying. Further interview for smartphone

addiction group was conducted, it has been found that the smartphone addict –

learners are constantly interrupted by the other applications on the phones when they

are studying, and does not have enough control over their smartphone learning plan

and its process. The study is limited only to the women who are 22 years old and who

are in university.

Lee, Cho, Kim, & Noh (2014) examined the factors that influence the adoption

behavior of smartphone early adopters by looking at smartphone adoption behavior of

college students, because a large portion of the early adopters of smartphones are

college students. Our focus is on the effect of normative peer influence on a college

student’s smartphone adoption. We also examine the influence of other factors such

as self-innovativeness, self-efficacy, the decision maker’s attitudes towards a product,

financial burden of using the product, familial influence, and other demographic
factors (e.g., age and gender). College students’ adoption behavior is studied using

logic and probate choice models developed based on random utility theory. The

discrete choice models are empirically estimated using survey data. We find important

influence of friends, financial burden, and other family members on the smartphone

adoption of college students who adopted smartphones earlier than other students. 151

College students in two introductory communications classes at a large Midwestern

university participated in the survey.

Lepp, Barkley and Karpinski (2014) investigated the relationship between cell phone

usage, Academic performance, anxiety and satisfaction with life among the collage of

students of Midwestern US public university.536 responses were collected through a

questionnaire having 4 constructs (demographics, cell phone use, anxiety and

satisfaction with life) and Academic performance was measured through the official

university records. Results show that Academic performance is negatively related to

cell phone usage and anxiety is positively related to cell phone usage whereas,

Academic performance has positive relationship with satisfaction in life

while anxiety has insignificant relationship with satisfaction in life. Researchers

guided future researcher to include other population (higher school students,

graduated students) of other regions in other to increase the generalizability of this

paper.

Samaha and Hawi (2016) determined the relationship between Academic

performance, Smartphone usage, stress and satisfaction in life. 249 responses were

collected by the university students through questionnaire 4 sections, one is

demographics and other three are the main instruments. Results show that Smartphone
addiction has positive relation with satisfaction in life but negative relation with

Academic performance. This study recommended other researchers to again research

across the culture to increase the generalizability of this study.

Hawi and Samaha (2016) investigated the relationship between Academic

performance and Smartphone usage among the students of Notre Dame University,

Lebanon. 293 responses were came out through the questionnaire consist of two

sections (demographics and Smartphone usage scale) having 33 items and GPA was

measured through official university records. The results showed negative relationship

between Smartphone usage and Academic performance (GPA) of

male and female students. It is recommended to future researchers to research again

on other population of other region as well.

Aljomaa et al. (2016) investigated that how the differences in gender, monthly

income, social status, education level and hours of daily use impact the frequency of

smart phone addiction. This research excluded the impact on college students and

undergraduate students and directed future researchers for further research on other

population. 416 male and female students of King Saud University enrolled in

Bachelors, Graduates, M.A and Ph.D. programs were the respondents of this study.

Questionnaire consists of 88 items fewer than 5 dimensions were used

to collect the data. Results show that there is significant social status, hours of daily

use, monthly income, education level and gender differences were indicated in the

frequency of smart phone addiction.

Chiu (2014) proposed a model for analyzing the mediating effect that learning self-

efficacy and social self-efficacy have on the relationship between university students
perceived life stress and smartphone addiction. The survey conducted from the

students of Taiwan university came out to be 208 having 4 13 items including

(interpersonal relationship stress, academic stress, family stress and emotional stress).

The results show that academic stress and interpersonal relationship stress is a

negative predictor for social self-efficacy and learning self-efficacy, family and

emotional stress is a positive predictor for smart phone addiction. The study is limited

only to the university students whereas employed individuals must also be surveyed.

Fonseca et al. (2014) investigated the importance of AR on smart phones for

educational purpose and to determine the relationship between the importance of tool,

involvement of student and the

impact of AR on the performance of the students. The study conducted by CAD/BIM

group of architecture department of La Salle, Ramon Llill University. The study

conducted in the year 2011-2012 on students of the 3rd year studying Architecture

and Building Engineering Degree. For the purpose experimental survey was

conducted. The study was performed during the 2011–2012 academic year with

students in their third year of an Architecture and Building Engineering

degree. The experimental framework was conducted in the course. Total students’

participants were 57. Results were obtained by students’ pre-tests and post-tests. We

came to know that mobile phone usage in class rooms has strong relation with

motivation and there is a positive relation students’ Academic performance with. The

limitations of the study are its hard and not easy to use in producing contents. The

study was performed during the 2011–2012 academic year with students in their third

year of an Architecture and Building Engineering degree. Hence the study should also

have been conducted with students having different educational backgrounds.

performance and the impact of gender and student’s relationship on the usage of

mobile phones. For the purpose the data was collected from the students of university

and higher education of many technological institutions located in India. Quantitative

research was conducted. A questionnaire was prepared and distributed to around 429

students of higher education. our respondents were college going teenagers having

majority of the females (64.8%) of the age group between 16-23 and the rest were

males (35.2%). there were only 7 males in the age group of 23. The items were

behavioral changes, lack of control over self and avoiding panic events,

impact on work, and too much spending time on smart phones etc. Likert scale was

developed having 16 questions. The result shows that women are more involved in

using smart phones than males but on the other hand the adverse effect of using

mobile phones are more on males. The research came to know that male students are

more involved in neglecting their work and lose control over themselves resulting in

poor Academic performance. The study needs to be conducted for graduate students

and students more than age 23 should also be considered fully and male respondents

should be considered equally.

Janković et al. (2016) examined the effect of mobile phones, Facebook on the free

time activities and adjustment of students in college of Serbia. An exploratory study

of students in Serbia 9(N=485) was conducted. There were total N=485 students from

seven faculties who participated in the survey having 205(42.27%) men and

280(57.73%) women. The questionnaire contains total 14 items having 5 constructs

and 4 dimensions and result shows that Facebook and use of smart phones has not too
much influence on the allocated time for spare time activities and adjustment of

students in college and still there is some positive relation of Facebook and smart

phones on free time activities but the relation could be negative if there is an

excessive use of smart phone and face book and lastly students are less likely to

sacrifice face book and smart phones or leisure activities rather than Academic

performance. The study is limited more towards female as more female candidates

were enrolled and graduated from the university of Serbia hence male candidates

needs to be considered from other parts of the Serbia. Due to lack of resources the

study has been conducted at only seven faculties at Belgrade and Novi Sad

universities

Yi, You and Bae (2016) The research investigates the variables that attracts the

students of college to use smart phones for their educational purpose in order to

determine the task-technology fit of smart phones to explain how TTF of smart

phones emphasize the students of college purpose of this paper is to investigate the

factors that influence college student to use smart phones for their Academic

performance. The survey was conducted in the top university of South Korea offering

excellent ambience for wireless online services (distance learning programs) for smart

phones for more than 5 years. The questionnaire composed of two parts (demographic

profile of the students and TPC questions). TPC questions having 4 categories:

smartphones, task technology fit, predecessor user and perceived effect on

performance of the students. The findings show that TTF of smart phones has a strong

influence on the opinions of students regarding performance and not a direct influence

on the usage of smart phones through a predecessor of utilization, such as state of

mind towards the usage of smart phones, values, and integrating conditions. The
limitations of the study are despite having a large sample there are the chances of

biasness because of single cross -sectional survey. The significance of the study is

that it has used TTF model to the utilization of smart phones among college students

and motivates them that the proper and right utilization of smart phones could help

them in improving their Academic performance

Hang (2015) examined the effects of self-efficacy, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic

motivation, and test anxiety on midterm grade. The data was collected from 176

college students ongoing to a Singaporean university. Questionnaires are used to

support this research and to analyze the relationships between self-efficacy, intrinsic

motivation, extrinsic motivation, and test anxiety on midterm grade. The results show

that self-efficacy and extrinsic motivation influence self-regulation behavior instead

of simply banning the laptops in classrooms parents and educators need to encourage

student’s sense of self efficacy and learning motivation. It has been suggested that this

research should also include the data of a non-Singaporean university as well.

Hang (2015) examined the effects of self-efficacy, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic

motivation, and test anxiety on midterm grade. The data was collected from 176

college students ongoing to a Singaporean university. Questionnaires are used to

support this research and to analyze the relationships between self-efficacy, intrinsic

motivation, extrinsic motivation, and test anxiety on midterm grade. The results show

that self-efficacy and extrinsic motivation influence self-regulation behavior instead

of simply banning the laptops in classrooms parents and educators need to encourage
student’s sense of self efficacy and learning motivation. It has been suggested that this

research should also include the data of a non-Singaporean university as well.

Paul, Baker and Cochran (2012) examined Academic performance has been used as

the dependent variable and student characteristics, time management and use of social

media are the independent 15variables The data was collected from 340 respondents

belonging to the business students of a large scale university. A quantitative technique

that is Questionnaires has been used as a survey instrument in this research. The

results show negative relationship of student characteristics, time management and

use of social media on Academic performance of the students. It has been suggested

that further research on overall students instead of business students only must be

conducted.

Hong et al. (2012) determined the relationship between smart phone addiction, smart

phone usage behavior and psychological characteristics among 269 female students of

3 different universities of Taiwan. It shows that self-esteem has insignificant

relationship while smart phone usage behavior, anxiety and social extraversion has

significant relationship with smart phone addiction. This paper limits the

generalizability because of excluding male students in population.

Gökçearslan et al. (2016) identified the impact of usage of smart phones, self-

operation, general self-efficacy and cyber loafing in the addiction of smart phones.

For the purpose we conducted online survey. Our participants were 598 who were the

students of Ankara, Turkey. Research results are discussed within the context of the

effect of Smartphone addiction on learning environments and individuals. Using

students studying at different departments at government university of Ankara. Male

participants were 71% while female participants were 29%. More than 54% of the

population was in the age of between 19 and 20. The instrument we use was

questionnaire having the questions of demographic characteristics and second part

consist of the questions of self-regulation scale, General self-efficacy scale,

Smartphone addiction and Cyber loafing scale and two questions were related to the

usage of smart phones. Our findings show that both cyber loafing and smart phone

usage have positive impact on smart phone addiction while the effects of self-

regulation on the addiction of smart phones were negative and significant. In a nut

shell cyber loafing is not influenced by either self-regulation or self-efficacy. The

limitations of the study are that more than half population was in the age of 19 and 20

and the responses were mostly conducted from male students.

Rashid and Asghar (2016) examined the path model with the use of technology,

student involvement, and self-learning and Academic performance among

undergraduate students. We got 761 students through online survey consisting of 3

scales: Media and Technology Usage and Attitude scale (MTUAS) and rating scale of

Self-Directed Learning (SRSSDL) and Utrecht’s work engagement scale. We used

both quantitative as well as qualitative research. Our participants were provided with

questionnaire through the personal email system of university comprising of 3

instruments; MTUAS, SRSSDL, and UWES. Whereas, Academic performance was

measured through self-reported Grace Points Average (GPA).The result shows that

student engagement and self-directed learning has a positive relationship with the use

of technology while there is insignificant relationship between use of technology and

integration of relationships of the technology use of students with student’s

involvement, self-learning and student’s performance. Hence the limitation of the

study is that it does not focus on the student’s achievement and total learning. Other

studies in future may consider other variables and evaluation criteria of learning

and understanding in addition to GPA.

Junco, Heiberger and Loken (2010) examined that if using twitter, the micro blogging

and social networking platform most amenable tonguing, public dialogue for

educationally relevant purpose can effect on college students and their grades as well,

student grades use as a dependent variable and engagement on twitter in independent.

This data is collected from 125 students taking first year seminar course for pre-

health professional majors participated in this study in which 70 students from

experimental group and 55 in the control group in all institutes of US.

Questionnaire technique use to collect data from students to analyze the relationship

between social media impact on pre health professional major students. The result

shows students participated in twitter throughout the semester and twitter

communication showed that students and faculty were both highly engaged in the

learning process. It is recommended that data should also collect from the institutes

that are not only in US.

Han and Jeong (2018) investigate the effect of smart phone use by college students on

their Academic performance. The dependent variable is Academic performance and

independent variable is Smartphone usage. The study’s data is collected from 2482

students (1559 females and 923 male students) from top ranked universities in South
Korea. Questionnaire technique has been used to collect data. The result with respect

to college students shows that, smartphone self-efficacy and behavioral intention have

positive relationship with the student’s Academic performance. It is recommended

that data should also be collected through one to one interviews and it is also

recommended that it should be collected from parents as well.

Beranuy et al. (2009) investigated the reason of excessive use of smart phone and

internet and its relationship with metal disorder and psychological distress among 365

undergraduate students of universities of Spain through 20-items, 4 point-Likert scale

questionnaire. The results show significant relationship between psychological

distress and excessive use of mobile phone and internet.

Honicke and Broadbent (2016) analyzed the mediating and moderating factors on the

relationship of self-efficacy and Academic performance. Effort regulation, deep

processing strategies and goal orientations were the mediating variables of the

research. The data was collected from 1203 valid respondents belonging to different

universities. Questionnaires have been used to analyze the relationship. The results

show a moderate positive relationship between Academic Self Efficacy and Academic

performance. It is however, limited to university students.More variables must also be

taken to examine the relationship for instance, motivational and cognitive variables,

and self-performance.

Breso, Schaufeli and Salavona (2010) examined the relationship between self-

efficacy, engagement and performance of students. Engagement and performance of

the students were the dependent variables and self-efficacy was the independent
variable of the study. Two control groups including health and stress were involved.

The data was collected from 71 respondents including both male and female

belonging to various years and degree programs of the university. The results showed

that self-efficacy was increased in both the control group with respect to engagement

and performance variables. The study is confined only to the two control

groups considered that are stress and healthy control group.

May and Eider (2018) determined that media multitasking is determined to academic

capacities of college learners. The dependent variables of this study are GPA, test

performance, recall, reading comprehension, note- tasking, self- regulation and

efficiency and independent variable is Academic performance. The data was collected

from 361 college students. Questionnaire technique is used to analyze to relationship

between media multitasking in more diverse instructional context and for varied

academic tasks. The result shows that media multitasking interferes with attention and

working memory, negative affecting GPA, test performance, recall, reading

comprehension, note- taking, self-regulation and efficiency. It is recommended that

data should also collect from non-students as well.

Wentworth and Middleton (2014) analyzed the effect of technology usage on

Academic performance. Technology usage has been used as dependent variable and

Academic performance as an n independent variable of the study. The data was

collected from 483 students belonging to a private university located in New Jersey

and USA. Questionnaire technique has been used to analyze this relationship. The

results show a negative relationship between technology usage and Academic

performance. IN this research most of the respondents are women, so it is

researcher should also have collected data from other regions of different countries in

order to get a generalize result that can be applicable to students widely.

Yang, Asbury and Griffiths (2018) investigated the relation of the problematic smart

phones smart phones among Chinese students For the purpose we conducted paper

based survey Questionnaire at university in South China the average of the

participants were 19.77 years majority ranging from 16 to 27 years .there were 266

males and 209 females .The result shows the model is a good fit in which PSU

students procrastination and academic nervousness .While PSU academic

nervousness, life contentment. A good model fit was found in which PSU predicted

academic procrastination and academic anxiety while PSU academic nervousness,

academic procrastination and life contentment was also predicted by self-regulation.

The relation was predicted by PSU between self-regulation, both academic

nervousness and academic procrastination. The present study improves our

understanding of the annoying smart phones that is enhances our understanding of the

role of problematic smartphone that is used for mental health, academic behavior and

for the welfare of undergraduate students.

Hypothesis

H1: Smartphone self-efficacy has positive influence on Academic performance.

H2: Interaction Competency has positive influence on Academic performance.

H3: Behavioral Intention has positive influence on Academic performance.

Research Purposes

This research is explanatory because this research on impact of smartphone

addiction on Academic performance of senior high school students has already

studied by many other researchers. This research paper shows that how smartphone

self-efficacy, interaction competency and behavioral intention influence the Academic

performance of college students, does it influences in positive way or in negative

way?

Research Approach

There are two types of research: 1) Qualitative 2) Quantitative.

This research is quantitative in nature because data has collected and converted into

numeric form and then findings are analyzed and evaluated by statistical technique

(Qazi et al., 2020).

Research Design

In this research we have used correlation design because we have studied

relationship between smartphone self-efficacy (SSE), interaction competency (IC),

behavioral intention (BI) and Academic performance (AA). This design tells us how

much independent variables (SSE, IC and BI) impact on dependent variable (Qazi et

al., 2020).
Sampling Technique

This study used the convenience technique. Convenience technique uses when we

want to collect data from respondents who are easy to approach. Convenient

technique is non-probability technique where respondents are selected because of

convenient accessibility ad proximity to the researcher (Ali et al., 2019).

Target Audience/Population:

The population targeted for this study consists of Senior High School students of

Ibn Siena Integrated School Campus.

Sample Size

The sample size of the study is 727 respondents (n=727).

Statistical Technique

In this study, we used PLS (SEM) to analyze data by using Reliability test to

check the stability and consistency of results. Factor analysis to find which is the most

important factor and Regression Analysis is applied to measure the strength of

relationship between independent (SSE, IC and BI) and dependent variable (AA).

Questionnaire/ Measurement Instrument:

In this study we have used questionnaire as a measuring instrument.

Questionnaire is based on two sections. Section A comprised the respondents’ general

Section B has 4 sub sections.

1) Interaction Competency

2) Smartphone Self-efficacy

3) Behavioral intention to use Smartphone

4) Academic performance.

Questionnaire consists of total 20 questions related to the topic and variables. The

multi-item measurement items were designed in a five-point liker scale from 1)

Strongly Disagree to 5) strongly Agree. All questions are close ended and made with

Google form that tells about the relationship between Interaction Competency,

Smartphone self-efficacy, Behavioral intention to use Smartphone and Academic

performance.

Ethical Consideration

Ethics are the norms and standards of our research paper. The responses will be

kept confidential so that no info related to the respondent can be leaked. The discloser

of the respondent identity will be based on the permission where if they are not

willing to disclose identity. Hence, the ethical aspect of research is followed in this

research paper.