Agricultural Engineering Board

Review Materials

RURAL ELECTRIFICATION

Compiled by

Sergio C. Capareda, Ph.D.

Associate Professor/Chairman
Agricultural Machinery Division
Institute of Agricultural Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology
University of the Philippines at Los Baños
College, Laguna 4031

January 2000
Chapter 1. Checklist for Studying this Topic

A. Preliminary Discussions
• Diagnostic Exam
• Nomenclature
• Definition of Terms

B. Basic Electrical Engineering

• DC Circuits * Fundamental circuit laws
• Loop-current method * Node-voltage method
• Network reduction method * Thevenin’s theorem
• Norton’s theorem * Principe of superposition
• AC Circuits * Periodic functions
• RMS voltages and currents * Complex numbers and phasors
• Phasor method * Power and reactive power
• Volt-ampere method * Power-factor correction

C. Farm Electrification
• Three-phase Circuits * Transformers
• Loads * Power factor correction
• Electric Motors for the Farm * Motor types and characteristics
• Selection of Motors * Interior Wiring Design of Farm Buildings
• Explanations of terms * General requirements for Circuit Design
• Branch circuits, general recommendations
• Electrical wiring practices
• The Farmstead Distribution System
• Distribution centers
• Selecting the proper wire size for feeder lines
• Total farm load
• Standby service
• Transformers and applications
• Review Questions (multiple choice) and Answers (solutions if possible)
• Sample Questions

D. Definitions and Terminologies

Chapter 2. Diagnosis Exam

Name______________________________ Score:_________

1. A direct current shunt motor has the following specifications and operating conditions:
Line current …………………… 40 amp.
Motor Rating ………………….. 10 Hp
Line Voltage ………………….. 220 V
Operating Speed ……………….

Calculate:
a. Efficiency of motor at full load
b. Torque in N-m at rated load (speed of motor)

2. An 18 kW, 220 V, 3-φ inductors motor runs at 1150 rpm at full load and at 1200 rpm at no
load. Motor efficiency is 90% and the line current is 60 amp. Power is supplied from a 60-
Hertz 3-φ line. Calculate:
a. Percentage slip at full load;
b. Number of poles in the motor;
c. Speed, in rpm, of the rotor field with respect to the rotor;
d. Shaft torque, in Newton-meter at full load; and
e. Power factor at the stator terminals.

3. A survey conducted by an Electric Cooperative shows that a village would need 12,000 kW
to be delivered as 50,000 Volts, 60 cycles over a distance of 40 km from the power plant with
the power factor of the load at 85% lagging current. The cooperative decided to use a three-
phase transmission line with No. 000 copper wire spaced 183 cm having a resistance of 0.204
Ω /km and a resistance of 0.464 Ω /km. Neglecting capacitance between conductors,
calculate:
a. resistance per conductor
b. reactance per conductor
c. resistance drop per conductor
d. reactance drop per conductor
e. input line voltage
f. Power loss in the line
g. Transmission efficiency
h. Line current

4. A test run of a 2.24 kW (3Hp), 3-φ , 230 Volts, 60 Hertz, 6 poles induction motor yields the
following data:

Line Voltage Line Current Power Speed Shaft Torque

(Volts) (Amps) (Watts) (RPM) (N-m)
230 4.1 210 1195 0.00
230 8.2 2600 1100 19.39
 a. Calculate the power output and efficiency of the motor at 19.39 N-m torque.
b. Compute the power factor of the motor at 19.39 N-m load at no load.

5. A 30 hp, 3-φ , 4-pole, 230 V, 60 Hz squirrel cage induction motor operating at 90%
efficiency, 85% power factor and 2.5% slip drives a water pump for a reservoir. Determine:
a. the current and speed at which the motor is running.
b. the discharge rate in lps if the total head against which the pump is working is 200 ft.
Assume the density of water to be 62.4 lbs/ft and the pump efficiency is 80%.

6. A squirrel cage induction motor with nameplate data of 150 hp, 3-φ 460, V-6 pole, and 0.85
P.F. was subjected to certain performance test. The test result readings were as follows:

Full load current = 202 A

Full load torque = 676.9 ft-lb
Solve for:
a. motor efficiency
b. percent slip at full load

7. A 3-φ induction motor draws a running line current of 22 A, 7450 W at 230 V line to line.
If the motor in turn provides mechanical power equivalent to 6,705 W, solve for the
efficiency, P.F., and effective hp of the motor.

8. Explain why power for rural electrification today is generated as alternating current.

9. State a least 3 reasons why polyphase power supply is superior to single phase supply.

10. Explain the principle of operation of a transformer. What distinct features do transformers
posses over other types of electric machines?

11. State ten important factors to consider in the selection of an electric motor for a given
application.
Chapter 3. Farm Electric Motors

AC Motor Classification

According to their principles and characteristics of operation, AC motors can be classed

as (1) synchronous, (2) induction, or (3) series-type motors.

The induction motor is by far the most popular of the group. Classed according to the
power source from which they operate. The division are single-phase motors and polyphase
motors. The single-phase motors are the most important for the agricultural engineer since most
farms are several with single-phase power. Horsepower output is the basis for a third method of
classification, namely: (1) fractional hp electric motors and (2) integral hp motors. The
fractional hp group includes all motors built in a frame smaller than that having a continuous
rating of 1 hp. Many farm electrical motors are in this group. The integral hp classification
includes motors 1 hp and larger.

The various types of AC motors, group according to operating characteristics are:

A. Induction
1. Single phase
a. split-phase
b. capacitor
c. capacitor-start induction
d. two-value capacitor
e. repulsion-start induction
f. repulsion induction
g. repulsion-start capacitor-run
h. shaded pole.
2. Polyphase
a. three-phase wound-rotor induction motor
b. three-phase squirrel cage induction motor
c. two-phase motor

B. Series
1. Single phase
a. AC series
b. universal
c. repulsion
d. repulsion induction
2. Polyphase
a. series

C. Synchronous
1. Single phase
a. single phase synchronous motor
b. special purpose synchronous motor
 2. Polyphase
a. three-phase synchronous motor

Advantages of electric motors

1. reasonable initial cost
2. low operating cost
3. long life
4. easy to operate
5. capable of withstanding temporary overloads
6. capable of being automatically and remotely controlled
7. compact
8. little effected by hot or cold weather
9. no exhaust fumes
10. very little vibration
11. adaptable to different operating positions
12. minimum fire hazard
13. minimum servicing
14. quiet
15. safe

Electrical information needed when purchasing electric motor

1. size (power rating)
2. speed (rpm)
3. motor duty
4. motor type
5. type of bearing
6. type of enclosure
7. type of mounting base

CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS

A. Classification by size:
1. Fractional-horsepower motor – a motor built in a frame smaller than that having a
continuous rating of 1 hp, open construction, at 1700-1800 rpm.
2. Integral-horsepower motor – a motor built in a frame having a continuous rating of 1 hp,
open construction, at 1700-1800 rpm, or in a larger frame.

B. Classification by application:
1. General-purpose motor – any open motor having a continuous 40oC rating and designed,
listed, and offered in standard ratings with standard operating characteristics and
mechanical construction, for use under usual service conditions without restriction to a
particular application or type of application.
2. Definite- purpose motor – any motor designed, listed, and offered in standard ratings with
standard operating characteristics or mechanical construction for use under service
conditions other than usual or for use on a particular type of application.
 3. Special – purpose motor- a motor with special operating characteristics or special
mechanical construction, or both, designed for a particular application and not falling
within the definition of a general-purpose or definite-purpose motor.

C. Classification by electrical type:

1. AC motors:
a. induction d. synchronous
b. squirrel-cage induction e. series
c. wound-rotor induction

Single-phase squirrel cage motors:

a. split-phase d. permanent-split capacitor
b. resistance-start e. two-value capacitor
c. capacitor-start f. shaded pole

Single-phase wound-rotor motors:

a. repulsion
b. repulsion-start induction
c. repulsion-induction

Polyphase induction motors

a. squirrel-cage
b. wound-rotor

2. DC motors
a. shunt-wound c. compound-wound
b. stabilized shunt-wound d. series-wound

3. Universal motors
a. series-wound
b. compensated series

D. Classification by design
1. Polyphase, squirrel cage, integral-horsepower motors are classified according to locked-
rotor and breakdown torques which are developed and locked-rotor currents drawn, and
are identified by design letters A, B, C, D, and F.
2. Single-phase, integral-horsepower motors are classified according to breakdown torques
which are developed and locked-rotor currents drawn, and are identified by design letters
L and M.
E. Classification by mechanical protection and method of cooling:
1. open 10. totally enclosed
2. drill-proof 11. totally enclosed fan-cooled
3. splash-proof 12. explosion proof
4. guarded 13. dust explosion-proof
5. semi-guarded 14. totally enclosed pipe-ventilated
6. drift-proof guarded 15. totally enclosed water-cooled
7. open externally ventilated 16. totally enclosed air-cooled
8. open pipe-ventilated 17. totally enclosed air-to-air-cooled
9. weather protected

Single-phase motors, especially fractional horsepower, can be grouped into several type
classification depending largely upon the method used to start them. The following are some
features to observe regarding the more popular motor types used on farms:

1. Split-plot-start induction run:

outside usually smooth and regular

no brushes or commutator
size in 1/20 to 1/3 horsepower range
usually only one voltage and amperage rating
rotor has no insulated wire windings
squirrel-cage type of rotor (bars)
start winding of smaller wire than main winding
always single phase
starting torque low and current high

2. Capacitor-start induction-run:

outside often has extra-component for capacitor but not always, it may be inside the frame
size from 1/8 horsepower up
no brushes or commutator
may be dual voltage and amperage (usually); direction of rotation a reversed by reversing the
starting winding leads with respect to running winding leads
rotor has no insulated wire windings
squirrel-cage type of rotor (bars)
start winding of smaller wire than main winding
always single phase
starting torque medium to high, and current medium
3. Capacitor-start capacitor-run:

outside often has extra compartment for capacitors, but not always, may be inside the frame
no brushes or commutator
sizes from 1/8 horsepower up
may be dual voltage and amperage
rotor has no insulated wire windings
squirrel-cage type of rotor
start winding of smaller wire than main winding
capacitor in running winding
always single phase
starting torque medium to high, and current medium
for hard-to-start loads

4. Permanent-split capacitor motor:

capacitor in series with auxiliary winding and remains in circuit during operation
low capacitance continuous duty capacitor is used
starting torque is low
absence of a governer and switch designed to operate at a predetermined speed makes it
possible to operate this type with a control to vary voltage applied and consequently, the
motor speed.
speed can also be controlled by using an external resistance.

5. Shaded pole:

single phase induction motor provide with auxiliary short-circuited windings

outside appearance usually different – (lighter frame construction and cheaper type of
construction)
on brushes or commutator
size from 1/300 to 1/20 horsepower
no centrifugal starting switch
has uninsulated and permanently short-circuited “shading coil” winding on a section of each
pole, (often a single-turn coil)
rotor has no insulated wire windings
squirrel-cage type of rotor
low starting torque and current; usually but not always
operates below synchronous speeds, some considerably
rugged, low cost, reliable
some types are reversible
6. Repulsion-start induction-run.

starts as repulsion motor and operates as an induction motor

outside appearance same as many other types
field windings only are connected to supply voltage
size from ¼ hp up
brushes and commutator used
rotor has insulated wire windings and short-circuits, and commutator (armature)
brushes may or may not lift from commutator
short circuiting device on commutator bars on all types – this is one of the features that
distinguish it from the universal type motor
always single phase
starting torque high and current low
fractional horsepower ones replaced by capacitor-type motors
dual voltage, rotation can be reversed by changing position of commutator brushes

7. Repulsion-induction motor

8. Universal motor

outside appearance similar to other types but often has frames or end belts designed for
machine to be driven
brushes and commutator always present
sizes from 1/200 up to 1 horsepower or even higher
speeds usually very high (speed varies inversely with load)
single voltage
rotor has insulated wire windings
no centrifugal switch or short-circuiting device
operates on Ac or DC (on AC always single phase)
starting torque high
speed varies widely with load.
Chapter 4. Farm Electrification

From Electrification deals with the whole process of bringing electric energy from available
source to the point of use in an agricultural premises or purposes. It also involves the study of
the application and utilization of electricity, distribution of electricity and connection to electric
source, including the economic aspect of its practical application and the factors affecting its
efficient uses.

THE ELECTRICATION PROBLEM AREA

Available Electrification EE Utilization

Source EE Problem Application

A. Available Electrical Energy Sources

1. Dedicated Sources
1. Micro-Hydro Electric
2. Diesel
3. Wind
4. Solar Electric
- helioelectric
- PVC

II. Electric Utility Companies

1. secondary distribution lines
2. secondary transformers

III. How Much is Available and in What Manner (E.G. 110 Vac 60 Hz)
- Design max sizes, etc.
- Planning apportioning of load for different purposes.

CLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL USE OF ELECTRICITY

1. Processing
2. Electrical controls
3. Storage
4. Operational use

PROCESSING
1. Grain/Product processing
2. Feed processing
ELECTRICAL CONTROLS
1. Vision-guided tractors
2. Product Grading systems
3. Planters and Harvesters
4. Fertilizer applicators
5. Pest control

STORAGE
1. Heating
2. Cooling
3. Post Harvest

OPERATIONAL USE
1. Lighting system
2. Pumping system
3. Material and Product Handling
4. Communications

ELECTRIC ENERGY UTILIZATION COMPONENT/EQUIPMENT

1. Those which converts EE to Heat Energy
a. for heating
b. for other purposes
- lighting

2. Those which converts to Mechanical energy

a. motors, pumps, compressor
b. others
- cooling
- solenoid

3. Those which converts to other forms

a. to electrical/radiation
- communications
- controls
b. to chemical
- electrolysis

ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS/PROPERTIES EXHIBITED BY COMPONENTS/EQUIPMENTS

1. Resistance
2. Inductance
3. Capacitance
ELECTRICAL CONCEPTS
1. Ohm’s Law

V=IxZ …………………………………….. (1)

Z = R + jX …………………………………….. (2)

2. Kirchhoff’s Laws

a. KVL: for every closed loop/ckt

sum of E source = sum of Voltage drops ………… (3)
b. KCL: for every node
sum of I entering = sum of I leaving …………….. (4)

3. Electrical Power and Energy

S = I x E …………………………………………………… (5)

Ene = P x T ………………………………………………….. (6)

S = P + jQ …………………………………………………… (7)

EXAMPLES

1. A 10W bulb is used at an average of 6 hours a day. How much electric energy is used for the
month of February 1998?
Solution:
Energy = Power x time
Power = 10 W
Time = (6 Hrs/day) x (28 days/Feb ’98)
Energy = 10 x 6 x 28 = 1680 W-HR

2. Two bulbs, A and b have the following ratings:

Bulb A: 120V, 75W
Bulb B: 100V, 100W

If they are to be connected in series across a 220V-source, which bulb will burn out first?
Solution:
S = 1 x 1 x Z = (V x V)/Z
Since Z = R: S = P
R = (V x V)/P

For both A Ra = resistance of bulb A

= (120 x 120)/75
= 192
 For both B: Rb = resistance of bulb B
= (100 x 100)/100
= 100

I = E/Rt = 220/292 = 0.753 A

Pa = (0.753 x 0.753)(192) = 109 W
Pb = (0.753 x 0.753)(100) = 56.8W

Hence:

Bulb A will burn out soon

because Pa > its rated power
while Pb < its rated power

Power dissipation is proportional to heating. And heating simply affects directly

the life span of the bulb due to deterioration of element. The element somehow
melts and permanently damaged.

3. 50 40W – incandescent lamps are used for lighting livestock at nigh at an average of 10
hours per day for 30 days. How much electric bill will be charged in a month if energy cost
is 35 cents/W-H for the 1st 100kW-Hr, 50 cents for the second and 75 cents for the remaining
kW-Hr.

Solution:

Power (lamps) = 40W x 50 = 2000W = 2kW

Energy = (2 kW)(10 hrs/day)(30 days) = 600 kW-Hr
Bills:
1st 100kW-Hr = (P0.35/kW-Hr)(100kW-Hr) = P35.00
2nd 100 kW-Hr = (P0.50/kW-Hr)(100 Kw-Hr) = P50.00

remaining Kw-Hr = (P0.75/Kw-Hr)(400 Kw-Hr) = P300.00

Total bill for the month = 35 + 50 + 300 = P385.00

The Kh factor for a certain kW-Hr meter is 2.0 and the disk makes 40 revolutions in 10
minutes when only one appliance is “on”.
a. What is the power input to the load?
b. How many kW-Hr would be used if the same appliance was “on” for 7 hours?

Solution:

a. W – HR = Kh x Rev. ………………………………………….. (10)

since Energy = Power x time & Energy = 80 W-Hrs

 Power supplied
To the load = Energy/time
= (80 W-Hr/10min) x (60 min/1 Hr)
= 480 W

b. Energy [kW-Hr] = (Power rating) x (no. of hrs. Used)

= 480 W x 7 Hrs x 1 kW/1000 W
= 3.36 kW-Hr

4. A 250 Hp. 3-o, 460V motor has a power factor of 0.85 lagging and efficiency of 95%. find
the current drawn by the motor.
Solution:
Recall:
For 1-o motor.
P = (V)(1)(PF)(Eff) ……………………….. (11)
For 3-o motor,
P = 3 V xIx PF x Eff ……………………. (12)

Power Out = 250 Hp x 746 W/Hp

I = (250 x 746)/( 3 x 460 x 0.85 x 0.95)

= 290 A

5. An appliance when connected to a 220V, 50 Hz, 1-o, power supply takes 4,500 watts at 8%
P.F. lagging. If the above appliance is connected to a 220V, 60 Hz, 1-o, power supply
determine:
a. impedance at 60 Hz
b. line current at 60 Hz
c. true power at 60 Hz
d. power factor at 60 Hz
Solution:
At 50 Hz:
I = 4500/(220 x 8) = 25.6 A
R = 4500/(25.6 x 25.6) = 6.87Ω
PF = cos(-) = 0.80
(-) = 36.87

R = Z x (PF) ……………………………………. (13)

Z = 6.87/0.80 = 8.6 Ω

XL = Z x sin (-) ………………………………….. (14)

= 8.6 x sin 36.87

= 5.16 Ω
 XL = 2π fL ………………………………. (15)
L = 5.16/(2π x 50) = 0.0164 Henry

At 60 Hz:
a. XL = 2π fL
= 2π (60)(0.0164)
= 6.19Ω

Z = (RxR + XixXI ) ……………………… (16)

= 9.25Ω

b. I = 220/09.25
= 23.78 A

c. Pt = 1 x 1 x R
= 3.885 W

d. PF = R/Z
= 6.87/9.25
= 0.74 lagging

6. Question: Cite 3 functions of a fluorescent lamp ballast:

Answer:
1. It preheats the electrodes
2. It provides a surge of relatively high potential
3. It prevents the increase of arc current beyond the limit

7. A short, 3-(-), 3 wire distribution line having an impedance per wire of 5 + j12 is supplying a
3-(-) head of 1,000 W at 0.80 PF lagging. The receiving end line voltage is 440V. Find the
line loss.