Zagazig university

Faculty of Engineering
Electrical Power and Machine Dept.

High Voltage Engineering

By
Dr. Ashraf Samir
Course Outlines
• Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages
• Chapter (2) Measurement of High Voltages
• Chapter (3) Supports and Insulators of T.L.
• Chapter (4) Dielectric Breakdown
• Chapter (5) Corona
• Chapter (6) Traveling Waves
Course References

• E. Kuffel, W.S. Zaengl, “High Voltage Engineering

Fundamentals”, Second Edition

• M. S. Naidu, “High Voltage Engineering”, Second Edition.

 Zagazig university
Faculty of Engineering
Electrical Power and Machine Dept.

High Voltage Engineering

Lecture No. 1
Introduction
By
Dr. Ashraf Samir
 Introduction

Introduction
Voltage Classification
1- Low Voltage (LV) up-to 1000 V

2- Medium Voltage (MV) 1000 < V < 66 kV

3- High Voltage (HV) 66 kV ≤ V ≤ 220 kV

4- Extra High Voltage (EHV) 220 kV < V < 500 kV

5- Ultra High Voltage (UHV) 500 kV < V

 Introduction

Introduction
 High Voltage Application
In the fields of electrical engineering and applied physics, high voltages (d.c.,a.c., and
impulse) are required for several applications.
 Transmission and Distribution of Electrical Power System
 Industrial applications
 Medical applications (x-ray tube – Electrophoresis - Photomultiplier tubes)
 Special application (Electrostatic precipitators, particle accelerators in nuclear
physics)
 Testing
(the insulation testing of various components in power systems for different types of
voltages)
 Introduction

Introduction
Different forms of high voltages are classified as
 High d.c. Voltages

 High a.c. Voltages

 High Transient or Impulse Voltages

 Introduction

Introduction
 High d.c. Voltages
 Scientific research work
 Industrial applications were mainly limited to testing cables.
 HVDC transmission (Link Network, underwater Cable)
 Industrial laboratories.

https://www.dongle-bio.com/?product=x-ray-machine-tr300a
 Introduction

Introduction
High a.c. Voltages
 Testing
 Electrical transmission and distribution systems
 Introduction

Introduction
 High Transient or Impulse Voltages
 Research application
 Testing the material and dielectric properties of cables and insulators under
lightning strikes at 1.2/50 s and 8/20 s
 Introduction

Introduction
 Nevertheless, the operating voltage determines the dimensions of the
insulation which forms part of the generation, transmission and distribution
equipment. The voltage stresses on power systems arise from various
overvoltages.
 External overvoltages are associated with lightning discharges and are not
dependent on the voltage of the system.
 Internal overvoltages are generated by changes in the operating conditions of
the system such as switching operations, a fault on the system or
fluctuations in the load or generations.
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

Generation of High Voltages

 Generation of High D.C. Voltages
 Rectification Circuits
a) Half Wave Rectifier b) Full Wave Rectifier
 Voltage Cascade Circuits
a) Voltage double Circuit (Greinacher) b) Voltage Multiplier Circuits
 Electrostatic Machines: Basic Principle
a) Van de Graaff Generators b) Electrostatic Generators
 Generation of High A.C. Voltages
 Cascade Transformers
 Resonant Circuit
 Generation of Impulse Voltages
 Standard Impulse Waveshapes
 Multistage Impulse Generators—Marx Circuit
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

Generation of High D.C. Voltages

In h.v. technology direct voltages are mainly used for
 pure scientific research work and for
 testing equipment
 Related to HVDC transmission systems.
 HVAC power cables of long length.
 Applied physics (accelerators, electron microscopy, etc.)
 Electromedical equipment (X-rays)
 Industrial applications
 (precipitation and filtering of exhaust gases in thermal power stations and the
cement industry; electrostatic painting and powder coating, etc.)
 Communications electronics (TV, broadcasting stations)
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

Generation of High D.C. Voltages

 The value of a direct test voltage 𝑉𝑑𝑐 ,for periodical wave, is defined by

1 𝑇
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = න 𝑉 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0
1
where 𝑇 is the time period of the voltage wave having a frequency 𝑓 =
𝑇
 These deviate from the mean value periodically and this deviation is known as ripple.
 The amplitude of the ripple voltage (𝜹𝑽) is defined as half the difference between the
maximum and minimum values.
1
𝛿𝑉 = (𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 )
2
The ripple factor (𝛿𝑉/𝑉) is the ratio of the ripple amplitude to the arithmetic mean value.
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

Generation of High D.C. Voltages

 Rectification Circuit a) Half Wave Rectifier
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

Generation of High D.C. Voltages

 Rectification Circuit a) Half Wave Rectifier
the mean value of the d.c. output current
1
𝐼 = න 𝑖𝐿 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 𝑇
For one period (𝑻)
a charge Q is transferred to the load 𝑅𝐿
𝐼
𝑄 = න 𝑖𝐿 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐼𝑇 = →1
𝑇 𝑓
The charge Q is also supplied from the transformer within the short conduction
time 𝑡𝑐 = 𝛼𝑇 of the diode D during each cycle
𝑄 = න 𝑖 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑖𝐿 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝛼𝑇 𝑇
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

Generation of High D.C. Voltages

 Rectification Circuit a) Half Wave Rectifier
During 1 − 𝛼 𝑇 → Diode D is off
 Capacitor supplies load
During 𝛼𝑇 → Diode D is on
 Transformer supplies Load and charges Capacitor
∵ 𝛼𝑇 ≪ 𝑇
𝑄 = 𝑄𝐶 = 𝐶∆𝑉
𝑄 = 𝐶 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐶 2𝛿𝑉 →2

From 1 and 2
𝑰
𝜹𝑽 = The ripple in a rectifier output depends upon the
𝟐𝒇𝒄 load current and the circuit parameter like f and C
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

Generation of High D.C. Voltages

 Rectification Circuit a) Half Wave Rectifier
𝑰
𝜹𝑽 =
𝟐𝒇𝒄
The ripple in a rectifier output depends upon the load current and the circuit
parameter like f and C

The single phase HW rectifier disadvantages:

 The size of the circuits is very large if high and pure d.c. output voltages are desired.
 The transformer may get saturated if the amplitude of direct current is comparable with
the nominal alternating current of the transformer.
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

Generation of High D.C. Voltages

 Rectification Circuit b) Full Wave Rectifier
By the same
1
 Ripple time period = T
2
 Ripple frequency = 2f
𝐈
 δV =
𝟒𝐟𝐜
 Vo ȁFW > Vo ȁHW
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

Generation of High D.C. Voltages

 Voltage Cascade Circuits a) Voltage doubler Circuit (Greinacher)

B is more positive with A of the capacitor 𝐶1 rises to 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥

respect to A and the diode 𝐷1 and hence terminal M attains a
conducts thus charging the potential of 2𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 . Thus, the
capacitor 𝐶1 to 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 with capacitor 𝐶2 is charged to 2𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
polarity through 𝐷2 .
-Ve cycle +Ve cycle
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

Generation of High D.C. Voltages

 Voltage Cascade Circuits
b) Voltage Multiplier Circuit (Cockroft-Walton)
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

Generation of High D.C. Voltages

 Voltage Cascade Circuits
b) Voltage Multiplier Circuit (Cockroft-Walton)
No Load Operation:
The portion ABM′MA is exactly identical to Greinarcher the
voltage across C becomes 2𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 when M attains a voltage 2𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 .

During the next half cycle when B becomes positive with respect
to A, potential of M falls and, therefore, potential of N also falls
becoming less than potential at 𝑀′ hence 𝐶2 is charged through
𝐷2 . Next half cycle A becomes more positive and potential of M
and N rise thus charging 𝐶2′ through 𝐷2′ and so on.
For n-stage
𝑉𝑜 = 2𝑛𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

Generation of High D.C. Voltages

 Voltage Cascade Circuits
b) Voltage Multiplier Circuit (Cockroft-Walton)
Load Operation:
 The output voltage will never reach
the value 2𝑛𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 .
 we have to deal with two quantities, the voltage drop ∆𝑉
and the ripple 𝛿𝑉.
𝑉𝑜 = 2𝑛𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − (∆𝑉 + 𝛿𝑉)
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

b) Voltage Multiplier Circuit (Cockroft-Walton)

 Load Operation:
a) Charging of smoothening Column
b) Charging of oscillating column
 Let a charge q is transferred to the load per cycle
For this 3-stage
𝐶′3 → 𝑞 → 𝐼
𝐶′2 → 2𝑞 → 2𝐼
𝐶′1 → 3𝑞 → 3𝐼
For voltage ripple
𝐼𝑖 𝐼𝑖 𝑇 𝑞𝑖
𝛿𝑉𝑖 = = =
2𝑓𝐶𝑖′ 2𝐶𝑖′ 2𝐶𝑖′
𝑛

Total voltage ripple (𝛿𝑉) = ෍ 𝛿𝑉𝑖

1
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

b) Voltage Multiplier Circuit (Cockroft-Walton)

 Load Operation:
For this n-stage
𝐼 1 2 3 𝑛−1 𝑛
𝛿𝑉 = ( + + + ⋯+ + )
2𝑓 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
𝐼
𝛿𝑉 = (1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + (𝑛 − 1) + 𝑛)
2𝑓𝐶
𝑰 𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏)
𝜹𝑽 = → 𝒓𝒊𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆
𝟐𝒇𝑪 𝟐
Peak-to-peak ripple voltage
𝑰 𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏)
𝟐𝜹𝑽 =
𝒇𝑪 𝟐
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

b) Voltage Multiplier Circuit (Cockroft-Walton)

 Load Operation:
The second quantity to be evaluated is the voltage drop ∆V
Here 𝐶1′ is not charged upto full voltage 2Vmax
but only to 2Vmax – 3q/C
3𝑞
∆𝑉1 =
𝐶
3𝑞 3𝑞 2q
∆𝑉2 = + +
𝐶 𝐶 C
3𝑞 3𝑞 2q 2q q
∆𝑉3 = + + + +
𝐶 𝐶 C C C
For this n-stage
𝐼 1 2 3 𝑛−1 𝑛
𝛿𝑉 = ( + + + ⋯+ + )
2𝑓 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
𝐼
𝛿𝑉 = (1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + (𝑛 − 1) + 𝑛)
2𝑓𝐶
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

b) Voltage Multiplier Circuit (Cockroft-Walton)

 Load Operation:
For this n-stage
𝑛𝑞
∆𝑉1 =
𝐶
𝑛𝑞 𝑛𝑞 (n − 1)q
∆𝑉2 = + +
𝐶 𝐶 C
⋮
2𝑛𝑞 2(𝑛 − 1)𝑞 2(𝑛 − 2)𝑞 2𝑞
∆𝑉𝑛−1 = + + …+
𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
2𝑛𝑞 2(𝑛 − 1)𝑞 2(𝑛 − 2)𝑞
∆𝑉𝑛 = + + …
𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
2 × 2𝑞 2𝑞
+ +
𝐶 𝐶
𝒏

Total Voltage drop ∆𝑽 = ෍ ∆𝑽𝒊

𝟏
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

b) Voltage Multiplier Circuit (Cockroft-Walton)

 Load Operation:
For this n-stage
𝒏

Total Voltage drop ∆𝑽 = ෍ ∆𝑽𝒊

𝟏
𝒏 𝒏
𝒒
∆𝑽 = ෍ 𝒏 𝟐𝒏 − ෍ 𝒏
𝑪
𝟏 𝟏
𝒏
𝑰
∆𝑽 = ෍ 𝒏 𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏
𝒇𝑪
𝟏
𝑰 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
∆𝑽 = ( 𝒏 + 𝒏 − 𝒏)
𝒇𝑪 𝟑 𝟐 𝟔
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

b) Voltage Multiplier Circuit (Cockroft-Walton)

 Load Operation:
𝑉𝑜 = 2𝑛𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − (∆𝑉 + 𝛿𝑉)
𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑅𝑒𝑔) = (∆𝑉 + 𝛿𝑉)
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≥ 5

𝐼 2 3
𝑟𝑒𝑔 = ( 𝑛 )
𝑓𝐶 3

𝐼 2 3
𝑉𝑜 = 2𝑛𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − ( 𝑛 )
𝑓𝐶 3
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

b) Voltage Multiplier Circuit (Cockroft-Walton)

 Load Operation:
𝑉𝑜 = 2𝑛𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − (∆𝑉 + 𝛿𝑉)
𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑅𝑒𝑔) = (∆𝑉 + 𝛿𝑉)
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≥ 5

𝐼 2 3
𝑟𝑒𝑔 = ( 𝑛 )
𝑓𝐶 3

𝑰 𝟐 𝟑
𝑽𝒐 = 𝟐𝒏𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 − ( 𝒏 )
𝒇𝑪 𝟑
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

b) Voltage Multiplier Circuit (Cockroft-Walton)

 The optimum number of stages:
𝐼 2 3
𝑉𝑜 = 2𝑛𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − ( 𝑛 )
𝑓𝐶 3
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑛𝑜𝑝𝑡
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

b) Voltage Multiplier Circuit (Cockroft-Walton)

 The optimum number of stages:
for max output voltage

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFtNDtW804Q
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

Example (1)
A ten stage Cockraft-Walton circuit has all capacitors of 0.06 µF. The secondary voltage of the
supply transformer is 100 kV at a frequency of 150 Hz. If the load current is 1 mA, determine
(i) voltage regulation (ii) the ripple (iii) the optimum number of stages for maximum output
voltage (iv) the maximum output voltage.
Sol.
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≥ 5 𝐼 𝑛 𝑛+1
𝐼 2 3 ii) 𝛿𝑉 =
i) 𝑟𝑒𝑔 = ( 𝑛 ) 2𝑓𝐶 2
𝑓𝐶 3 10−3 10 × 11
10−3 2 3
=
= −6
× 10 = 74.1 𝑘𝑉 2 × 150 × 0.06 × 10−6 2
150 × 0.06 × 10 3 = 6.1 kV
74.1
%𝑟𝑒𝑔 = × 100 = 3.7%
2𝑛𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝛿𝑉
%𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒 = × 100 = 0.216%
2𝑛𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

Example (1)
A ten stage Cockraft-Walton circuit has all capacitors of 0.06 µF. The secondary voltage of the
supply transformer is 100 kV at a frequency of 150 Hz. If the load current is 1 mA, determine
(i) voltage regulation (ii) the ripple (iii) the optimum number of stages for maximum output
voltage (iv) the maximum output voltage.
Sol.
𝑓𝐶 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
iii) 𝑛𝑜𝑝𝑡 =
𝐼
4
150 × 0.06 × 10−6 × 100 2 × 103 iv) 𝑉𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑛𝑜𝑝𝑡 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 3
10−3
4
= 35.68 = × 36 × 100√2
3
𝑛𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 36
𝑉𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 6.79 𝑀𝑉
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

Example (2)
A 100 kVA 250 V/200 kV feed transformer has resistance and reactance of 1% and 5%
respectively. This transformer is used to test a cable at 400 kV at 50 Hz. The cable takes a
charging current of 0.5 A at 400 kV. Determine the series inductance required. Assume 1%
resistance of the inductor. Also determine input voltage to the transformer. Neglect dielectric
loss of the cable.
Sol.
400
The capacitive reactance (Test Specimen) Xc = = 800 𝑘Ω
0.5
2
% (200)
Ω = × 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 Ω →→→ 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 Ω = = 400 𝑘Ω
100 0.1
The resistance and reactance of the transformer are
1 5
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = × 400 = 4 𝑘Ω 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋𝑒𝑞 = × 400 = 20 𝑘Ω
100 100
Chapter (1) Generation of High Voltages

Example (2)
A 100 kVA 250 V/200 kV feed transformer has resistance and reactance of 1% and 5%
respectively. This transformer is used to test a cable at 400 kV at 50 Hz. The cable takes a
charging current of 0.5 A at 400 kV. Determine the series inductance required. Assume 1%
resistance of the inductor. Also determine input voltage to the transformer. Neglect dielectric
loss of the cable.
Sol.
At resonant 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶
𝑋𝑒𝑞 + 𝑋𝑠 = 𝑋𝐶 =⇒ 20 + 𝑋𝑠 = 800
∴ 𝑋𝑠 = 780 𝑘Ω
𝑋𝑠 780
∴ 𝐿𝑠 = = = 2484 𝐻
𝜔 2𝜋 × 50
250
𝑉2 = 𝐼𝑅𝑇 = 𝐼 𝑅𝑒𝑞 + 𝑅𝑠 = 0.5 × 8000 = 4 𝑘𝑉 =⇒∴ 𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 3
=5𝑉
200 × 10