Topic 1

Number operations in the form a × 10^k where 1 ≤ a < 10 and k is an integer.

SL 1.1 : Sequences and Series

Arithmetic/Geometric Series
Use of the formulae for the nth term and the sum of the first n terms of the sequence
Sum of infinite convergent geometric sequences
Sigma Notation
Use of sigma notation for the sums of geometric sequences
compound interest
annual depreciation.

SL 1.2: Exponents and Logarithms

Laws of Exponents and Logarithms
Laws of exponents with integer exponents
Laws of exponents with rational exponents.
Laws of logarithms.
Change of base of a logarithm.
Introduction to logarithms with base 10 and e
Solving exponential equations, including using logarithm
Numerical evaluation of logarithms using technology
Exponential Equations

SL 1.3: Proofs
Introduction to Proofs
Simple deductive proof, numerical and algebraic; how to lay out a left-hand side to right-
hand side (LHS to RHS) proof
The symbols and notation for equality and identity.
Methods of Proof
Proof by mathematical induction
Proof by contradiction
Use of a counterexample to show that a statement is not always true

SL 1.4: Binomial Theorem

The Binomial Theorem
Use of Pascal’s triangle

AHL 1.5: Counting Principles

Counting principles, including permutations and combinations
Extension of the binomial theorem to fractional and negative indices

AHL 1.6 Complex Numbers

Complex Numbers
Cartesian form

AHL 1.7: Complex Plane

Forms in the Complex Plane
Modulus–argument (polar) form Euler form
Euler form
Sums, Products and Quotients
Sums, products and quotients in Cartesian, polar or Euler forms and their geometric
interpretation.

AHL 1.8: Complex roots

Complex Roots
Complex conjugate roots of quadratic and polynomial equations with real coefficients
De Moivre’s theorem and its extension to rational exponents
Powers and roots of complex numbers.

AHL 1.9: System of Equations

Systems of Linear Equations
Solutions of systems of linear equations (a maximum of three equations in three
unknowns), including cases where there is a unique solution, an infinite number of
solutions or no solution.

Topic 2 - Functions

SL 2.1: Basic Functions

Intro to Functions
Different forms of the equation of a straight line.
Gradient; intercepts.
Lines
Lines with gradients m1 and m2
Parallel Lines
Perpendicular Lines
Function Concepts
Concept of a function, domain, range and graph.
Function Notations
The concept of a function as a mathematical model
Inverse Functions
Informal concept that an inverse function reverses or undoes the effect of a function
Inverse functions

SL 2.2: Graph of Functions

Graph of Functions
The graph of a function
Creating a sketch from information given or a context, including transferring a graph
from screen to paper
Determine key features of graphs. Maximum and minimum values; intercepts
Graphs Using Technology
Using technology to graph functions including their sums and differences.Using
technology to graph functions including their sums and differences.
Finding the point of intersection of two curves or lines using technology

SL 2.3: Special Functions

Different Functions
Composite Functions
Identity function. Finding the inverse function
The quadratic function
Function Forms
The form f(x) = a(x − p)(x − q), x-intercepts (p, 0) and (q, 0).
The form f(x) = a (x − h)^2 + k, vertex (h,k)
Quadratic Solutions
Solution of quadratic equations and inequalities
The quadratic formula.
The discriminant, and the nature of the roots, that is, two distinct real roots, two equal
real roots, no real roots.
Other Functions
The reciprocal function and its graph
Rational functions
Equations of vertical and horizontal asymptotes.
Exponential functions and their graphs f(x) = az , a > 0, f(x) = ex
Logarithmic functions and their graphs:f(x) = logax, x > 0, f(x) = lnx, x > 0
Odd and even functions
Finding the inverse function, including domain restrictions
Self-inverse functions.
Rational functions and its forms
The graphs of the functions, y = | f(x)|
y = f(|x|), y = 1 f(x) , y = f(ax + b), y = [f(x)]2
Solution of modulus equations and inequalities

SL 2.4: Solving Equations

Introduction to Solving Equations
Solving equations, both graphically and analytically
Use of technology to solve a variety of equations, including those where there is no
appropriate analytic approach.
Inequalities
Solutions of g(x) ≥ f(x), both graphically and analytically.
Applications of graphing skills and solving equations that relate to real-life situations.
SL 2.5: Graph Transformations
Graph Transformations
Transformations of graphs
Translations: y = f(x) + b; y = f(x − a)
Reflections (in both axes): y = − f(x); y = f( − x).
Vertical stretch with scale factor p: y = p f(x).
Horizontal stretch with scale factor 1\ q : y = f(qx).
Composite Transformations

2.6: Polynomial Functions

Introduction to Polynomial Functions
Polynomial functions, their graphs and equations; zeros, roots and factors.
The Factor and Remainder Theorems
Solving Polynomial Equations
Sum and product of the roots of polynomial equations.

Topic 3: Geometry and Trigonometry

SL 3.1: Introduction to Geometry
Distance and Midpoint
The distance between two points in three-dimensional space, and their midpoint.
Surface Area and Volume
Volume and surface area of three-dimensional solids including right-pyramid, right cone,
sphere, hemisphere and combinations of these solids. The size of an angle between two
intersecting lines or between a line and a plane.

SL 3.2: Sine and Cosine Rules

Right Triangles
Use of sine, cosine and tangent ratios to find the sides and angles of right-angled
triangles.
Sine and Cosine Rules
The sine rule: a/sinA = b/sinB = c/sinC. The cosine rule: c2 = a2 + b2 − 2abcos(C);
cos(C) = a2 + b 2 − c2 2ab. Area of a triangle as 1/2absin(C).

SL 3.3: Triangles
Triangle Trigonometry
Applications of right and non-right angled trigonometry, including Pythagoras’s theorem.
Angles of elevation and depression.
Construction of labelled diagrams from written statements.

SL 3.4: The Circle

The Circle
The circle: radian measure of angles; length of an arc; area of a sector.

SL 3.5: Trigonometry
Definition of Trig Functions
Definition of cosθ, sinθ in terms of the unit circle.
Definition of tanθ as sinθ/cosθ
Exact values of trigonometric ratios of 0, π/6 , π/4 , π/3 , π/2 and their multiples.
Extension of Sine Rule
Extension of the sine rule to the ambiguous case.

SL 3.6: Identities
Pythagorean Identity
The Pythagorean identity cos2θ + sin2θ = 1. Double angle identities for sine and cosine.
The relationship between trigonometric ratios.
Reciprocal Trigonometric ratios
Definition of the reciprocal trigonometric ratios secθ, cosecθ and cotθ.
Pythagorean identities: 1 + tan2θ = sec2θ, 1 + cot2θ = cosec2θ
The inverse functions f(x) = arcsinx, f(x) = arccosx, f(x) = arctanx; their domains and
ranges; their graphs.
Compound angle identities. Double angle identity for tan

SL 3.7: Trig Composites

Circular Functions
The circular functions sinx, cosx, and tanx; amplitude, their periodic nature, and their
graphs Composite functions of the form f(x) = asin(b(x + c)) + d.
Transformations
Real-life Situations

SL 3.8: Solving Trig Equations

Solving Trig Equations
Solving trigonometric equations in a finite interval, both graphically and analytically.
Equations leading to quadratic equations in sinx, cosx or tanx.
Trig Relations
Relationships between trigonometric functions and the symmetry properties of their
graphs.

AHL 3.9: Vector Concepts

Introduction to Vectors
Concept of a vector; position vectors; displacement vectors. Representation of vectors
using directed line segments. Base vectors i, j, k. Components of a vector: v = v1i + v2 j
+ v3k.
Algebraic and geometric approaches
the sum and difference of two vectors
the zero vector 0, the vector −v
multiplication by a scalar, kv, parallel vectors
magnitude of a vector, |v|; unit vectors, v /|v|
position vectors OA → = a, OB → = b
displacement vector AB → = b − a
Proofs of geometrical properties using vectors.

AHL 3.10: Multiple Vectors

Multiple Vectors
The definition of the scalar product of two vectors. The angle between two vectors.
Perpendicular vectors; parallel vectors.

AHL 3.11: Vector Equations

Equation of a Line
Vector equation of a line in two and three dimensions: r = a + λb.
Angle Between Two Lines
The angle between two lines.
Simple applications to kinematics.

AHL 3.12: Points of Intersections

Points of Intersection
Coincident, parallel, intersecting and skew lines, distinguishing between these cases.
Points of intersection.

AHL 3.13: Dot Product

Dot Product
The definition of the vector product of two vectors.
Properties of the vector product
Geometric interpretation of | v × w |

AHL 3.14: Vector Planes

Vector Equations
Vector equations of a plane: r = a + λb + μc, where b and c are non-parallel vectors
within the plane. r · n = a · n, where n is a normal to the plane and a is the position vector
of a point on the plane. Cartesian equation of a plane ax + by + cz = d

AHL: 3.15 Intersecting Planes

Intersections
Angles
Intersections of: a line with a plane; two planes; three planes. Angle between a line and a
plane; two planes.
Topic 4 – Statistics and Probability

4.1: Population and Data

Population
Concepts of population, sample, random sample, discrete and continuous data.
Reliability of data sources and bias in sampling.
Interpretation of outliers
Sampling techniques and their effectiveness.
Presentation of Data
Presentation of data (discrete and continuous): frequency distributions (tables).
Histograms; cumulative frequency; cumulative frequency graphs; use to find median,
quartiles, percentiles, range and interquartile range (IQR).
Production and understanding of box and whisker diagrams.

4.2: Central Tendency

Measures of central tendency (mean, median and mode). Estimation of mean from
grouped data.
Modal Class
Modal class.
Measures of dispersion (interquartile range, standard deviation and variance).
Effect of constant changes on the original data.
Quartiles of discrete data.

4.4: Linear Correlation

Scatter diagrams
Linear correlation of bivariate data. Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient, r
Scatter diagrams; lines of best fit, by eye, passing through the mean point.
Regression
Equation of the regression line of y on x.
Use of the equation of the regression line for prediction purposes. Interpret the meaning
of the parameters, a and b, in a linear regression y = ax + b.

4.5: Introduction to Probability

Introduction to Probability
Concepts of trial, outcome, equally likely outcomes, relative frequency, sample space (U)
and event. The probability of an event A is P(A) = n(A)/n(U). The complementary events
A and A′ (not A).
Expected number of occurrences.
Venn Diagrams
Use of Venn diagrams, tree diagrams, sample space diagrams and tables of outcomes to
calculate probabilities.
4.6: Types of Probabilities
Combined Events
Combined events: P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A ∩ B), mutually exclusive events: P(A
∩ B) = 0.
Conditional Events
Conditional probability: P(A|B) = P(A ∩ B)/P(B).
Formal definition and use of the formulae: P(A|B) = P(A ∩ B)/P(B) for conditional
probabilities
Independent Events
Independent events: P(A ∩ B) = P(A)P(B).
Formal definition and use of the formulae: P(A|B) = P(A) = P(A|B′) for independent
events.
Bayes Theorem
Use of Bayes’ theorem for a maximum of three events.

4.7: Random variables

Discrete Variables
Concept of discrete random variables and their probability distributions, expected value
(mean), for discrete data, applications.
Expected value (mean), for discrete data.
Variance of a discrete random variable.
Mean, variance and standard deviation of discrete random variables.
The effect of linear transformations of X.
Continuous Variables
Mode and median of continuous random variables.
Continuous random variables and their probability density functions.
Mean, variance and standard deviation of continuous random variables.
The effect of linear transformations of X.

SL.8: Distributions
Binomial Distribution
Mean and variance of the binomial distribution.
Normal Distribution
The normal distribution and curve, properties of the normal distribution, diagrammatic
representation.
Normal probability calculations.
Inverse normal calculations
Standardization of normal variables (z- values).
Inverse normal calculations where mean and standard deviation are unknown.

4.10: Bivariate Statistics

Regression
Equation of the regression line of x on y.
Use of the equation for prediction purposes.

Topic 5 – Calculus 

SL 5.1: Limits
Limits
Introduction to the concept of a limit.
Informal understanding of continuity and differentiability of a function at a point.
Understanding of limits (convergence and divergence). Definition of derivative from first
principles f ′(x) = lim h → 0 f(x + h) − f(x) h .
L’Hopital
The evaluation of limits of the form lim x → a f(x) g(x) and lim x → ∞ f(x) g(x) using
l’Hôpital’s rule or the Maclaurin series.
Repeated use of l’Hôpital’s rule.

SL 5.2: Derivatives
Introduction to Derivatives
Derivative interpreted as gradient function and as rate of change.
Increasing and decreasing functions. Graphical interpretation of f ′(x) > 0, f ′(x) = 0, f ′(x)
< 0.
Tangents and normals at a given point, and their equations
Derivative of f(x) = axn is f ′(x) = anxn − 1 , n ∈ ℤ The derivative of functions of the
form f(x) = axn + bxn − 1 . . . . where all exponents are integers.
Advanced Derivatives
Derivative of x n (n ∈ ℚ), sinx, cosx, e x and lnx. Differentiation of a sum and a multiple
of these functions.
The chain rule for composite functions. The product and quotient rules.
The second derivative. Graphical behaviour of functions, including the relationship
between the graphs of f , f ′ and f ″. Local maximum and minimum points. Testing for
maximum and minimum.
Points of inflexion with zero and non-zero gradients.
Higher derivatives.
Derivatives of tanx, secx, cosecx, cotx, a x , logax, arcsinx, arccosx, arctanx.
Implicit Differentiation
Implicit differentiation. Related rates of change. Optimisation problems
Derivative of f(x) = axn is f ′(x) = anxn − 1 , n ∈ ℤ The derivative of functions of the
form f(x) = axn + bxn − 1 + . . . where all exponents are integers.
Implicit differentiation. Related rates of change.

SL 5.3: Differentiation
First order differentials
Variables separable.
First order differential equations. Numerical solution of dy dx = f(x, y) using Euler’s
method.
Homogeneous differentials
Homogeneous differential equation dy dx = f( y x ) using the substitution y = vx.
Solution of y′ + P(x)y = Q(x), using the integrating factor.

SL 5.4: Integration
Introduction to Integration
Introduction to integration as anti-differentiation of functions of the form f(x) = axn +
bxn − 1 + ...., where n ∈ ℤ, n ≠ − 1
Anti-differentiation with a boundary condition to determine the constant term.
Advanced integrals
Indefinite integral of x n (n ∈ ℚ), sinx, cosx, 1 x and e x
The composites of any of these with the linear function ax + b.
Definite Integrals
Definite integrals, including analytical approach.
Definite integrals using technology. Area of a region enclosed by a curve y = f(x) and the
x -axis, where f(x) > 0
SL 5.5: Further Integration
Optimization
Integration by Substitution
Integration by inspection (reverse chain rule) or by substitution for expressions of the
form: ∫ kg′(x)f(g(x))dx
Integration by substitution.
Integration by Parts
Integration by parts.
Repeated integration by parts
Integration of two functions
Areas of a region enclosed by a curve y = f(x) and the x-axis, where f(x) can be positive
or negative, without the use of technology. Areas between curves.
Area of the region enclosed by a curve and the y axis in a given interval. Volumes of
revolution about the x-axis or y-axis.
Indefinite integrals of the derivatives of any of the above functions. The composites of
any of these with a linear function.
SL 5.6: Kinematics
Kinematics Problems
Kinematic problems involving displacement s, velocity v, acceleration a and total
distance travelled.

SL 5.7: Maclaurin Series

Maclaurin Series
Maclaurin series to obtain expansions for e x , sinx, cosx, ln(1 + x), (1 + x) p , p ∈ ℚ.
Use of simple substitution, products, integration and differentiation to obtain other series.
Maclaurin series developed from differential equations.