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    Trackwork Engineering Lesson 1

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    Darryl Legarde
    1) Rail tracks were developed as an alternative to traditional road transport which was damaging road surfaces under the weight of heavy wagons. The combination of iron rails and steam locomotives allowed for much heavier loads to be transported over greater distances than was possible by road. 2) The modern rail track system consists of rails, sleepers, ballast and sub-ballast layers which distribute train loads across the trackbed to prevent damage to the subgrade below. Resilient pads are placed between rails and sleepers to further reduce train vibrations. 3) Loads from train wheels are distributed through the layers of the track system such that stresses on the subgrade are reduced by 1,000 to 5,000 times compared to

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    Trackwork Engineering Lesson 1

    Uploaded by

    Darryl Legarde
    38 views34 pages
    1) Rail tracks were developed as an alternative to traditional road transport which was damaging road surfaces under the weight of heavy wagons. The combination of iron rails and steam locomotives allowed for much heavier loads to be transported over greater distances than was possible by road. 2) The modern rail track system consists of rails, sleepers, ballast and sub-ballast layers which distribute train loads across the trackbed to prevent damage to the subgrade below. Resilient pads are placed between rails and sleepers to further reduce train vibrations. 3) Loads from train wheels are distributed through the layers of the track system such that stresses on the subgrade are reduced by 1,000 to 5,000 times compared to

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    1) Rail tracks were developed as an alternative to traditional road transport which was damaging road surfaces under the weight of heavy wagons. The combination of iron rails and steam locomotives allowed for much heavier loads to be transported over greater distances than was possible by road. 2) The modern rail track system consists of rails, sleepers, ballast and sub-ballast layers which distribute train loads across the trackbed to prevent damage to the subgrade below. Resilient pads are placed between rails and sleepers to further reduce train vibrations. 3) Loads from train wheels are distributed through the layers of the track system such that stresses on the subgrade are reduced by 1,000 to 5,000 times compared to

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    38 views34 pages

    Trackwork Engineering Lesson 1

    Uploaded by

    Darryl Legarde
    1) Rail tracks were developed as an alternative to traditional road transport which was damaging road surfaces under the weight of heavy wagons. The combination of iron rails and steam locomotives allowed for much heavier loads to be transported over greater distances than was possible by road. 2) The modern rail track system consists of rails, sleepers, ballast and sub-ballast layers which distribute train loads across the trackbed to prevent damage to the subgrade below. Resilient pads are placed between rails and sleepers to further reduce train vibrations. 3) Loads from train wheels are distributed through the layers of the track system such that stresses on the subgrade are reduced by 1,000 to 5,000 times compared to

    Copyright:

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    of 34

    Trackwork Engineering

    Lesson 1

    Engr. Al Fontamillas, Jr.


    PART 1
    The Origins of Track (The Permanent Way)
    “track” is commonly used worldwide to represent guided forms of way
    as far as transport infrastructure is concerned
    • “permanent way” was created in the early 19th century to
    distinguish between the final constructed railway
    • “temporary ways” or tracks that were used on a temporary basis,
    usually for hauling of materials or excavated earth and rock.
    Why Rail Tracks?

    Instead of Road that we are currently using.


    The Origins of Track (The Permanent Way)
    Why Rail Tracks?
    • Wheeled transport before the
    middle of the 19th Century implied
    exclusively wheels with rigid tyres
    (tires).
    • Most road surfaces and
    foundations were very quickly
    damaged by heavy wagons on
    rigid tyres,
    • man’s inventiveness almost
    as quickly found that by
    providing a surface of stone
    slabs or wooden baulks
    colliery operations
    The Origins of Track (The Permanent Way)
    Why Rail Tracks?
    • Industrial Revolution were
    initially to develop this idea by
    adding wrought iron plates to
    reduce wear on the wooden
    baulks.
    • later on, edge rails represented
    an improvement on these ideas
    The Origins of Track (The Permanent Way)
    Why Rail Tracks?
    • Edge rails (1789) by raising the
    wheels above ground,
    • enabled the use of flanged iron
    wheels.
    • Between the late 1770’s and
    around 1825, wrought iron rails
    were developed further and
    became strong enough to carry
    the weight of the vehicles
    without the support of a
    longitudinal wooden baulk.
    Development

    Figure 1.3 Early Stone blocks forming support to iron rails on the
    original Pickering – Grosmont railway in the early 19 th century
    (courtesy docbrown.info/docspics .)
    • As the mileage of track increased it was soon
    found both impractical and uneconomic to
    continue the use of individual stone blocks,
    and these gave way to transverse timbers
    (sleepers) which not only supported the rails
    but ensured proper gauge retention.
    The term “sleepers” had been in general use since
    at latest the early 17th Century to denote any kind
    of beam or baulk laid directly on the ground to
    support other beams, although the term cross tie,
    generally regarded in UK as an Americanism
    What do you think is the principle behind why they were able to
    develop the rail tracks to such extent?
    The combination of improved
    track and steam locomotion was
    so effective that railways
    effectively monopolised medium
    to long distance land transport
    for the remainder of the 19th
    Century, spreading from their
    centre of invention in North East
    England across most of the world.
    Only the inventions of the pneumatic
    tyre(tire), the internal combustion
    engine, and smooth hard roadway
    pavements restored the competitive
    position of roads in the early 20th
    Century
    End of Part 1
    ACTIVITY
    Please be back by 8:15
    PART 2
    The track system and its components
    • Today most railways have rolling stock with hard steel flanged wheels
    running on two rails set at or about 1432 -1435 mm standard gauge,
    supported in some way to spread loads to the ground below.
    • The ‘Trackbed’ comprises the ballast and any sub-ballast layers and is
    there to support the track, to drain water from the bottom of the
    sleepers and to distribute the imposed track load to such a degree
    that the sub-grade can resist the imposed bearing pressure
    adequately.
    The track system and its components
    • The superstructure (rails, sleepers,
    track bed (ballast, sub-ballast )),
    which supports and distributes
    train loads and is subjected to
    periodic maintenance and
    replacement.
    • The subgrade (formation layer,
    subsoil), on which the train loads,
    after adequate distribution in the
    superstructure, are transferred and
    which in principle should not be
    subjected to interventions during
    periodic maintenance of the
    railway track.
    The track system and its components
    • The superstructure (rails, sleepers,
    track bed (ballast, subballast )),
    which supports and distributes
    train loads and is subjected to
    periodic maintenance and
    replacement.
    • The subgrade (formation layer,
    subsoil), on which the train loads,
    after adequate distribution in the
    superstructure, are transferred and
    which in principle should not be
    subjected to interventions during
    periodic maintenance of the
    railway track.
    The superstructure is composed of
    • The rails, which support and
    guide the train wheels.
    The superstructure is composed of
    • The sleepers (also called ties,
    principally in North America)
    with their fastenings, which
    distribute the loads applied to
    the rails and keep them at a
    constant spacing.
    The superstructure is composed of
    • The ballast, which consists
    usually of crushed stone and
    only in exceptional cases of
    gravel. The ballast should
    ensure the damping of most
    of the train vibrations,
    adequate load distribution
    and fast drainage of rainwater.
    The superstructure is composed of
    • The sub-ballast, which
    consists of gravel and
    exceptionally of sand. The
    sub-ballast protects the
    subgrade top from the
    penetration of ballast stones,
    while at the same time further
    distributing external loads and
    ensuring the quick drainage of
    rainwater.
    Sub-grade the following are distinguished:
    • The formation layer, used
    whenever the subsoil material
    is not of appropriate quality
    Sub-grade the following are distinguished:
    • The subsoil, which in the case
    of the track laid along a cut
    consists of onsite soil, while in
    the case of an embankment is
    composed of soil transported
    to the site.
    NOTE!
    The design of the track system (choice of materials, dimensioning)
    should ensure safety, passenger comfort, rational construction and
    operation cost and the least possible effects to the environment (air
    pollution, sonor pollution, ground vibrations, etc.).
    End of Part 2
    PART 3
    Load Distribution
    The depth to which mechanical effects resulting from train circulation
    occur, extends to around 2 m below the subgrade top, and this is the
    depth down to which will henceforth be referred to by the term
    subgrade.
    Load Distribution
    The depth to which mechanical effects resulting from train circulation
    occur, extends to around 2 m below the subgrade top, and this is the
    depth down to which will henceforth be referred to by the term
    subgrade.

    Resilient pads are placed between rail


    and sleeper to further attenuate train
    vibrations
    Load Distribution
    Resilient pads are placed between rail and
    sleeper to further attenuate train vibrations
    Load Distribution
    • The contact surface between wheel and rail is around 1.3 cm2, when
    a wheel load is applied on a sleeper, the sleeper under load supports
    approx. 40% of the applied load.
    • Thus, beneath the sleeper, 40% of the applied load will be
    transmitted.
    • Accordingly, stresses are reduced by 1,000 to 5,000 times between
    the point where the wheel load is applied and the subgrade
    End of Part 3

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