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ESTIMATION OF POWER GENERATION POTENTIAL

OF AGRICULTURAL BASED BIOMASS SPICEIS AND
COAL-BIOMASS MIXED BRIQUETTES

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT

FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BY

KARUN KUMAR DAHARIYA

ROLL NO-211ME3169

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
ROURKELA, ORISSA-769008
2012-2013
ESTIMATION OF POWER GENERATION POTENTIAL
OF AGRICULTURAL BASED BIOMASS SPICEIS AND
COAL-BIOMASS MIXED BRIQUETTES
A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT
FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BY

KARUN KUMAR DAHARIYA

ROLL NO-211ME3169

Under the guidance of

Prof. S. K. PATEL
&
Prof. M. KUMAR

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
ROURKELA, ORISSA-769008
2012-2013
 National Institute of Technology
Rourkela

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Estimation of Power Generation Potential of
Agricultural Based Biomass Species and Coal – Biomass Mixed Briquettes” submitted
by Mr. Karun Kumar Dahariya in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
Master of Technology Degree in Mechanical Engineering with specialization in
“Thermal Engineering” at the National Institute of Technology, Rourkela (Deemed
University) is an authentic work carried out by him under our supervision and guidance.

To the best of our knowledge, the matter embodied in the thesis has not been submitted to
any other University / Institute for the award of any Degree or Diploma.
Date:

Dr. S. K. Patel Dr. M. Kumar

Associate Professor Associate Professor
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Dept. of Meta. & Materials Engineering
National Institute of Technology National Institute of Technology
Rourkela – 769008 Rourkela – 769008

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is with a feeling of great pleasure that I would like to express my most sincere heartfelt
gratitude to Dr. S.K. Patel, Associate Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engg. & Dr. M.
Kumar, Associate Professor, Dept. of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering., NIT
Rourkela for suggesting the topic for my thesis report and for their ready and able
guidance throughout the course of my preparing the report. I am greatly indebted to them
for his constructive suggestions and criticism from time to time during the course of
progress of my work.
I express my sincere thanks to Prof. K. P. Maity, Head of the Department of Mechanical
Engineering, NIT Rourkela for providing me the necessary facilities in the department.

I am thankful to Sri B. Nayak and Sri K. Tanthi for their co-operation in experimental
work.

Date: Karun Kumar Dahariya

Roll No. 211ME3169
M.Tech.(Thermal Engineering)
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
NIT Rourkela, Orissa-769008

ii
 CONTENTS
TOPIC PAGE NO.
CERTIFICATE………………………………………………………………………....i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………………….…...ii

ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………...vii

LIST OF TABLE……………………………………………………………………….v

LIST OF FIGURE……………………………………………………………………...vi

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………..…….1

1.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………….……..2

1.2 Biomass Energy………………………………………………………...……..3

1.3 Why Bio-mass energy?…………………………………………………….....3

1.4 Biomass: Classification……………………………………………………….4

1.5 Energy Generation from Biomass…………………………………………….5

(a) Combustion………………………………………………………………..5

(b) Transesterification………………………………………………………...5

(c) Alcoholic Fermentation…………………………………………………...5

(d) Anaerobic Digestion……………………………………………………...5

(e) Pyrolysis…………………………………………………………………..6

(f) Gasification……………………………………………………………….6

1.6 Various Bioenergy Processes and Feedstock…………………………...…….7

1.7 Estimation of Biomass Potential and Availability in India……………….…10

1.8 Estimation of Renewable Bio-Feedstock in India and their Availability

for Heat and Power Generation……………………………………………...15

1.9 Aims and Objectives of the Present Project Work…………………………..18

iii
CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE SERVEY…………………………………………….19

CHAPTER-3 EXPERIMENTAL WORK…………………………………………..24

3.1 Selection of Materials……………………………………………………….25
3.2 Proximate Analysis………………………………………………………….25
3.2.1 Determination of Moisture……………………………………………25

3.2.2 Determination of Ash Content………………………………………..26

3.2.3 Determination of Volatile Matter……………………………………..26

3.2.4 Determination of Fixed Carbon……………………………………….26

3.3 Calorific Value Determination………………………………………………27

CHAPTER-4RESULT AND DISCUSSION ………………………………………28

4.1 Proximate Analysis of Presently Selected Plant Components Obtained

From Agricultural Residue………………….………………………………29

4.2 Calorific Values of Presently Selected Agricultural Residue Component…37

4.3. Estimation of Decentralize Power Generation Structure in Rural Areas…..37

4.4 Energy Calculations for Pigeon pea Biomass………………………………38

4.5 Energy Calculations for Groundnut Shell Biomass………………………...40

CHAPTER-5 CONCLUSIONS…………………………………………………….42

5.1Conclusions…………………………………………………………….........43

5.2 Scope for the Future Work………………………..………………………..44

CHAPTER-6 REFERENCES ………………………………………………………45

iv
 LIST OF TABLE

Table Table description Page

no. No.
1.6.1 07-10
Summary of bioenergy processes, feedstock and products

1.7.1 Renewable Bio-Feedstock in India and their Availability for Heat and 11-15
Power Generation

1.8.1 Cumulative deployment of various Renewable Energy Systems/ 16-17

Devices in the country as on 30/09/2012

4.1.1 Proximate analysis and calorific values of Groundnut shell, different 29

component of pigeon pea and coal

4.1.2 Proximate analysis and calorific values of Coal-Biomass (Pigeon Pea 31

Stump) mixed briquette in different ratios

4.1.3 Table 4.1.2: Proximate analysis and calorific values of Coal-Biomass 32

(Pigeon Pea Branch) mixed briquette in different ratios

4.1.4 Proximate analysis and calorific values of Coal-Biomass (Pigeon Pea 33

Leaf) mixed briquette in different ratios

4.1.5 Proximate analysis and calorific values of Coal-Biomass (Pigeon Pea 34

Leaf) mixed briquette in different ratios

4.1.6 Proximate analysis and calorific values of Coal-Biomass (Pigeon Pea 35

seed cover) mixed briquette in different ratios

4.1.7 Proximate analysis and calorific values of Coal-Biomass (Groundnut 36

Shell) mixed briquette in different ratios

4.2.1 38
Total energy contents and power generation structure from Pigeon Pea

v
 LIST OF FIGURE

Figure Page
Figure description No.
No.

3.3.1 Structure of Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter 27

Variation of Proximate Analysis of Groundnut Shell, Pigeon Pea and

4.1.1 30
Coal

4.1.2 Variation of Proximate Analysis of Mixed Coal-Biomass (Pigeon Pea 31

Stump)

Variation of Proximate Analysis of Mixed Coal-Biomass (Pigeon Pea

4.1.3 Branch) 32

Variation of Proximate Analysis of Mixed Coal-Biomass (Pigeon Pea

4.1.4 Branch) 33

Variation of Proximate Analysis of Mixed Coal-Biomass (Pigeon Pea

4.1.5 Leaf) 34

4.1.6 Variation of Proximate Analysis of Mixed Coal-Biomass (Pigeon Pea 35

seed cover)

4.1.7 Variation of Proximate Analysis of Mixed Coal-Biomass (Groundnut 36

Shell)

vi
 ABSTRACT
With the advancement in technology the power consumption is rising steadily. This necessitates
that in addition to the existing source of power such as coal, water, petroleum etc. other sources
of energy should be searched out and new and more efficient ways of producing energy should
be devised. Power generation from biomass becomes attractive way for energy generation due to
their high energy potential and less pollutants. Present work deals with the determination of
proximate analysis of different components, such as wood, leaf and nascent branch and energy
content of different components of Cajanus cajan (local name-arhar, pigeon pea) and Arachis
hypogaea (local name-peanut, ground nut) shell and their power generation potential and land
requirement for plantations. These biomass components separately mixed with coal sample in
different-different ratio and also their proximate analysis has done and their energy values are
determined to find out the best suitable mixture for power generation. Estimation has been made
for power generation potential of these biomass species and coal-biomass mixed briquettes for a
small thermal power plant on decentralized basis.

As it is evident from result that both the biomass species has less ash content and high
volatile matter when mixes with coal in the ratio of 80:20 and different component of pigeon pea
has higher calorific value as compared to groundnut shell. Components of pigeon pea has higher
calorific value with selected coal, due to that when it mixes with coal calorific value of mixture
increase as the quantity of pigeon pea biomass increases in the mixture of coal-biomass
5
briquette. In order to meet the yearly power requirement of the order of 73 x 10 kWh for a group
of 10-15 villages, 4315 ha (in case of use of pigeon pea residue) and 5024.84 ha (in case of use
of groundnut shell) land are required for plantation but when coal-biomass mixed briquette is
used as fuel for power generation in the ratio of 80:20 it is found that it requires 197.91 ha (in
case of use of coal-pigeon pea briquette) and 891.33 ha land(in case of use of coal-groundnut
shell briquette) which is more feasible because it reduces the dependency on agricultural residues
and also land requirement for plantation.

Keywords- Biomass, coal-biomass briquette, proximate analysis, calorific value, energy

value

vii
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1
1.1 INTRODUCTION

Fossil fuels are the major source of power generation worldwide. About 87% of the

world’s energy supply comes mainly from fossil fuels. The share of fossil fuels is more than 90%

in case of India. The demand of energy is increasing by leaps and bound due to rapid

industrialization and population growth, the conventional sources of energy will not be sufficient

to meet the growing demand. Consumption of fossil fuel causes to emit large amount of

pollutants such as carbon dioxide, sulphur oxides, bottom ash, fly ash, etc. which are hazardous

for human survival on the earth planet as well as environment. Conventional sources are non-

renewable and bound to finish one day. Due to these reasons it has become important to explore

and develop non-conventional energy resources to reduce too much dependence on conventional

sources and development of alternative sources of energy which are renewable and environment

friendly.

Power generation from biomass becomes attractive way for energy generation due to

their high energy potential and less pollutants. Sustainable production and utilization of biomass

in power generation can solve the vital issues of atmospheric pollution, energy crisis, waste land

development, rural employment generation and power transmission losses. Thus, the

development of biomass-based power generation system is thought to be favorable for majority

of the developing nations including India. Unlike other renewable, biomass materials, pre-dried

up to about 15% moisture, can be stored for a considerable period of time without any difficulty.

Besides electricity supply to the national power grids, biomass offers giant opportunities for

decentralized power generation in rural areas at or near the points of use and thus can make

villagers/ small industries self-dependent in respect of their power requirements. It is observed

that the decentralized power generation systems reduce peak loads and maintenance cost of

2
transmission and distribution network. To exploit biomass species in electricity generation,

characterization of their various properties like energy values, chemical compositions, reactivity

towards oxygen, bulk densities, etc. is essential. Present work deals to determine the proximate

analysis, calorific value and energy value of two selected biomass species and mixed-biomass

briquette and to find out the best suitable ratio for power generation and land required for

plantation.

1.2 Biomass Energy

Biomass energy is the utilization of energy stored in organic matter. It is humanity’s

oldest external source of energy, dating back to prehistoric man’s first use of fire. And biomass

is still an important part of the world’s energy system; the use of traditional biomass-charcoal,

firewood, and animal dung-in developing countries accounts for almost 10% of the world’s

primary energy supply.

Bioenergy can be utilized in varied applications:

 Biomass can be combusted to produce heat (large plants or localized biomass

boilers), electricity, or used in combined heat and power (CHP) plants.

 Biomass can also be used in combination with fossil fuels (co-firing) to improve

efficiency and reduce the build-up of combustion residues.

 Biomass has potential to replace petroleum as a source for transportation fuels.

 Biomass is also used in conjunction with fossil fuels for electricity generation in “waste-

to-energy” projects. These are niche applications, which depend on the biomass having

no other commercial value and being in close proximity to the application

3
1.3 Why Bio-mass energy?

Biomass is an attractive energy source for a number of reasons:

 Biomass is a renewable energy source generated through natural processes and as a by-

product of human activity.

 It is also more evenly distributed over the earth's surface than fossil fuel energy sources,

and may be harnessed using more cost effective technologies.

 It provides us the opportunity to be more energy self-sufficient and helps to reduce

climate change.

 It helps farmers, ranchers and foresters better manage waste material, providing rural job

opportunities and stimulating new economic opportunities.

1.4 BIOMASS: CLASSIFICATION

Woody biomass -Woody biomass is characterized by high bulk density, less void age,

low ash content, low moisture content, high calorific value. Because of the multitude of

advantages of woody biomass its cost is higher, but supply is limited. Woody biomass is a

preferred fuel in any biomass-to energy conversion device; however its usage is disturbed by its

availability and cost.

Non-woody biomass-The various agricultural crop residues resulting after harvest,

organic fraction of municipal solid wastes, manure from confined livestock and poultry

operations constitute non-woody biomass. Non-woody biomass is characterized by lower bulk

density, higher void age, higher ash content, higher moisture content and lower calorific value.

Because of the various associated drawbacks, their costs are lesser and sometimes even negative.

4
1.5 Energy Generation from Biomass

A brief description of the technologies for energy generation from biomass is as follows.

(a) Combustion

In this process, biomass is directly burned in presence of excess air (oxygen) at high

temperatures (about 800°C), liberating heat energy, inert gases, and ash. Combustion results in

transfer of 65%–80% of heat content of the organic matter to hot air, steam, and hot water. The

steam generated, in turn, can be used in steam turbines to generate power.

(b) Transesterification

The traditional method to produce biodiesel from biomass is through a chemical reaction

called transesterification. Under this method, oil is extracted from the biomass and it is processed

using the transesterification reaction to give biodiesel as the end-product.

(c) Alcoholic Fermentation

The process of conversion of biomass to biofuels involves three basic steps:

1. Converting biomass to sugar or other fermentation feedstock

2. Fermenting these biomass-derived feedstock using microorganisms for fermentation.

3. Processing the fermentation product to produce fuel-grade ethanol and other fuels.

(d) Anaerobic Digestion

In the absence of air, organic matter such as animal manures, organic wastes and green

energy crops (e.g. grass) can be converted by bacteria-induced fermentation into biogas (a 40%-

75% methane-rich gas with CO2 and a small amount of hydrogen sulphide and ammonia). The

biogas can be used either for cooking/heating applications, or for generating motive power or

electricity through dual-fuel or gas engines, low-pressure gas turbines, or steam turbines.

5
(e) Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis is a process of chemical decomposition of organic matter brought about by

heat. In this process, the organic material is heated in absence of air until the molecules thermally

break down to become a gas comprising smaller molecules (known collectively as syngas).

The two main methods of pyrolysis are “fast” pyrolysis and “slow” pyrolysis. Fast

pyrolysis yields 60% bio-oil, 20% bio-char, and 20% syngas, and can be done in seconds. Slow

pyrolysis can be optimized to produce substantially more char (~50%) along with organic gases,

but takes on the order of hours to complete.

(f) Gasification

In this process, biomass reacts with air under extreme temperatures and results in

production of producer gas, to produce power (or) react with pure oxygen to produce synthesis

gas for fuel production. The combustible gas, known as producer gas, has a calorific value of 4.5

- 5.0 MJ/cubic meter. A wide range of biomass in the form of wood or agro residue can be used

for gasification.

6
1.6 Various Bio-energy Processes and Feedstock

There are so many ways for converting biomass into bioenergy. This bioenergy

conversion depends on type of biomass available like agricultural residues; forest waste,

municipal waste etc. Some of bioenergy processes are given in table 1.6.1

Table 1.6.1-Summary of bioenergy processes, feedstock and products

Process Biomass Products Features/ Highlights

feedstock

Thermal Conversion

Combustion Diverse biomass Heat and  Combustion can be applied for

power biomass feedstock with moisture
contents up to at least 60 %

 Combustion is ideally suited for

power segments which works well
beyond 5 MW

 Combustion is a established
technology working on the regular
Rankine cycle

 Combustion comprises over 85% of

installed capacity for biomass based
power production in India
(excluding biomass cogeneration)

 The process works well for most

types of biomass

7
Thermo-chemical Conversion

Gasification Diverse biomass Low or  Gasification systems are well-suited

medium-Btu for small-scale applications. The
producer gas process can work at low scales – as
low as 20 kW, and works well up to
2 MW.

 Currently, less than 125 MW of

cumulative installed capacity in
India (less than 15% of total biomass
power capacity, excluding biomass
cogeneration).

 Gasification can produce a high

purity syngas for catalytic
conversion processes for the
production of liquid biofuels. This
process is currently in pilot phase.

Pyrolysis Wood, Synthetic Fuel Pyrolysis is not well established

Agricultural Oil (Bio- currently in India or elsewhere in the
Waste Municipal crude), world.
Solid Waste Charcoal
 Pyrolysis is a simple, low-cost
technology capable of processing a
wide variety of feedstock

 Typically pyrolysis plants work well

beyond 2 MW scale.

8
Biochemical Conversion

Anaerobic Agricultural Biogas  Anaerobic digestion is a

Digestion Waste, Municipal commercially proven technology and
Solid and Liquid is widely used for recycling and
Wastes, Landfills treating wet organic waste and waste
and Animal waters
Manure
 Anaerobic digesters of various types
were widely distributed throughout
India and China.

 Anaerobic digestion is increasingly

used in small size, rural and off-grid
applications at the domestic and
farm-scale.

 Small scale biogas for household use

is a simple, low-cost, low-
maintenance technology, which has
been used for decades.

Alcohol Agricultural Ethanol  Sugar molasses is extensively used

fermentation Waste, Sugar Or as a feedstock for alcoholic
Starch Crops, fermentation
Wood Waste,
 Recent advances in the use of
Pulp Sludge and
lignocellulose biomass as a
Grass Straw etc.
feedstock may allow bioethanol to
be made competitively from woody
agricultural residues and trees.

9
Chemical Conversion

Pressing/extraction Oils from plant Biodiesel  Transesterification is a fairly simple

seeds and nuts and well-understood route to
Transesterification
etc. produce biodiesel from biomass.

Fats from animal  Glycerol, a by-product obtained

tissues from the process is difficult to be
removed. Meanwhile it can be used
as fuel in stationary applications, or
can be converted into other high-
value products

 Jatropha is used as a source for

biodiesel production in India. Food
crops such as soybean are also used
as sources in some countries.

1.7 Estimation of Biomass Potential and Availability in India

Biomass is the third largest primary energy resource in the world, after coal and oil. In all

its forms, biomass currently provides about 1250 million TOE which is about 14% of the world’s

annual energy consumption. Biomass is a major source of energy in developing countries, where

it provides 35% of all the energy requirements. The current availability of biomass in India is

estimated at about 500 million metric tons per year. The table1.7.1 illustrated below shows the

bioenergy potential of various crop residues in India.

10
Table 1.7.1-Renewable Bio-Feedstock in India and their Availability for Heat and Power
Generationa

Crop Residue Biomass Produced Power Calorific

(kt/Yr) potential potential
(MW) (Mcal/sec)
Arecanut Fronds 788.5 94 22.4

Arecanut Husk 212.3 25 5.9

Arhar Stalks 5120.2 609 145.4

Arhar Husk 614.4 73 17.4

Bajra Stalks 12039.4 1433 342.2

Bajra Cobs 1986.5 236 56.3

Bajra Husk 1805.9 215 51.3

Banana Residue 11936.5 1421 339.4

Barley Stalks 563.2 67 16

Barseem Stalks 71.6 8 1.9

Black pepper Stalks 29.1 3.5 0.8

Cardamom Stalks 43.6 5 1.1

Cashew nut Stalks 148.2 18 4.2

Cashew nut Shell 41.2 4.5 1.0

Castor seed Stalks 1657.2 197 47

Castor seed Husk 41.4 5 1.1

11
Casuarina Wood 211.8 25 5.9

Coconut Fronds 7278.9 866 206.8

Coconut Husk & pith 3184.7 379 90.5

Coconut Shell 1321.9 157 374.9

Coffee Pruning & 1457.6 173 41.3

wastes

Coffee Husk 133.4 16 3.8

Coriander Stalks 188.3 22 5.2

Cotton Stalk 31358.3 3733 891.6

Cotton Husk 10789.1 1284 306.6

Cotton Bollshell 10789.1 1284 30.6.6

Cow gram Stalks 48.5 5.7 1.3

Cumin seed Stalks 182.6 21.7 5.182

Dry chilly Stalks 268.6 32 7.6

Castor seed Husk 41.4 5 1.1

Groundnut Shell 13148.2 1565 373.8

Groundnut Stalks 1972.2 235 56.1

Guar Stalks 233.3 28 6.7

Horse gram Stalks 191.3 23 5.5

12
 Jowar Cobs 5043.5 600 143.3

Jowar Stalks 17147.8 2041 487.4

Jowar Husk 2017.4 240 57.3

Kesar Stalks 9.4 1 0.23

Kodo millets Stalks 3.13 0.4 0.95

Linseed Stalks 86.3 10 2.3

Maize Stalks 23421.3 2788 665.9

Maize Cobs 3536.4 421 100.5

Masoor Stalks 600.3 71.4 17.053

Meshta Stalks 1605.4 191 456.1

Meshta Leaves 40.1 5 1.1

Moong Stalks 671 80 19.1

Moong Husk 91.5 11 2.6

Moth Stalks 17.8 2 0.47

Mustard Stalks 6999 833 198.9

Mustard Husk 1658.1 197 47.0

Niger seed Stalks 94 11 2.6

Others Others 0.34 0.04 0.009

Paddy Straw 149646.9 17815 4255

13
 Paddy Husk 19995.9 2380 568.4

Paddy Stalks 322.3 38 9.0

Peas & beans Stalks 27.4 3.2 0.764

Potato Leaves 832.5 99 23.6

Potato Stalks 54.8 6.5 1.5

Pulses Stalks 1390.4 165 39.4

Ragi Straw 2630.2 313 74.7

Rubber Primary 1495.3 178 42.5

wood

Rubber Secondary 996.9 118 28.1

wood

Safflower Stalks 539.3 64 15.2

Sunnhemp Stalks 14.1 1.6 0.382

Sawan Stalks 0.22 0.02 0.004

Small millets Stalks 600.1 71.4 17

Soyabean Stalks 9940.2 1183 282.5

Sugarcane Tops & 12143.9 1445 345.1

leaves

Sunflower Stalks 1407.6 167 39.8

Sweet potato Stalks 12.8 1.5 0.358

14
 Tapioca Stalks 3959 471 112.4

Tea Sticks 909.8 108 25.7

Til Stalks 1207.7 144 34.3

Tobacco Stalks 204.8 24.3 5.8

Turmeric Stalks 32.3 4 0.955

Urad Stalks 782.6 93 22.2

Source: Energy Alternatives India

Total -511041.39 MW
a
Estimations are approximated for a unit megawatt (MW) power plant

1.8 Estimation of Renewable Bio-Feedstock in India and their

Availability for Heat and Power Generation

Studies sponsored by the Ministry have estimated surplus biomass availability at about

120 – 150 million metric tons per annum covering agricultural and forestry residues

corresponding to a potential of about 18,000 MW. This apart, about 5000 MWadditional power

could be generated through bagasse based cogeneration in the country’s 550 Sugar mills, if these

sugar mills were to adopt technically and economically optimal levels of cogeneration for

extracting power from the bagasse produced by them.

The details of the estimated renewable energy potential and cumulative power generation

in the country have been outlined in Table 1.8.1 (MNRE, 2013), indicating that the available

biomass has a potential to generate around 18,000 MW of electricity. The Ministry has been

implementing biomass power/co-generation programme since mid-nineties. A total of 288

biomass power and cogeneration projects aggregating to 2665 MW capacity have been installed

15
in the country for feeding power to the grid consisting of 130 biomass power projects

aggregating to 999.0 MW and 158 bagasse cogeneration projects in sugar mills with surplus

capacity aggregating to 1666.0 MW. In addition, around 30 biomass power projects aggregating

to about 350 MW are under various stages of implementation. Around 70 Cogeneration

projects are under implementation with surplus capacity aggregating to 800 MW. States which

have taken leadership position in implementation of bagasse cogeneration projects are Andhra

Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh. The leading States for biomass

power projects are Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and

Tamil Nadu.

Table 1.8.1-New & Renewable Energy

Cumulative deployment of various Renewable Energy Systems/ Devices in the country as
on 31/03/2013
Renewable Energy Target for Deployment Total Cumulative
Programme/ 2012-13 during Deployment achievement
Systems March,2013 in 2012-13 up to
31.03.2013
I. POWER FROM RENEWABLES:
A. GRID-INTERACTIVE POWER (CAPACITIES IN MW)

Wind Power 2500 416.55 1698.80 19051.45

Small Hydro Power 350 80.12 236.93 3632.25

Biomass Power 105 1.20 114.70 1264.80

Bagasse
350 36.50 352.20 2337.43
Cogeneration
Waste to -
6.40 96.08
Power Urban
20 -
Industrial - -

Solar Power (SPV) 800 240.02 754.14 1686.44

Total 4125.00 774.39 3163.17 28068.45

16
Renewable Energy Target for Deployment Total Cumulative
Programme/ 2012-13 during Deployment achievement
Systems March,2013 in 2012-13 up to
31.03.2013
B. OFF-GRID/ CAPTIVE POWER (CAPACITIES IN MWEQ)
Waste to Energy- 13.82 115.57
Urban- 20.00
Industrial - - -
Biomass(non-
bagasse) 60.00 28.06 88.65 471.15
Cogeneration
Biomass Gasifiers- 1.50 - 0.672 16.792
Rural-
Industrial 10.00 1.48 7.50 141.58
Aero-
Generators/Hybrid 0.50 0.22 0.46 2.11
systems
SPV Systems
30.00 16.86 34.45 124.67
(>1kW)
2.00(500
Water mills/micro
Nos.) - 1.35 (270 nos) 10.65 (2131 nos)
hydel

Total 126.00 46.62 146.90 882.57

II. REMOTE VILLAGE ELECTRIFICATION

No. of Remote
Village/Hamlets
- - - -
provided with RE
Systems
III. OTHER RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS

Family Biogas Plants

1.25 0.33 1.10 46.55
(No. in lakhs)
Solar Water Heating
- Coll. Areas 0.60 0.60 1.41 6.98
(Million m2)
Source: MNRE, Figures at the end of March, 2013

17
1.9 Aims and Objectives of the Present Project Work

1. Selection of non-woody biomass species and estimation of their yield by field trial.

2. Determination of proximate analysis (% moisture, % volatile matter, % ash and % fixed

carbon contents) of their different components, such as wood, leaf and nascent branch.

3. Mixed these biomass components separately with coal sample in different-different ratio.

4. Characterization of these biomass components for their energy values (calorific values).

5. Characterization of coal mixed biomass components for their energy values (calorific

values).

6. Estimation of power generation potentials of these biomass species for a small thermal

power plant on decentralized basis.

7. Comparative study of coal and mixed coal-biomass in different ratio of 95: 05, 90: 10,

85: 15 and 80: 20 with respect to selected biomass species.

18
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

19
 LITERATURE SERVEY

Combustion converts coal into useful heat energy, but it is also a part of the process that

engenders the greatest environmental and health concerns. Combustion of coal at thermal power

plants emits mainly carbon dioxide (CO2), sulphur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx),

CFCs,other trace gases and air borne inorganic particulates, such as fly ash and suspended

particulate matter (SPM). CO2 produced in combustion is perhaps not strictly a pollutant (being a

natural product of all combustion), nonetheless it is of great concern in view of its impact on

global warming. The carbon dioxide emitted as a product of combustion of coal (fossil fuels) is

currently responsible for over 60% of the enhanced greenhouse effect (Raghuvanshi et al.,2006).

For every ton of fossil fuels burned, at least three quarters of a tone of carbon is released as CO 2.

It has been found that 0.8–0.9 kg/kW h CO2 is emitted in Indian power plants.

The use of biomass to provide partial substitution of fossil fuels has an additional

importance as concerns global warming since biomass combustion has the potential to be CO 2

neutral. This is particularly the case with regard to agricultural residues or energy plants, which

are periodically planted and harvested. During their growth, these plants have removed CO 2 from

the atmosphere for photosynthesis which is released again during combustion. Biomass materials

with high energy potential include agricultural residues such as straw, bagasse, coffee husks and

rice husks as well as residues from forest-related activities such as wood chips, sawdust and

bark. Residues from forest-related activities (excluding wood fuel) account for 65% of the

biomass energy potential whereas 33% comes from residues of agricultural crops (Werther et

al.,2000).Biomass can supply heat and electricity, liquid and gaseous fuels .A number of

developed countries derive a significant amount of their primary energy from biomass: USA 4%,

Finland 18%, Sweden 16% and Austria 13%. Presently biomass energy supplies at least 2 EJ

20
year-1 in Western Europe which is about 4% of primary energy (54 EJ). Estimates show a likely

potential in Europe in 2050 of 9.0–13.5 EJ depending on land areas (10% of useable land, 33

Mha), yields (10–15 oven-dry tones (ODt) ha-1 ), and recoverable residues (25% of harvestable).

This biomass contribution represents 17–30% of projected total energy requirements up to 2050.

The relative contribution of biofuels in the future will depend on markets and incentives, on

continuous research and development progress, and on environmental requirements. Land

constraints are not considered significant because of the predicted surpluses in land and food,

and the near balance in wood and wood products in Europe.

In a case study of Haryana state (Chauhan Suresh,2010) discussed that being an

agricultural state, Haryana has a huge potential of biomass availability in the form of crop

residue and saw dust. In the agricultural sector, a total 24.697 MTy-1 of residue is generated, of

which 71% is consumed in various domestic and commercial activities within the state. While in

agro based industrial sector, a total of 646 KT y_1 of sawdust is generated, of which only 6.65%

is consumed in the state. Of the total generated biomass in the state, 45.51% is calculated as

basic surplus, 37.48% as productive surplus and 34.10% as net surplus. The power generation

potential from all these three categories of surplus biomass is 1.499 GW, 1.227 GW and 1.120

GW respectively.

In an another case study of Punjab state ( Chauhan Suresh,2012 ) discussed that around

40.142 Mt y_1 of the total crop residue is generated from various major and minor crops, of

which around 71% is consumed in various forms, resulting in 29% as a net surplus available for

power generation. Basic surplus and net surplus crop residues for power generation potential

were estimated in each district.Sangrur, Ferozpur, Amritsar, Patiala and Ludhiana are the major

surplus biomass potential districts, while Rupnagar, Nawashahar, Hoshiarpur, Fatehgarh Sahib,

21
Faridkot and Kapurthalla are least surplus biomass potential districts within the state. It has been

estimated that around 1.510 GW and 1.464 GW of power in the state can be generated through

basic surplus and net surplus biomass respectively.

In view of high energy potentials in non-woody biomass species and an increasing

interest in their utilization for power generation (Kumar and Patel, 2008), an attempt has been

made in this study to assess the proximate analysis and energy content of different components

of Ocimumcanum and Tridaxprocumbens biomass species (both non-woody) and their impact

on power generation and land requirement for energy plantations. The net energy content in

Ocimumcanum was found to be slightly higher than that in Tridaxrocumbens. In spite of having

higher ash contents, the barks from both the plant species exhibited higher calorific values. The

results have shown that approximately 650 and 1,270 hectares of land are required to generate

20,000 kWh/day electricity from Ocimumcanum and Tridaxprocumbens biomass species. Coal

samples, obtained from six different local mines, were also examined for their qualities and the

results were compared with those of studied biomass materials. This comparison reveals much

higher power output with negligible emission of suspended particulate matters (SPM) from

biomass materials.

Renewable energy sources and technologies have potential to provide solutions to the

long-standing energy problems being faced by the developing countries (Kumar et al, 2010).

The renewable energy sources like wind energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, ocean energy,

biomass energy and fuel cell technology can be used to overcome energy shortage in India. To

meet the energy requirement for such a fast growing economy, India will require an assured

supply of 3–4 times more energy than the total energy consumed today. The renewable energy is

one of the options to meet this requirement. Today, renewable account for about 33% of India’s

22
primary energy consumptions.India is increasingly adopting responsible renewable energy

techniques and taking positive steps towards carbon emissions, cleaning the air and ensuring a

more sustainable future. In India, from the last two and half decades there has been a vigorous

pursuit of activities relating to research, development, demonstration, production and application

of a variety of renewable energy technologies for use in different sectors. In this paper, efforts

have been made to summarize the availability, current status, major achievements and future

potentials of renewable energy options in India. This paper also assesses specific policy

interventions for overcoming the barriers and enhancing deployment of renewables for the

future.

23
 CHAPTER-3
EXPERIMENTAL WORK

24
EXPERIMENTAL WORK

3.1 Selection of Materials

In the present project work, two different types of non-woody biomass species Cajanus

cajan (local name-arhar, pigeon pea) and Arachis hypogaea(local name-peanut, ground nut) shell

has been collectedfrom the local area. These biomass species were cut into different pieces and

there different component like leaf, nascent branch and main branch were separation from each

other. These biomass materials were air-dried in cross ventilator room for around 30 days. When

the moisture contains of these air-dried biomass sample came in equilibrium with that of the air,

they were crushed in mortar and pestle into powder of -72 mess size. Coal sample for making the

blend was collected from Lingaraj mines of Orissa. These materials were than processed for the

determination their proximate analysis and Energy values.

3.2 Proximate Analysis

Proximate Analysis consist of moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents

determination were carried out on samples ground to -72 mess size by standard method. The

details of this analysis are as follows;

3.2.1 Determination of Moisture

One gm. (1 gm.) of air dried -72 mess size powder of the above said materials was taken

in borosil glass disc and heated at a temperature of 110 0C for one hour in air oven. The discs

were then taken out the oven and the materials were weight. The percentage loss in weight was

calculated which gives the percentage (%) moisture contains in the sample.

25
3.2.2 Determination of Ash Content

One gm. (1 gm.) of -72 mess size (air dried) was taken in a shallow silica disc and kept in

a muffle furnace maintained at the temperature of 775 0C. The materials were heated at this

temperature for one hour or till complete burning. The weight of the residue was taken in an

electronic balance. The percentage weight of residue obtained gives the ash contained in the

sample.

% Ash = Wt. of residue obtained × 100 / Initial wt. of simple.

3.2.3 Determination of Volatile Matter

One gm. (1 gm.) of -72 mess size (air dried) powder of the above said materials was

taken in a volatile matter crucible (cylindrical in shape and made of silica). The crucible is

covered from top with the help of silica lid. The crucible were placed in a muffle furnace,

maintained at the temperature of 9250 C and kept there for 7 minute. The volatile matter

crucibles were then taken out from the furnace and cooled in air. The de-volatized samples were

weighted in an electronics balance and the percentage loss in weight in each of the sample was

calculated. The percentage volatile matter in the sample was determined by using the following

formula

% volatile matter (VM) = % lass in weight - % moisture

3.2.4 Determination of Fixed Carbon

The fixed carbons in the simple were determined by using the following formula.

% FC = 100 ─ (% M + % VM + % Ash)

Where, FC: Fixed carbon, M: Moisture, VM: Volatile Matter

26
3.3 Calorific Value Determination

The calorific values of these species (-72 mesh size) were measured by using an Oxygen

bomb calorimeter (shown in Fig.3.3.1); 1 gm. of briquetted sample was taken in a nicron

crucible. A 15 cm long cotton thread was placed over the sample in the crucible to facilitate in

the ignition. Both the electrodes of the calorimeter were connected by a nicrom fuse wire.

Oxygen gas was filled in the bomb at a pressure of around 25 to 30 atm. The water (2 lit.) taken

in the bucket was continually starred to homogeneous the temperature. The sample was ignited

by switching on the current through the fussed wire and the rise in temperature of water was

automatically recorded. The following formula was used to determine the energy value of the

sample.

Gross calorific value (GCV) = {(3922 × ΔT) / (Initial wt. of simple) ─ (heat released by cotton
thread + Heat released by fused wire)}

Where, 3922 is the water equivalent water apparatus and ΔT is the maximum temperature rise.

Figure 3.3.1: Structure of Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter

27
 CHAPTER-4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

28
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Proximate analysis of presently selected plant components obtained

from agricultural residue:

It is important to determine the moisture contents, ash contents, volatile matter and fixed

carbon of a fuel energy source to know their power generation potential. Thus the study of

proximate analysis of fuels energy sources gives an approximate idea about the energy values

and extent of pollutant emissions during combustion. Agricultural based biomass has large

amount of free moisture. To decrease the transportation cost and increase the calorific value

which must be removed. In the plant species selected for the present study the time required to

bring their moisture contents into equilibrium with that of the atmosphere was found to be in the

range of 25-30 days during the summer season (temp 35 –420C, humidity 12-25 %).

Table 4.1.1: Proximate analysis and calorific values of Groundnut shell, different
component of pigeon pea and coal

Component Proximate analysis wt. %, air dried basis Calorific

value (kcal
/kg, dry
basis )
Moisture Volatile Ash Fixed
matter carbon
Groundnut Shell
Shell 6.00 65.00 10.00 19.00 3654.59
Pigeon Pea
Stump 9.00 68.00 9.50 13.50 5815
Branch 10.00 69.00 7.50 13.50 4081
Leaf 9.00 65.00 10.50 15.50 5630
Bark 5.00 74.00 8.50 12.50 3846
Seed cover 10.00 65.00 10.00 15.00 4081
Coal

Lingaraj Mines 8.90 21.70 41.20 29 4237

29
 80 Moist
70 VM
Ash
60 FC
Percentage %

50

40

30

20

10

0
Groundnut Pigeon Pea Pigeon Pea Pigeon Pea Pigeon Pea Pigeon Pea Coal
Shell Stump Branch Leaf Bark Seed Cover

Figure: 4.1.1 Variation of Proximate Analysis of Groundnut Shell, Pigeon Pea and Coal

The proximate analysis and calorific values of different components of pigeon pea and

groundnut shell, coal and coal-biomass mixed briquette in different ratios are presented in tables

4.1.1 to 4.1.7 and variation ofproximate analysis of mixed coal-biomass briquettes are shown in

figure 4.1.1 to 4.1.7 Which shows that both the biomass species has less ash content and high

volatile matter when mixes with coal in the ratio of 80:20.In conventional power plant bottom

ash produced by the combustion of coal is a major problem, so it is always desires to use less ash

content fuel.

30
 Table 4.1.2: Proximate analysis and calorific values of Coal-Biomass (Pigeon Pea Stump)
mixed briquette in different ratios

Calorific
Proximate analysis wt. %, air dried basis value (kcal
Ratio /kg, dry
(Coal: Biomass) basis)
Moisture Volatile Ash Fixed
matter carbon

95:05 8.90 24.10 39.62 27.38 4315.90

90:10 8.91 26.33 38.03 26.73 4394.80

85:15 8.92 28.65 36.45 25.98 4473.70

80:20 8.93 30.96 34.86 25.25 4552.60

45 Moist
VM
40 Ash
35 FC

30
Percentage %

25

20

15

10

0
95:05:00 90:10:00 85:15:00 80:20:00

Figure: 4.1.2 Variation of Proximate Analysis of Mixed Coal-Biomass (Pigeon Pea Stump)

31
 Table 4.1.3: Proximate analysis and calorific values of Coal-Biomass (Pigeon Pea Branch)
mixed briquette in different ratios

Calorific
Proximate analysis wt. %, air dried basis value (kcal
Ratio /kg, dry
(Coal: Biomass) basis)
Moisture Volatile Ash Fixed
matter carbon

95:05 8.95 24.06 39.52 27.50 4229.20

90:10 9.01 26.43 37.83 26.73 4221.40

85:15 9.06 28.79 36.14 26.00 4213.60

80:20 9.12 31.16 34.46 25.26 4205.80

Moist
45
VM
40 Ash
FC
35
Percentage %

30

25

20

15

10

0
95:05:00 90:10:00 85:15:00 80:20:00

Figure: 4.1.3 Variation of Proximate Analysis of Mixed Coal-Biomass (Pigeon Pea Branch)

32
 Table 4.1.4: Proximate analysis and calorific values of Coal-Biomass (Pigeon Pea Leaf)
mixed briquette in different ratios

Calorific
Proximate analysis wt. %, air dried basis value (kcal
Ratio /kg, dry
(Coal: Biomass) basis)
Moisture Volatile Ash Fixed
matter carbon

95:05 8.90 23.86 39.66 27.58 4306.65

90:10 8.91 26.03 38.13 26.93 4376.30

85:15 8.92 28.19 36.59 26.30 4445.95

80:20 8.93 30.36 35.06 25.65 4515.60

45 Moist
VM
40 Ash
FC
35

30
Percentage %

25

20

15

10

0
95:05:00 90:10:00 85:15:00 80:20:00

Figure: 4.1.4 Variation of Proximate Analysis of Mixed Coal-Biomass (Pigeon Pea Leaf)

33
 Table 4.1.5: Proximate analysis and calorific values of Coal-Biomass (Pigeon Pea Bark)
mixed briquette in different ratios

Calorific
Proximate analysis wt. %, air dried basis value (kcal
Ratio /kg, dry
(Coal: Biomass) basis)
Moisture Volatile Ash Fixed
matter carbon

95:05 8.70 24.31 39.56 27.43 4217.45

90:10 8.51 26.93 37.93 26.63 4197.90

85:15 8.31 29.54 36.29 25.86 4178.37

80:20 8.12 32.16 34.66 25.06 4158.80

Moist
45
VM
40 Ash
FC
35

30
Percentage %

25

20

15

10

0
95:05:00 90:10:00 85:15:00 80:10:00

Figure: 4.1.5 Variation of Proximate Analysis of Mixed Coal-Biomass (Pigeon Pea Bark)

34
 Table 4.1.6: Proximate analysis and calorific values of Coal-Biomass (Pigeon Pea seed
cover) mixed briquette in different ratios

Calorific
Proximate analysis wt. %, air dried basis value (kcal
Ratio /kg, dry
(Coal: Biomass) basis)
Moisture Volatile Ash Fixed
matter carbon

95:05 8.95 23.86 39.64 27.55 4229.2

90:10 9.01 26.03 38.08 26.88 4221.4

85:15 9.06 28.19 36.52 26.23 4213.6

80:20 9.12 30.36 34.96 25.56 4205.8

Moist
45 VM
Ash
40 FC

35
Percentage %

30

25

20

15

10

0
95:05:00 90:10:00 85:15:00 80:20:00

Figure: 4.1.6 Variation of Proximate Analysis of Mixed Coal-Biomass (Pigeon Pea seed cover)

35
 Table 4.1.7:Proximate analysis and calorific values of Coal-Biomass (Groundnut Shell)
mixed briquette in different ratios

Calorific
Proximate analysis wt. %, air dried basis value (kcal
Ratio /kg, dry
(Coal: Biomass) basis)
Moisture Volatile Ash Fixed
matter carbon

95:05 8.75 23.865 39.64 27.74 4207.87

90:10 8.61 26.03 38.08 27.28 4178.75

85:15 8.46 28.19 36.52 26.82 4149.63

80:20 8.32 30.36 34.96 26.36 4120.51

Moist
45
VM
40 Ash
FC
35
Percentage %

30

25

20

15

10

0
95:05:00 90:10:00 85:15:00 80:20:00

Figure: 4.1.7 Variation of Proximate Analysis of Mixed Coal-Biomass (Groundnut Shell)

36
4.2 Calorific Values of Presently Selected Agricultural Residue
Components:
Power generated from any fuel energy sources can be estimated on the basis of calorific

value of the fuel sources due to which calorific values of the fuel energy source is an important

criteria to judging its quality to be used in electricity generation in power plants. It gives an idea

about the energy content ofthe fuel and the entrant of electricity generation.

Comparison of the data presented in Table 4.1.1 to 4.1.7 shows that different component

of pigeon pea has higher calorific value as compared to groundnut shell. Calorific values of this

biomass and mixture with coal has also shown when they mixes in different ratios. Components

of pigeon pea has higher calorific value with selected coal, due to that when it mixes with coal

calorific value of mixture increase as the quantity of pigeon pea biomass increases in the mixture

of coal-biomass briquette.

4.3. Estimation of Decentralize power generation Structure in Rural

Areas:
For the estimation of power generation to meet the electricity requirement of villages, a group of

10-15 villages consisting of 3000 families may be considered for which one power station could

be planned. The electricity requirement of lighting and domestic work in these villages may be

assumed to be order of 6000 kWh/day. In addition to it, a power requirement of 14000 KWh/day

(approximate) may be considered for agriculture (irrigation and small scale industries installed in

the considered group of villages. Therefore a power plant (to be installed in a group of villages)
5
should have a capacity to generate 6000 + 14000 = 20,000 kWh/day (73 x 10 kWh/year) for a

group of 10-15 villages.

The design of energy, plantations from pigeon pea and groundnut biomass species for

power plant having a capacity, of 20,000 kWh/day have been presented in Table 4.3.1 The

37
 5
results indicate that in order to meet the yearly power requirement of the order of 73 x 10 kWh

for a group of 10-15 villages, 4315 ha (in case of use of pigeon pea residue) and 4315 ha (in case

of use of groundnut shell) should always be ready for harvesting, in order to have perpetual

generation of power.

Table 4.3.1: Total energy contents and power generation structure from pigeon pea and
groundnut shell

Component Calorific value Biomass Energy value

(kcal /t, dry production (kcal/ha)
basis ) (t/ha dry basis)
3 3
Stalk 5815 x 10 0.50 2907 x 10
3 3
Branch 4081 x 10 0.30 1224 x 10
3 3
Leaf 5630 x 10 0.10 563 x 10
3 3
Bark 3846 x 10 0.05 196 x 10
3 3
Seed cover 4081 x 10 0.20 817 x 10
3 3
Groundnut Shell 3654.59 x 10 1.341 4900.80 x 10

. But when coal-biomass mixed briquette is used as fuel for power generation in the ratio of

80:20 it is found that it requires 197.91 ha (in case of use of coal and pigeon pea residue) and

891.33 ha (in case of use of coal and groundnut shell) land which is more feasible because it

reduces the dependency on agricultural residue and also land requirement for plantation.

4.4 Energy Calculations for Pigeon pea Biomass

4.4.1 If only biomass (pigeon pea) is used as fuel

3
Total energy from one hectare of land = (2907 + 1224 + 653 + 193 + 817) x 10
3
= 5704 x 10 kcals

It is assumed that conversion efficiency of thermal generators using coal-biomass mixed

briquette as fuel = 30 % and mechanical efficiency of the power plant = 85 %.

38
 3
Energy value of 30% thermal generators = 5704 x 10 x 0.30
3
= 1712 x 10 kcals

= 1990.2 kWh

Power generation at 85 % overall efficiency = 1990.2 x 0.85

= 1691.67 kWh /ha

Land required for supplying electricity for the whole year

=73×105/1691.67
=4315 hectares

4.4.2 If coal-biomass (pigeon pea) mixed briquette in 80:20 ratio is used as fuel

Total Energy = (4552.60+4205.80+4515.60+4158.80+4205.8) x 103 kcal/t

=21638.6x 103 kcal/t

Energy value at 30%efficiency ofthermal generators and power generation at 85 % overall

efficiency
=21638.6x 103 x 0.30 x 0.85 kcal/t

=5517.843 x 103 kcal/t

=6414.49 kWh/t

Coal-biomass required for the whole year

=73×105/6414.49

=1138 t

Total biomass required

=1138 x 0.2

=227.6 t

Total biomass production/hectare

39
 =1.15 t/ha

To supply 227.6 t biomass land required

=227.6/1.15

=197.91 ha

4.5 Energy Calculations for Groundnut Shell Biomass

4.5.1 If only biomass (groundnut shell) is used as fuel

Biomass (groundnut shell) production dry basis

= 1.341 t/ha

Calorific value (kcal /t, dry basis)

= 3654.59 x 103 kcal/t

Total energy from one hectare of land

= 3654.59 x 103 x 1.341 kcal/ha

= 4900 x 103kcal/ha

Energy value at 30%efficiency ofthermal generators and power generation at 85 % overall

efficiency
= 4900 x 103 x 0.3 x 0.85

= 1249.70 x 103kcal/ha

=1452.78 kWh/ha

Land required for supplying electricity for the whole year

=73×105/1452.78

=5024.84 ha

4.5.2 If coal-biomass (groundnut shell) mixed briquette in 80:20 ratio is used as fuel
Calorific value of coal-biomass mixed briquette(kcal /t, dry basis)

=4120.518 x 103kcal/t

40
 Energy value at 30%efficiency ofthermal generators and power generation at 85 % overall

efficiency

= 4120.518 x 103 x 0.3 x 0.85

= 1050.73 x 103kcal/t

= 1221.47 kWh/t

Coal-biomass required for the whole year

= 73×105/1221.47

= 5976.37

Total biomass required

= 5976.37 x 0.2

= 1195.27 t

To supply 1195.27 t biomass land required

= 1195.27/1.341

= 891.33 ha

41
 CHAPTER-5
CONCLUSIONS

42
5.1 CONCLUSIONS

In the present work two non-woody biomass species pigeon pea and ground nut shell were

selected. Experiments to determine the proximate analysis, calorific values and ash fusion

temperature was done on each of the components of the selected species such as stump, bark,

branch, leaf and nascent branch were performed. Estimation has done to analyze how much

power can be generated and land requirement for plantation for each of these species. The

following are the different conclusions drawn from the present work:

1. Both plant species (pigeon pea and ground nut) showed almost the similar proximate

analysis result for their components .Pigeon pea has higher calorific value than groundnut

shell.

2. Groundnut shell has lower calorific value, ash content and higher volatile matter than

selected coal sample due to that when the percentage of groundnut shell increases in the

coal-biomass briquette calorific value and ash content decreases and volatile matter

increases.

3. In case of pigeon pea biomass calorific value and volatile matter is higher and ash content

is lower than selected coal sample due to that when percentage of pigeon pea increases in

the coal-biomass briquette calorific value and volatile matter increases and ash content is

decreases.

4. The pigeon pea biomass species showed highest energy values for their branch, followed

by wood, leaf and nascent branch.

5. Amongst the four different ratio80:20 gives the less ash content and higher volatile

matter and energy value compared to 95:05, 90:10, 85:15.

43
 6. Energy values of coal mixed pigeon pea biomass component were found to be little bit

higher than that of coal mixed groundnut shell biomass.

5
7. In order to meet the yearly power requirement of the order of 73 x 10 kWh for a group of

10-15 villages, 4315 ha (in case of use of pigeon pea residue) and 5024.84 ha (in case of

use of groundnut shell) land are required for plantation but when coal-biomass mixed

briquette is used as fuel for power generation in the ratio of 80:20 it is found that it

requires 197.91 ha (in case of use of coal-pigeon pea briquette) and 891.33 ha land(in

case of use of coal- groundnut shell briquette).

8. This study could be positive in the exploitation of non-woody biomass species for power

generation.

5.2 SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK

1. Similar type of study can be extended for another non-woody biomass species available

in the local area or can be select from the table1.7.1

2. Pilot plant study on laboratory scale may be carried out to generate electricity from

biomass species.

3. The powdered samples of these biomass species may be mixed with cow dunk and the

electricity generated potential of the resultant mixed briquettes may be studied.

4. New techniques of electricity generation from biomass species may be developed.

44
CHAPTER-6
REFERENCES

45
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