SELECTION OF ELECTRIC MOTOR

FOR FARM APPLICATION

SELECTION OF ELECTRIC MOTOR
FOR FARM APPLICATION
Group 4
‘Boys Over Flowers’

Jemark Alaba Bryan Majadas Frank Louie Postrano Jexy Requino

 Introduction

The development and advancement of technology have greatly impacted the agricultural sector. One of the
significant changes is the introduction of electric motors in farm applications. Electric motors have become an
integral part of modern farming, enabling efficiency, productivity, and sustainability in various farming operations.
 Objective
1. To identify the various farm applications where electric motors can be effectively utilized.

2.To understand the specific requirements for each application, such as power, torque, speed, efficiency and
durability.

3.To analyze the sustainable option, energy efficiency, and environmental impact of using electric motors in
farming.
VOL. 1 ISSUE 1

Farm Applications
• Irrigation Systems

• Machinery for
Planting and
Harvesting

• Dairy Equipment

• Crop Dryers

• Conveyor Systems
VOL. 1 ISSUE 1

Motor Selection and Consideration

• Power Requirements
The first step in selecting an electric motor is
determining the Performance requirements (power, torque,
speed, and acceleration requirements) of your application.
Understanding these parameters is crucial because they
influence the performance and efficiency of the motor.

• Environmental Conditions
The environment in which your motor will operate
can have a significant impact on its performance and lifespan.
For example, motors used in harsh or corrosive environments
may require special coatings or materials to protect against
damage. Similarly, motors used in high-temperature
environments may require additional cooling mechanisms.
VOL. 1 ISSUE 1

Motor Selection and Consideration

• Efficiency
Before selecting a motor, it's important to determine
the specific efficiency requirements for the application. This
can be done by consulting the relevant standards and
regulations, as well as considering the energy efficiency goals
of the organization.

• Environmental Conditions
Finally, you'll want to consider the cost of your motor
and how it fits into your budget. While it may be tempting to
opt for the cheapest motor available, keep in mind that a
higher-quality motor may offer better performance and a
longer lifespan, ultimately saving you money in the long run.
Additionally, consider any ongoing maintenance or repair costs
associated with your motor.
VOL. 1 ISSUE 1

Efficiency and Sustainability

Energy Efficiency Rating Environmental Impact Sustainable Option

VOL. 1 ISSUE 1

Energy Efficiency Rating

• Choose motors with high NEMA
• Consider motors with variable speed drives
VOL. 1 ISSUE 1

Environmental Impact
• Reduced greenhouse gas emissions
• Improved energy efficiency
• Quieter Operation
VOL. 1 ISSUE 1

Sustainable Option
• Prioritized energy efficiency
• Prioritized quality and reliability
• Implement predictive maintenance
VOL. 1 ISSUE 1

Recommendation
To make a well-informed decision, consider three primary factors:

• Type of electric power available

- By selecting a motor compatible with the available power, you can ensure reliable and efficient operation in the farm
environment.

• Type and size of load.

- Choosing a motor that matches the load's size and characteristics prevents overloading, overheating, and potential
damage to the motor.

• Operating conditions
- Taking into account operating conditions is key to maximizing the motor's effectiveness and minimizing the risk of
premature failure in the farm application.
VOL. 1 ISSUE 1

Conclusion

Choosing the right electric motor for farm tasks is super important. Think about
things like making sure it fits with the power supply, matches the job it's doing, and can
handle the environment. A good motor not only makes things work better but also helps
the farm run smoothly and efficiently. It's like a smart investment for long-term success
on the farm.
THANK YOU
Residential Electrical
Distribution System in the
Farm
Outlet and Receptacles
• An outlet is a point in the wiring system at which current is taken to
supply utilization equipment. In a simple term, an outlet is any point that
supplies an electric load.
• An outlet usually consists of a small metal or non-metal box into which a
raceway or cable ends.

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Kinds of outlets
1. Convenience outlet or attachment cap
• is a device that by insertion into a receptacle establishes connection
between the conductor of the flexible cord and the conductors
connected permanently to the receptacle.
• Wall Outlet
• The common Wall Outlet is
called Convenience Outlet.
• Call it wall plug is not correct a
plug is another name for the
attachment cap on the wire
coming from a device such
lamps or appliances
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 An outlet box, also known
as an electrical box or
junction box, is a container
used to house and protect
electrical connections, wiring
devices, and other electrical
components.

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Kinds of outlets
2. Lighting outlet
• Lighting Outlet is an outlet intended for direct connection to a lamp
holder, lighting fixture, or a pendant-cord, terminating in a lamp
holder.

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Kinds of outlets
3. Receptacles outlet
• is an outlet where one or more receptacles are installed. Aside from
the outlets, there are also other wiring accessories such as:
1. Junction box
2. Receptacles
3. The pull box
4. Switches and the like

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• Junction Box
• is not an outlet
• it does not supply current to utilization device.
• Outlet
• refers only to the box itself.
• It does not include the items.
• The receptacle device is not an electrical load but rather an extension of the box
wiring. The outlet is separate from the load device even if it is included as part of
the device.
• Pull Box
• is a box with a blank cover that is inserted in one or more runs or raceways to
facilitate pulling-in the conductors. It may also serve to distribute the conductors.

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• Receptacles
• are contact device installed at the outlet for the connection of a single attachment
plug.
• According to NEC – it is a contact device installed at the outlet for the connection
of a single attachment plug.
• Any number of receptacles mounted together in one or more coupled boxes is classified as
one outlet.

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Mounting the Receptacles
• A wall convenience receptacle is vertically mounted between 30 to 45
centimeters above the finished floor line.
• In industrial areas, shops, workroom and etc., the mounting height is
from 105 to 110 centimeters. This is above the table height horizontally
mounted so that the cords will not hang on top of each other.
• The GFI or GFCI (ground fault circuit interceptor) receptacle should be
installed on locations where sensitivity to electric shock is high such as
in wet areas.

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Branch Circuits
• Electric Circuit refers to the complete path traversed by an electric
current. In short, electric circuit is the entire house wiring installation.
• Branch circuit refers to the portion of electric conductors that extends
from the service entrance to an outlet or a certain group of outlets. It
connects the loads to the final overcurrent protection device.
• is only the wiring installed between the circuit over current protective device i.e.
fuse or circuit breaker and the outlets.

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Circuitry
• Circuitry design varies according to the number of designers. However,
good circuitry design is based on the following considerations:

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Types of branch circuits:

1. Lighting and general-purpose circuits, e. g. table lamps, radios,

television and other portable appliances.
2. Small appliance circuits, e. g. portable appliances in the kitchen,
dining area and laundry.
3. Special purpose circuits, e. g. ranges, air conditioners, water
heaters, water pumps, furnaces, dishwashers.

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Lighting and General-
purpose Circuits

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Fuse, Breaker and Panel Board

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Fuse

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Breaker

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College of Engineering
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College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
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College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
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College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Panel Board

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College of Engineering
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General Guidelines
• No point along the floor line in any wall space should be more than 1.8 m (6 ft)
from a receptacle outlet. Any wall space greater than 0.6 m (2 ft) shall have
an outlet.
• At least one wall switch controlled lighting outlet shall be installed in every
habitable room.
• Lighting controls shall be located to be able to light the path ahead and turn off
lights without retracing steps.
• Provide one 20 A circuit for each 46 m2 (500 ft2) or one 15 A circuit for each
35 m2 (375 ft2) floor area.
• Allow 8 to 10 outlets for each 15 A circuit and 10 to 12 for each 20 A circuit.
• A factor of 32 watts/m2 (3 watts/ft2) is used for all floor area excluding open
porches, garages, basements or unused or unfinished spaces not adaptable
for future use.

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• A load of 1,500 watts is assumed for each small appliance circuit in
residence.
• Convenience receptacles should be planned properly so that in case of
one failure by any one of the circuitry the entire area will not be deprived
of power supply. In terms of reliability of service, each area should be
provided alternately with different circuits.
• All kitchen outlets should be fed from at least two of these circuits.
• All receptacles are potential appliance outlet and at least two circuits
shall be supplied to serve them.
• If air conditioner is anticipated, provide a separate circuit for this
particular appliance.

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• Example
A residence is determined to need 70 lighting and convenience
outlets, not including those to be supplied by small appliance circuits.
What type and how many branch circuits are needed?

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• Example: A residence is determined to need 70 lighting and
convenience outlets, not including those to be supplied by small
appliance circuits. What type and how many branch circuits are needed?

• Alt. 1 (All 15-A circuits):

70 outlets/10 outlets per circuit = 7 circuits minimum
• Alt. 2 (All 20-A circuits):
70 outlets/12 outlets per circuit = 5.8 (6) circuits minimum
• Alt. 3 (Combination of 15- and 20-A circuits):
Five 20 A circuits 60 outlets
One 15 A circuits 10 outlets
Total 70 outlets

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Service Entrance

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Sizing of Service Entrance
• The size of a service entrance is determined by the total demand load
that it will be serving.
• Demand load
• is the maximum amount of electrical power that a customer or facility is expected
to use at any given time.
• It is typically measured in kilowatts (kW) or megawatts (MW).
• Connected load
• is the total amount of electrical power that all of the appliances and equipment in
a facility are capable of using.
Connected load is typically much higher than demand load because it is
unlikely that all appliances and equipment will be used at the same time.

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Demand load is influenced by a number of factors, including:
a) The type of facility (e.g., residential, commercial, industrial)
b) The size of the facility
c) The time of day
d) The season of the year
e) The climate
f) The availability of energy efficiency measures

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Demand load can be reduced by taking steps to reduce energy
consumption, such as:
a) Turning off lights and appliances when they are not in use
b) Unplugging electronics when they are not in use
c) Installing energy-efficient appliances and equipment
d) Improving insulation and air sealing
e) Using programmable thermostats

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 General light and small appliance demand system for residence
Portion of load to which demand Demand factor (%)
factor applies (watts)
First 3,000 or less 100
Next 3,001 to 120,000 35
Remainder over 120,000 25

• If 4 or more fixed appliances are included, a demand factor of 75% can

be used on the total of the fixed appliances.
• Electric ranges up to 12 kW have a demand load of 8 kW. For each one
kW over 12 kW, 0.2 kW is added to 8 kW to get the demand load.
• Service entrance must have ampacity rating equal to or greater than the
calculated value. Common sizes are 60 A, 100 A, 150 A, and 200 A. A
60-A service is minimum.
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• Example.
A two-story house with a full basement has an outside dimension of 7.3
m(24 f) by 9.1 m (30 ft). Assuming three appliance circuits, determine the
total load and the total demand load.

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• Example.
A two-story house with a full basement has an outside dimension of 7.3
m(24 f) by 9.1 m (30 ft). Assuming three appliance circuits, determine the
total load and the total demand load.

General lighting load = 7.3 m × 9.1 m × 3 floors × 32 W/m2 = 6,377 W

Three small appliance circuits × 1,500 W/circuit = 4,500 W
Total 10,877
W
Total demand load
= (3,000 W × 100%) + (10,877-3,000) W × 35% = 5,757 W

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• Example.
Select service entrance sizes for total demand loads of
(a) 22,000 W,
(b) 30,000 W, and;
(c) 13,000 W.

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• Example.
Select service entrance sizes for total demand loads of
(a) 22,000 W,
(b) 30,000 W, and;
(c) 13,000 W.

(a) 22,000 W/240 V = 91.8 A Select 100 A service.

(b) 30,000 W/240 V = 125 A Select 150 A service.
(c) 13,000 W/240 V = 54.2 A Select 60 A service.

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Farmstead Electrical
Distribution System
FARMSTEAD ELECTRICAL PLANNING
The electric load of a particular building refers to the number of watts
required by the electrical equipment in use in the building.
Electrical Load Design Values
Building Minimum Design values
value, watts
1. Farm shop 4,600 3 watts/ft2 floor area + 3,000 watts if no welder
3 watts/ft2 floor area + 7,000 watts if having a welder
2. Poultry brooding 1,150 4 watts/chick, small flock; 3 watts/chick, large flock (1,000 or more); 4
watts/chick for any size with infrared brooder
3. Poultry laying 2,300 5 watts/bird + 1,320 watts/hp of automatic feeder
4. Dairy barn 3,450 200 watts/cow for 1st 20 cows; 60 watts/cow for those in excess of 20
+ 1,320 watts/hp of gutter cleaner
5. Milking room (parlor) 2,300 900 watts/stall
6. Milk house 4,600 250 watts/cow for 1st 20 cows; 100 watts/cow for those in excess of 20

7. General purpose barn 3,450 3 watts/ft2 + 1,320 watts/hp motor

8. Pig farrowing 2,300 500 watts/pen
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• Example.
A proposed brooder house is planned for 1,200 baby chicks. Electric
underheat brooders will be used. What will be the value of the electrical
load of this building?

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• Example.
A proposed brooder house is planned for 1,200 baby chicks. Electric
underheat brooders will be used. What will be the value of the electrical
load of this building?

3 watts/chick × 1,200 = 3,600

watts

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Distribution Center
If two or more buildings are to receive energy, each will have an entrance
switch, and it then becomes necessary to select a main distribution
center, or main point of supply.

Types of distribution centers:

(a) Indoors
(b) Outdoor
(c) Pole

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• Indoor distribution centers are typically located in a central location
within the system. They are typically housed in a dedicated building or
room.
• Outdoor distribution centers are typically located in areas where there
is limited space or where it is not practical to build an indoor distribution
center. Outdoor distribution centers are typically enclosed in
weatherproof cabinets. Outdoor distribution centers typically contain the
same equipment as indoor distribution centers, but the equipment may
be designed to withstand more extreme weather conditions.
• Pole distribution centers are typically located in rural areas or in areas
where there is no access to underground power. Pole distribution
centers are typically mounted on utility poles. Pole distribution centers
typically contain the same equipment as indoor or outdoor distribution
centers, but the equipment is scaled down to fit on a pole.

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Electrical-load Center
• The best location for indoor type distribution center is the position closest
to the equipment having the largest wattage rating.
• The outdoor type should be nearest to the electrical load center.
• The pole type should be located at the electrical load center of the
farmstead.

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Example
Calculate the location of load center:
Residence = 12,000 W
Poultry = 6,000 W
Pump house = 2,000 W

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SOLUTION:
Unit Load Left axis Lower axis
Residence 12 kW 12 kW ×10 m = 120 kW-m 12 kW×10 m = 120 kW-m

Poultry 6 kW 6 kW ×30 m = 180 kW-m 6 kW×40 m = 240 kW-m

Pump house 2 kW 2 kW ×40 m = 80 kw-m 2 kW×20 m = 40 kW-m

Total 20 kW 380 kW-m 400 kW-m

Distance from left axis = 380 kW-m/20 kW = 19 meters

Distance from lower axis = 400 kW-m/20 kW = 20 meters

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University of Southeastern Philippines
College of Engineering
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Commonly Used
Sensing Elements for
Electrical Controls for
Agricultural and
Biosystems Structure
GROUP 8
 INTRODUCTION

In field of modern agricultural and biosystems structures, we rely on

electrical systems to make farming and managing biological
systems more efficient. These systems use special sensors to
gather data and control things. Think of these sensors like the "eyes
and ears" of the farm or biological system.
SENSING ELEMENTS :
01 Temperature Sensor

02 Humidity Sensor

03 Light Sensor

04 Soil Moisture Sensor

05 Pressure Sensor
 01 Temperature Sensor

These are crucial for monitoring and controlling

temperature levels in greenhouses, animal housing,
and other agricultural facilities. They help ensure
optimal conditions for plant growth, animal comfort,
and overall environmental control.
02 Humidity Sensor

These sensors are utilized to measure and regulate

humidity levels in various agricultural settings. They
play a significant role in maintaining the ideal
moisture content for crop growth, preventing mold
and mildew, and ensuring proper ventilation in animal
housing.
03 Light Sensor

These sensors are essential for regulating artificial lighting

in indoor farming environments, enabling the simulation of
natural light conditions for plants. They contribute to
enhancing photosynthesis and optimizing plant growth in
controlled environments.
04 Soil Moisture Sensor

Employed in precision agriculture, these sensors measure

soil moisture content, enabling efficient irrigation
management and water conservation. They help farmers
make informed decisions about watering schedules and
prevent overwatering or under watering of crops.
05 Pressure Sensor

Used in agricultural machinery and equipment, pressure

sensors aid in monitoring and controlling various
parameters, such as hydraulic pressure and pneumatic
systems. They contribute to efficient operation and
maintenance of agricultural machinery.
These sensing elements play a vital role in ensuring
optimal conditions for crop cultivation, livestock
management, and overall environmental control in
agricultural and biosystems structures. They facilitate
precise monitoring and regulation, leading to
improved productivity and sustainability in the
agricultural sector.
Reference

Umair, M. (2021, September 17). Control Systems Introduction II: Sensors

and Transducers. EE Power School.
https://eepowerschool.com/control-systems/control-systems-
introduction-ii-sensors-and-transducers/
END
GROUP 2 ABS 311-Electrification

Sizing of
Conductors of
Motor

1
 GROUP 2 ABS 311-Electrification

Our team

Chloe Glace Agyang Myleen Beterbo John Lloyd Carbajosa April Jane Nisnisan

2
GROUP 2 ABS 311-Electrification

MOTOR
The word "motor" refers to any power unit that generates motion,
that is a "prime mover". Electric motor refers to a "prime mover using
electricity."
Electric motors are devices that convert electrical energy into
mechanical energy, usually in the form of rotational motion. In simple
terms, they are devices that use electric power to generate motive
power.

3
 GROUP 2 ABS 311-Electrification

Conductors for General wiring

Conductors
(a) Insulated. Conductors shall be insulated.
(b) Conductor Material. Conductors in this article shall be of
aluminum, copper-clad aluminum, or copper unless otherwise
specified.

Philippine Electrical Code

4
Conductors for General wiring
Conductors in Parallel
Aluminum, copper-clad aluminum, or copper conductors of size
50 mm2 and larger, comprising each phase, polarity, neutral, or
grounded circuit conductor, shall be permitted to be connected
in parallel (electrically joined at both ends).

Minimum Size of Conductors

The minimum size of conductors shall be as shown in Table
3.10.1.5, except as permitted elsewhere in this Code.
Philippine Electrical Code
5
6
7
 GROUP 2 ABS 311-Electrification

Factors affecting Conductor sizing

Motor overcurrent protection
Motors and their associated equipment must be protected against overcurrent
(overload, short circuit, or ground fault) (article 1.1)

Due to the special

characteristics of induction motors,
overcurrent protection is generally
accomplished by having the overload
protection separated from the short-circuit
and ground-fault protection device.

Philippine Electrical Code

8
 GROUP 2 ABS 311-Electrification

Factors affecting Conductor sizing

Motor and branch-circuit overload protection

• Separate overload device

A separate overload device shall be selected to trip or shall be rated at
no more than the following percent of the motor nameplate full-load current rating.

• Service Factor
Motors with a nameplate service factor (S.F.) rating of 1.15 or
greater must have their overload protection device sized no more than
125% of the motor nameplate current rating.

Philippine Electrical Code

9
GROUP 2 ABS 311-Electrification

Factors affecting Conductor sizing

Motor and branch-circuit overload protection
● Temperature rise
Motors with a nameplate temperature rise rating of 40°C or less must
have an overload protection device sized no more than 125% of the motor
nameplate current rating.

● All other motors

Motors that do not have a service factor rating of 1.15 and up or a
temperature rise rating of 40°C and less, must have the overload protection device
sized at not more than 115% percent of the motor nameplate ampere rating.

Philippine Electrical Code

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 GROUP 2 ABS 311-Electrification

Factors affecting Conductor sizing

Motor branch-circuit short-circuit and ground fault protection

(PEC) 4.30.4.2 (C) requires the motor branch-circuit short circuit

and ground-fault protection (except torque motors) to be sized no greater
than the percentages listed in table 4.30.4.2

When the short-circuit ground-fault protection device value is

determined from table 4.30.4.2 does not correspond with the standard
rating or setting of overcurrent protection devices as listed in 2.40.1.6(a),
the next higher protection device size may be used.
Philippine Electrical Code
11
GROUP 2 ABS 311-Electrification

Factors affecting Conductor sizing

Motor feeder short-circuit and ground-fault protection

A feeder supplying a specific fixed motor load(s) and consisting

of conductor sizes based on 4.30.4.2 shall be provided with a protective
device having a rating or setting not greater than the largest rating or
setting of the branch-circuit short-circuit and ground-fault protective
device for any motor supplied by the feeder, plus the sum of the full-load
currents of the other motor of the group.

Philippine Electrical Code

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GROUP 2 ABS 311-Electrification

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 GROUP 2 ABS 311-Electrification

Sizing Methods
Ampacities for conductors rated 0 – 2000 volts

The ampacity of a
conductor is listed in Table
3.10.2.6 (B) 16 under the
conditions of no more than three
(3) current-carrying conductors
bundled together in an ambient
temperature of 30°C.

Philippine Electrical Code

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GROUP 2 ABS 311-Electrification

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 GROUP 2 ABS 311-Electrification

Sizing Methods
Temperature Limitations
Circuits rated 100 A or less (1.10.1.15 (C)(1)A)) termination provisions of equipment for
circuits rated 100 amperes or less, marked for 2.0mm2 (1.6mm dia.) through 38 mm2
conductors shall be used only for one of the following:
1. Conductors rated 60°C
2. Conductors with higher temperature ratings, provided the ampacity of such
conductors is determined based on the 60°C ampacity of the conductor size used.
3. Conductors with higher temperature ratings if the equipment is listed and
identified for use with such conductors.
4. For motors marked with design letters B, C, or D conductors having an insulation
range of 75°C or higher shall be permitted to be used, provided the ampacity of
such does not exceed the 75°C ampacity.
Philippine Electrical Code
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 GROUP 2 ABS 311-Electrification

Sizing Methods
Temperature Limitations
Circuits rated 100 A (1.10.1.15 (C)(1)A)) termination provisions of equipment for
circuits rated 100 amperes, marked for conductors larger than 38mm2 shall be
used only for one of the following:

1. Conductors rated 75°C.

2. Conductors with higher temperature ratings, provided the ampacity of
such conductors does not exceed the 75°C ampacity of the conductor
sized used, or up to their ampacity if the equipment is listed and
identified for used with such conductors.

Philippine Electrical Code

17
GROUP 2 ABS 311-Electrification

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GROUP 2 ABS 311-Electrification

Sizing Methods
Motor circuit conductors

Single motor conductors

Note: the actual conductor size must

be selected from table 3.10.2.6
(B)(16) according to the terminal
temperature rating (60°C or 75°C of
the equipment (1.10.1.15(C)).
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GROUP 2 ABS 311-Electrification

Sizing Methods
Several motors or motor(s) and other load(s)
Conductors that supply several motors must have an ampacity of not
less than:
1. 125% of the highest-rated motor FLC (4.30.1.6(A)).
2. The sum of the FLCs of the other motors (on the same phase)
(4.30.1.6(A)).
The highest-rated motor is based on the motor with the highest full-
load (4.30.1.1.7)

Philippine Electrical Code

20
 GROUP 2 ABS 311-Electrification

Sizing Methods
Several motors or motor(s) and other load(s)

The “other motors in the group” is

determined by balancing the motors
FLC on the feeder being sized, then
selecting the phase that has the highest
rated motor on it.

21
THANK
YOU!
22
Irrigation Engineering involves
the management of water
applied to agricultural and
other developed lands for the
growth of crops and other
vegetation.
Automatically operated electrical
controls for Agricultural and
Biosystems Engineering:

Irrigation and drainage

structures, such as canals,
pumps and dams
These systems, with automatic
timers and control, can provide
uniform and targeted water
distribution across fields, reducing
water usage and enhancing crop
health.
These sensors measure the moisture content in the soil,
allowing engineers to determine the exact hydration
needs of crops and avoid over-irrigation, leading to
water conservation and healthier plants.

Drip irrigation systems, controlled automatically, minimize

water wastage by delivering water precisely to plant roots,
improving water-use efficiency.
Weather data collected by these stations aids in
creating precise irrigation schedules, helping
agricultural engineers adapt to changing weather
conditions and reduce water wastage.

Flow meters provide accurate measurements

of water usage, aiding engineers in evaluating
irrigation efficiency and managing water
resources effectively.
 Electrically operated canal gates
allow precise control over water flow
in irrigation and drainage networks,
preventing waterlogging or drought.

Alarms are set to notify engineers

when water levels reach critical levels,
helping to prevent flooding or
insufficient irrigation.
 Automated pivot systems cover large
areas efficiently, reducing water and
energy usage while promoting even
crop growth.

VFDs allow engineers to regulate pump

and motor speeds, optimizing energy
consumption and extending equipment
lifespan.
 These controllers make real-time decisions
based on soil moisture data, adapting
irrigation to meet crop requirements
precisely.

Fertigation controllers integrate the

precise application of fertilizers with
irrigation water, enhancing nutrient
management for optimal crop growth.
Electrically controlled valves adjust water
flow rates, ensuring that the right amount
of water is delivered to different parts of
the field, promoting uniform crop growth.

Automated pump controls maintain

consistent water pressure and flow
rates, ensuring an efficient irrigation
system that meets the needs of the
crops.
Telemetry allows real-time data
transmission, enabling agricultural
engineers to monitor and control
irrigation and drainage systems
from a central location

Automated drainage pump controls

activate as water levels rise,
preventing over-saturation of fields
and protecting crops from water
damage.
These self-controlled hydraulic gates are
often integrated with sensors that monitor
factors like water levels, soil moisture, and
weather conditions. Based on the data
collected, the gates can be programmed to
open or close to maintain the desired water
levels in canals, minimize water wastage, and
ensure that crops receive the appropriate
amount of water. This automation can save
labor, increase irrigation efficiency, and
contribute to more sustainable water
management practices in agriculture.
•

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•
GENERATORS
Context:
● 1.Introduction to Generators.
● 2.Principle of working.
● 3.History of Generators.
● 4.Types of Generators.
● 5.practical Generator.
● 6.Generators in daily life.
1.Introduction to Generators
● The device which converts mechanical
energy to electrical energy is called generator

GENERATO ELECTRICAL
MEHANICAL ENERGY R ENERGY
1.Introduction to Generators
What Are They?

•Standby generators offer a steadfast solution to extended

outages. Unlike portable generators, they're installed
permanently on a concrete pad in your building and will provide
uninterrupted backup for days.

•That's because they're connected directly to your building's

electrical panel and powered by an external fuel supply, such as
natural gas, liquid propane, or diesel.
 1.Introduction to Generators
How They Work?

•The brains behind the operation is an automatic transfer switch that

disconnects you from your utility after detecting an interruption in service.

•Once your home is safely off the grid, the switch starts up the generator
before transferring its power to the building's electrical panel. At the heart of
the system is an internal combustion engine, which is usually fuelled by the
local natural gas supply. Where natural gas isn't available, liquid propane or
diesel stored in a large tank nearby can be used.

•Keep in mind these systems rely on a finite amount of fuel that could run dry
if storm damage prevents delivery or increased demand hampers supply.
1.Introduction to Generators
• When municipal power resumes, the switch shuts down the
generator and reconnects your building to the grid. This seamless
operation makes standby generators ideal for commercial buildings,
as well as those needing uninterrupted use of electric-powered
medical equipment. They're also crucial for anyone running a home
business.

• The transfer switch acts as a safety mechanism too: It prevents

back-feeding electricity to the grid, a potentially lethal practice that
can start fires and harm utility workers attempting to restore your
neighbourhood's power.
 1.Introduction to Generators
They Need A Lot of Upkeep

Like cars, standby generators run nonstop for many hours, so they have to be
maintained as if they were, well, cars. Generally, bigger units require more
care.

"After 24 to 48 hours of continuous use, get it serviced.”

"After around 10 days, have a professional change the oil and the filter."

Your generator will stay healthy through a lifetime of outages if you check the
engine oil daily during use, run it at no more than 75 per cent of its rated
capacity, replace overworked or deformed motor brushes, and avoid starting
or stopping it under load whenever possible.
2.Principle of working:
● In generators mechanical energy is transformed
into electrical energy.
● The principle of all of the generators is same,
although the detail of construction may be differ
somewhat.
● A generator has two main parts:
● Coil
● Magnet
 1.Introduction to Generators
Figure 1 depicts the basic components of a typical standby
power system which include the following

1.Engine – generator set

2.Transfer Switch
3.Battery System
4.Engine/Generator Control
5.Fuel System/Storage
6.Exhaust and Inlet/Outlet Air
1.Introduction to Generators

1. Engine – generator set which consists of an engine coupled with

a generator that it drives.

2. Transfer switch - The Transfer switch is the component in the

emergency and standby power system that transfers power from
the “normal” power source to the alternate power source when the
“normal” source of power fails.

3. Battery System:
Purpose – The reliability is paramount in emergency and standby
power applications. A common cause of engine generator sets
failure to start is a battery failure.
1.Introduction to Generators

5. Fuel storage and pumping system:

A typical fuel system consists of a day tank and a bulk storage tank.

6. Air Supply and Exhaust – A means of providing an unimpeded

flow of fresh outside air into the generator is necessary and
serves two purposes:
a) Cooling air for the generator and to keep the generator room
comfortable and,

b) To provide clean air available to the engine for combustion.

1.Introduction to Generators

Engine – generator sets are just that – an engine coupled

with and driving an electrical generator. There are several
types of gen sets that are classified by the energy source
(fuel) of their prime mover (in this case the engine):

•Gasoline Engine
•Diesel Engine
•Gas Turbine/Engine
1.Introduction to Generators
Petrol Engine sets are available from several hundred
watts to about 100 kW. Smaller sets use two- and four-
cycle high speed, lightweight engines. Larger sets use
multiple cylinder engines built for automobiles and trucks.

Diesel Engine sets are available for just under 100 kW to

10,000 kW. Diesel gen sets are rugged, dependable and
most suitable for continuous duty. The fire and explosion
hazard is considerably lower than for gasoline engines/

Gas Turbine/Engine gen sets are available up to 10,000 kW. They

are compact and lightweight compared to the other prime
movers making them suitable location and mounting in
restricted spaces on roofs of buildings. The gas turbines
are modified air craft auxiliary power and small propulsion
power turbines. The sets require as much as 120 seconds
to start, reach rated speed and deliver power making them
not suitable for emergency power applications.
1.Introduction to Generators
1.Introduction to Generators
4. Controls

Both engines and the generator require panels for displaying

operating conditions and for mounting the controls, providing
protection and displaying alarms.

Engine Panel – the engine control panel provides the following

typical functionality

•Cranking control equipment, including cranking cycle, battery

•charger state and battery condition.
•Control switches, RUN – OFF – AUTOMATIC switch
•Shutdown and lock-out control to operate from the protection
•system
•Annunciator to respond to protection system
•Emergency shutdown
2.Principle of working:
● Generator works on
Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic
induction. When coil is
rotated in a magnetic
field by some
mechanical means
magnetic flux is
changed through the
coil and consequently
EMF is induced in the
coil.
3.History and evolution of
Generators
● Michel Faraday and Hippolyte Pixii were
pioneers who invented early machines like
generator. There are following stages of
evolution of Generators.
● Electrostatic generators.
● Principle of electromagnetic induction.
● Invention of Dynamos.
● Alternators and their evolution.
Electrostatic Generators:
● Before the connection
between electricity and
magnetism was
discovered Electrostatic
generators were
invented.
● They were never used
for commercial power
generation and were
left due to inefficiency
and difficulty.
Principle of electromagnetic
induction:
● The scientific principle
on which modern
generators work was
discovered by Michel
Faraday, he gave first
electrical demonstration
of electromagnetic
induction in august
1831.
● Then he created world’s
first electrical generator
caller “Faraday’s disk”
Dynamos:
● Dynamos use
electromagnetic
principles to convert
mechanical rotation into
a pulsating direct
electric current through
use of a commutator.
● 1st dynamo was built by
Hippolyte pixii in 1832.
Alternators:
● After that alternating ● Lord Kelvin and
current generators were Sebastian Ferranti also
invented. 1st TWO done some work.
PHASE AC
GENERATOR was built
by J.E.H.Gordon in 1882.
● In 1886 1st public
demonstration of
ALTERNATOR SYSEM
was given.
● Nikola Tesla done very
useful work in evolution of
alternators.
4.Types of Generators:
● According to output generators are of two types, AC
generators and DC generators.
● According to mechanical work input generators can also
be classified. As engine generators , human powered
generators , turbine generators and wind mill generators.
Types of Generators:
● Mainly used generators are engine generators.
They are also known as Gensets. They use
engine, which provides mechanical energy by
use of chemical energy provided by different
chemicals as Gasoline, Propane, Diesel fuel and
Natural gas.
● They can further be classified into 3 main types.
● 1.Standby Generators
● 2.Portable Generators
● 3.Commertial Generators
Standby Generators:
● These are large, often
permanent units often
stationed outside a
building and like to
provide backup power
in case the in electricity
switches off.
● They can sense when a
power interruption has
occurred and
automatically start to
provide emergency
power
Portable Generators:
● These generators are
designed to be
transported whether on
cart trailer or by hand
where there is no utility
of power.
● They are capable of
providing up to 1000
kilowatts of power. They
use either diesel natural
gas , gasoline or
propane as fuel
Commercial Generators:
● In areas where power
supply is intermittent or
lacking as in THIRD
WORLD provincial
areas, generators can
also be set up to
provide additional
power.
 Standby Generator Sizing Guide

Although the following generator sizing guide will give you some idea of
your backup generator, you should ALWAYS hire a professional to
calculate your electrical load and installation needs. There is no single sizing solution for all homes. The size and power
of the generator is determined by a variety of factors including the size of your home, the type of fuel preferred, and
the wattage requirements of your appliances. Do not forget to also take into consideration load growth, seasonal
changes, and different types of motors.
It is important to size a generator correctly. Too small of a generator for a large load can damage the generator and/or
the equipment or appliances that are connected to it. Too large of a generator will cost you more by using more fuel
and will be less efficient when loaded lightly. This will also typically have a larger installation bill.

CODES
Reference Codes:
NEC 225 Branch
Circuits and Feeders
NEC 240 Overcurrent
Generators must be installed according to codes set by the National
Protection
Fire Prevention Association (NFPA), as well as to state and local
NEC 250 Grounding
codes, to operate safely and efficiently. The installer should consult
NEC 445 Generators
local AHJ to check codes, permitting, and regulations.
NEC 700 Emergency
There is free access to the NFPA codes found in the links below:
Systems
NFPA 37 – “Standard for the Installation and Use of Stationary
NEC 701 Legally
Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines”
Required Standby
https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-
NEC 702 Optional
standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=37
Standby
NFPA 70 – “National Electrical Code”
NFPA 37 Installation
https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-
& Use of Stationary
standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=70
Engines
NFPA 110 – “Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems”
NFPA 54 National
https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-
Fuel Gas Code
standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=110
NFPA 58 LP Gas
Code
ICC Fuel Gas Code
 Location

Location:
Location is often overlooked when installing a generator. The location can determine the generator size, transfer switch
location, fuel type, and fuel capacity. Generators should NEVER be located indoors. NFPA 37 section 4 specifies
generator clearances for outdoor installation, see figure to the right.

Placement Considerations:
- Air inlet obstruction
- Exhaust precautions
- Rising water levels
- Maintenance and servicing accessibility
- Water spraying, saturating, or swamping
- Underground or covered services
- Prevailing winds
- Fuel supply and pipe length
- Transfer switch proximity
- Level surface
PLACEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

• Air inlet obstruction • Maintenance and servicing accessibility • Fuel supply and pipe length
• Exhaust precautions • Water spraying, saturating, or swamping • Transfer switch proximity
• Rising water levels • Underground or covered services • Level Surface and/or Prevailing winds
 Running Watts vs. Starting Watts
Running Watts: Power that the
generator can supply all the time. Also
called rated watts or continuous watts.

Starting Watts: Extra watts needed for two or three seconds to start motor-driven
products like a refrigerator or circular saw. This is the maximum wattage the
generator can produce. Starting watts are also called inrush current, surge watts or
peak watts.

• On the appliance nameplate, look for LRA (Locked Rotor Amps). This is
the current you can expect under starting conditions when full voltage is
applied. Multiply the LRA by the voltage to get your starting wattage.
• Another way to find starting wattage or inrush current is to get a good
quality clamp amp meter that can measure the inrush current. Simply
attach the amp meter to the appropriate wire, select the “inrush”
function of your amp meter, and start your appliance to get a reading.
Multiply the amps by the voltage to get the wattage.
Determine fuel
sources available
Propane: Clean burning, available as a liquid or vapor, stored in pressurized containers
that require refilling.
Natural gas: Most cost effective and readily available, delivered through pipelines so
refueling is not necessary, less energy efficient per gallon than most, not for indoor use.
Gasoline: Good choice for portable generators, Gasoline can last for up to three years
if properly stored and combined with fuel stabilizer.
Diesel: High durability, long life, readily available, hard starting in cold weather, and
offers the most energy per gallon. Diesel can last for six months to one year if properly
stored but is prone to wet stacking and a high amount of emissions.
Bi fuel: Can burn gasoline/diesel and has a natural gas hookup, as well as flexibility for
long-term and short-term use based on available fuels.

Generator Sizing
Instructions

There is not a single correct sizing solution. The following are several methods that, when
mixed with good judgement, should result in an appropriately sized generator.
Remember to consider load growth, seasonality, and effects of starting motors.

Remember: Never add Amps when sizing a generator. Convert Amps to kW and add kW
to determine the required generator size. Adding Amps without properly accounting for
the power factor and/or mixing voltages will result in improperly sizing the generator.
 Partial House (Essentials)
Load Summation Method
Make a list of all items you wish to power at the same time during an outage. Be realistic but
inclusive.
1. Using the Wattage Chart below, fill in the running watts and starting watts requirements on
the ‘You Power Needs’ section. (See example below)
2. Add the Running Watts of the items you wish to power. Enter this number in the ‘Total
Running Watts’ column.
3. Select the individual item with the highest number of starting watts. Take this one number,
add it to you Total Running Watts, and enter it in the Total Starting Watts box.

EXAMPLE
RUNNING ADDITONAL
DESCRIPTION
WATTS STARTING WATTS
1. Refrigerator/Freezer 700 2200
2. Furnace Fan Blower – 1/2 HP 800 2300 With this example, you need
3. Washing Machine 1150 2250
4. Range Oven/Stove Top 8000 0 a generator that produces at
5. Sump Pump 1/3 HP 800 1300 least 12,500 Total Running
6. Well Pump 1/2 HP 1050 2100
7. Watts and 14,800 Total
TOTAL HIGHEST Starting Watts
RUNNING ADDITIONAL
WATTS STARTING WATTS
12500 2300
TOTAL RUNNING WATTS + HIGHEST ADDITIONAL STARTING WATTS =
TOTAL STARTING WATTS NEEDED 14800 YOUR POWER NEEDS
RUNNING ADDITONAL
DESCRIPTION
WATTS STARTING WATTS
1.
2
3.
I need a generator that 4.
5.
produces at least _________ 6.
total running watts and 7.
TOTAL HIGHEST
________ total starting watts. RUNNING ADDITIONAL
WATTS STARTING WATTS

TOTAL RUNNING WATTS + HIGHEST ADDITIONAL STARTING WATTS =

TOTAL STARTING WATTS NEEDED
Wattage Chart

RUNNING ADDITONAL
DESCRIPTION
WATTS STARTING WATTS
ESSENTIALS
Light - 60 watt 60 0
Deep Freezer 500 1500
Sump Pump 1/3 HP 800 1300
Well Pump 1/2 HP 1000 2100
Electric Water Heater 4000 0
General Lighting & Receptacles
3000 0
per 1000sq ft
HEATING / COOLING
Space Heater 1800 0
Furnace Fan Blower – 1/2 HP 800 2300
Furnace Fan Blower – 1/3 HP 700 1400
Window AC – 10,000 BTU 1200 3600
Window AC – 12,000 BTU 3250 9750
Central AC – 10,000 BTU 1500 4500
Central AC – 24,000 BTU 3800 11400
Heat Pump 4700 4500
Electric Heat per 1000ft^2 12000 0
LAUNDRY ROOM
Washing Machine 1150 2250
Clothes Dryer – Electric 5400 6750
Clothes Dryer – Gas 700 1800
KITCHEN
Refrigerator/Freezer 700 2200
Microwave Oven – 625 Watts 625 0
Microwave Oven – 1000 Watts 1000 0
Coffee Maker 1000 0
Electric Stove – 8 in. Element 2100 0
Dishwasher – Hot Dry 1500 0
Range Oven/Stove Top 8000 0
OTHER
1/2 HP Garage Door Opener 875 2350
* The wattages listed in our reference guide are based on estimated
wattage requirements. For exact wattages, check the data plate or
owner’s manual on the item you wish to power.
 Whole House – Measurement Method:
Connect a recording ammeter or power meter that can measure the
maximum peak kW demand continuously over a thirty-day period.
The maximum kW demand should be taken while the building is
occupied and should include the larger of the heating or cooling
loads.
The peak kW demand should be multiplied by 125%
Calculated kW demand = Peak kW demand * 125%
Size the generator to the next standard size.

Whole House – Billing History Method:

Using a year’s worth of electric bills, size the generator to 25% larger
than the largest peak demand. Peak demand is simply the average
electrical usage that has occurred over a 15-minute period.
You can find your peak demand one of three ways:
1. Website, by logging onto your account
www.fallriverelectric.com />My Usage>Select a year’s
worth of data>Change the chart to ‘Peak Demand.’
2. On your monthly bill, your peak demand is listed for that
billing period.

3. Call one of our friendly member service representatives

at (800) 632-5726 and request your demand for the year.

The EASY Way – Home Standby Generator Sizing Calculators:

Generac
https://www.generac.com/for-homeowners/home-backup-
power/build-your-generator
Briggs & Stratton
https://www.briggsandstratton.com/na/en_us/buying-
guides/standby-generators/choosing-standby-generator.html
Kohler
http://www.kohlerpower.com/home/home-
generators/selector#your-home
Choosing a Transfer Switch:

Choosing a Transfer Switch:

An automatic transfer switch (ATS) is a self-acting, intelligent power
switching device governed by dedicated control logic. The principal
purpose of an ATS is to ensure the continuous delivery of electrical
power from one of two power sources to a connected load circuit.

Load Center Automatic Transfer Switch: When only powering partial

(essential) circuits to your home, you will need a load center (panel)
that you can land each individual breaker that feeds each circuit
that you have chosen, as necessary.

Service Rated: When powering your whole house with a generator,

you will use a service rated ATS. This is typically located in between
the utilities meter and your main panel.

Safety Considerations:
- Potentially lethal voltages
- Comply with ALL codes and standards
- Gaseous fuels are highly explosive
- Parts are rotation and/or hot
- Carbon monoxide (CO) odorless, colorless,
poisonous gas
 Progress Check

Fill in the blank(s)

1. Faraday’s law when you see that rotation of the coil continually changes the magnetic flux through
the coil and therefore generate a voltage.

2. Generators, motors, transformers, and solenoids each use the principle of electromagnetism.

3. The strongest part of the magnetic field is the region where the lines are closest together.

4. If a conductor is wound around a piece of metal, such as iron or steel, and current is passed through
that conductor, a magnetic field is produced around this assembly. It is called an electromagnet.

5. In the rotating armature AC generator, the stator provides a stationary electromagnetic field.

6. In a rotating field generator, direct current from a separate source is passed through windings on the
rotor by means of slip rings and brushes.

7. A three-phase AC generator is designed to produce three-phase AC power by building more coils in

the stator around the rotor. The three coils are equally spaced 120 degrees apart around the inside of
the stator.

8. In the early 1970’s, gas turbine manufacturers introduced insulation systems capable of operating at
Class F temperatures (155°C, 311°F) for the life of the generator. This enabled a significant uprating of
generator designs (about 10%) with a minimal increase in cost.

9. As we go thought the generator design and construction the differences between hydrogen cooled
and air-cooled will be pointed out. There are two main components in the generator, the rotor and the
stator.

10. The stator consists of a steel plate casing called the “Wrapper” that covers a frame that in turn holds
the iron core.

11. There are fans mounted on the ends of the rotor to circulate cooling gas inside the generator stator.

12. Collector rings are provided at the generator end of the rotor.

13. All hydrogen/water-cooled generators use direct conductor cooling of the rotor winding for heat
removal. Smaller two-pole and all four-pole generators use the radial flow design. At the end of the
rotor body, hydrogen enters the windings through full-length subslots and is discharged along the
length of the rotor body through radial slots, machined or punched, in the copper conductors. The
hydrogen passes from the conductors through the creepage blocks and wedges to the “air gap” where
the hydrogen is directed through the stator core to the hydrogen coolers.

14. The bearing ring and the shaft seal housing at the collector end of the machine are insulated from
the generator frame to prevent the flow of shaft currents.

15. The purpose of the unit’s Isolated Phase Bus is to connect its unit Generator to the associated main
transformer and auxiliary transformer.
16. The purpose of the Generator Seal Oil System is to provide the means to prevent the escape of
hydrogen from the generator enclosed.

17. The oil for the shaft seals is vacuum treated so that a minimum amount of air and moisture will be
released to the generator casing. Maintenance of an absolute pressure of 1-inch of mercury or less in
the vacuum tank will result in the maintenance of a hydrogen purity of 97 percent or higher in the
generator and will ensure that a negligible amount of moisture will enter the generator from

the oil.

18. Each Unit’s skid-mounted Stator Cooling Water System is designed to operate as an independent
sub-loop in its associated unit turbine-generator control system.

19. The exciters used for self-excited units are generally either static systems or shaft driven systems.

20. The Alterrex system encloses the shaft-driven alternator and rectifiers in a housing (often called the
doghouse) mounted at the end of the generator.
 Examination

1. In the early 1970’s, gas turbine manufacturers introduced insulation systems capable of operating at
Class F temperatures (__________) for the life of the generator.

A. 100°C , 212°F

B. 120°C , 248°F

C. 155°C , 311°F

D. 189°C , 372.2°F

2. Newer generators use hydrogen under pressure (from __________) for cooling.

A. 15 to 75 psig

B. 25 to 80 psi

C. 10 to 100 psi

D. 10 to 120 psi

3. The bars fit into the longitudinal slots on the inside diameter of the core and are held in place by
_________ that slide into the top of the slot

A. springs

B. wedges

C. end bells

D. the core

4. What type water is used in water cooling of the generator armature winding?

A. Distilled Water

B. Condensate

C. Deionized water

D. Treated Water

5. A generator operating with 12 poles and 60 cycles would operate at a speed of__________.

A. 600

B. 1200

C. 2400

D. 3600

6. How are generator rotor retaining rings attached to the rotor?

A. Bolted

B. Shrunk

C. Screwed

D. Wedged with end stock

7. Why are the end shields split on the horizontal centerline?

A. To large to be made in one piece

B. To facilitating their removal

C. To allow for better support

D. If the rotor was to move it would affect one of the end plates.

8. A liquid detector will alarm if more than ________ of liquid collect in the body of the detector

A. 1⁄2 pint

B. 1 pint

C. 1 AND 1⁄2 pints

D. 2 pints

9. What are the various types of alternating current generators utilized in today’s market?

A. Rotating Armature and Rotating Field

B. Self-Exciting and Brush

C. Air and Water

D. Rotation Field and Direction Field

10. What is the function of an Excitation System?

A. The exciter provides the DC electric power necessary to magnetize the generator rotor.

B. Acts as a rectifier.

C. Collects the flux and resends it.

D. The exciter provides the AC electrical power necessary to excite the field.