LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES

MAIN CONCEPTS AND RESULTS

Def : lim f(x) = l , if to a given  > 0, there exists a +ve number S such that | f(x) - l | <  for | x – a|
x a
< .
** Some Standard Results on Limits :
** If f(x) = K, a constant function, then lim f(x) = K. ** lim K.f(x) = K lim f(x)
x a x a x a

** lim [f(x)  g(x)] = lim f(x)  lim g(x) ** lim f(x). g(x) = lim f(x). lim g(x)
x a x a x a x a x a x a

 f(x)  lim f(x)

** lim   = x a
. ** lim log f(x) = log lim f(x)  .
x a
 g(x)  lim g(x) x a  x a 
x a
1/n 1/n
** lim [f(x)]1/n . =  lim f(x) Provided  lim f(x) is a real number.
x a  x a  x a 
**Sandwich Theorem (or squeeze principle).
If f, g, h are functions such that F(x)  g(x)  h(x) as lim f(x) = lim h(x) = l , then lim g(x) = l
xa xa x a
x a
n n
sin θ θ
** lim = na n - 1 . ** lim = 1, Also lim =1
x a xa 0 θ   0 sin θ
tan θ θ ex - 1
** lim = 1, Also lim =1 ** lim = log e = 1
0 θ   0 tan θ x 0 x
ax -1
** lim = log a ** lim (1 + x)1/x = e
x 0 x x 0
n
 1 sin-1 x
** lim 1   = C ** lim =1
n   n x 0 x
tan -1 x
** lim =1
x 0 x
** Some Standard Results of differentiation

d n d
** ( x )  nx n 1 ( x  R , n  R , x  0) ** (x)  1
dx dx

d d x
** (c)  0 (where c is a constant) ** (e )  e x
dx dx

d x d 1
** (a )  a x loge a (a  R , a  0) ** (loge x )  ( x  0)
dx dx x

d d
** (sin x )  cos x ** (cos x )   sin x
dx dx

d d
** (tan x )  sec2 x ** (cot x )   cos ec2 x
dx dx

d d
** (sec x )  sec x tan x ** (cos ecx)   cos ecx cot x
dx dx

II. Some illustrations/Examples (with solution) preferably of different types.

i) MCQs : 4

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 sinax
Q1. limx→0 is
bx

(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) a/b (d) b/a

sinax 0
Sol :-. limx→0 form
bx 0
sinax a
= limx→0 .a
bx
a sinax
=b limx→0 ax
a
=b . 1
a
=b Ans[c]
x dy
Q2. y = , then = …………..
tanx dx

tanx −secx tanx −xsec 2 x

a cos 2 x (b) sec 2 x(c) (d)
tan 2 x tan 2 x

Solution:
d d
dy tanx x −x tanx
= dx dx
dx tan2 x

dy tanx .1−x.sec 2 x
= ans (d)
dx tan 2 x

x m −1
Q3. Evaluate limx→1 x n −1

Solution:
xm − 1 xm − 1 x − 1
lim n = lim × n
x→1 x − 1 x→1 x − 1 x −1
m ∙ 1m−1 x n − an
= ∵ lim = nan−1
n ∙ 1n−1 x→a x − a

m∙1
=
n∙1
m
=
n
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) m/n (d) n/m
Ans(c)
d
Q4.dx (2x2+3x+4) is

(a) 4x+3 (b) 4x-3 (c) 3+x (d) x-1

d
Solution: (2x2+3x+4)
dx

=4x+3
Ans ( a)
ii) Short answer type question:
sinax +bx
Q5. Evaluate limx→0 ax +sinbx , a, b, a + b ≠ 0
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Solution:
sinax + bx
lim
x→0 ax + sinbx

sinax
∙ ax + bx
lim ax
x→0 sinbx
ax + ∙ bx
bx
sinax
∙a+b
lim ax
x→0 sinbx
a+ ∙b
bx
1∙a+b
=
a+1∙b
a+b
=
a+b
=1
x
Q6. Differentiate sinx with respect to x.

Solution:
x
Let f x =
sinx
d x
f′ x =
dx sinx
d d
sinx x − x sinx
= dx dx
sinx 2

sinx ∙ 1 − x ∙ cosx
=
sinx 2

= cosecx − xcotx cosecx

= cosecx(1 − xcotx)

Q7. Differentiate ex sinx + x n cos x with respect to x

Solution:
Let f x = ex sinx + x n cosx

d x d n
f′ x = e sinx + x cosx
dx dx
d d x d d n
= ex sinx + sinx e + xn cosx + cosx x
dx dx dx dx
d
= ex cosx + sinx ex + x n −sinx + cosx ∙ n x n−1
dx
= ex cosx + sinx + x n−1 ncosx − xsinx

iii) Long answer type questions: 2

82
Q8. Find the values of „a‟ and „b‟ if limx→2 f x and limx→4 f x exists, where

x 2 + ax + b , 0≤x<2
f x = 3x + 2 , 2≤x≤4
2ax + 5b , 4<x≤8

Solution: To find limx→2 f(x)

L.H.L = limx→2− f x = limx→2− x 2 + ax + b = 2a + b + 4

and R.H.L = limx→2+ f x = limx→2+ (3x + 2) = (3)(2) + 2 = 8

since lim f x exists therefore lim− f x = lim+ f x

x→2 x→2 x→2

so, 2a + b + 4 = 8 ⇒ 2a + b = 4……(1)

To find limx→4 f(x)

L.H.L = limx→4− f x = limx→4− (3x + 2) = 3 4 + 2 = 14

and R.H.L = limx→4 + f x = limx→4 + (2ax + 5b) = 2a 4 + 5b = 8a + 5b

since lim f x exists therefore lim− f x = lim+ f x

x→4 x→4 x→4

so, 8a + 5b = 14 …….(2)

From (1)and (2)

a= 3 and b=-2

Q9. Find the derivative of the following function.

sinx + cosx
f x =
sinx − cosx
Solution:
sinx + cosx
f x =
sinx − cosx
By quotient rule

d d
sinx − cosx sinx + cosx − sinx + cosx sinx − cosx
f′ x = dx dx
sinx − cosx 2
− sinx −cosx 2 − sinx +cosx 2
= sinx −cosx 2

−2 sin 2 x+cos 2 x
= sinx −cosx 2

−2
= sinx −cosx 2

III .Questions for Practice:

MCQ :
83
 sinx
Q1. limx→π x−π

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) -1 (d) -2

sinx
Q 2.limx→0 is
x+1− 1−x

(a) 2 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) -1

sin ⁡
(x+9) 𝐝𝐲
Q3. If y = then 𝐝𝐱 at x= 0 is
cosx

(a)cos9 (b) sin9 (c) 0 (d) 1

x−4 𝐝𝐲
Q4. If f(x) = 2 , then 𝐝𝐱 at x=0 is
x

(a)5/4 (b) 4/5 (c) 1 (d) 0

Assertion Reasoning Based MCQ

DIRECTION: In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of

reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:

(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion
(A).

(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct explanation of assertion
(A).

(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.

(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION:

dy cos 2 (a+y)
Q5. Assertion (A): If cos y= x cos(a+y), then dx = .
cos a

d
Reason (B):dx (sinx)= cosx

SHORT ANSWER TYPE:

Q6. Evaluate the left hand and right hand limits of the following functions at x=2. Does limx→2 f x
exists?

2x + 3 , if x ≤ 2
f x =
x+5 , if x > 2

Q7. Find the derivative of sin2x by first principle.

2x+3 x−1
Q8. Evaluate limx→1 2x 2 +x+3

3 sinx −cosx
Q9. Evaluate limx→π π
6 x−
6

π
x 2 cos
4
Q10. Differentiate sinx
with respect to x.

84
 x−4
Q11. Show thatlimx→4 does not exist.
x−4

Q12. Find the derivative of (secx-1)(secx+1)

x
,x ≠ 0
Q13. Evaluate limx→0 f x , where f(x) = x .
0, x=0
1+x− 1−x
Q14. Evaluate limx→1 1+x

x n −2n
Q15. Find n, if limx→2 = 80 , n ∈ N
x−2

2
Q16. Find f‟(x) , if f x = x − 2 2x − 3

Answers:
TYPE QUESTI ANSWER QUESTI ANSW QUESTIO ANS QUESTI ANSW
ON ON ER N WER ON ER
OF Q.
MCQ Q1. (c) Q2. (c) Q3. (a) Q4. (a)
AR Q5.
(d)
SHORT Q6. 7 Q7. 2COS Q8. 0 Q9. 2
ANSW 2X
x
ER Q10. [2cosecx Q11. does not Q12. 2 Q13. Does
2
TYPE exist tanx. not
-
xcotx.cose sec 2 x exist
cx]
Q14. 1 Q15. 5 Q16. 6x2-
2 22x+20

CHAPTER TEST -1

CHAPTER- LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES MAX MARKS – 20

SECTION-A ( 1 MARK EACH)

1 dy
Q1. If y= x + , then dx at x= 1 is
x

1 1
(b) 1 (b) 2 (c) (d) 0
2

sinx
Q2. limx→π x−π is

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) -1 (d) -2

x
Q3. limx→0 is equal to
sinx

1
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) 0

1
Q4. The derivative of x is

−1 1 1
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
x2 x2 x

85
 x
Q5. limx→3+ is equal to
x

1
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) 0
SECTION-A ( 2 MARKS EACH)
sinx +cosx dy
Q6. If y = sinx −cosx , then dx at x= 0 is

1
(a) -2 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) does not exist

3X 2 –X−10
Q7. limx→2 is equal to
X 2 −4

11
(a) -2 (b) (c) 0 (d) None of these
4
SECTION-A ( 3 MARKS EACH)

a + bx , x < 1
Q8. Suppose f(x) = 4 , x = 1 and if .limx→1 f x = f (1) what are the
b − ax , x > 1

the possible values of a and b ?

ax +xcos x
Q9. Evaluate limx→0 b sin x

SECTION-A( 5 MARKS EACH)

Q10. Compute the derivative of x sin x by using first principle.

CHAPTER TEST -2

CHAPTER- LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES MAX MARKS – 30

SECTION-A ( 1 MARK EACH)

x
Q1. limx→3+ is equal to
x

1
(b) 1 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) 0

(x+1)5 −1
Q2. limx→0 isequal to
x

1 1
(b) (b) 5 (c) (d) -2
2 3

1−cos 2x
Q3. limx→0 is equal to
2x

1
(b) 1 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) 0
SECTION-B ( 2 MARK EACH)

Q4. The derivative of cosxtanx is

(b) 1 (b) cos x (c) -sinx (d) sinx sec2x

86
 1
1+ dy
x
Q5. If y= 1 , then dx is
1−
x

−2 2 1 −2
(c) (b) (x−1)2 (c) (d)
(x+1)2 (x−1)2 (x−1)2

dy
Q3. If y = ex 2 , then the value of dx at x= 0 is

1
(b) -2 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) does not exist

2x + 3 , x ≤ 2
Q4. For what value of k so that limx→2 f x may exist, where f(x) = .
x+k, x >2
1
(b) 5 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) does not exist
SECTION-A (3 MARKS EACH)

Q5. Compute the derivative of sinx+cosxby using first principle.

Or
x+1
Compute the derivative of x−1by using first principle.

1+x−1
Q6. Evaluate lim⁡
x→0 .
x

f x −2
Q7. If the function f(x) satisfies limx→0 = π , evaluate limf x .
x 2 −1 x→0

SECTION-A ( 5 MARKS EACH)

Q8. Find the derivative of the following functions:-

x
(a) (b) (5x3+3x-1)(x-1)
1+tan x

mx 2 + n , x < 0
Q9. Suppose f(x) = nx + m , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 . For what integers m and n does both limx→0 f x and
nx 3 + m , x > 1
limx→1 f x exist?

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