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Damper sizing instruction
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
116 views4 pagesCIBSE
Damper sizing instruction
Uploaded by
Mihailo JovicCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Components and devices
Table 3.10 Vapour presure of water
‘Waerienperaure(()___Vepourpresure QPS)
0 12
20 23
«0 va
0 123
o 189
‘0 a3
0 m1
109 11
10 148
Ho 20
0 361
150 6
0 1003
19 5
200 155
strategy. The following points should be taken into
consideration when selecting a valve:
— _Isthe valve body suitable for the temperature and
pressure of the fluid system? Remember the
pressureiis the sum of static and dynamic bead.
‘Ensure that the valve will pass the required flow ata
pressure drop within the maximum differential
pressure rating ofthe valve,
— Check for out-of-balance forces, particularly during
closure ofa two-port valve.
‘Check whether tight shutoff is required; this is not
usually possible with a double seated valve
— Check there is sufficient pump head to provide
the pressure drop across the valve at the specific
duty.
‘The above rules apply to all valves, including two-position
on/off, For modulating valves, the following additional
considerations apply:
Rectangular damper
with single piece
blades
Round damper
347
— Select an equal percentage valve characteristic
unless there is good reason to select an alternative.
— Ensure pressure drops though heat exchangers and
associated pipework are known before control
valves are selected.
Select valves to provide an authority of at least 0.5
for diverting applications and 0.3 for mixing
applications.
— Where possible, use heat transfer curves of flow
against output to check possible anomalies and
confirm the correct characteristic has been chosen.
— Ensure that the rangeability ofthe selected valves is
large enough to provide stable control under low
load conditions.
‘Three-port valves with asymmetrical port charac-
teristics should be used to maintain flow conditions.
Before finalising the selection:
— Check whether there have been changes to the
specification of heat exchangers and pipework since
the original design,
3.4
3.4.1
Dampers
Damper selection
Dampers are used to control air low in ducts in a manner
analogous to the use of valves in hydraulic circuits. The
damper chosen for a particular situation must satisfy both
the physical requirements of the application and also
provide suitable control characteristics. The practice of
simply selecting a damper to fit the available duct
dimensions can lead to unsatisfactory control operation.
‘The majority of dampers used for modulating control have
a rectangular cross-section and provide control by rotating.
a set of blades. The blades may move in parallel or
‘opposition to each other. Figure 3.17 shows different types
of damper. Round dampers normally have a butterfly type
blade and are used to control flow in ducts that have high
static pressure and high velocity characteristics. Dampers
Rectangular damper
with airfoil blades
Figure 317 Typeofdampe 348
Building control systems
‘ay be installed for the control of fire and smoke. Smoke
dampers have to meet relevant criteria and are normally
installed and operated independently of the 1vac control,
system; they are not considered further in this Guide. Its,
possible to obtain smoke and control dampers, which are
capable of operating as modulating dampers, while
retaining the necessary smoke control criteria after many
operations. Damper sizing is covered in more detail below.
Other factors to be taken into account when selecting a
damperare:
— Leakage rating. Leakage through the damper in the
closed position may be critical in such applications
as fresh air intakes in cold climates and the design
should specify the maximum acceptable leakage. It
is difficult to achieve good shutoff with a damper
and it is necessary to specify low leakage
construction where required. Different classes of
leakage are available and leakage is specified in
terms of leakage volumettic flow per unit damper
area at a specified pressure difference. Low leakage
is obtained by the provision of seals and the use of
stiffer blades; this may require a higher closing
force from the actuator.
= Velocity and turbulence. As the ait velocity in a duct
increases, the damper blades experience higher
forces, which may be sufficient to bend or twist the
blade, or cause problems with the bearings and
linkage. Dampers are given a velocity rating to
indicate the maximum velocity in the duct; ratings
‘may need to be reduced in turbulent conditions.
‘Moderate turbulence may be found downstream of
dduct transitions or elbows. Severe turbulence can
bbe found near the discharge ofa fan and this can be
sufficient to prevent satisfactory operation of
damper.
— Pressure. The maximum static pressure that can be
developed across a damper occurs when the blades
are closed. Dampers are given a maximum static
pressure differential; operation above this value
may give rise to excessive leakage and possible
damage.
= Torque requirements, Two conditions must be
considered when establishing minimum torque
requirement of 2 damper. One is the closing torque
which is needed to achieve the required maximum
leakage rate. The other is the dynamic torque
needed to overcome the effect of high velocity air
flow over the blades, This will affect actuator
selection.
— Mixing, Parallel blade dampers alter the flow
=>
Bypats damper
van seas
Figure 3.24 Faceand bypass damper sytem, shoring uso
dampers toast mining
configuration, as shown in Figure 3.24. The system is
designed to provide constant pressure drop and hence
constant combined flow rate, while the proportion of air
flowing through the coi is varied by operating a linked pair
of dampers. Since the pressure drop across the bypass
damper is constant, a parallel blade damper is used to
provide linear characteristic with minimum pressure drop.
at full low. Since the face damper has the resistance of the
coil in series, an opposed blade damper is used of the
appropriate authority to provide a linear characteristic.
Starting with the known resistance of the coil, the face
damper will be sized to give an authority of between S and
10% and the bypass damper then sized so that its resistance
is equal to that of the combination of face damper and coils,
this will give an approximately constant flow though the
system at all operating positions. Consideration may be
given to the use of parallel blade dampers for both sets t0
aid downstream mixing, as shown in the diagram.
3.5
3.5.1
ney
‘Motors are major users of electricity and account for almost
half the tol electricity use in the UK. Recent
developments in higher efficiency motors and_variable-
speed drives are described in the DETR Good Practice Guide
29, which offers ood advice on the energy elficient use of
‘motors, shown in Table 3.12. By far the most common type
of motor used in Hvac applications is the three-phase
squirrel cage induction motor. Three-phase power is
supplied tothe field windings in the stator, the fixed part of,
the motor which encloses the rotating rotor. The current in
os
