Ejectors in Vacuum System S.S

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By /Saeed Mohamed Abdallah Sleem

Types of Distillation
Some important types of distillation include:
• Simple distillation
• Fractional distillation
• Steam distillation
• Vacuum distillation
• Air-sensitive vacuum distillation
• Short path distillation
• Zone distillation
➢ Vacuum Distillation
It is used for organic compounds which decompose at or below their

boiling points.
• Vacuum distillation is ideal for separating mixtures of liquids with very High boiling
points.
• In order to boil these compounds,heating to high temperatures is an Inefficient
method .Therefore ,the pressure of the surroundings is Lowered instead.
• The lowering of the pressure enables the component to boil at lower temperatures.
Once the vapor pressure of the component is equal to the surrounding pressure ,it is
converted into avapor.
• These vapors are then condensed and collected as the distillate.
The principles of vacuum distillation resemble those of fractional
distillation, except that:
• larger-diameter columns are used to maintain comparable vapor velocities at the
reduced pressures.
• The internal designs of some vacuum towers are different in that random packing
and demister pads are used instead of trays.
Why do you use vacuum distillation?

• Vacuum distillation is used to safely recover higher boiling point solvents.
• We limit the maximum temperature of the distillation unit’s heater.
When do you use vacuum distillation?
It is used to safely recover solvents with boiling points over 300º Fahrenheit. Vacuum
distillation should not be used on solvents with boiling points below 200º Fahrenheit.
Some solvents boil at temperatures that exceed the temperature that the distillation
heater can reach (392º Fahrenheit).
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How is the vacuum created?
The vacuum is generated using our JetVac technology.
1. A stainless steel reservoir is primed once with

clean solvent.
2. A small stainless steel pump is immersed in the
liquid and is attached to an explosionproof
electric motor.
3. When the motor is started, clean solvent is
drawn into the pump and forced through a metal
tube known as an aspirator.
4. The aspirator looks like an open piece of pipe
with a small orifice (hole) on one side.
5. As the high velocity fluid is pumped across the face of the orifice, it creates suction (like a venturi
on a carburetor).
6. Air is pulled through the venturi from the distillation system and passes through a vent.
➢ Ejectors and Vacuum Systems
Ejectors, also referred to as jet pumps, are devices for conveying, compressing, heating or mixing gases,
vapors, liquids or solids in which a gaseous or liquid medium serves as the motive force.
They operate by the conversion of pressure energy into velocity in suitable nozzles. They are pumps without
moving parts.
Working principle
• The basic principle of ejectors consists in the liquid or gas jet being emitted by a
nozzle at high-speed entraining and accelerating the surrounding liquid, gas or solid
matter.
• The result of this action is a mixture of the motive and entrained (sucked) fluids, the
velocity of which is reduced and the pressure increased in a second nozzle.
The principle of operation of ejectors is based

on the Venturi effect of a converging diverging
nozzle to convert the pressure energy of a
motive fluid (Primary flow) to kinetic energy to
entrain a suction fluid (Secondary flow), and
then recompress the mixed fluids by converting
kinetic energy back into pressure energy .
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An ejector consits of three main parts:
1. motive nozzle
2. diffuser
3. head
An ejector is provided with at least three connections:
A. motive medium inlet connection
B. suction manifold
C. pressure manifold
How Ejectors Work

The operation is based on Bernoulli’s principle,
whereby increasing the velocity of a high
pressure (HP) fluid as it passes through the
nozzle, a low pressure region is created within
the Ejector. This region entrains and compresses
the secondary low pressure (LP) stream which
we call the suction fluid. As the combined HP
and LP streams pass through the Ejector’s
diffuser section, the velocity decreases and the
pressure is regained, resulting in an
intermediate pressure, which lies somewhere
between the LP and HP inlet pressures.
Ejector performance is dependent on the pressure & flow ratio between HP Motive and
LP Suction streams.
Ejector basics
A three-stage ejector system with two
surface-contact inter-condensers.
motive force is provided by steam jets,
which draw vapor from a vessel and
through the system. The condensers
act to reduce the load on the next
ejector.
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Ejectors
• An ejector converts pressure energy of motive steam into velocity. It has no moving
parts. Major components of an ejector consist of the motive nozzle, motive chest,
suction chamber, and diffuser.
• High velocity is achieved through adiabatic expansion of motive steam across a
convergent/divergent steam nozzle. This
expansion of steam from the motive pressure
to the suction fluid operating pressure results
in supersonic velocities at the exit of the
steam nozzle.
• The motive steam actually expands to a
pressure below the suction fluid pressure. This expansion creates a low-pressure
region, which draws suction fluid into an ejector.
• The convergent section of a diffuser reduces velocity as cross sectional area is reduced.
Ejectors use a high pressure fluid to compress a low pressure fluid to an intermediate
pressure.
Condensers
A condenser in an ejector system reduces the amount of vapor load that a downstream
ejector must handle. Condensers of an ejector system are designed to condense steam and
condensible hydrocarbons and cool noncondensible gases.
In many cases, the inlet load to a condenser is many times greater than the load to a
downstream ejector. Consequently, any loss in condenser performance will have a
dramatic effect on a downstream ejector.
Intercondensers are positioned
between two ejector stages.
Condensation of intercondensers
occurs at a pressure corresponding to
the discharge pressure of a preceding
ejector and the suction pressure of a
downstream ejector.
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Steam Ejectors
• simple, reliable means of producing vacuum

• They have low installed cost as well
• They are commonly found in process plants having available steam
• They provide many years of trouble-free operation
Steam pressure and temperature

The temperature and pressure of motive-steam supply is one of the most important
variables affecting ejector operation.
• If the pressure falls below design pressure, then the motive nozzle will pass less
steam. If this occurs, an ejector does not have enough energy to entrain and
compress a suction load to the design discharge pressure.
• If the motive-steam supply temperature is appreciably above the design value,
insufficient steam passes through the motive nozzle.
Both lower than design steam pressure and higher than design steam temperature
increase the specific volume of the motive steam and reduces the amount of steam
through a motive nozzle.
In certain cases, it is possible to re-bore an ejector-motive nozzle to permit the passage of

more steam through the nozzle, thereby increasing the energy available to entrain and
compress the suction load.
Steam quality
Wet steam is very damaging to an ejector system because high-velocity

moisture droplets are erosive. These droplets are rapidly accelerated as steam
expands across a motive nozzle. Erosion of nozzle internals caused by wet
motive-steam is noticeable when inspecting ejector nozzles or diffuser
internals..Also, the inlet diffuser section of an ejector will show signs of erosion
as a result of direct impingement of moisture droplets.
To solve wet-steam problems, all lines up to an ejector should be well insulated.

A steam separator and trap should be installed immediately before the motive-
steam inlet connection of each ejector. In some instances, a steam superheater
may be required.
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Single and multistage steam jet ejectors
TWO-STAGE EJECTOR TWIN ELEMENT Three-stage ejector with direct contact inter-
with inter surface condensers after condensers
Two-stage twin element vacuum group with

separate inter-after condenser Single-stage hogging ejectors
Direct contact condenser for vacuum unit
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Ejectors in Vacuum System S.S

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By /Saeed Mohamed Abdallah Sleem

It is used for organic compounds which decompose at or below their

Why do you use vacuum distillation?

The vacuum is generated using our JetVac technology.

1. A stainless steel reservoir is primed once with

➢ Ejectors and Vacuum Systems

The principle of operation of ejectors is based

How Ejectors Work

• simple, reliable means of producing vacuum

Steam pressure and temperature

In certain cases, it is possible to re-bore an ejector-motive nozzle to permit the passage of

Wet steam is very damaging to an ejector system because high-velocity

To solve wet-steam problems, all lines up to an ejector should be well insulated.

Two-stage twin element vacuum group with

Direct contact condenser for vacuum unit

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