READING TOOL Compare and Contrast As you read your textbook, compare and contrast fermentation and cellular respiration using the Venn diagram. Make sure to list the similarities in the center of the diagram.
Cellular Respiration Fermentation
Lesson Summary As you read, circle the answers to each Key Fermentation Question. Underline any words you do not understand. KEY QUESTION How do organisms generate energy when oxygen is not available? When oxygen is not present, glycolysis is maintained by a pathway BUILD Vocabulary that makes it possible to continue to produce ATP without oxygen. fermentation process by which The combined process of this pathway and glycolysis is called cells release energy in the absence fermentation. In the absence of oxygen, fermentation releases of oxygen energy from food molecules by producing ATP. Suffixes Suffixes are endings During fermentation, cells convert NADH to NAD+ by passing added to a word to change high-energy electrons back to pyruvic acid. This allows glycolysis to the meaning of a word. When the suffix tion is added to a keep going and to produce a steady supply of ATP. Fermentation word, the meaning “action” or is an anaerobic process that occurs in the cytoplasm of cells. “act of” is added to the word. Sometimes, glycolysis and fermentation are together referred to as So fermentation is the “act of anaerobic respiration. There are two slightly different forms of the fermenting.” Make a list of three process: alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. other scientific words that have -tion as a suffix.
is carried out by bacteria. These bacteria convert pyruvic acid and NADH into lactic acid and NAD+. As with alcoholic fermentation, the NAD+ allows glycolysis to continue. This process is common in food production. Yogurt, cheese, and sour cream rely on lactic acid fermentation. Humans are also lactic acid fermenters. During brief periods without enough oxygen, many of the cells in our bodies, most often muscle cells, produce ATP by lactic acid fermentation.
Energy and Exercise
As you read, circle the KEY QUESTION How does the body produce ATP during answers to each Key different forms of exercise? Question. Underline any When people exercise, their bodies use chemical energy to words you do not understand. power their movements. Exercise uses up the available ATP quickly in the body. The body has to quickly make ATP in order to provide further energy for the body to exercise.
READING TOOL Quick Energy Under normal circumstances the body is
Make Connections When able to take in enough oxygen to fuel cellular respiration. But sprinting, the cells in your legs sometimes, exercise involves rapid movements that occur in need more ATP to power the rapid fast spurts. In these circumstances, the body uses the supply muscle movements. What substance builds up in the of ATP in the muscles quickly. While normal aerobic respiration muscles, which can cause a cannot supply enough ATP to flood the muscles quickly, lactic burning feeling? acid fermentation can because it does not require oxygen and is a quicker process. Lactic acid fermentation can provide the muscles enough ATP for short bursts. However, the consequence is the person might need extra oxygen to help remove the excess lactic acid. This is sometimes called oxygen debt. This is why people who exercise rapidly, like sprinters, often huff and puff after exercising.
