4

Topology BS-Maths-5th (Morning)

Week Day/Lecture Topics Covered
September 06,
Introductory Class
2023
Topological Spaces, Definition of topology with examples, Open and close sets, Discrete and
Lecture No. 1 Indiscrete topologies
If (𝑋, 𝛵) is a topological space, then following axioms hold:
1
(i). 𝑋 and empty set 𝜑 are open sets, (ii). The union of any (finite or infinite) number of open sets is
an open set, and (iii). The intersection of any finite number of open sets is an open set
September 07, Let 𝑋 be a topological space. Then the class of close subsets of 𝑋 satisfy the following properties: (i).
2023 𝑋 and 𝜑 are close, (ii). The intersection of any number of close sets is close, and (iii). The union of
finite number of close sets is close
Finite close topology or the co-finite topology
Lecture No. 2 Let 𝑋 be a non-empty set and {𝑇𝑖 : 𝑖 ∈ 𝛺} is a collection of topologies on 𝑋. Then the intersection
∩ 𝑇𝑖 is also a topology on 𝑋
𝑖∈𝛺
Limit point or accumulation point, and Derived set
September 13, If 𝐴, 𝐵 are subsets of a space 𝑋, then (i). 𝐴𝑑 ⊆ 𝐵𝑑 (whenever, 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵), and
2023 (ii). (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)𝑑 = 𝐴𝑑 ∪ 𝐵𝑑
If (𝑋, 𝑇) is a topological space and 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑋, then (i). 𝐴 is close if and only if 𝐴𝑑 ⊂ 𝐴 and (ii). 𝐴 ∪ 𝐴𝑑
2
is close
𝑋, then: (i). 𝐴̄ = 𝐴 ∪ 𝐴𝑑 , (ii). 𝐴 is close if and only if 𝐴 = 𝐴̄ and if 𝐴 ⊂
Closure of a set: If 𝐴, 𝐵 ⊆________
Lecture No. 3 𝐵, then (i). 𝐴̄ ⊂ 𝐵̄ , (ii). (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝐴̄ ∪ 𝐵̄
Dense sets: The set 𝑄 of rational numbers is dense in 𝑅
September 14,
2023 Neighborhoods and neighborhood system: If 𝑁, 𝑀 are neighbor hoods of 𝑝 then: (i). 𝑁 ∩ 𝑀 is also
a neighborhood of 𝑝 and if 𝑁 ⊂ 𝑀, then 𝑀 is a neighborhood of 𝑝
If 𝐺 ⊆ 𝑋. Then, 𝐺 is open if and only if 𝐺 is the neighborhood of each of its points
Lecture No. 4 If 𝑁𝑝 is the neighborhood system of 𝑝, then 𝑁𝑝 ≠ ∅ and 𝑝 belongs to each member of 𝑁𝑝
Interior of a set: The interior of a set 𝐴 is the union of all open subsets of 𝐴, 𝐴𝑜 is open, 𝐴𝑜 is the
largest open subset of 𝐴, 𝐴 is open if and only if 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑜
September 20, Exterior and boundary of a set: Let 𝑇 be a topology on 𝑅 consisting of 𝑅, 𝜑 and all open infinite
2023
3 intervals (𝑎, ∞) where 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅. Then, find interior, exterior and boundary of [7, ∞)
Lecture No. 5 Quiz in Lecture No. 1 to Lecture No. 04
Let (𝑋, 𝑇) be a topological space and ∅ ≠ 𝐴 ⊂ 𝑋. Then the closure of 𝐴 is the union of the interior
Quiz No. 01
and exterior of 𝐴 that is 𝐴̄ = 𝑖𝑛𝑡( 𝐴) ∪ 𝑏(𝐴)
September 21,
2023 Relative topology: If ∅ ≠ 𝐴 ⊂ 𝑋, then, 𝑇𝐴 = {𝐴 ∩ 𝐺: 𝐺 ∈ 𝑇} is a topology on 𝐴
Lecture No. 6 The Euclidean topology on the real line. Open sets in the Euclidean topology
In the Euclidean topology 𝛵𝑅 on 𝑅, the open interval (𝑟, 𝑠) is an open set
The open intervals (𝑟, ∞) and (−∞, 𝑟) are open sets in 𝑅, for every real number 𝑟
The close interval [𝑐, 𝑑] is not an open set in 𝑅.
September 27, The close interval [𝑎, 𝑏] is close in the Euclidean topology on 𝑅
2023 Each singleton set {𝑎} is close in 𝑅. The set of integers is a close subset of 𝑅
4 The set of rational numbers is neither a close subset of 𝑅 nor an open subset of 𝑅
Lecture No. 7 Base for a topology (with examples)
If 𝛽 ⊂ 𝑇 then the following are equivalent: (i). Each 𝐺 ∈ 𝛵 is the union of members of 𝛽 and (ii). For
any 𝑝 ∈ 𝐺(𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛) there exists 𝐵𝑝 ∈ 𝛽 such that 𝑝 ∈ 𝐵𝑝 ⊂ 𝐺
If 𝛽 ⊂ 𝑇 (topology on 𝑋), then 𝛽 is a base for 𝑇 if and only if it possesses the following two
September 28, properties: (i). 𝑋 =∪ {𝐵/𝐵 ∈ 𝛽} and (ii). 𝐵 ∩ 𝐵∗ is a union of members of 𝛽 for all 𝐵, 𝐵∗ ∈ 𝛽, or
2023
equivalently, if 𝑝 ∈ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐵∗ , then there exist 𝐵𝑝 ∈ 𝛽 such that 𝑝 ∈ 𝐵𝑝 ⊂ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐵∗
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Topology BS-Maths-5th (Morning)
Week Day/Lecture Topics Covered
Lecture No. 8 If 𝛽 is a base for two topologies 𝛵 and 𝛵 on 𝑋, then 𝛵 = 𝛵 ∗
∗

If 𝛽 is a base for a topology 𝛵 on 𝑋 and 𝛽 ∗ is class of open sets containing 𝛽, then 𝛽 ∗ is also base
for topology 𝛵 on 𝑋.
If 𝛽 and 𝛽 ∗ are bases for two topologies 𝛵 and 𝛵 ∗ on 𝑋 respectively and each 𝐵𝑖 ∈ 𝛽 is union of
members of 𝛽 ∗, then 𝛵 ⊂ 𝛵 ∗
October 04, Sub-base for a topology (with examples)
2023 If 𝑆 is a sub-base for a topology 𝛵 on 𝑋 and 𝐴 ⊂ 𝑋, then 𝑆𝐴 = {𝐴 ∩ 𝑆: 𝑠 ∈ 𝑆} is a sub-base for 𝛵𝐴 on 𝐴
5 Lecture No. 9 Continuous function from 𝑅 into 𝑅
A function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 is continuous if and only if for each 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅 and each open set 𝑈
containing 𝑓(𝑎) there exists an open set 𝑉 containing 𝑎 such that 𝑓(𝑉) ⊂ 𝑈
Continuity in topological spaces
A function 𝜑: (𝑋, 𝛵𝑋 ) → (𝑌, 𝛵𝑌 ) if and only if 𝛷−1 (𝑉) is open (respectively close) in 𝑋 for
October 05, every 𝑉 open (respectively close) in 𝑌
2023 The composition of two continuous functions is continuous
If 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 is continuous and 𝐴 ⊂ 𝑋, then 𝑓𝐴 : 𝐴 → 𝑌 is also continuous _____
Lecture No. 10 A function 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 is continuous if and only if 𝐴 ⊂ 𝑋 implies 𝑓(𝐴̄) ⊂ 𝑓(𝐴)
Let (𝑋, 𝛵𝑋 ) and (𝑌, 𝛵𝑌 ) be topological spaces and 𝛽 is a base for 𝛵𝑌 . Then, 𝑓: (𝑋, 𝛵𝑋 ) →
(𝑌, 𝛵𝑌 ) is continuous if and only if 𝑓 −1 (𝑉) ∈ 𝛵𝑋 for all 𝑉 ∈ 𝛽
Homeomorphism: Homeomorphism is open as well as close
6 Continuous, open (close) bijection is homeomorphism
October 11,
Homeomorphism is an equivalence relation
2023 _____
A bijection 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 is homeomorphism if and only if 𝑓(𝐴̄) = 𝑓(𝐴) for all 𝐴 ⊂ 𝑋
Presentations
Presentation in Lecture No. 01 to Lecture No. 05
October 12,
Enrolment No. --- to ---
2023
Lecture No. 11 Cover and an open cover, subcover and finite subcover of a set
The family 𝐺 = {𝐺𝑥 : 𝑥 ∈ [0,1]} and hence 𝐺 is a cover of 𝑆
October 18, Every open cover of [−100,100] has a finite subcover
2023 Compact set: A finite sub-set of 𝑅
Lecture No. 12 A close interval on the real line 𝑅 is compact, open interval (𝑎, 𝑏) and the real line (𝑅) are not
7 compact
Compactness in topological spaces: If 𝐴 is finite subset of 𝑋 (topological space), then 𝐴 is
October 19, compact
2023 A subset 𝐴 of a discrete space (𝑋, 𝛵) is compact if and only if it is finite
The co-finite topological space and a close subset of a compact space are compact
Continuous image of compact space is compact
The unit closed interval [0,1] on the real line is compact
8-9 Oct. 25, 2023 to Mid Term Examination Week
Nov 01, 2023 Mid Term Paper: November 4, 2023
November 08,
Whole Class Absent
10 2023
November 09,
Iqbal Day (Public Holiday)
2023
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Topology BS-Maths-5th (Morning)
Week Day/Lecture Topics Covered
Lecture No. 13 Let 𝐶 be a compact subset of a 𝛵2 -space 𝑋 and 𝑝 ∈ 𝑋 such that 𝑝 ∉ 𝐶. Then there exist
disjoint open sets 𝐺 and 𝐻 such that 𝑝 ∈ 𝐺 and 𝐶 ⊂ 𝐻
Compact sub-set of a 𝑇2 -space is closed and a compact subset of 𝑅 is bounded
November Hein-Borel Theorem and its converse
15, 2023 A subset 𝐴 of 𝑅 is compact, if and only if, 𝐴 is bounded and closed
Continuous image of a compact set is closed and bounded
11 If 𝑋 is compact and 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑅 is continuous, then 𝑓 attains its extreme values
Lecture No. 14 𝑋 is compact if and only if every class {𝐶𝛼 : 𝛼 ∈ 𝛺} of closed subsets of 𝑋 such that ∩ 𝐶𝛼 = 𝜑,
𝛼∈𝛺
contains a finite subclass {𝐶𝛼1 , 𝐶𝛼2 , . . . , 𝐶𝛼𝑛 } with ∩𝑛𝑘=1 𝐶𝛼𝑘 = 𝜑
Let (𝑋, 𝛵) be a topological space and 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑋. Then, 𝐴 is compact with respect to 𝛵 if and only if 𝐴
November 16,
is compact with respect to the relative topology 𝛵𝐴 on 𝐴
2023
Let (𝑌, 𝛵 ∗ ) is a subspace of (𝑋, 𝛵) and 𝐴 ⊂ 𝑌 ⊂ 𝑋. Then, 𝐴 is 𝛵 compact if and only if 𝐴 is 𝛵 ∗
compact
November 22,
2023
No Class Due to Convocation
12
November 23,
2023
No Class Due to Convocation
Lecture No. 15 Basic open cover: A space X is compact iff every basic open cover of X has a finite sub-cover
Locally Compact space: The discrete space 𝑋 (infinite) is clearly locally compact
The space (𝑅, 𝛵) is locally compact
A compact space is locally compact, but its converse is not true
November 29, A subspace of a locally compact space is locally compact
13 2023 Let 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 is continuous, open and onto and 𝑋 is locally compact, then 𝑌 is locally compact
Countably compact: Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem
A bounded and close interval [𝑎, 𝑏] is countably compact
The unit open interval (0,1) is not countably compact
November 30,
Quiz
2023
Separation Axioms: 𝛵0 -space (with examples), 𝛵1 -space (with examples)
Lecture No. 16 𝑋 is 𝛵1 -space if and only if every singleton subset of 𝑋 is close in 𝑋
Subspace of 𝛵1 -space is 𝛵1 -space
𝑋 is 𝛵1 -space if and only if every finite subset of 𝑋 is close
December A finite 𝛵1 -space is discrete space
06, 2023
Let 𝑋 is a 𝛵1 -space and 𝐹 ⊂ 𝑋. If 𝑥 is a limit point of 𝐹, then every open set containing 𝑥
14 contains infinite number of distinct points of 𝐹
If 𝑋 is 𝛵1 -space and 𝐹 is finite subset of 𝑋, then 𝐹 has no limit point
Lecture No. 17 Let 𝑋 is 𝛵1 -space and 𝛣𝑝 a local base at 𝑝 ∈ 𝑋. If 𝑞 ∈ 𝑋 such that 𝑝 ≠ 𝑞, then some member
of 𝛣𝑝 does not contain 𝑞
Property of being 𝛵1 -space is topological
December
Hausdorff space (or 𝛵2 -space): Metric space is Hausdorff space
07, 2023
If X is an infinite set with finite-closed topology, then X is a 𝛵1 -space but not a 𝛵2 -space
A subspace of a 𝛵2 -space is 𝛵2 -space
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Topology BS-Maths-5th (Morning)
Week Day/Lecture Topics Covered
A convergent sequence in a 𝛵2 -space has a unique limit
Lecture No. 18 𝑋 is 𝑇2 -space if and only if for any pair of distinct points 𝑎, 𝑏 of 𝑋 there exist closed sets 𝐶1
and 𝐶2 such that 𝑎 ∈ 𝐶1 , 𝑏 ∉ 𝐶1 ,𝑎 ∉ 𝐶2 ,𝑏 ∈ 𝐶2 and 𝑋 = 𝐶1 ∪ 𝐶2
Regular space, 𝑇3 -space: A 𝑇3 -space is 𝑇2 -space
December 13, A topological space 𝑋 is 𝑇3 -space if and only if 𝑋 is 𝑇1 -space and for any 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 and any open
2023
set 𝐺 with 𝑥 ∈ 𝐺 there exists an open set 𝑈 such that 𝑥 ∈ 𝑈 and 𝑈̄ ⊂ 𝐺
15
Property of being 𝑇3 -space is topological
Lecture No. 19 Completely regular space
Tychonoff space (also known as 𝑇31 -space)
2
Completely regular space is regular space
December 14,
A sub-space of a completely regular space is completely regular
2023
Property of being completely regular is topological
Lecture No. 20 Normal space and 𝛵4 -space
A topological space 𝑋 is normal space if and only if for any open super set 𝐻 of a close set 𝐹, there
exists an open set 𝐺 such that 𝐹 ⊂ 𝐺 ⊂ 𝐺̄ ⊂ 𝐻
December 20, Close sub space of a normal space is normal
2023 Compact Hausdorff space is normal
A metric space is normal
Property of being normal space is topological
16 Lecture No. 21 Connectedness in topological spaces
Partition, separation, or disconnection
Connected and disconnected spaces, connected and disconnected sets
December 21, Let (𝑋, 𝛵) be a topological space and 𝐴 ⊂ 𝑋, (𝐴, 𝛵𝐴 ) is a sub-space of (𝑋, 𝛵). Then, 𝐴 is 𝛵-
2023 connected if and only if 𝐴 is 𝛵𝐴 -connected
The following statements are equivalent:
(i). 𝑋 is connected, (ii). 𝑋 and 𝜑 are the only subsets of 𝑋 which are both open as well as closed,
(iii). No continuous function 𝑓: 𝑋 → {0,1} is onto
Lecture No. 22 Let 𝑋 is connected and 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 be continuous and onto then 𝑌 is connected
Continuous image of connected set is connected
Topological invariant is a property which preserved under homeomorphism
Connectedness is a topological invariant
If 𝐴 is connected subspace of a topological space 𝑋 and 𝐴 ⊂ 𝐵 ⊂ 𝐴̄, then 𝐵 is connected
December 27, Let (𝑋, 𝛵) be a topological space and (𝐴, 𝐵) be its separation. If 𝐶 is connected subset of 𝑋,
2023 then 𝐶 ⊂ 𝐴 or 𝐶 ⊂ 𝐵
If 𝐴 is disconnected subspace of a topological space (𝑋, 𝛵). Then there exist subsets 𝐶1 and 𝐶2
17 of 𝑋 such that 𝐴 ⊂ (𝐶1 ∪ 𝐶2 ), 𝐴 ∩ (𝐶1 ∩ 𝐶2)= 𝜑, 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶1 ≠ 𝜑and 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶2 ≠ 𝜑
Lecture No. 23 Let 𝑋 be a topological space such that 𝑋 = ∪ 𝑋𝛼 where each 𝑋𝛼 is connected and ∩ 𝑋𝛼 ≠
𝛼∈𝛺 𝛼∈𝛺
𝜑, then 𝑋 is connected
Let (𝑋, 𝛵) be a topological space and 𝐵 ⊂ 𝑋. Then 𝐵 is open as well as close if and only if
boundary of 𝐵 is empty
December 28, If 𝑋 contains no non-empty proper subset with empty boundary, then 𝑋 is connected
2023 If (𝑋, 𝛵) is a topological space such that each pair of points in 𝑋 is contained in a connected
subset of 𝑋, then 𝑋 is connected
A space 𝑋 is disconnected if and only if 𝑋 = 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵, 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵̄ = 𝜑 and 𝐴̄ ∩ 𝐵 = 𝜑
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Topology BS-Maths-5th (Morning)
Week Day/Lecture Topics Covered
Lecture No. 24 Components
If (𝑋, 𝛵) is connected, then (𝑋, 𝛵) has only one component, namely 𝑋
For any discrete space, the components are the singletons
A component is close
The components of 𝑋 form a partition of 𝑋
December 27, A connected subset of 𝑋 is contained in some component of 𝑋
2023 A connected subset of 𝑋 which is both open and close is a component
17
Lecture No. 25 Locally connected spaces
A space 𝑋 is locally connected if and only if it has a base consisting of connected open sets
A topological space 𝑋 is locally connected if and only if components of every open subspace of
𝑋 is open
Let 𝑋 is locally connected and the function 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 is open, continuous and onto, then 𝑌 is
December 28, locally connected
2023 Let 𝑋 ≅ 𝑌, then 𝑋 is locally connected if and only if 𝑌 is locally connected
Lecture No. 26 Paths in a topological space. Path-wise connected. The real line 𝑅 is path connected
The plane 𝑅 2 is path connected
If in a topological space 𝑋 there are paths from a point 𝑎 to a point 𝑏, and from a point 𝑏 to a
point 𝑐. Then, there is a path from a point 𝑎 to a point 𝑐
Every path connected space is connected
January 03, Let 𝑋 be a topological space and {𝐴𝑖 : 𝑖 ∈ 𝛺} be a collection of path connected subsets of 𝑋 such
2024
that ∩ 𝐴𝑖 ≠ 𝜑, then ∪ 𝐴𝑖 is path connected
𝑖∈𝛺 𝑖∈𝛺
Continuous image of path connected space is path connected
Lecture No. 27 Embedding, Arc
18 Arc in a topological space
Arc-wise connected spaces
Arc-wise connected space is path-wise connected, but path-wise connected space may not be
arc-wise connected
January 04, Let 𝑓: [0,1] → 𝑋 be any path in 𝑋. Then, 𝑓([0,1]) is connected
2024 Continuous image of arc-wise connected set is arc-wise connected
Arc-wise connected set is connected
Let 𝛢 be the class of arc-wise connected subsets of 𝑋 with a non-empty intersection. Then, 𝛣 =
∪ {𝐴𝑖 : 𝐴𝑖 ∈ 𝛢} is arc-wise connected
Let 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 and 𝑓 a continuous function from [𝑎, 𝑏] into 𝑅. Then 𝑓([𝑎, 𝑏]) = [𝑐, 𝑑], for
some 𝑐, 𝑑 ∈ 𝑅
19 Mid Term Examination Week
Mid Term Paper: