PHONON NOTES

SUMMARY
Different kind of bonding metallic raw
covalent ionic hydrogen
typically behave as
below b w two atoms
Energy
OF
distr A B
bh kiE.i.IE
R distance
a
Around equilibrium Re
expand E R
ECR E Re R Re t R REE Re
Efe
t

Imi
unaregil
ECR Emin I KCR Ref t
Textension
Consider a monoatomic linear chain each atom of
mass m
www.E mmdmmo mmo

let na be the equil position of alinn

n position of atomasn
Define Un xn xn the displacementof
 atom from equilibrium
in

B w atom in n t the pot Energy is

IK extension

where extension
new length original length
ate Xn Xii Xi

Xun Xin xn Xi
Unty Un

Tot Pot
Energy for chain is
U E ñ t theft
K un Un
IKConti
sum
ofall Emin
Observe that since Un Xn Xi
dun dxn d.EE
is fixed

for atom
Now write Eq motion
of Eon n

force atom a
71 1 F on

TPE
m.EE 3
But since dun dan this becomes

mff 7Eur

d Kun unit
I since y Kun una
Me Mn
all these atoms K Un t 24 Unt
have the same
mass
We seek for wavelike solutions
Collective motion
why
Phonons Packets of
energy
associated will
collective motion atoms
of
Rx wt
Un A
wt
A eickna
ima wt
In we Ae

Use this in the to get

EOM
Kenna wt
m we Aeikha
wt
Ae 2feikna.at
K wt
tAeilkm
i
Re
arrange to get
wska
4km sit
w
2m11s

we
4mF sinks
we can
plot HIM

Ma

Taft groupvelocity ok

Wlan
speed
of sound vs Vglr o Kia
w us k is called the dispersion relation
near 4 0 w is linear since six x to small
WCK 07 0 Acoustic modes have this property
mode of vibration is
J 8 5 00 0
 vs n
if we
plot
Effacement
in we
get

iiii iiE
For the case alternating masses but same
of
spring constant K we follow a similar
procedure but use
wt
Un Aeikma to atone A
wt
vn Beihanna for atom B

5 E
1,0 1
1
Then we see class notes
get

wt 2K aka
th
w t
2
1
o

WE Klin th
ffkim.at
we can plot w us k tuition
City
gun I
 I

t.FI d mm

l l
l
720
In
We assume M Mr

Vibration mode for

WI is

fete
25 8 50
Called Optical mode Occurs at frequencies
6
energies hw greater than those of the
or

Acoustic mode which are also possible

If we plot un IT is n we get
 kiii.EE

Exe what if M M but K alternate Kr Kz

e

Icq Icq
c c c

Find
WICK

Heat capacity from phonons

Without proof we state the following
A chain of N coupled harmonic oscillators in d dimension
d D can be mapped into a set
of
Nad independent harmonic oscillators

So we map
This gives us Nd independent harmonic
 oscillator In 3 D we get 3N independent
harmonic oscillator
to
3 becauseare 3
Their total is d N there
energy end directions in31
possible

U 3 SEED TECH

ie the sum of the Coverage energies

of
the oscillators we replace
E.by yp
We since at
say average energy EU
finite temperative each oscillator is not in its
ground state
ECI is the of oscillator
average energy
E at temperature I

can
EE.in i
β
where
In e is the probability
in state with
ofbeing
energy n
β IBT
 Also En
f AWE
β
If we set 2 e we observe

that e E

So we can rewrite Eq above as

Cecily
221 4
We can easily evaluate the sum 2 It is
the sum
of a geometric series

to
IIe Butt
BE
2 e

13ᵗʰ hw e
HE
E rn
e
e
term

a.EE
13ᵗʰ Btw
In 2 In e h s e
 in Btw
Pty
i e

7,2 faire
t.ie I
C 2 2
3

U 3
T

E EEE
is kO

iisino do do dk
Sake

45 k dk
since sinodd 7
f Idp 2
 G
3
β 2
β
Differentiate
Eq wrt β
The first term with in that
ty expression
doesnot depend on
β Thus only the 2nd
term contributes
a
F 4B 454 4
4 7IE iw
Phm
É
e
w̅ w le
Few
je
effw ePᵗNJavelin

if
a
ifeng.it
 if fief
Knax KD Debyetsapprox
tak onlythelinca befinek.at
part of the
two k dispenser

let phr phosk n.IE

for the limits

When k 0 0
iFE
When k kmax KD phvsk
β
Co above becomes
So in
Eq a

W
Bsf first 9 1 15
 I
At low temperature Tso 0

So be approximated
Of as
Eq b can

Enif
G 3k

Effrom Mathem ticians

Co 3k let
r p
Cr AT at low temperature whee
a T A
or
34
We can get more insights by determining
 1k
N
t.EE 4

or alternatively ko is the radius of

the sphere
in k space reciprocal
space that contains
N k points
Each BK
1
contains k points

Yuki contain a points

4,1k
N
4,14 tame result as

Ega above
re arranging gives
F e

Thru using
KBO two hrsKD gives

6431T
4
Using this in Eq b above
gives

a 3
I
3
I 16TH
I A

G
6
f
17
5,4 If
3k 3N I 9NkB I 9

Three cases
a TK
IT a I I 4
Eg d becomes

co 9N
4
 Co T as before
is Cr T at low temperature
TCC HOD

c High temperatures TD
1770 0 since 70

IE
I

we can keep only the first few terms in the

expansion in the integrand

I x Litxt dx

19H x d

004

Using this in Eq'd abon gives