Unit 4
Unit 4
Unit 4
ENGINEERING
MATERIALS
Advanced Materials
Smart
Semiconductors Biomaterials Nanomaterials
Materials
1
Representative examples, applications, and properties for
each category of materials
2
Representative examples, applications, and properties for
each category of materials
Ferrous alloys—
those in which iron is
the prime constituent
3
• Ferrous Metals : It mostly contain Iron.
They have small amounts of other metals or
elements added, to give the required
properties.
Steels
Steels are iron–carbon alloys containing less than
2.14 wt% C and may contain appreciable
concentrations of other alloying elements; there are
thousands of alloys that have different compositions
and/or heat treatments. The mechanical properties
are sensitive to the content of carbon, which is
normally less than 1.0 wt%
4
Low-Carbon Steels
• These generally contain less than about 0.25 wt% C
• Microstructures consist of ferrite and pearlite
constituents.
• They are relatively soft and weak but have outstanding
ductility and toughness;
• they are machinable & weldable
• least expensive to produce.
• Unresponsive to heat treatments
• strengthening is accomplished by cold work.
5
Mechanical Characteristics of Hot-Rolled Material and
Typical Applications for Various Plain Low- Carbon and
High- Strength, Low-Alloy Steels
Medium-Carbon Steels
• The medium-carbon steels have carbon concentrations between
about 0.25 and 0.60 wt%.
• These alloys may be heat-treated by austenitizing, quenching, and
then tempering to improve their mechanical properties.
• They are most often utilized in the tempered condition, having
microstructures of tempered martensite
• Additions of chromium, nickel, and molybdenum improve the
capacity of these alloys to be heat-treated giving rise to a variety of
strength–ductility combinations.
• heat-treated alloys are stronger than the low-carbon steels, but at a
sacrifice of ductility and toughness.
Applications: railway wheels and tracks, gears, crankshafts, and other
machine parts and high-strength structural components calling for a
combination of high strength, wear resistance, and toughness.
6
AISI/SAE and UNS Designation Systems and Composition Ranges for Plain Carbon
Steel and Various Low-Alloy Steels
A The carbon concentration, in weight percent times 100, is inserted in the place of “xx” for each specifi c steel.
B Except for 13xx alloys, manganese concentration is less than 1.00 wt%.
Except for 12xx alloys, phosphorus concentration is less than 0.35 wt%.
Except for 11xx and 12xx alloys, sulfur concentration is less than 0.04 wt%.
Except for 92xx alloys, silicon concentration varies between 0.15 and 0.35 wt%.
High-Carbon Steels
The high-carbon steels, normally having carbon contents
between 0.60 and 1.4 wt%, are the hardest, strongest, and yet
least ductile of the carbon steels. They are almost always used
in a hardened and tempered condition and, as such, are
especially wear resistant and capable of holding a sharp
cutting edge.
• The tool and die steels are high carbon alloys, usually
containing chromium, vanadium, tungsten, and
molybdenum.
• These alloying elements combine with carbon to form very
hard and wear-resistant carbide compounds (e.g., Cr23C6,
V4C3, and WC).
7
Typical Applications and Mechanical Property Ranges for
Oil-Quenched and Tempered Plain Carbon
and Alloy Steels
Stainless Steels
8
Designations, Compositions, Mechanical Properties, and Typical pplications for
Austenitic, Ferritic, Martensitic, and Precipitation-Hardenable Stainless Steels
9
Cast Irons
Cast irons are a class of ferrous alloys with carbon
contents above 2.14 wt%; in practice, however,
most cast irons contain between 3.0 and 4.5 wt% C
and, in addition, other alloying elements.
10
Cast Irons continued…
• Cast iron has higher carbon and silicon contents than steel.
• Because of the higher carbon content, the structure of cast
iron, as opposed to that of steel, exhibits a rich carbon
phase.
• Depending primarily on composition, cooling rate, and
melt treatment, cast iron can solidify according to the
thermodynamically metastable Fe-Fe3C system or the
stable Fe-Gr system.
• When the metastable path is followed, the rich carbon
phase in the eutectic is the iron carbide.
• when the stable solidification path is followed, the rich
carbon phase is graphite.
11
Classification of cast iron by commercial designation,
microstructure, and fracture
Types of cast
Carbon-rich phase Matrix Fracture
iron
Lamellar/Flakes
Gray cast iron Pearlite Gray
graphite
Ferrite, Pearlite
Ductile cast iron Spheroidal graphite Silver-gray
, Austenite
12
Gray cast iron
13
Gray cast iron continued
• Mechanically, gray iron is comparatively weak and brittle in
tension.
• They are very effective in damping vibrational energy.
• They exhibit a high resistance to wear.
• In the molten state they have a high fluidity at casting
temperature, which permits casting pieces that have intricate
shapes.
• They are among the least expensive of all metallic materials.
14
Ductile cast iron
15
Applications of ductile cast iron
For low-silicon cast irons (containing less than 1.0 wt% Si)
and rapid cooling rates, most of the carbon exists as cementite
instead of graphite.
16
White iron: the light cementite regions are surrounded by
pearlite, which has the ferrite– cementite layered
structure. 400X.
17
Malleable iron: dark graphite rosettes (temper carbon) in
an a-ferrite matrix. 150X.
1. Connecting rods,
18
Compacted Graphite cast iron
19
Compacted Graphite cast iron
20
Aluminium and aluminium alloys
Factors for selecting are:
1. High strength to weight ratio
2. Resistance to corrosion
3. High thermal and electrical conductivity
4. Ease of machinability
5. Non-magnetic
21
Magnesium and magnesium alloys
• Magnesium (Mg) is the lightest metal.
• Alloys are used in structural and non-
structural applications.
• Typical uses of magnesium alloys are aircraft
and missile components.
• Also has good vibration-damping
characteristics.
22
Copper and copper alloys
23
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