ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENT:

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ROLE IN EDUCATION MANAGEMENT

Yayat Suharyat*
Universitas Islam 45 Bekasi, Indonesia
e-mail: yayatsuharyat@unismabekasi.ac.id

Lusiana
Universitas Islam 45 Bekasi, Indonesia
e-mail: lusiana@unismabekasi.ac.id

*Correspondence e-mail: yayatsuharyat@unismabekasi.ac.id

Article Info Abstracts

Article History: Technology always has positive and negative effects. To minimize unwanted
Received 24 July 2023 effects, work around this. The research aims to explore AI's positive and
Revised 23 September 2023 negative roles in Education management. The data collection technique is a
Accepted 14 October 2023 literature study. Data analysis was carried out by identifying the benefits of AI
Available online 16 October in Education and its impact on the quality of education. The study results show
2023 that AI has a positive role in education management, such as presenting a more
innovative learning process and speed in organizing and managing learning
activities and increasing the quantity and quality of lecturers' scientific work.
However, AI harms social interaction between pupils and teachers. It can
potentially imprison the learning community (lecturers, teachers, students) in a
state of convenience, undermining the critical thinking innovation it should
have had thus far. This study found that AI improves schooling. It must be
maintained to maintain learning citizens' social interaction and inventive
thinking.
Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence, Education Management

Introduction
Education is one of the essential fields in the development of a country's human
resources. Education management is vital in managing and organizing various aspects of the
education system. Education management manages and organizes various aspects of education
to achieve set goals. Good education management is essential in ensuring the effectiveness and
sustainability of the education system. When education management does not work well, the
impact can be detrimental to all stakeholders in the world of education, including students,
teachers, educational institutions, and society.
Effective education management is the key to achieving optimal educational goals. In a
complex and dynamic educational environment, good education management plays a vital role
in: 1) Learning Planning: Effective education management involves careful learning planning,
including the development of relevant curricula, selection of effective teaching methods, and
accurate evaluation. 2) Resource Management: Good educational management involves
efficiently allocating limited resources, including human, financial, and physical resources. 3)
Human Resource Development: Qualified teachers are one of the essential aspects of
successful education. 4) Use of Technology: Using technology in education management can
increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the educational process.
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The evolution of computers and information and communication technology over the
years has led to the creation of artificial intelligence. This was made possible by the
convergence of these two fields. Artificial intelligence (AI) has experienced rapid development
in recent years, and its impact is felt in various sectors, including Education(X. Chen et al.,
2020; Hwang et al., 2020). According to Coppin (2004), A.I. refers to the capacity of machines
to learn and respond to their environments, answering questions and solving problems in ways
that are typically associated with human intelligence. Another definition of artificial
intelligence is the study of intelligence behavior in humans, animals, and machines with the
goal of engineering that behavior into an artifact, such as computers and computer-related
technology (Whitby, 2008). According to Chen et al. (2020), Artificial intelligence is the most
advanced form of computers, technology, machines, information, and communication
technology. It lets computers work close to or like humans. Along with the development and
use of new technologies in education, artificial intelligence has also been made and is used a
lot in schools.
AI in education has provided various benefits and new potential to improve the learning
experience (L. Chen et al., 2020; X. Chen et al., 2020; Chiu et al., 2023). One of the most
notable developments of AI in Education is its ability to personalize learning. AI can
individually adjust learning materials, difficulty levels, and teaching methods by analyzing
student data and learning patterns. It allows students to learn according to their needs, potential,
and preferences, increasing learning effectiveness and student motivation. It is in line with
research (Razzaq, 2019), which identified the benefits of AI in providing learning content
tailored to student needs, providing individualized feedback, and identifying students' level of
understanding. In addition, AI has also expanded the accessibility of education. Through an
online learning platform powered by AI, students can access learning materials anytime and
anywhere, even in remote areas or with geographical limitations. It opens up more flexible and
inclusive learning opportunities, enabling everyone to obtain a quality education without
barriers. The application of AI in education management has also increased administrative
efficiency. AI can automate administrative tasks, such as data processing, scheduling, and
managing student attendance. It helps reduce the workload of teachers and administrative staff,
allowing them to focus on more value-added activities, such as direct interaction with students
and developing innovative learning strategies.
While it has great potential in advancing education management, the use of AI also
presents challenges and concerns that need to be addressed. Some of the negative impacts of
AI in education management include 1) Dependence on Technology: If AI becomes the only
teaching or assessment method used, there can be a loss of crucial human interaction in
education. Excess reliance on technology can also reduce flexibility and adaptability in the face
of unexpected changes. 2) Reliability and Error: AI bases decisions and recommendations on
algorithms developed by humans. If the algorithm is imprecise or inaccurate, it can result in
errors in the AI system's assessment, evaluation, or recommendation. 3) Student data privacy.
AI needs student data to analyze and generate personalized learning recommendations.
Therefore, the protection of student data and privacy must be well guaranteed so that no misuse
or invasion of privacy has the potential to harm students.
Several research teams have done systematic reviews to point out a common problem
with AI in education: the lack of a link between AI techniques and their theoretical foundations,
which has a big impact on how well AI works in education (Ouyang & Jiao, 2021). It fits with
research Zawacki-Richter et al., (2019) by looking at 146 research articles on the use of AI in
higher education. Zawacki-Richter et al., (2019) came to the conclusion that the lack of critical
reflection has theoretical, pedagogical, and ethical effects on the use of AI in higher education.
Based on the explanation above, the researcher wants to examine AI's positive and
negative role in education management.

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Methods
This research will use a qualitative approach to gain a deep understanding of AI's positive
and negative role in education management. The qualitative approach will enable researchers
to explore deeper perspectives, experiences, and interpretations of education stakeholders
related to the use of AI in education management. The library research approach involves
reading, analyzing, and documenting a wide variety of literature or reading materials that are
related to the topic matter. This information is then screened via a theoretical lens and poured
into a frame of mind. Library research methods are used to find more facts to compare the
differences and similarities between theory and practice in problems about the ideas and
functions of education management.
Secondary data is obtained and collected from existing sources such as books, journals,
encyclopedias, papers, articles, and documents, both printed and electronic, and other sources
of information about the use of AI in education management.
Data analysis will be conducted using thematic analysis methods for qualitative data
obtained from interviews and observations. The data will be encoded, categorized, and
analyzed to identify key themes related to AI's positive and negative role in education
management. These themes will be explained, compared, and conclusions drawn to form
research findings.

Results and Discussion

Finding
Education can't be separated from the skills and dedication of its teachers because it is
guarded by fields like management and leadership. So, innovation in higher education
leadership and management is necessary to reach quality education goals that promote the
social, economic, and democratic values and principles needed in modern society (Al-Husseini
et al., 2021). Management is one of the most important parts of a professional system. It is
thought to be one of the most important ways to tell if a country is rich or poor (Sauphayana,
2021). It decides whether the organization will live or die, succeed or fail. When we think of a
business, we think of the people in charge. So, it is seen as the most important part of any
venture.
Innovations in educational management in higher education institutions are becoming
increasingly prevalent worldwide. Organizational goals are more likely to be met when new
ideas and improvements are made to existing methods, structures, approaches, or process
management. It is made up of leaders and managers who try new things. When compared to
other innovations, leadership innovation is the only one that can make big, long-term changes
in how well an organization works. In order to be innovative in management, you need to have
and improve your management skills and be willing to take responsibility for making changes
that boost progress and performance.
In this case, education management is run as a separate institution from the rest of the
system's management. So, the management of an educational institution is a thorough process
that aims to: 1) make sure that people get practical, high-quality training and education by
making the educational process and its parts work as well as they can; 2) Setting up guidelines
for education (whose level of opportunities are available to achieve the set objectives); 3)
ensure that the education process is unified, that it is seen as a legal system, and that its
principles, contents, forms, and methods are all the same; 4) Management of educational
organizations using all available resources, such as staff, technology, primary materials,
information and financial resources, organizational structure, etc (Al-Ababneh & Alrhaimi,
2020).

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Education management information systems (EMIS)are one thing that can be done to
make education management better. An education management information system, also
known as an EMIS, is a data-driven model that can be used in data collection and analysis to
provide information that can help with making informed decisions and supporting planning,
management, and monitoring in the education system, particularly in Higher Education. As a
result, educational leaders now have the ability to make management decisions thanks to new
systems that integrate technology, people, processes, and procedures. EMIS also increases the
processing of data in a timely manner, as well as its relevance, dependability, and completeness
of information, all of which promote the practical execution of duties associated with higher
education (Sauphayana, 2021).
The Educational Management Information System (EMIS) is a useful innovation tool
that aims to enhance educational administration in higher education. In addition, the technology
makes it possible to automate education management, which concurrently boosts learners' and
teachers' leadership and decision-making abilities (Martins et al., 2019). As a result, EMIS is
extremely important from a strategic point of view in locations where there are difficulties
associated with physical surveillance. For instance, Education Management Information
Systems (EMIS) could improve education monitoring in underdeveloped nations to ensure high
levels of accountability, transparency, and creativity between students and teachers. Martins et
al. (2019)) conducted a survey of 250 academic leaders and discovered that there is a favorable
correlation between the sharing of university information and innovation.
There are frequently hiccups and obstacles encountered throughout the process of
implementing EMIS in educational institutions. One of the challenges that the adoption of
EMIS encounters in the higher education sector is the high cost that is required to build and
operate EMIS (Wyk et al., 2015). In a similar manner, the quality of the input in EMIS is
directly proportional to the quality of the output because EMIS is largely dependent on the
processes carried out by computers. As a direct consequence of this, the allocation of funds for
innovative endeavors and leadership within PT is constrained by financial considerations,
which makes it challenging to launch or continue to operate EMIS. As a result, the majority of
EMISs that aim to improve innovation and leadership in higher education either do not succeed
or do not succeed very well.In order to properly use EMIS in higher education, one of the
hurdles that must be overcome is the demand of trained staff as well as training on how to use
EMIS. In order for leaders to be able to make sound judgments, they need the authority to
engage with the system while simultaneously gathering, evaluating, and interpreting
information.

Analysis
Artificial Intelligence in Current Education
The fast development of computing and information processing techniques has sped up
the development and use of artificial intelligence (AI). AI tries to make computers do tasks by
simulating intelligent human behaviors like inference, analysis, and decision-making (Duan et
al., 2019; Topol, 2019). AI is now used in many areas, such as recognizing images and voices,
making decisions, processing natural language, and translating between languages. It is used
in many ways, such as computer programs, applications, control systems built into equipment,
and robots. For example, some robots can talk to people through technology that tracks their
eyes and ears (Lathuilière et al., 2019) And in the medical field, it can help doctors find possible
diseases or make decisions by analyzing a lot of data (Li et al., 2020; Zhu, 2020).
Along with the fast growth of technology, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has had a big effect
on many parts of human life, including how we manage education. AI has changed how people
learn, how they access education, how it is evaluated, and how it is run. AI in Education (AIEd)
has opened up new ways to design useful learning activities and make better technology-
enhanced learning apps or environments (Hwang et al., 2020).

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Intelligent Tutor

Intelligent Tutee
Educational
Artificial Apllication
Inteligen Intelligent Learning
t Tool/parnert

Policy-making
advisor
Figure 1. Framework for the roles of AIEd.

1. Intelligent Tutor. It could be the biggest group of AIEd apps. Included are an intelligent
tutoring system, an adaptive/personalized learning system, or a system for making
suggestions. Several meta-analytic studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of
intelligent guidance systems in promoting learning outcomes (Ma et al., 2014;
Steenbergen-Hu & Cooper, 2014)
2. Intelligent tutee. Studies in this area don't come up very often because most AI-based
education systems are focused on helping students instead of giving them chances to
act as tutors or advisors. Nevertheless, engaging learners in the context of helping others
(i.e., AI students) understand complex concepts can be an excellent approach to
promoting their higher-order thinking competence and level of knowledge. Although
no research has aimed to develop intelligent tutees intentionally and explicitly, many
AI models and techniques can learn knowledge and experience from interactions with
humans. The learning capabilities of AI models and methods can facilitate the
development of intelligent tutees in the future.
3. Intelligent Tool/Partner. From the point of view of constructivism and student-centered
learning, it is important to give students an intelligent learning tool or partner. Such
devices can help learners collect and analyze data efficiently and effectively, allowing
them to focus on critical points or higher-order thinking (e.g., inference and prediction)
rather than low-level tasks (e.g., editing and calculation). Some tools can even analyze
and present data in "intelligent" ways to help learners think deeply and discover the
valuable implications underlying the data. For example, traditional Mindtools, such as
concept mapping tools, help learners to organize knowledge by passively linking
relationships between concepts. Conversely, an intelligent concept mapping tool can
advise or guide learners and evaluate concept maps developed during the concept
mapping process.
4. Policy-making advisor: In the past year, AI techniques have been used to help shape
and inform policy and legal changes (Gasser &; Almeida, 2017). Therefore, it is
possible and feasible to develop policy-making advisors for policy development in
education. With the help of AI technology, policymakers can more precisely understand
trends and problems in education settings from macro and micro perspectives, which
can help them build and evaluate effective education policies (Tsai et al., 2019).

In addition to bringing changes to learning activities, AI is a changemaker in HR Planning,

Organizing, Implementing, and Evaluating Human Resources.
a) The Role of AI in HR Planning:
AI can significantly contribute to human resource (HRM) planning by assisting in data
analysis, identifying workforce needs, and developing effective HR strategies (Kot,

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2019). It is in line with the results of research conducted by Hernandez (2020), where
AI has changed how companies manage HR by optimizing employee recruitment,
selection, and retention. Through data analysis, AI can process thousands of
applications quickly, screening potential candidates based on predetermined criteria. In
addition, AI can also help in conducting assessments of candidates' skills and
personalities through online tests and virtual interviews.
b) The Role of AI in HR Organizing: AI can be used in HR organizing by assisting in
employee attendance management, task scheduling, and productivity analysis. It aligns
with research results (Amini, 2019), highlighting how AI can assist in selecting optimal
work schedules, identifying schedule conflicts, and optimizing employee productivity.
AI is used to manage and organize schedules considering individual preferences and
qualifications, thereby increasing the efficiency of the HR organization.
c) The Role of AI in HR Implementation: AI can help in HR implementation by providing
virtual assistants or chatbots that can provide information and guidance to employees
and automate routine tasks.
d) The Role of AI in HR Evaluation: AI can be used in HR evaluation by assisting in
employee performance analysis, turnover prediction, and career development plan
development. An example is Salary Calculation: AI plays an essential role in processing
salary calculations accurately and efficiently. By analyzing attendance, hours,
overtime, benefits, and tax data, AI can calculate employee salaries automatically and
reduce the risk of human error. It helps companies manage payroll more efficiently
(Lehner et al., 2022; Moses, 2018).

In addition, AI plays a role in Decision Making, where AI has sophisticated data analysis
capabilities and can present deep insights from the collected data. Thus, AI can help business
leaders make more informed and evidence-based decisions. By leveraging big data and
machine learning algorithms, AI can predict market trends, consumer behavior, and future
business outcome(Yoon, 2019).
While it has great potential in advancing education management, the use of AI also
presents challenges and concerns that need to be addressed. Some of the negative impacts of
AI in education management include:
1. Dependence on Technology: Over-reliance on AI technology can result in over-
dependence. If AI becomes the only teaching or assessment method used, essential human
interaction in education could be lost. Excess reliance on technology can also reduce
flexibility and adaptability in the face of unexpected changes.
2. Reliability and Errors: AI makes decisions based on and recommendations on algorithms
developed by humans. If the algorithm is imprecise or inaccurate, it can result in errors in
the AI system's assessment, evaluation, or recommendation. Therefore, there needs to be
attention to the validity and reliability of AI systems used in education.
3. Digital Divide: AI in education management can deepen the digital divide between
students with access to technology and those without access. If there is no effort to ensure
equitable access to AI technology, students from low economic backgrounds or remote
areas could fall behind in benefiting from using AI in learning.
4. Ethics and Decision Making: Decisions made by AI systems in education management can
raise ethical questions. For example, how does an AI system decide the allocation of
student resources or grading policies? Clear ethical guidelines in using AI are necessary to
ensure fair decisions and consider human aspects.
5. Teacher Role Replacement: Excessive use of AI in education management can lead to a
reduction in the role of teachers. Human interactions involving emotional and social
understanding and complex contextual assessments remain essential in education.

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Therefore, it is crucial to maintain a balance between the role of AI and the role of humans
in education.
The benefits of AI and overcome the challenges of using AI in education management, a
careful and sustainable approach must be implemented. Some steps that can be taken include:
1. Policy and Guideline Development: Governments and educational institutions must
develop clear policies and guidelines for using AI in education management. These
guidelines should cover aspects of data privacy and security, ethics of using AI, and
protection against the digital divide.
2. Training and Skill Development: Education teachers and staff need to be provided with
adequate training in using AI in education management. They should understand how
to utilize AI effectively in teaching and administrative practices.
3. Monitoring and Evaluation: It is essential to continuously monitor and evaluate the
implementation of AI in education management to ensure its impact aligns with
expectations. Evaluation can be done by measuring student achievement, user
satisfaction, and the effectiveness of AI technology implementation.
4. Data Privacy and Security Compliance: AI systems used in education management
must meet strict data privacy and security standards. The protection of student data
should take precedence, and effective monitoring and control mechanisms should be
implemented.
5. Integrating AI with Human Interaction: Maintaining a good balance between AI's and
humans' roles in education is essential. Deep human interaction and fostering emotional
connections remain important in effective learning.

AI in education management can benefit significantly through a holistic and sustainable

approach. By optimizing the advantages of AI and addressing emerging challenges, education
can take a step forward in achieving better educational goals and providing more effective
learning experiences for students.

Conclusion
Artificial intelligence (AI) in education management offers potential challenges that must
be carefully considered. AI's positive role in education management is improving learning
personalization, fast and accurate data analysis, and administrative efficiency. AI also helps in
improving student interaction and engagement in learning. However, the negative role of AI in
education management includes student data privacy risks, technology dependence, and ethical
concerns regarding decision-making. Excessive use of AI can also reduce human interaction in
education, present a digital divide, and raise issues of fairness in assessment.
Therefore, applying AI in education management requires a balanced and thoughtful
approach. There needs to be clear policies and guidelines to protect data privacy and security
and ensure fairness and transparency in decision-making. By optimizing the benefits of AI and
addressing existing challenges, education management can harness the potential of this
technology to achieve the goal of more effective, inclusive, and sustainable education.

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