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Chapter 1 Introduction N

This document discusses refrigeration and air conditioning systems. It covers various refrigeration cycles including vapor compression, vapor absorption, and steam injection refrigeration. It also discusses cryogenic refrigeration systems which can produce extremely low temperatures below -150°C by liquefying gases. Common applications of cryogenic systems include space applications, medical uses like cryosurgery, food preservation, gas liquefaction and transportation, and producing superconductivity. While simple in design, cryogenic systems require high energy and can create hazardous conditions due to very low temperatures.

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Tewodros Derese
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
37 views

Chapter 1 Introduction N

This document discusses refrigeration and air conditioning systems. It covers various refrigeration cycles including vapor compression, vapor absorption, and steam injection refrigeration. It also discusses cryogenic refrigeration systems which can produce extremely low temperatures below -150°C by liquefying gases. Common applications of cryogenic systems include space applications, medical uses like cryosurgery, food preservation, gas liquefaction and transportation, and producing superconductivity. While simple in design, cryogenic systems require high energy and can create hazardous conditions due to very low temperatures.

Uploaded by

Tewodros Derese
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Refrigeration and Air

Conditioning(MEng5281)
ARBA MICH UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Introduction
• Refrigeration: The process of removing heat, and the
practical application is to produce or maintain temperatures
below the ambient.
• Air-conditioning: A form of air treatment whereby
temperature, humidity, ventilation, and air cleanliness are
all controlled within limits determined by the requirements
of the air conditioned enclosure.
• Ventilation: Supply of fresh air or extraction of used air
without conditioning.
Applications Of Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Refrigeration Air-Conditioning
• Food processing, preservation • Industrial, such as in textiles,
and distribution printing, manufacturing,
• Chemical and process industries photographic, computer
• Special Applications such as • Rooms, power plants, vehicular
cold treatment of metals, etc.
medical, construction, ice • Comfort in commercial,
skating etc. residential,offices, commercial
buildings, air ports, hospitals and
in mobile applications such as rail
coaches, automobiles, aircrafts
etc.
Refrigeration cycles
❑ Thermodynamic cycles can be categorized into:
• Vapour cycle
• Gas cycle
❑ Vapour cycle refrigeration system:
• Vapour Compression Refrigeration (VCR): uses mechanical
energy
• Vapour Absorption Refrigeration (VAR): uses thermal energy
• Vapour Jet
Comparison between gas cycles and vapour cycles
• In gas cycles, heat rejection and refrigeration take place as
the gas undergoes sensible cooling and heating.
• In a vapour cycle the working fluid undergoes phase change
and refrigeration effect is due to the vaporization of
refrigerant liquid.
Steam-Injection refrigeration system
• This system uses the principle of boiling the water below 100℃. If the pressure
on the surface of the water is reduced below atmospheric pressure, water can
be made boil at low temperatures. Water boils at 60℃, when the pressure on
the surface is 5 cm of Hg(19KPa). The very low pressure or high vacuum on the
surface of the water can be maintained by throttling the steam through jets or
nozzles.
• Consider a flash chamber containing 100 kg of water. If suddenly 1 kg of water is
removed by boiling, as pressure is reduced due to throttling of steam through
nozzles. Approximately 2385 kJ of heat will be removed from the water, which is
equivalent to heat of evaporation of water. The fall in temperature of the
remaining water will be,

• Water is the refrigerant used in the steam jet refrigeration system. As water
freezes at 0 ℃, then either refrigeration has to be stopped or some device is
required to pump the ice.
Operation
• High pressure steam is supplied to the nozzle from the boiler and it is expanded.
Here, the water vapor originated from the flash chamber is entrained with the
high velocity steam jet and it is further compressed in the thermo compressor.
The kinetic energy of the mixture is converted into static pressure and mass is
discharged to the condenser.
• The chilled water in the flash chamber is circulated by a pump to the point of
application.
• The warm water from the load is returned to the flash chamber. The water is
sprayed through the nozzles to provide maximum surface area for cooling. The
water, which is splashed in the chamber and any loss of cold water at the
application, must be replaced by makeup water added to the cold water
circulating system
Advantages
• It is flexible in operation; cooling capacity can be easily and quickly changed.
• It has no moving parts as such it is vibration free.
• It can be installed out of doors.
• The weight of the system per ton of refrigerating capacity is less.
• The system is very reliable and maintenance cost is less.
• The system is particularly adapted to the processing of cold water used in
rubber mills,, distilleries, paper mills, food processing plants, etc.
• This system is particularly used in air-conditioning installations, because of
the complete safety of water as refrigerant and ability to adjust quickly to
load variations and no hazard from the leakage of the refrigerant.
Disadvantages

• The use of direct evaporation to produce chilled water is usually limited as


tremendous volume of vapor is to be handled.

• About twice as much heat must be removed in the condenser of steam jet
per ton of refrigeration compared with the vapor compression system.

• The system is useful for comfort air-conditioning, but it is not practically


feasible for water temperature below 4 ℃.
Cryogenic Refrigeration
• The science and technology associated with generation of low
temperature below 123 K. Cryogenics it is the cooling of materials to
extremely low temperatures using highly condensed gases.
• Limit to lowest temp—absolute zero (0K)
• Cryogenic region → below 120K (-153ºC)
• Cryogenic Liquids → super-freezing permanent gases to liquid states, ex:
oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and helium
• Liquid Nitrogen: most easily available
• Liquid Helium: lowest temp. <2.17K
Cryogenics involves refrigeration at temperatures below 120K(-150ᵒC).These low
temperatures, which are not natural on earth make it possible to liquefy gases such as
methane, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen. The cryogenic plant shown below is used to
produce liquefied natural gas.
• Cryogenic temperature are generally
achieved through a refrigeration cycle.
First, the gaseous refrigerant is
compressed and heated in a
compressor.
• Next, the compressed refrigerant is
cooled . The heat from this cooling
process is used in the compressor.
• The refrigerant then travels through an
expansion valve , cooling to the point of
condensation. This condensed
refrigerant now come in contact with
the material to be cooled , bringing the
temperature of the material down to
cryogenic temperatures.
• As it cools the material, the liquid
refrigerant is in turn reheated and
undergoes the cycle again.
• Cryogenic system can be modified to fit many
situations. Such as the storage of liquid oxygen, as
shown on the right. The tank wall material must be
carefully chosen to avoid brittle failure at low
temperatures.
• The piping used for cryogenic system is usually
insulated by a vacuum, which has poor conductivity.
Below, the outer wall of this pipe has been cut away
so the vacuum chamber and inner pipe can be seen.
Applications
• Space
➢Rocket propulsion
➢Cooling of Infra-Red (IR) sensor
➢Space simulation
Cryogenic engines are powered by using liquid hydrogen as a fuel and liquid oxygen as an
oxidizer
Cooling of IR detectors, Telescopes, cold probes, etc. are some of the applications of
cryogenics
• Mechanical
➢Magnetic separation
➢Heat treatment (the lives of the tools, die casting and their dies, forgings, jigs and
fixtures, etc. increase when subjected to cryogenic heat treatment)
eg. The life of guitar strings increase by 4 to 5 times with no need for tuning
➢Recycling (turns the scrap into raw material by subjecting it to cryogenic temperatures.
eg. Used for rubbers, PVC
• Medicine
➢Cryosurgery
Cryosurgery is a novel technique in which the harmful tissues are destroyed by
freezing them to cryogenic temperature
Cryosurgery has a shorter hospital stay, less blood loss, and small recovery time
It is generally used in patients with localized prostate and kidney cancer, skin
disorder, retinal problems, etc.
➢Food preservation
Preserving food at low temperature is a well known technique
Cooling of sea foods, meat(sea export), milk products for long time preservation is
achieved by use of 𝐿𝑁2
➢ Cell preservation
Systems are developed to preserve blood cells, plasma cells, human organs and
animal organs at cryogenics temperatures
• Gas Industry
➢ Liquefaction
➢ Separation
➢ Storage
The transportation of gases across the world is done in liquid state. This is done by
storing the liquid at cryogenic temperature
• Superconductivity
➢NMR,MRI
➢Maglev locomotion
➢Transformers & generators
A common use of cryogenic technology is the production of liquefied natural gas(LNG)
for use as a vehicle fuel. LNG is fed from tanks to the engine through cryogenic pumps.
LNG is very cost efficient and is used by a few metropolitan transportation system
across the United States.
As with standard refrigeration systems , cryogenic systems can also be
installed in vehicles for the transportation of liquefied gases
Advantage
• Relatively simple system
Disadvantage
• Hazardous conditions due to extreme low temperatures
• High energy requirements to achieve low temperatures

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