Number System, Binary

and Logic Gates

Lecture 6

DR. AMIR MEHMOOD

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
ZIAUDDIN UNIVERSITY
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 Last Lecture Summary
■ Output Devices
■ Monitors (CRT, LCD, PDP, LED)
■ Comparing Monitors, (Size, Resolution, Refresh rate, Dot pitch)
■ Video Cards
■ Ergonomics and Monitors
■ Electronic Magnetic Field (EMF)
■ Data Projectors
■ LCD and DLP Projectors
■ Speakers and Sound Systems
■ Headphone and Headsets
■ Impact Printers and Non Impact Printers
■ Impact Printers (Dot Matrix, Line and Band Printers)
■ Non Impact Printers
■ Ink jet , Laser , All-in-One Peripherals
■ Comparing Printers, 3D Printers, Plotters

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 Transforming Data Into Information
■ Understands only two states either
On or Off
❑ Makes different patterns of 0s and 1s
■ Data vs Information
■ How Computers Represent Data

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How Computer Represent Data
■ Number system
❑ Manner of Counting
❑ Several different number
systems exist
■ To Computer everything is
a number
❑ Alphabets, numbers,
punctuation marks, sound,
pictures, computer
instructions
❑ For example
■ “Here are some words.”
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Decimal Numbers
■ Used by humans to count
■ Latin word deci mean 10
■ Also called Base 10
■ Have 10 distinct digits
❑ 0123456789
■ 10 is a two-digit number
■ Digits combine to make
larger numbers

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 Binary Number System
■ Switch has two states
❑ Off represents 0, On is 1
■ Latin bi means 2
■ Used by computers to
count
■ Two distinct digits, 0 and 1
❑ 0 and 1 combine to make
numbers
■ represent a quantity >1 it
uses two (or more) digits
■ Pattern repeats indefinitely
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Data Representation
A computer circuit represents the 0 or the 1
electronically by the presence or absence
of an electrical charge

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Comparison Base 2 to Base 16

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 Number Conversion
■ Decimal to Binary
■ Binary to Decimal
■ Decimal to Octal
■ Octal to Decimal
■ Decimal to Hexadecimal
■ Hexadecimal to Decimal
■ Binary to Octal
■ Octal to Binary
■ Binary to Hexadecimal
■ Hexadecimal to Binary
■ Octal to Hexadecimal
■ Hexadecimal to Octal
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 Decimal To Binary
■ 1

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 Decimal To Binary
■ (151)10 = (10010111)2

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Binary to Decimal

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Binary to Decimal

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 Binary to Decimal
■ 11100012 = 11310

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 Binary to Decimal

■ 111001111012 = 185310
■ 110110102 = 21810

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Exercise Decimal to Binary

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 Decimal to Octal
■ 432110 = 103418

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 Octal to Decimal

■ 7438 = 48310 265258 = 1160510

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Exercise Decimal to Octal

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 Exercise Octal to Decimal

■ 266018 =
■ 14228 =

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Decimal to Hexadecimal

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Decimal to Hexadecimal

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Hexadecimal to Decimal

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Comparison Base 2 to Base 16

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Binary to Hexadecimal

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Hexadecimal to Binary

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Binary and Octal

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Octal to Binary

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Octal to Hexadecimal

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Hexadecimal to Octal

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 Exercise Binary to Hexadecimal
■ (10110101010101)2 ■ (1100010010)2

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 Exercise Octal to Hexadecimal
■ (344)8 ■ (1422)8

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 Number System Program
■ Genius Maker
■ Free software
■ Use the number system

http://www.goldenkstar.com/number-system-school-software-maths.htm
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 Number System - Exercise
Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal
(786)10 (1100010010)2 (1422)8 (312)16
(555)10 (1000101011)2 (1053)8 (22B)16
(228)10 (11100100)2 (786)8 (786)16
(179)10 (10110011)2 (786)8 (786)16
(483)10 (111100011)2 (743)8 (1E3)16
(4012)10 (111110101100)2 (7643)8 (FAC)16
(4321)10 (1000011100001)2 (10341)8 (10E1)16
(1853)10 (11100111101)2 (3475)8 (73D)16
(9526)10 (1001010011011)2 (22466)8 (2536)16
(11605)10 (10110101010101)2 (26525)8 (2D55)16
(48879)10 (111111011101111)2 (137357)8 (BEEF)16

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Boolean Algebra
■ Describes the relationship between the inputs
and outputs of a digital circuit
■ George Boole, an English Mathematician in
1854 proposed the basic principles of algebra
■ Uses Variables and operations
■ Boolean variable has only two possible values
❑ 0 or 1 or False or True
■ Basic Logical operations are
❑ AND, OR and NOT

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Basic Logical Operations
■ AND operation
❑ yields true in case when both of its operands are
true
■ OR operation
❑ yields true in case when either or both of its
operands are true
■ NOT operation
❑ Used to invert the value of its operand

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Logical Operations
■ Truth Table is a list of all possible input values
and the output for each input combination

X=A.B X=A+B A=A

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Logical Operations

X=A.B X=A+B X=A B

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Logical Circuit to Truth Table

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Logical Circuit to Truth Table

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Logical Circuit to Truth Table

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Logical Circuit to Truth Table

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Logical Circuit to Truth Table

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Logical Circuit to Truth Table

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Logical Circuit to Truth Table

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Logical Circuit to Truth Table

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Logical Circuit to Truth Table

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 Conversion (with Fractions)
And Floating point representation

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 Decimal to Binary (with Fractions)
■ (12.75)10 = (1100.11)2

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Floating point representation

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Binary to Decimal (with Fractions)
■ (10.011010101)2 = (2.416015625)10

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Complements/ Negative Numbers
■ 1’s complement
■ Change all 1s to 0s and all 0s to 1s

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

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Complements/ Negative Numbers
■ 2’s complement
■ Find 1’s complement and then add 1

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
1

1’s complement 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
Input bits
Adder Carry
Output bits (sum) In (add 1)

2’s complement 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0

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Bits and Bytes
■ Binary numbers are made of bits
■ Bit represents a switch
■ A byte is 8 bits
■ Byte represents one character

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Bit and Byte

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Text Codes
■ Converts letters, numbers, special symbols
into binary numbers
■ Standard codes necessary for data transfer
■ Same combinations of numbers to
represent the same individual pieces of data
■ Four most popular codes
❑ EBCDIC
❑ ASCII
❑ Extended ASCII
❑ Unicode

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 EBCDIC
■ Extended Binary Coded Decimal
Interchange Code
■ 8-bit code to represent 256 symbols
■ Still used in IBM mainframes and mid range
computers
■ Rarely used in PCs

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EBCDIC

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 ASCII
■ American Standard Code for Information
Interchange
■ Most popular and widely used character set
■ Used to represent English symbols
■ 7-bit code to represent 128 characters
❑ From 0 to 127
❑ 33 are non-printing control characters (now mostly
obsolete)
❑ 95 printable characters including space (invisible
graphic character)

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ASCII Codes

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ASCII Code

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 Extended ASCII
■ 8-bit code that specifies the characters for
values from 128 to 255.
■ First 40 symbols represent pronunciation and
special punctuation symbol
❑ 128 to 167
■ Remaining are for graphics and other
symbols

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Extended ASCII Code

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Letter Conversion to Binary

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 Unicode
■ Unicode Worldwide Character Standard
provides up to 4-bytes—32 bits
■ Can represent more than 4 billion characters or
symbols
❑ 232 = 1,073,741,832
■ Enough for every unique character and symbol
in the world
❑ Chinese, Korean and Japanese Languages
■ Codes for special mathematical and scientific
symbols
■ First 256 characters are same as ASCII
■ Current version (Jan 2012) is 6.1
❑ Contains 110,181 characters from 100 different
languages and scripts
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Binary Arithmetic
■ Similar to arithmetic in decimal number
system
■ Operations performed
❑ Addition
❑ Subtraction
❑ Multiplication
❑ Division

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Binary Arithmetic
■ i

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Binary Arithmetic
■ i

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Summary
■ Number System
■ Decimal, Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal

■ Number conversion
■ Boolean Algebra
■ Logic Gate (AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR)
■ Conversion (Fractional Numbers)
■ Floating point numbers
■ Binary Arithmetic
■ Complements (1st and 2nd)

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Recommended Websites
■ http://www.cdrummond.qc.ca/cegep/info
rmat/Professeurs/Alain/files/ascii.htm
■ http://www.lookuptables.com/ebcdic_sc
ancodes.php
■ http://math.comsci.us/radix/hexadecimal
.html

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