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THOM GUNN
Poet (1929-2004)

Key works: The Sense Of Movement (1957).

Moly (1971)

CELEBRATED GRAVESEND-BORN poet

Gunn (first name Thomson) has died in
his sleep at his San Francisco home,
aged 74. As recently as his final book,
2000's Boss Cupid, Gunn's poetry still
mixed melancholy with the rush and buzz
of electric youth. Outside of the American
Beatniks, he was arguably the first
‘serious' poet to embrace and eulogise
the restlessness of rock'n'roll, motorbike
culture and the teen spirit. ln "On The
Move" from '57's The Sense Of
Movement, he quoted the Brando film The
Wild One ("Man, you gotta go"), and
covered (then radical) subjects like Elvis,
Hell's Angels and the open road.
After growing up in London during
WWII and then studying at Cambridge, he Gunn: poetry’s own Brando
moved to California in the late '50s with
lifelong partner Mike Kitay. Often and outer", and '71's Moly – joyous, drug-
mistaken for an American poet ever since, fuelled, implicitly soundtracked by the
he was initially promoted by Faber as an era's music – was soon a youth cult. His
establishment figure, alongside the likes UK profile faded, but The Man With Night
of Larkin and Hughes. But his open Sweats (1992) was one of the definitive
gayness and dress sense (a leaner responses to AIDS. On a recent visit to
Marlon Brando) confused and inspired London to receive the Cohen Prize, he
many in equal measure. My Sad Captains was greeted ecstatically by his largest
(1961) contrasts Englishness and ever audience. It's hard to overstate how
Americanness; in Touch (1967) he was important Gunn's role was in loosening
liberated by free verse. The '60s in San poetry's tie, and getting it to join in with
Francisco were "the fullest years of my the counterculture's dancing.
life, crowded with discovery, both inner CHRIS ROBERTS

UNCUT

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Tekst 2

The Paperless Newspaper

To the Editor:
The essay about reading news on-line
calls to mind a phenomenon of
longstanding interest to social scientists
and critics: the 2 newspaper reading.
At issue is the comfort of a context for
the disturbing news we experience
immediately and viscerally on television.
The mediation of a familiar front page
and calm editorial commentary reassures
us that the world has not been jarred
loose from its moorings. Or as Marshall
McLuhan put it: “People don’t actually
read newspapers. They get into them
every morning like a hot bath.”
ROBERT STEIN
Barrytown, N.Y.

New York Times

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Tekst 3

The following text is taken from the first chapter of Enduring Love, a novel by Ian McEwan.

T
he beginning is simple to mark. green, rushing towards each other like
We were in sunlight under a lovers, innocent of the grief this
turkey oak, partly protected from entanglement would bring. The encounter
a strong, gusty wind. I was that would unhinge us was minutes away, its
kneeling on the grass with a enormity disguised from us not only by the
corkscrew in my hand, and Clarissa was barrier of time but by the colossus in the
passing me the bottle – a 1987 Daumas centre of the field that drew us in with the
Gassac. This was the moment, this was the power of a terrible ratio that set fabulous
pinprick on the time map: I was stretching magnitude against the puny human distress
out my hand, and as the cool neck and the at its base.
black foil touched my palm, we heard a What was Clarissa doing? She said she
man’s shout. We turned to look across the walked quickly towards the centre of the
field and saw the danger. Next thing, I was field. I don’t know how she resisted the
running towards it. The transformation was urge to run. By the time it happened – the
absolute: I don’t recall dropping the event I am about to describe, the fall – she
corkscrew, or getting to my feet, or making had almost caught us up and was well
a decision, or hearing the caution Clarissa placed as an observer, unencumbered by
called after me. What idiocy, to be racing participation, by the ropes and the shouting,
into this story and its labyrinths, sprinting and by our fatal lack of co-operation. What
away from our happiness among the fresh I describe is shaped by what Clarissa saw
spring grasses by the oak. There was the too, by what we told each other in the time
shout again, and a child’s cry, enfeebled by of obsessive re-examination that followed:
the wind that roared in the tall trees along the aftermath, an appropriate term for what
the hedgerows. I ran faster. And there, happened in a field waiting for its early
suddenly, from different points around the summer mowing. The aftermath, the second
field, four other men were converging on crop, the growth promoted by that first cut
the scene, running like me. in May.
I see us from three hundred feet up, What were we running towards? I don’t
through the eyes of the buzzard we had think any of us would ever know fully. But
watched earlier, soaring, circling and superficially the answer was, a balloon. Not
dipping in the tumult of currents: five men the nominal space that encloses a cartoon
running silently towards the centre of a character’s speech or thought, or, by
hundred-acre field. I approached from the analogy, the kind that’s driven by mere hot
south-east, with the wind at my back. About air. It was an enormous balloon filled with
two hundred yards to my left two men ran helium, that elemental gas forged from
side by side. They were farm labourers who hydrogen in the nuclear furnace of the stars,
had been repairing the fence along the first step along the way in the generation of
field’s southern edge where it skirts the multiplicity and variety of matter in the
road. The same distance beyond them was universe, including our selves and all our
the motorist, John Logan, whose car was thoughts.
banked on the grass verge with its door, or We were running towards a catastrophe,
doors, wide open. Knowing what I know which itself was a kind of furnace in whose
now, it’s odd to evoke the figure of Jed heat identities and fates would buckle into
Parry directly ahead of me, emerging from a new shapes. At the base of the balloon was
line of beeches on the far side of the field a a basket in which there was a boy, and by
quarter of a mile away, running into the the basket, clinging to a rope, was a man in
wind. To the buzzard Parry and I were tiny need of help.
forms, our white shirts brilliant against the

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Tekst 4
Claims about global warming poison the atmosphere
1 The attempts by the global warming industry to the rise out of the Little Ice
use the hot weather in Europe to hype up the Age there was a relatively cold
dangers of extreme climate change are a moral period from the late 1940s to
disgrace. In quite breathtaking examples of the 1970s – difficult to explain
climatic colonialism, global warming if climate is all down to us.
protagonists have been baldly asserting this 7 In truth, the global
week that the people of India and China cannot warming industry is just like
be allowed to develop as the world’s wealthy Monty Python’s Life of Brian.
have done because of the imagined effects on We all remember that glorious
the world’s climate. scene when the excited crowd
2 It is cant. The poor are even chastised for persuades the luckless Brian that, whatever he
being poor, for having the audacity to disrupt says, he just has to be the Messiah. Brian: “I’m
European climates through an Asian brown haze NOT the Messiah!” Girl: “Only the true Messiah
derived from their dung and wood fires. The denies His divinity.” Arthur: “I say you are
facts that the Asian brown cloud has been Lord, and I should know. I’ve followed a few.”
around for thousands of years and that it cools 8 Thus, if it is an especially hot summer, it is
as much as it warms are conveniently forgotten. dire global warming, and you are
3 Such insulting sentiments often emanate unquestionably to blame, you selfish, greedy,
from organisations that claim to support the rich Northerners, particularly if you are
poor. We must always remember that more than unfortunate enough to be American. Likewise, if
1.6 billion people have no access to any form of it floods, it is global warming; if the land is
modern energy. Solving their problems is the parched and fires rage, it is global warming; if
real issue in achieving a global “sustainable” the monsoon is too wet or too weak, it is global
energy policy. Unfortunately, our hot air over warming; and, if winter freezes poor old robin
global warming is diverting much-needed focus redbreast, it is still global warming. Come rain
and finance from key development aims such as or shine, hot or cold, it is always global
the provision of safe, clean drinking water for warming. So there’s an end of it, Brian.
all. 9 Predicating long-term climate trends on
4 It should not go unnoticed that the so-called single weather events, however extreme they
UK temperature record was being claimed two may seem, is plain bunkum. During the Little
to three days before it might, or might not, Ice Age there were very hot summers in Britain.
occur. Facts are not always the strong point of In his Selborne journal of 1778, Gilbert White
true believers, and global warming has morphed records 88F in the shade, “… a degree of heat
into an ancient-style religion, demanding not very common even at Gibraltar”. In 1779, by
sacrifice to the Earth, especially, it would seem, contrast, temperatures in August plummeted into
by the poor of the developing world. the 60s.
5 Readers may thus be surprised to learn that, 10 10 , a little warming in the UK can only
on August 4, 1881, for example, temperatures in be a good thing, reinvigorating our wine
Spain attained a truly siesta-sapping 50C. industry and increasing the number of resident
Moreover, the extremes for the different bird species. Birdwatchers should note that we
continents are spread out over the past 120 years may even get to host such splendours as the
like a line of English backs at Twickenham – penduline tit, the kaleidoscopic bee-eater, and
that is, all over the park: 1889 for Australia the cattle egret. And, in stark contrast, who
(53.3C); 1905 for Latin America (48.9C); 1912 would want to return to the Little Ice Age and to
for Oceania (42.2C); 1913 for North America 1816, the “year without a summer”?
(56.7C); 1922 for Africa (57.8C); 1942 for Asia 11 Please can we grow up over the weather? It
(53.9C); and 1972 for chilly Antarctica (15C). was Ludwig Wittgenstein who reminded us in
6 There is no pattern whatsoever to these his masterpiece, the Tractatus Logico-
highs, although they might, I suppose, reflect a Philosophicus, that “whatever a man knows,
staggered rise of the world out of the Little Ice whatever is not mere rumbling and roaring that
Age, which ended sometime between 1850 and he has heard, can be said in three words”. And
1880. But who knows? One of the world’s those three words are: “Climate always
longest temperature curves comes from De Bilt changes.”
in the Netherlands. It makes a Blackpool The author is Professor Emeritus of
rollercoaster look like a gentle ride for Biogeography at the University of London
Teletubbies. It does show, however, that after
The Times

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Tekst 5

FRANK FUREDI

Diana syndrome: we get the conspiracies we deserve

1 There was a time it, Burgess could do worse than
when only investigate the rumour that the singer
eccentrics were Morrissey predicted the princess’s demise
interested in in his 1986 song “The Queen is Dead”.
conspiracy theories. 4 Of course, there is nothing new about
However, in recent our fascination with conspiracies. For
times conspiracy decades, people have speculated about
has gone mainstream. One recent survey who really killed President Kennedy. But
found that 27 per cent of the British at least we know for certain that Kennedy
population believed that Princess Diana 1) was murdered – so that rumours about his
and Dodi Fayed were assassinated. As demise correspond to something that
many as 43 per cent of the 4,170 people occurred in reality. Today an accidental
surveyed by London’s Evening Standard death is sufficient to provoke officialdom
answered yes to the question, “Do you to search for conspirators. Why? Because
think Diana was murdered?” Almost all of an all-pervasive sense of mistrust in
the viewers who phoned in to The Richard official authority.
and Judy Show last week about Diana’s 5 The public’s scepticism towards the
death, believed that there was more to it official version of events surrounding
than meets the eye. The British Diana’s death is the result of a profound
establishment itself lacks the confidence sense of distrust in conventional
to dismiss unsubstantiated rumours of authority. We live in an age of rumours
conspiracy. where official facts often carry little more
2 These theories are no longer ignored authority than an internet site devoted to
but investigated. That is why the official alien abduction. We are increasingly
inquiry into Diana’s death has turned into cynical about the official “version of
a de facto murder inquiry. Michael events” precisely because it is official.
Burgess, the person appointed to head it, 6 Another important cultural pressure is
has indicated that he wants to investigate the tendency to endow any form of
every theory about the death of Diana. misfortune with meaning. People find it
3 Burgess is likely to be kept busy well difficult to accept the fact that a
into the next decade. Since the 1997 Paris misfortune was due to bad luck or an
car crash, the rumour mill has been accident. You don’t need to be a Diana to
working overtime. So which of the many have questions raised about your death.
conspiracy theories is Burgess going to When a child meets an untimely death,
investigate? That Diana was killed by parents frequently look for something that
Mossad? Or that she was murdered on the will explain their tragic loss. Desperate
orders of MI6 or the CIA? Will Burgess mothers and fathers will seize upon
investigate Mohamed al-Fayed’s claim rumours of cover-ups to make sense of
that responsibility for this “horrendous their children’s affliction. The belief that
murder” rests with the Prince of Wales “we are not being told the truth” helps
and his father, Philip? Is he going to shape contemporary public debate.
investigate the rumour that points the 7 That is why the instinct is to assume
finger at Osama Bin Laden? Apparently that “they” have lied about matters such
Osama feared that Diana served as a poor as weapons of mass destruction in Iraq,
role model for Muslim women so, it’s the death of David Kelly or the true risks
claimed, he ordered the hit. While he is at of the MMR vaccine. It appears that there

noot 1 Princess Diana: first wife of Prince Charles. She died in a car accident in Paris together with her lover
Dodi Fayed.

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is always a story behind the story and a who argues that the US government knew
conspiracy theory fills a need created by a in advance about 11 September but did
culture of mistrust. Some associate nothing about it. And crackpot theories
rumours and conspiracy with uneducated about the MMR vaccine are far more
people who find it difficult to engage with likely to be believed by middle-class
our sophisticated knowledge economy. professionals than ordinary folk. It may
Yet, conspiracy theory is not confined to a well be the lack of trust which afflicts the
misguided culturally illiterate sub-class. middle class that accounts for the
8 It is the sophisticated Michael mainstreaming of the conspiracy.
Meacher, one of Tony Blair’s longest-
serving ministers, and now a backbencher,
The Independent on Sunday

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Tekst 6

Poor little ex-rich people

CAROL TAVRIS Center. Their observations about the dark side
of Silicon Valley life – the high rates of drug
Mel Krantzler and Patricia Biondi Krantzler use, divorce, depression and fear; the dawning
DOWN AND OUT IN SILICON VALLEY realization that money can’t buy you love –
The high cost of the high-tech dream stem, they say, from their work counselling
hundreds of CEOs, managers, engineers,
1 California is prone to gold rushes. We have computer programmers and other employees in
them every few decades, starting with the the high-tech industry. Thus the reader is
discovery of actual gold in 1849: just lying prepared for sad stories of poor little rich
around like pebbles! The image was irresistible, people, and poor little ex-rich people.
and people all over the world yielded to it, 5 But Down and Out in Silicon Valley is better
packing away their brains along with their than that. Though written in a light, popular
winter clothes as they set forth to get rich fast. style, it is deeply political, placing the story of
California was known as the Golden State ever the rise and fall of Silicon Valley firmly in the
after. The dream of the quick riches to be found context of the corruption of unregulated
here lasted long after the search for gold in corporations and their exploitation, in this case,
particular turned to dust. of naive, young, inexperienced workers. With
2 The latest gold rush in California began in no unions to represent their interests and
the mid-1990s in Silicon Valley, a sprawl of ignorant of the lessons of history, the young
cities in the northern part of the state. (The area dreamers who flocked to Silicon Valley were
got its name, the authors of this book explain, in easily gulled by managerial lies that they
the early 1970s, when a reporter sought to weren’t “workers” but just “one big happy
describe the emergence of the microchip family” along with management. They were
companies that were setting up shop there.) unprepared for Silicon Valley’s vicious patterns
“Literally thousands of new companies sprung of discrimination based on age (employees are
up overnight”, write Mel Krantzler and Patricia over the hill at thirty, irrespective of their
Biondi Krantzler, “and almost every one of them experience or knowledge) and gender. And,
was presented in the media as the birthplace of blinded by optimism, individualism and greed,
numerous millionaires”. People were investing they were unprepared for their sudden, heartless
small amounts of money and becoming rich “terminations”.
almost immediately and ordinary investors were 6 The irony, observe the Krantzlers, is that the
assured that they could do the same. Young same employees who despised the label of
people in their teens and twenties suddenly “worker” and who gloried in the Ayn Rand
commanded gargantuan salaries. Silicon Valley philosophy of I’ve-got-mine-and-to-hell-with-
became the symbol of fast wealth, fast times, you, and reviled “government interference”,
youth and beauty: the California dream show no hesitation about appearing at the
reincarnated. unemployment office where they stand in line
3 This was too good to last, of course, and it waiting to obtain their unemployment checks.
didn’t. With the stock-market crash of 2000, the They apparently are unaware that the checks
bubble burst. Fortunes made in a week collapsed they receive are coming from a government-
in a week. And, as the Krantzlers observe, just operated program (fought for and won by
as in the original gold rush only a tiny millions of demonstrating men and women in
percentage of prospectors actually became the 1930s) and that they receive their checks
wealthy – leaving the rest to perish financially precisely because they are unemployed workers.
and emotionally – so in 2000 a few 7 The Krantzlers are psychotherapists, and to
multimillionaire company heads remained, them, being “down and out” refers not only to a
while their businesses went bankrupt or state of unemployment and lost income but also
“downsized” and thousands of their employees to psychological states of despair and loneliness
lost their savings, their hopes, and their jobs. – the “high cost” of their subtitle, the price of
4 American psychotherapists know where the the obsessive quest for wealth. This is hardly a
gold is, too, and the Krantzlers are director and new message for Americans, though the
co-director of a psychotherapy service that itself Krantzlers convey it eloquently through their
sounds like a California parody: The Creative research and case studies, and though it always
Divorce, Love, and Marriage Counseling bears repeating for each generation.

Times Literary Supplement

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Are we right to treat animals the way we do?

From a lecture given by the Professor of Rhetoric at Gresham College in the City of London

HOW did the West get the idea that it is state my chief doubt about the moral basis
perfectly all right to kill animals? put forward for the conclusion. It is that the
According to Genesis, the first book of the theories take only one main consideration
Bible, dominion over animals was granted into account, preference-satisfaction or
to the first human couple, Adam and Eve, inherent value, just as the ancient Stoics
but that dominion did not extend to killing took into account only one factor,
animals, so food was 22 . An important rationality. But life is more complex.
influence came from the pagan side. The 26 , there is an indefinitely large number
pagan Greek philosophers had an evenly of considerations that may need to be taken
matched debate on whether it was all right into account, and there is no limit to how far
to kill animals. The most influential of the we may need to expand our imaginations in
anti-animal views was that of the ancient order to recognise them.
Stoics, who started around 300BC. They I think that the present order of discussion
had a striking and in many ways a very is the right one. The concrete case of
humane view. All rational beings are bound animals makes clearer than an abstract
together by bonds of attachment and owe discussion could why multiple
each other justice. 23 all humans are considerations are needed.
rational, justice is owed to slaves and What consequences would multiple
foreigners. They criticised Aristotle’s view considerations have for recent dilemmas
of slavery and said there is no such thing as about animals? The country has recently had
a natural slave. to consider foxhunting, foot-and-mouth
The 24 the Stoic view was that, in their disease, and medical research. A violent
opinion, no animals were rational, so none version of the animal-support movement
belonged to the community to which justice harmed the one institution that has 27 ,
was owed and nothing you did to an animal in my view, when they recently attacked
could be an injustice. members of a medical research unit. Of
In recent times, a book of 1975 had an course, medical researchers need to be
exceptional impact, Peter Singer’s Animal under constraint not to be cruel, or
Liberation, which in no way condones the needlessly wasteful of life, but medical
violence of the English branch of the Animal research is a far more serious purpose than
Liberation Movement. This is a case of a cuisine or styles of clothing.
modern philosophy book having a We have just killed over a million healthy
tremendous impact on our views on 25 farm animals for commercial reasons, in
and on practices in scientific and medical case they became infected with foot-and-
research. It would be hard for any reader not mouth disease, having rejected the route of
to be moved by the empirical chapters vaccination. 28 , it does not look as if
describing the treatment of animals in any consideration at all was given to
scientific research and in factory-farming. animals, and they should surely count for
Another leading book, The Case for something. All of us who eat animals and
Animal Rights, published by Tom Regan in animal products are 29 how farm
1984, offers a different basis. Mammals, animals are treated, so first we should
and probably many other animals, have consider more carefully how we as a
rights as individuals not to be harmed, country treat farm animals on a massive
because of their inherent value, and their scale, before we direct a small group of
value is due to their rich mental life. people on how they should treat foxes.
I applaud the conclusion of these books When we have put our own house in order,
that we must pay far more attention than we that will be the time to attend to cruelty to
do to the welfare of animals. But I can now foxes.

The Independent

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The Commons clocks off

W ill Britain be better governed when
ministers and MPs “clock off” for
the evening, knowing their
attendance is no longer needed in the
30
10am to 5pm will doubtless be approved by
newer MPs who see no point in hanging
around for hours while a debate drags on or
a bill is fiercely contested. The maxim that
5 Commons chamber or the division lobbies governments are entitled to get their
because the mother of parliaments has legislation through, but oppositions also
closed for the night? Women MPs with have rights, leaves them cold. If they could,
young families, ambitious Labour loyalists 35 they would reduce every debate to the sort
and lazy backbenchers on both sides of the of charade it is in other parliaments, where
10 house may think so. But the guaranteed MPs cannot speak unless the whips say so.
welcome for this idea in both Downing The omens are not good. Senior
Street and Whitehall is a warning. ministers take their cue from Mr Blair and
Given half a chance, every government 40 attend the Commons as little as possible.
with an overwhelming majority treats Michael Martin, the Speaker, shows scant
15 parliament like a rubber stamp and Tony interest in holding ministers to account or
Blair’s is no different. Ministers hate having encouraging vigorous debate. Eric Forth’s
their decisions questioned by MPs, appointment as Mr Cook’s rival on the Tory
particularly at short notice. Sustained 45 front bench promises well, but the Tories
attacks against shaky legislation are even have a long way to go before they give
20 more loathed. The less time there is for the Labour a hard time in Commons exchanges.
opposition and independent-minded While Westminster slumbers, public interest
mavericks to make trouble, the easier life in the political process reaches a new low.
becomes. 50 There is still time for MPs of principle and
The support of Robin Cook, currently courage to refuse the beguiling offer of
25 Labour’s leader of the House, for the latest more time off. But don’t hold your breath
move to “modernise” Westminster’s arcane on the result.
practices with a four-day working week of

The Sunday Times

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Tekst 9

Who pays the piper?

Three years ago a German-American research team
revealed in the journal Circulation that garlic
powder, in tablet form, seemed to help prevent
hardening of the aorta, the artery that carries blood
5 to the heart. The finding was a plausible one. Garlic
has consistently been linked to lower levels of heart
disease. It was nevertheless a help to be told that the
research was funded by Lichtwer Pharma GmbH,
which manufactures garlic pills.
10 Last week Nature, the titan of science journals,
announced that from October 1 it will expect all its
authors to declare “any competing financial
interests” with the research papers they submit. This
is a welcome decision. Science is intimately linked
15 with industry. Scientists go to agribusiness to
finance research into plant science or genetic
engineering; they go to pharmaceutical companies
to get their backing for pioneering studies of
promising molecules. And, increasingly, scientists
20 themselves are involved in new companies, the
cash-generating, research-financing enterprises of
tomorrow. Don’t blame the scientists: blame the
system. Successive governments have declared that
science is intimately linked with national wealth.
25 But there is always the suspicion that those who pay
the piper have the power to call the tune. Or, to put
it another way, it is hard to imagine that particular
German-American research team reporting that
garlic powder tablets make no significant difference
30 to heart health (which would have been an equally
plausible outcome). But scientists who use money
only from the taxpayer, whose only obligation is to
provide a result, would have no such inhibition.
If people are aware who pays for knowledge, and
35 who will benefit most from it, they will also know
how best to value it. Such frankness will help the
scientist and the consumer. People with nothing to
hide have everything to gain.

Guardian Weekly

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Tekst 10

Bikram Choudhury gets caught in a legal tangle

B Y S ALLY P OOK have graduated from his training
programme and paid a franchise fee.
IN the peaceful and harmonious world of This has angered many US yoga
yoga, lawsuits are about as rare as a teachers. A California-based group of
teacher laughing at your tree pose. them, the Open Source Yoga Unity, is
But litigation has brought discord to the suing Mr Choudhury, claiming that yoga is
brave new world of Bikram Yoga, the a 5,000-year-old tradition that cannot be
sweaty version of the ancient Indian owned. The lawsuit asks a judge to
discipline, practised in mirrored rooms in determine whether he is entitled to
sweltering heat. copyright his material.
Created by Bikram Choudhury, 57, the “We are not disputing that Mr
yoga style has won fans among celebrities Choudhury did something creative and
such as Madonna, Raquel Welch and useful in putting postures together in a
Serena Williams, and is claimed to have certain order,” said Elizabeth Rader, a
curative qualities. copyright attorney representing the group.
Mr Choudhury, one of America’s best- “Our belief is that you can’t treat the
known yoga masters, who practises in poses as private property. We want this
Beverly Hills, recently copyrighted, clarified. Right now, people out there are
trademarked and franchised his set of 26 trying to teach yoga and they are not sure
poses. He has sent a flurry of “cease and what is going to get them sued.”
desist” letters, warning people not to teach Jacob Reinbolt, the lawyer who helped to
his style or anything derivative unless they copyright Bikram Yoga, said: “We are not
talking about copyrighting the individual
steps, but the selection and arrangement of
steps.”
He compared it to the choreography of a
ballet.
Mr Choudhury, a former yoga champion
in his native India, has seen the number of
Bikram studios in America grow from 10
in 1996 to about 600 today. The first in
Britain opened four years ago, and about
20 teachers now instruct on the discipline
in this country.
Helen Currie, who opened her studio,
Bikram Yoga Chiswick, in west London, a
year ago, said of the copyrighting: “He is
just trying to keep the yoga professional
and pure, well-taught and well-managed.
He doesn’t want anyone just going off and
teaching it.
“His 26 positions are unique. He is not
saying you can’t teach the positions. He is
just saying, ‘Don’t call it Bikram – don’t
teach Bikram style unless you have done
the proper training’.”
Bikram Yoga: its creator has copyrighted
his set of 26 poses
Daily Telegraph

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Tekst 11

Birds and buildings:

How to stop one flying into the group, recalls seeing at least 500 birds hit
two mirrored office towers in his city one
other morning a few years ago. “It was literally
hailing birds,” he recalls. His group now
CAN modern man pursue his urban tries to aid the injured, and rather bizarrely
ambitions and still coexist with nature? stores masses of dead birds in a freezer
The question seems particularly relevant if until it can photograph them en masse.
you are a bird and you are heading for On the worst count, some one billion
Chicago, where the annual spring birds a year hit glass in America. Those
migration is just reaching its peak. that die on the spring migration are the
Perched on the edge of Lake Michigan, fittest of the flock, having already
this huge city is directly in the path of survived thousands of miles in the air.
some 300 species of avian travellers, many Chicago and Toronto are trying to help.
of whom prefer to hug the shoreline rather Both cities pursue organised “lights out”
than cross the huge lake. programmes during peak migration
That is not always a safe choice, given periods, when tall office buildings are
Chicago’s lofty skyline. In the late 1960s, asked to turn out the lights on their upper
flocks of warblers, thrushes, cuckoos and floors overnight - and death rates have
other species flew headlong into the newly fallen sharply. New York has a similar but
built, 96-storey John Hancock Centre. The smaller programme.
birds, which navigate at night using Chicago is trying particularly hard to
celestial cues, were attracted by the lure in feathered visitors. The mayor,
building’s lights. Their dead bodies Richard Daley, has added lakefront parks,
littered the sidewalks below as the sun bird sanctuaries and nesting grounds, and
rose. the result has been dramatic. As many as
Mirrored glass is a growing hazard, 7m birds use the city’s lakefront parks
even in daylight. Michael Mesure of the annually, says Doug Stotz, an ornithologist
Fatal Light Awareness Programme at the Field Museum, many of them rare. „
(FLAP), a Toronto-based environmental

The Economist

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Let op: beantwoord een open vraag altijd in het Nederlands, behalve als het anders is
aangegeven. Als je in het Engels antwoordt, levert dat 0 punten op.

Tekst 1 Thom Gunn

1p 1 „ Which of the following does Chris Roberts see as Thom Gunn’s greatest merit?
A He attracted both old and young audiences, in the US and in Great Britain.
B He bridged the gap between high culture and popular culture.
C He was both a gifted poet and an important film writer.

Tekst 2 The Paperless Newspaper

1p 2 „ Which of the following fits the gap in the text?

A amount of information gained from
B amount of time spent on
C psychological significance of
D public’s general dislike of

Tekst 3 The following text…

3p 3 † Geef bij elk van de onderstaande beweringen aan of deze in de loop van de passage juist of
onjuist blijkt te zijn.
1 De ik-persoon kan zich precies herinneren wat hij deed op het moment dat er een man
schreeuwde.
2 De ik-persoon weet vanaf het moment dat hij begint te rennen dat zijn leven een
dramatische wending zal nemen.
3 De ik-persoon heeft later luchtopnamen gezien van de situatie die hij beschrijft.
4 Tegelijk met de ik-persoon komen vier landarbeiders ook toe rennen.
5 Clarissa was in staat om waar te nemen hoe de situatie zich ontwikkelde.
6 De ballonvaarders zijn in gevaar omdat hun ballon dreigt los te raken van de mand.
Noteer het nummer van elke bewering, gevolgd door “juist” of “onjuist”.

Tekst 4 Claims about global warming poison the atmosphere

3p 4 † Geef van elk van de onderstaande beweringen aan of deze wel of niet in overeenstemming
is met het standpunt van de schrijver in de alinea’s 1-3.
1 All warnings that the environment in developing countries is under threat are wildly
exaggerated.
2 Developing countries have problems that are far more urgent than the alleged problem of
global warming.
3 Pointing the finger at the developing countries as a cause of environmental problems is
outrageous.
4 The developing world should learn to maintain a balance between technological progress
and a healthy environment.
5 It is inevitable that developing countries will come to face the environmental problems
that the West is now having to deal with.
6 If those who warn of global warming have their way, the developing countries stand to
lose out.
Noteer het nummer van elke bewering, gevolgd door “wel” of “niet”.

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1p 5 „ Which of the following words from paragraph 2 is used ironically?

A cant
B chastised
C audacity
D cools

“global warming has morphed into an ancient-style religion” (paragraph 4)

1p 6 „ What aspect of ancient-style religion is referred to in this paragraph?
A The conviction that there is a divine explanation for each natural phenomenon.
B The division of people into believers and non-believers.
C The requirement that people give up their desire for material progress.
D The threat of being abandoned by the gods.

1p 7 „ What is the main point made in paragraphs 5 and 6?

A Compared to other continents, Europe is warming up only very little.
B Global warming is a misleading term, as temperature extremes are regional.
C The facts do not indicate a connection between human activity and climate change.
D The misinterpretation of freak weather situations is not a new phenomenon.

1p 8 „ What point does Philip Stott make by comparing the global warming industry to Monthy
Python’s Life of Brian (paragraph 7)?
A Any event or phenomenon can always be interpreted as a confirmation of one’s belief.
B Global warming could well have provided suitable material for a Monthy Python film.
C People who show themselves devoted to any cause that comes their way are laughable.

1p 9 „ Which of the following is true with regard to paragraph 8?

1 It points to America as the main victim of global warming.
2 It supports those who blame global warming for climate change.
A Only 1 is true.
B Only 2 is true.
C Both 1 and 2 are true.
D Neither 1 nor 2 is true.

1p 10 „ Which of the following fits the gap at the beginning of paragraph 10?
A For this reason
B Nevertheless
C To be fair
D What is more

Tekst 5 Diana syndrome: we get the conspiracies we deserve

1p 11 „ What does paragraph 1 focus on?

A The failure of the authorities to establish the truth about Princess Diana’s death.
B The large number of people who believe in the idea of foul play behind Princess Diana’s
death.
C The many nonsense stories about Princess Diana’s life which spread after her death.

1p 12 „ Which of the following statements concerning “unsubstantiated rumours of conspiracy”

(paragraph 1) is/are correct, judging from paragraphs 1-3?
1 The fact that they will be checked lends them more weight.
2 The fact that they will be part of an official inquiry does not stand to reason.
A Only 1 is correct.
B Only 2 is correct.
C Both 1 and 2 are correct.
D Neither 1 nor 2 is correct.

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1p 13 „ Which of the following sentences from paragraph 3 is meant to be ironic?

A “Since the 1997 … overtime.”
B “Is he going … Osama Bin Laden?”
C “While he … Dead’.”

1p 14 „ How could the last sentence of paragraph 5 also begin?

A Indeed we are …
B Instead we are …
C Yet we are …

1p 15 „ What does paragraph 6 focus on?

A The belief that there is a purpose to life.
B The enormity of people’s grief at losing a child.
C The growing tendency to show private emotion in public.
D The unwillingness to face the fact that certain things just happen.

1p 16 „ What is Michael Meacher (paragraph 8) an example of?

A Of a well-informed person who believes in conspiracy.
B Of someone foolish enough to openly disagree with the US government’s decisions.
C Of someone who in spite of his respectable status cannot counter the general public’s lack
of trust.

1p 17 „ Which of the following is/are true with regard to Frank Furedi’s thoughts on a remedy for
the “lack of trust” (last paragraph)?
1 He draws attention to the problem, but offers no concrete solution.
2 He thinks the middle classes should show more political commitment.
A Only 1 is true.
B Only 2 is true.
C Both 1 and 2 are true.
D Neither 1 nor 2 is true.

Tekst 6 Poor little ex-rich people

2p 18 † Geef van elk van de onderstaande beweringen aan of deze wel of niet in overeenstemming
is met de inhoud van de alinea’s 1 en 2.
1 California’s prosperity is based on the enormous quantities of gold found in the
nineteenth century.
2 Most of the investors in the microchip industry were young people.
3 The media made Silicon Valley sound synonymous with wealth.
4 The rise of the microchip industry reconfirmed California’s image as the Golden State.
Noteer het nummer van elke bewering, gevolgd door “wel” of “niet”.

1p 19 „ How can the reviewer’s overall tone in paragraph 3 be characterised?

A As emotional.
B As mocking.
C As neutral.

2p 20 † Geef van elk van de onderstaande beweringen aan of deze wel of niet in overeenstemming
is met de inhoud van de alinea’s 4 en 5.
1 The authors of Down and Out in Silicon Valley are just as naive about the Californian
dream as the employees in Silicon Valley.
2 The reviewer does not take the Krantzlers’ professional observations seriously.
3 Down and Out in Silicon Valley links the mental problems of the people working in
Silicon Valley to their materialistic attitude.
4 Down and Out in Silicon Valley exposes the ruthless attitude of the employers in Silicon
Valley.
Noteer het nummer van elke bewering, gevolgd door “wel” of “niet”.

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3p 21 † Geef van elk van de onderstaande beweringen aan of deze wel of niet in overeenstemming
is met de inhoud van de alinea’s 6 en 7.
1 Former Silicon Valley employees do not object to benefiting from a system they seemed
to hold in contempt.
2 The future of the Silicon Valley industry ultimately lies in the hands of the U.S.
government.
3 Down and Out in Silicon Valley describes psychological distress in the context of
financial aspirations.
4 The pursuit of dreams of big money and happiness has claimed victims throughout
American history.
5 Down and Out in Silicon Valley suffers from the moralistic tone of its authors.
6 The reviewer ends on a cynical note because of Americans’ never-ending material
aspirations.
Noteer het nummer van elke bewering, gevolgd door “wel” of “niet”.

Tekst 7 Are we right to treat animals the way we do?

Kies bij iedere open plek in de tekst het juiste antwoord uit de gegeven mogelijkheden.

1p 22 „
A essential
B varied
C vegetarian

1p 23 „
A Even if
B Since
C Whereas

1p 24 „
A added advantage of
B downside of
C inconsistency of

1p 25 „
A government subsidies
B the meat industry
C the power of the Animal Liberation Movement
D the price of meat

1p 26 „
A Fortunately
B Indeed
C Ironically
D Moreover

1p 27 „
A considerable justification
B no obvious purpose
C serious drawbacks
D the interest of animals at heart

1p 28 „
A Admittedly
B Even so
C In this case

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1p 29 „
A indifferent about
B indignant at
C kept in the dark as to
D responsible for

Tekst 8 The Commons clocks off

“The Commons clocks off” (kop)

1p 30 † Citeer het zinsgedeelte dat aangeeft wat het voorstel hiertoe precies inhoudt.

“a warning” (line 12)

1p 31 „ What is the writer afraid of?
A Parliament might become unwilling to work outside office hours.
B Parliament might receive the government’s proposals too late to be able to study them.
C The government might be tempted to force through its own political preferences even more.
D The government might not be able to debate proposals for new legislation extensively
enough.

1p 32 „ What does the writer express his concern about in lines 24-37 (“The support … say so.”)?
A MPs’ ignorance of parliamentary customs and traditions.
B Parliament’s growing inefficiency.
C The danger of parliamentary proceedings losing their significance.
D The danger of the opposition having their way.

“promises well” (line 45)

1p 33 „ With regard to what does Eric Forth’s appointment promise well?
A Chances for the Tories in the next election.
B Modernisation of parliamentary practice.
C Parliamentary debate.
D Support for the government.

1p 34 „ How does the writer of the article answer the question the article starts with?
A Negatively.
B Neutrally.
C Positively.

Tekst 9 Who pays the piper?

1p 35 † Wat suggereert de schrijver door te vermelden dat “the research was funded by Lichtwer
Pharma GmbH, which manufactures garlic pills” (regels 7-9)?

2p 36 † Op welke twee manieren zijn wetenschappers bij de industrie betrokken volgens regels 15-22
(“Scientists … tomorrow.”)?

1p 37 „ What is the “inhibition” (line 33) that certain scientists may suffer from?
They feel they cannot
A go against obvious public health interests.
B report objectively on research results.
C waste taxpayers’ money.

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1p 38 „ Which of the following sentences illustrates what is meant by “Such frankness” (line 36)?
A “Three years … the heart.” (lines 1-5)
B “Last week … they submit.” (lines 10-13)
C “Successive governments … national wealth.” (lines 23-24)

Lees bij de volgende opgaven steeds eerst de vraag voordat je de bijbehorende tekst
raadpleegt.

Tekst 10 Bikram Choudhury gets caught in a legal tangle

“Bikram Choudhury gets caught in a legal tangle” (kop)

1p 39 † Welke vraag is aan de rechter voorgelegd in een proces tegen Bikram Choudhury?

Tekst 11 Birds and buildings: How to stop one flying into the other

1p 40 † Waaruit bestaat de methode die het artikel noemt om het probleem van “one flying into the
other” (kop) te reduceren?

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