TABLE OF CONTENTS:

 Introduction
 Theory
 Aim
 Materials Requires
 Procedure
 Observation
 Result
 Precautions
 Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION
What are soaps?
soaps are mixture of sodium or potassium
salts of higher fatty acids such as stearic acid, plamitic
acid, oleic acid. They are usually obtained by the
hydrolysis of oils and fats with sodium or potassium
hydroxide.(alkali hydrolysis).
FOR EXAMPLE:
CH2OCOC15H31 NaOH CH2OH
CHOCOC15H31 + NaOH CHOH + 2C15H31COONa
Sodium polmitate(soap)

CH2OCOC17H35 NaOH CH2OH + C17H35COONa

Di palmito – stearin [oil or fat] Glycerol Sodium state (soap)

The alkali hydrolysis of oils and fats is known

as saponification.

HARD SOAP:
The sodium soaps are generally hard in
consistency and are known as hard soaps.
SOFT SOAP:
The potassium soaps are comparatively soft
and more soluble and are referred to as soft soaps.
shaving creams, vanishing cream shampoos etc are
all potassium soaps.
USES OF SOAPS:
 Soaps are used for cleaning purposes
 Soaps act as surfactant, emulsifying oils to enable
them to carry away by water.
 Soaps act as lubricants
 In industrial settings, soaps are used as
thickeners.
 Soaps are also effective as mild antiseptic and
ingestible antidotes for mineral acid or heavy
metal poisoning.
  Special metallic soaps, made from soap and heavier
metals ared used as additives in polished, inks,
paints and lubricating oils.

WHAT ARE SOAP AND DETERGENTS:

SOAPS:
 Soaps are potassium or sodium salts of a carboxlic
acid having a long aliphatic chain attached to it.
 They are not effective in hard water and saline
water.
 Soaps are completely biodegradable.

DETERGENTS:
 Detergents are the potassium or sodium salts of a
long alkyl chain ending a sulfonate group.
 They do not lose their effectiveness in hard water.
  Detergents are non- biodegradable. as opaque
soaps bars, but they are very effective for oily skin
and acne.
 This is because, the alcohol neutralizes the soap
alluring the process and also the are quite
slippery.
GLYCERIN SOAPS:
 Glycerin soaps are one of the most moisturizing
types of soap and they are genteel to skin.
 Glycerin is a humectant , which mean it attracts
moisture. it makes oru skin moisturized, hydrates
making it look fear and feel soft.
 These soaps are 100% natural which makes them
suitable foe even sensitive skin.
 It prevents worsering skin condition such as
exzema due to absence of synthetic chemicals
NOVELTY SOAP:
 Novelty soaps serve as more than just cleaning
agents.
 They are visvally appaling and serve as a source
of amusement and joy especially for kids.
 They come in various colours shapes and designs
like duck, birds, car etc. They have plesent
fragrance and mostly handmade. Due to variety
of colours, shapes and sizes. They are often given
as gifts.

BEAUTY SOAPS:
  Beauty soaps make our skin healthy, moisturized
and lighter.
 It contains skin whitening agent such as vitamin C,
alpha arbutin, papaya , etc.
 It replerishes nutrients that can be most through
cleansing giving us more often , more radiant-
looking.

DISH SOAPS:
 Dish soap is a soap that is meant to clean dishes.
They have strong chemicals i.e they should not
used for skin.
 Dish soap product a lot of foam, that leave behind
a refreshing aroma after the dishes have been
washed.
  They help in the efficient removal of oil and dirt
from dishes.

FLAVOURED SOAPS:
 Flavoured soaps are made from extracts of herbs
and plants.
 They come in a variety of flavors such as
peppermint, vennilla, seaweed, lemon grass tea
tree etc.
 They have a pleasant fragrance and import a
refreshing feel on the skin.
HANDMADE SOAPS:
 Hand made soaps are costlier as compared to
commercially produced soaps. They contains only
natural ingredintes.
 They are made from base oils like palm oil, olive
oil, coconut oil, butter like shea butter. These
ingredients are rich in antioxidants, nutrients and
vitamins.
 They are also safer as they dose have any
synthetic chemicals.

THEORY:
CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAPS AND DETERGENTS:
  Most of the firt is oily in nature and oil dose not
dissolve in water.
 The molecule of soapo constitutes Na+ or K+ salts
of long chain carboxlic acids.
 In soaps , the carbon chain dissolves in the
hydrophobic chain and the ionic and dissolves in
water
 Thus the soap molecules form a structure called
“miscelles”.
 soap is a kind of molecule in which both ends have
different properties the two ends are hydrophobic
end and hydrophilic end.
MISCELLES:
 When the clusters of molecules are formed then
hydrophobic tail comes at the interior of the
cluster and the ionic end comes at the surface
formation is called “miscelle”
 When soap is in the form of miscelle then it has
the ability to clean the oily dirt which gets
accumulated at the center. Therefore thedirt
from the cloth is easily washed away.
 Miscelles are associated colloids which arrange
in radial manner. They behave as normal strong
electrolyte at low concentration but behave as
colloidal particles at higher concentration.
PREPARATION OF SOAP
AIM:
A. To prepare soaps from oils
B. To compare the soaps prepared with the market
soap by determining their foaming capacity and
cleaning.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Mahuura oil = 100g
Caustic soda = 25g
Starch = 25g
Water = 150g
PROCEDURE:
A.Preparation of soap:
 Dissolve caustic in 150 ml of water this soluthion
is called lye . Let this soda lye cool.
 Warm the oil on flame and mix 50g of starch wit
it. Remove the flame and allow, to cool.
 place the test tubes in the test tube stand and
start the soap watch.
 Note the time when thefoam in each of the test
tube disappears.
 When the oil and soda lye re at about the same
temperature, add soda lye to the oil in a thin
stream, stirring the mass, constantly well with a
wooden rod till the whole lye has been added. A
creamy pasty mass is obtained.
 Stirred the mass more till a semi-solid mass is
obtained . Transfer it into an iron mould or a
wooden frame. cover the frame with a wooden
board or gunny bag and leave it for a few hours.
 Remove the frame and takeout the soda slab.
cutit with the help of a wire into cakes of
 desired stage size. soaps from groundnut oil as
well as coconut oil and prepared by same.

B.comparison of the foaming capacities of the two

soap samples:
 Take 0.1g of each soap samples in two test
tube numbered.
 Add 5ml of distilled water in each test tube
and shake them vigorously for 2-3 min
preferably in a shakers.
 Place the test tubes in a test tube stand and
start the stop watch.
 Note the time when the foam in each of the
test tube disappears.
c. comparison of cleansing effect of two soap samples:
 Weigh equal quantities 0.5g, of the different
detergents.
 Make the solutions of equal weight 0.5g of
these detergents in a fixed volume (100ml) of
water.
  Attach a small piece of clean rubber tubing,
provided with a pinch screw to the upper end of
the stolagmometer. The purpose of the pinch
clamp is to control the rate of flow of liquid by
limiting the influx of air.
 Clean the stalagmometer with hot acid solution.
 Fill the stalagmometer with the solution.
 Clamp the stalagmometer in the stand, solution
is ten allowed to fall under its over weight and
start counting the number of drops when the
meniscus passes the upper mark “A” and stop
counting when it passes the lower mark “B”
make 3 or 4 measurements.
 Rinse the stalagmometer with alcohol and ether
successively and dry it passing hot air.
 Such the solution no-2 and count the drops in
the same way.
observation:

s.no detergent or soap no. of drops from fixed

solution volume
1. soap solution 1 a.15
b.17
c.15
average=16

2. soap solution 2 a.13

b.13
c.10
average=12

RESULT:
The increasing order of washing properties of soap
solutions are 1 is less than 2
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
 Together with chemistry lab
manual
 www.vedantu.com
 www.soaphistory.com
FORMATION OF SOAP

Project Reports Submitted

By

M.SHREENIDHI

In Partial fulfillment of the

CBSE GRADE XII

In

CHEMISTRY

At
 MAHARISHI VIDHYA MANDIR SR.SEC.SCHOOL
THENMATHUR POST, THIRUVANNAMALAI – 606603
2023-2024
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that M.SHREENIDHIof Grade XII in
MAHARISHI VIDYA MANDIR, THIRUVANNAMALAI with
Registration No…………… has satisfactorily completed the
project in CHEMISTRY on FORMATION OF SOAP in partial
fulfillment of the requirements as prescribed by CBSE in
the year 2023-24.

Signature of the candidate Signature of the

I Internal Examiner

Signature of the principal Signature of the

External Examiner
 ACKNOWLWDGEMENT
I warmly acknowledge the continuous and
timely suggestion offered by our dearest Principal Mrs.
R.ANITHA, M.Sc., B.Ed, M.L.I.S., M.Phil. I extend my
hearty of the facilities available in the campus to carry
out this investigatory project successfully.
I am highly indebted to Mrs. A.THIRISHUL.,
M.Sc., B.Ed [DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY] for constant
supervision, providing necessary information and support
in completing this investigatory project, I would like to
express my gratitude towards them for kind cooperation
and encouragement.

Finally, I extend my gratitude to one and all

who are directly or indirectly involved in the successful
completion of this project work.

Signature of the candidate