RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY,

KOTA

SUMMER TRAINING PROJECT

REPORT

1
 A

Summer Training Project Report

on

Artificial Intelligence

At

Cognus Technology

Submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirement

For the award degree of

Master’s in Business Administration (MBA)

Session 2021-2023

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Sandhika Kothari Garima Methi

Assistant Professor MBA 4th SEM.
Dept. Of MBA ROLL NO.
21MAIXX619

Arya Institute of Engineering and Technology

SP-40 RIICO INDUSTRIAL AREA, KUKAS, JAIPUR

2
3
 DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report titled “(Artificial Intelligence)” being submitted by Garima
Methi, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Master of
Business Administration, RTU Kota, is a bonafide record of the project work done by MBA
department of Arya Institute of Engineering and technology.

Faculty Coordinator External

Examiner

Sandhika Kothari

Assistant Professor

4
 PREFACE

This report has been prepared as part of my grand project, as a part of MBA. The report is
prepared with the view to include all the details regarding the project that I carried out. Writing
a thesis or dissertation is often considered one of the most challenging academic tasks. It
requires a significant amount of time, effort, and dedication to complete. As a graduate student,
I embarked on this journey, and the experience was both rewarding and challenging. In this
preface, I would like to share my experiences during the writing of my thesis/dissertation.

Initially, I was filled with excitement and eagerness to dive into my research. However, as time
went by, I found myself feeling overwhelmed with the amount of work that needed to be done.
The sheer volume of research and writing required seemed daunting, and I often found myself
struggling to stay focused and motivated. Throughout the process, I encountered various
obstacles that tested my determination and perseverance. There were days when I felt frustrated
with the slow progress, and there were moments when I questioned whether I was capable of
completing such a significant academic task.

However, I learned that persistence and discipline are key to overcoming these challenges.
With each setback, I pushed myself to work harder and to remain committed to my research. I
sought support from my advisor and colleagues, who provided guidance, encouragement, and
valuable feedback. As I reflect on my experiences, I am grateful for the opportunity to have
completed such a significant academic project. The research and writing skills that I developed
during this process have been invaluable, and I am confident that they will serve me well in my
future endeavors.

5
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

It is a great pleasure and privilege for me to present this practical training report carried out at
Artificial Intelligence and Cognus Technology and submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirement for the award degree of the Master of Business Administration, Rajasthan
Technical University, Kota.

I express my sincere thanks to project guide Sandhika Kothari (Assistant Professor) of

Department of Management, AIET for her valuable time and cooperation. I am thankful to
Ravikant Jangid (Team leader) of Cognus Technology, for his encouragement and
inspiration at every step to a great extent. This training would not have been possible without
his support and guidance. He was very supportive throughout the training in sharing their
knowledge and technical aspects.

Finally, I express thanks to the whole organisation Cognus Technology for the generous help
andcooperation.

Garima Methi

6
 DECLARATION

I undersigned, hereby declare that the work being presented in the practical training report
carried out on Artificial Intelligence at Cognus Technology submitted in partial fulfilment for
the award of Degree of Master of Business Administration of Rajasthan Technical University,
Kota is a bonafide record of work done by me under the guidance of Ravikant Jangid and
Sandhika Kothari, Arya Institute of Engineering and Technology. This report has not
previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, or similar title of any
University.

Date: Garima Methi

7
 Executive Summary

The main purpose of this research is to investigate the importance of artificial intelligence in
IT companies. From the preliminary literature review it has been analysed that artificial
intelligence should be used by all the organisation in accomplishment of project. It covers all
the aspects artificial intelligence. In this investigation data is gathered by the use of primary
method of data collection.

This report also consists of research methodologies in which best method of conducting
research has been selected by the researcher to achieve the objectives of the researcher in best
effective manner. It also determined primary method of data collection which help to gather
the information from various books, articles, journals and business reports. Ethics of research
is also considered while collecting the data from various sources. The guidelines provided by
Data protection act also taken into consideration. The current investigation is based on
quantitative method which help the researcher to collect numerical information from authentic
sources.

Cognus Technology is a leading software development company that specializes in providing

innovative solutions to businesses across various industries. In recent years, Cognus has
adopted an artificial intelligence approach to software development, which has helped the
company to increase productivity, efficiency, and customer satisfaction.

8
TABLE OF CONTENTS

S. No. Title Page No. Remarks

1 Company Profile 11-21

2 Introduction of 22-48
project

3 Literature Review 49-69

Research
4 Methodology 70-71

Data Analysis &

5 Interpretation 72-92

Findings and
6 conclusion 93-95

9
7 Recommendations 96-98

8 Appendix 99-101

9 Reference 102

Bibliography &
10 Webliography 102

10
 CHAPTER: 1

COMPANY PROFILE

11
About company

Cognus Technologies is a technology consulting

and solutions company that provides services such
as software development, product engineering,
digital transformation, cloud computing, and data
analytics. It was founded in 2008 and is
headquartered in India with offices in the USA,
Canada, and the UK.

The company has expertise in various industries

such as healthcare, finance, retail, education, and
media. Cognus Technologies has worked with
clients such as Johnson & Johnson, GE Healthcare,
Credit Suisse, Coca-Cola, and Pearson.

Their goal is to help their clients transform their business processes, enhance their customer
experience, and optimize their operations through innovative technology solutions. They aim
to provide customized solutions that are tailored to meet the unique needs of each of their
clients.

Cognus Technologies is committed to providing their clients with high-quality, customized,

and cost-effective technology solutions and services that deliver tangible business value. They
aim to build long-term partnerships with their clients and help them achieve their business
objectives through innovative and reliable technology solutions.

The company has a team of experienced and skilled professionals who specialize in various
technologies and industries. They have expertise in areas such as software development,
product engineering, digital transformation, cloud computing, data analytics, artificial
intelligence, machine learning, and blockchain.

12
Our Vision

The vision of Cognus Technologies is to be

a leading global technology consulting and
solutions company that helps businesses
transform and optimize their operations
through innovative technology solutions.

They aim to achieve this vision by providing

their clients with high-quality, customized,
and cost-effective technology solutions that meet their unique business needs. Cognus
Technologies strives to stay at the forefront of emerging technologies and trends to help its
clients stay ahead of the competition.

Their ultimate goal is to create long-term partnerships with their clients and help them achieve
their business objectives by providing them with the best possible technology solutions and
services. Cognus Technologies is committed to delivering value to its clients and helping them
succeed in an ever-evolving business landscape.

13
Our Mission

The mission of Cognus Technologies is to provide

innovative and reliable technology solutions to help
businesses transform and optimize their operations.

They aim to achieve this mission by:

✓ Understanding their clients' business needs

and challenges and providing customized
solutions that meet their unique requirements.
✓ Leveraging their expertise in emerging technologies and trends to help clients stay
ahead of the competition.
✓ Providing cost-effective and high-quality technology solutions and services that deliver
tangible business value.
✓ Building long-term partnerships with their clients based on trust, transparency, and
mutual respect.
✓ Creating a culture of innovation, collaboration, and continuous learning to enable their
team to deliver exceptional service and value to their clients.

Overall, Cognus Technologies' mission is to be a trusted technology partner to their clients and
help them achieve their business objectives through innovative and reliable technology
solutions.

14
Goal of Cognus technology

The primary goal of Cognus Technology is to help businesses leverage technology to achieve
their goals. The company aims to provide innovative and high-quality IT solutions that are
customized to meet the unique needs of each client.

Cognus Technology strives to stay at the forefront of emerging technologies and to provide its
clients with the latest solutions that can help them stay competitive in their respective
industries.

In addition, Cognus Technology places a strong emphasis on customer satisfaction and aims to
build long-term relationships with its clients. The company believes that by providing excellent
customer service, it can establish trust with its clients and become a valuable partner in their
success.

Cognus Technology has several other goals that guide its operations and strategies. These goals
include:

Innovation: Cognus Technology is committed to being at the forefront of innovation in the IT

industry. The company invests heavily in research and development to ensure that it can
provide its clients with the latest and most innovative technology solutions.

Quality: Cognus Technology places a strong emphasis on delivering high-quality solutions to

its clients. The company has established rigorous quality control standards and processes to
ensure that its solutions meet the highest quality standards.

Customer Satisfaction: Cognus Technology is committed to ensuring that its clients are
satisfied with the services it provides. The company places a strong emphasis on building long-
term relationships with its clients by delivering exceptional customer service and support.

15
Growth: Cognus Technology aims to grow its business by expanding its service offerings,
entering new markets, and building strategic partnerships with other companies.

Social Responsibility: Cognus Technology recognizes its responsibility to give back to the
community and is committed to engaging in socially responsible practices. The company
supports various charitable causes and is committed to reducing its environmental footprint.

Overall, the goal of Cognus Technology is to help its clients achieve their business objectives
by providing them with high-quality and innovative technology solutions, backed by
exceptional customer service.

16
Working Environment in the organisation

Cognus Technologies prides itself on providing a positive and supportive working environment
for its employees. The company values its employees and believes that their success is directly
linked to the success of the company.

The company fosters a culture of innovation,

collaboration, and continuous learning, and
encourages its employees to share their ideas and
take ownership of their work. They believe that this
approach leads to greater employee engagement,
productivity, and job satisfaction.

The company also provides its employees with

various opportunities for professional growth and
development. They offer training programs,
mentoring, and on-the-job learning opportunities to
help employees enhance their skills and knowledge.

Cognus Technologies also promotes work-life balance and provides flexible working
arrangements to its employees. The company recognizes the importance of maintaining a
healthy work-life balance and supports its employees in achieving this balance.

Cognus Technologies provides a positive and supportive working environment that encourages
innovation, collaboration, and continuous learning, and supports its employees in achieving
their professional and personal goals.

17
Work-life balance in the organisation

Cognus Technologies recognizes the importance of work-life balance and strives to provide a
flexible and supportive work environment for its employees. The company believes that a
healthy work-life balance is essential for the well-being and productivity of its employees.

To support work-life balance, Cognus Technologies offers flexible working arrangements to

its employees. They provide the option of remote work, flexible work hours, and compressed
work weeks, depending on the employee's role and responsibilities. This allows employees to
better manage their personal and professional commitments and achieve a better work-life
balance.

Additionally, the company offers paid time off, including vacation days, sick days, and
personal days, to help employees recharge and take care of their personal needs. They also
offer leave policies for new parents, including maternity and paternity leave, to support
employees in balancing their work and family responsibilities.

Cognus Technologies also promotes a culture of mindfulness and wellness, offering various
wellness programs and initiatives such as yoga, meditation, and mental health resources. They
also organize social events and team-building activities to foster a positive and supportive work
culture.

Cognus Technologies recognizes the importance of work-life balance and supports its
employees in achieving this balance through flexible work arrangements, time off policies, and
wellness initiatives.

18
Plans and policies of the organisation

➢ Strategic Plan: This may include the company's overall goals and objectives, as well
as its strategies for achieving them. It may cover areas such as product development,
sales and marketing, and partnerships and collaborations.
➢ Information Security Policy: This outlines the measures that will be taken to protect
the company's data and information assets from threats such as hacking, malware, and
unauthorized access. It may include guidelines for password management, network
security, data encryption, and incident response.
➢ Data Privacy Policy: This defines the company's approach to managing and protecting
the personal data of its customers and employees. It may cover areas such as data
collection and storage, consent and disclosure, and compliance with relevant
regulations.
➢ Intellectual Property Policy: This outlines the company's approach to protecting its
intellectual property, including patents, trademarks, and copyrights. It may cover areas
such as licensing, infringement, and enforcement.
➢ Human Resources Policies: These may cover areas such as employee benefits,
performance management, and professional development. They may also include
policies related to diversity and inclusion, workplace safety, and compliance with
employment laws and regulations.
➢ Quality Assurance Policy: This outlines the company's approach to ensuring the
quality of its products and services. It may cover areas such as testing and validation,
customer feedback, and continuous improvement.

19
My role in the organisation

In the organisation, my role is to conduct

research on various business-related
situations. while doing research I get
different types of information related to the
same topic. I have done investigations on
various topics as per the requirements of
different clients.

The roles and responsibilities of researchers in organizations are:

Conducting research: Researchers are responsible for designing and conducting research
studies to gather data and insights related to the organization's products, services, customers,
competitors, and industry trends. This involves selecting appropriate research methods,
collecting and analyzing data, and interpreting results.

Providing insights: Researchers analyse research findings and provide insights and
recommendations to the organization's leadership and stakeholders. These insights can inform
decisions related to product development, marketing, customer experience, and other areas of
the organization.

Collaboration: Researchers work closely with cross-functional teams within the organization,
including product managers, designers, engineers, and marketers, to ensure that research
findings are integrated into the organization's strategy and decision-making processes.

Continuous learning: Researchers keep up to date with the latest research methods and
industry trends and continually improve their skills and knowledge. They also share their
findings and learnings with other researchers within the organization to foster a culture of
continuous learning and improvement.

Ethical considerations: Researchers must ensure that their research is conducted ethically,
adheres to relevant laws and regulations, and protects the privacy and confidentiality of
participants and data.

My role in the organization is to provide insights and data-driven recommendations to inform

decision-making, foster a culture of continuous learning, and ensure that research is conducted
ethically and in compliance with relevant regulations.

20
Cognus reviews and ratings by employees

Cognus appears to be a company that values its employees and offers a supportive work
environment. The company provides training and development opportunities for its staff and
encourages a healthy work-life balance. Employees are also praised for their hard work and
dedication to the company's mission.

However, as with any company, there may

be some negative reviews from employees.
It's important to keep in mind that
individual experiences can vary widely,
and some reviews may be biased or
inaccurate.

If you are interested in working for Cognus, it may be worth looking at employee reviews and
ratings on various platforms to get a better sense of the company culture and work environment.
You can also reach out to current or former employees on LinkedIn or other professional
networking platforms to ask about their experiences working for the company.

Company reviews and ratings by employees can provide valuable insights into the company
culture, work environment, management style, compensation and benefits, and overall
employee satisfaction. Such reviews can be found on a variety of websites, including
Glassdoor, Indeed, and LinkedIn.

Reading through employee reviews and ratings can give job seekers a better understanding of
what it's like to work at a particular company and help them make informed decisions about
whether to apply for a job or accept an offer. It can also help current employees provide
feedback to their employers and identify areas for improvement.

When looking at reviews, it's important to keep in mind that individual experiences can vary
widely, and some reviews may be biased or inaccurate. It's a good idea to read through a range
of reviews and look for common themes or issues that come up repeatedly.

21
 CHAPTER: 2

INTRODUCTION- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

22
 1.1 Overview of the topic

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a transformative field of computer science and technology that seeks to create
systems, machines, or software that can mimic human intelligence and perform tasks that typically require
human intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, understanding natural language, and
adapting to new situations. AI encompasses a wide range of techniques and approaches, including machine
learning, neural networks, deep learning, natural language processing, computer vision, and robotics.

At its core, AI aims to develop algorithms and models that can process vast amounts of data, recognize
patterns, and make decisions or predictions based on that data. Machine learning, a subset of AI, plays a
crucial role in this by enabling systems to learn from data and improve their performance over time without
being explicitly programmed.

AI applications are widespread and have made a significant impact on various industries and aspects of
everyday life. In healthcare, AI is used for medical diagnosis, drug discovery, and personalized treatment
plans. In finance, it helps detect fraudulent transactions and optimize trading strategies. In transportation,
AI powers self-driving cars and enhances route optimization. AI-driven virtual assistants like Siri and
Alexa have become integral parts of many households, simplifying tasks and providing information on-
demand. Moreover, AI is revolutionizing industries like manufacturing, customer service, and
entertainment.

While AI holds immense promise, it also raises ethical and societal concerns, such as job displacement due
23
to automation, bias in algorithms, privacy issues, and the potential for misuse. Therefore, the responsible
development and deployment of AI systems are crucial, with the need for regulations and guidelines to
ensure their safe and ethical use.

In summary, artificial intelligence represents the pursuit of creating intelligent machines that can mimic
human cognitive abilities, with applications spanning various domains and the potential to reshape
industries and society as a whole while posing challenges that require careful consideration and
management.

24
Process of Artificial Intelligence
The process of developing and deploying AI systems is a complex and multi-step endeavor. It involves
various stages from problem definition to deployment and maintenance.

Here's a detailed breakdown of the AI development process:

1. Problem Definition
a. Identify Business Problem: Begin by identifying a specific problem or opportunity that can be addressed
using AI. This problem should be well-defined and aligned with the organization's goals.
b. Data Collection: Determine what data is needed to solve the problem. This might involve collecting data
from various sources, such as databases, sensors, or external APIs.
2. Data Preparation:
a. Data Cleaning: Clean the raw data to remove noise, missing values, and outliers. This ensures the quality
and reliability of the data.
b. Data Integration: Combine data from different sources into a unified dataset, ensuring compatibility and
consistency.
c. Feature Engineering: Create new features or transform existing ones to make the data more suitable for
machine learning algorithms. This step can improve model performance.
d. Data Splitting: Divide the dataset into training, validation, and testing sets. The training set is used to
train the AI model, the validation set is used for hyperparameter tuning, and the testing set is used to
evaluate model performance.
3. Model Selection:
a. Choose Algorithms: Select the appropriate machine learning or deep learning algorithms based on the
nature of the problem (e.g., classification, regression, clustering) and the characteristics of the data.
b. Hyperparameter Tuning: Fine-tune the hyperparameters of the chosen algorithms to optimize model
25
performance. This may involve techniques like cross-validation.
c. Validation: Assess model performance on the validation set to ensure it generalizes well to unseen data.
4. Model Training:
a. Training: Use the training dataset to train the AI model. During training, the model learns the patterns
and relationships in the data.
b. Regularization: Apply regularization techniques to prevent overfitting, which occurs when the model
learns noise in the data rather than the underlying patterns.
5. Model Evaluation:
a. Testing: Evaluate the trained model's performance on the testing dataset. Common evaluation metrics
depend on the problem type (accuracy, F1 score, mean squared error, etc.).
b. Interpretability: Interpret the model's predictions and understand its decision-making process. This is
especially important for AI systems in sensitive domains like healthcare and finance.
6. Deployment:
a. Integration: Integrate the trained model into the production environment. This often involves creating
APIs or deploying the model on cloud platforms or edge devices.
b. Monitoring: Continuously monitor the model's performance in real-world scenarios. Set up alerts for any
anomalies or degradation in performance.
c. Feedback Loop: Establish a feedback loop to collect user feedback and improve the model over time.
This may involve retraining the model with new data.
7. Ethical Considerations:
a. Bias and Fairness: Assess and mitigate biases in the data and model predictions to ensure fairness and
prevent discrimination.
b. Privacy and Security: Implement measures to protect sensitive data and ensure the security of the AI
system.
c. Transparency: Be transparent about how the AI system works and how decisions are made, especially
when the system impacts individuals or society.

26
8. Maintenance and Optimization:
a. Ongoing Updates: Keep the AI system up-to-date with new data and changes in the environment.
b. Optimization: Continuously optimize the AI model and algorithms to improve performance and
efficiency.
c. Scalability: Ensure that the AI system can scale as the volume of data or user interactions grows.
9. End-of-Life Considerations:
a. Retirement: Plan for the eventual retirement of the AI system and data archiving.
b. Legal and Compliance: Address any legal or regulatory requirements related to the disposal of data or
models.
The AI development process is iterative, and improvements are made over time as more data becomes
available and as the organization gains more experience with AI technologies. Additionally, the process
may vary depending on the specific AI project, industry, and use case.

27
Why Artificial Intelligence is selected by organizations?
Organizations choose to adopt AI (Artificial Intelligence) for various reasons, as AI offers a wide range of
benefits and opportunities that can significantly impact their operations, competitiveness, and growth.

Here are some key reasons why organizations select AI:

1. Improved Efficiency and Productivity:

AI can automate repetitive and time-consuming tasks, freeing up employees to focus on more strategic and
creative work.
It can process vast amounts of data quickly and accurately, leading to faster decision-making and increased
operational efficiency.
2. Enhanced Customer Experiences:
AI-driven chatbots and virtual assistants can provide 24/7 customer support, improving response times and
customer satisfaction.
Personalization powered by AI can tailor products, services, and marketing to individual customer
preferences, leading to higher engagement and loyalty.
3. Data-Driven Insights:
AI can analyse large datasets to extract valuable insights, trends, and patterns that humans may miss,
helping organizations make data-driven decisions.
Predictive analytics powered by AI can forecast future trends and potential issues, allowing proactive
actions.
4. Cost Reduction:
28
Automation through AI can lead to significant cost savings by reducing the need for human labour in
repetitive and manual tasks.
Predictive maintenance powered by AI can help organizations avoid costly equipment breakdowns and
downtime.
5. Competitive Advantage:
Early adoption of AI can provide a competitive edge in industries where technology plays a critical role.
AI-driven innovations can lead to the development of new products, services, and business models that
disrupt markets.
6. Scalability:
AI systems can scale to handle large volumes of data, users, or transactions without a proportional increase
in resources, making them suitable for growing organizations.
7. Risk Management:
AI can assist in identifying and mitigating risks by analysing data for potential threats or anomalies, such
as fraud detection in finance or cybersecurity threats.
8. Innovation and Research:
AI can accelerate research and development efforts, enabling organizations to explore new possibilities
and solve complex problems more quickly.
9. Regulatory Compliance:
AI can assist organizations in complying with regulatory requirements, such as data privacy and security,
by automating compliance checks and reporting.
10. Adaptation to Market Changes:
AI can help organizations adapt to changing market conditions and customer preferences by providing real-
time insights and agile decision-making capabilities.
11. Access to New Markets:
AI can enable organizations to enter new markets or expand their offerings by providing innovative
solutions and customized services.
12. Sustainability:
AI can optimize resource usage and energy efficiency, contributing to environmental sustainability goals.
13. Talent Attraction and Retention:
Organizations that invest in AI technology may attract top talent interested in working on cutting-edge
projects and advancing their skills.
14. Future-Proofing:
As AI continues to advance, organizations see it as a way to future-proof their operations and stay relevant
in a rapidly evolving technological landscape.
29
It's important to note that the decision to adopt AI should be strategic and aligned with an organization's
specific goals and challenges. The adoption of AI often requires careful planning, resource allocation, and
consideration of ethical and regulatory implications. Additionally, organizations should ensure they have
the necessary expertise and infrastructure to implement and maintain AI systems effectively.

30
Methods of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI) encompasses a wide range of methods and techniques to enable machines
and software systems to perform intelligent tasks.

Here are some of the key methods and approaches used in AI:
Machine Learning (ML): Machine learning is a subfield of AI that focuses on developing algorithms
and models that allow computers to learn from data. Common techniques within ML include:

• Supervised Learning: In this method, models are trained on labeled data, where the algorithm
learns to map input data to corresponding output labels, making it suitable for tasks like
classification and regression.

• Unsupervised Learning: Unsupervised learning involves training models on unlabeled data to

identify patterns and relationships within the data, often used in clustering and dimensionality
reduction.

• Reinforcement Learning: This method is used for training agents to make sequential decisions
by providing rewards or punishments based on their actions, often applied in robotics and game
playing.
Deep Learning: Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that uses neural networks with multiple
31
layers (deep neural networks) to automatically learn hierarchical representations from data. It has been
highly successful in tasks such as image and speech recognition.
Natural Language Processing (NLP): NLP is the field of AI that focuses on enabling computers to
understand, interpret, and generate human language. Techniques in NLP include sentiment analysis,
machine translation, and named entity recognition.
Computer Vision: Computer vision involves teaching computers to interpret and understand visual
information from the world, such as images and videos. Object detection, image segmentation, and
facial recognition are examples of computer vision applications.
Expert Systems: Expert systems are AI programs designed to mimic the decision-making abilities of
a human expert in a specific domain. They use rules and knowledge bases to make decisions or solve
problems.
Genetic Algorithms: Genetic algorithms are optimization techniques inspired by the process of natural
selection. They evolve solutions to problems by iteratively generating and selecting candidate solutions
based on their fitness.
Swarm Intelligence: Swarm intelligence is inspired by the collective behavior of social insects like
ants and bees. Algorithms in this category, such as particle swarm optimization, use the collective
behavior of simple agents to solve complex problems.
Neuroevolution: Neuroevolution combines neural networks and evolutionary algorithms to train
neural network architectures and optimize their parameters.
Planning and Search Algorithms: These methods involve searching through large solution spaces to
find the best path or sequence of actions to solve a problem. They are used in AI planning and game
playing.
Robotics: AI plays a crucial role in robotics, enabling robots to perceive their environment, make
decisions, and perform tasks autonomously.
These are just some of the many methods and techniques within the field of artificial intelligence. The
choice of method depends on the specific problem or task at hand, and AI practitioners often combine
multiple methods to achieve desired outcomes. AI research is ongoing, leading to the development of
new methods and improvements in existing ones.

32
AI programming languages

Artificial Intelligence (AI) programming can be accomplished using a variety of programming

languages, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. The choice of language often depends on the
specific AI application, the developer's preferences, and the libraries and tools available.

Here are some programming languages commonly used in AI development:

Python: Python is one of the most popular languages for AI and machine learning. It offers a vast
ecosystem of libraries and frameworks, including TensorFlow, PyTorch, scikit-learn, and NLTK
(Natural Language Toolkit), making it versatile for various AI tasks.
R: R is another language commonly used in data analysis and statistics, making it well-suited for AI
applications involving data manipulation, visualization, and statistical modeling. It has libraries like
caret and xgboost for machine learning.
Java: Java is widely used in AI, particularly for building enterprise-level applications. The Weka
library provides a comprehensive collection of machine learning algorithms for Java developers.
C++: C++ is chosen for AI applications where performance and efficiency are critical, such as robotics
and game development. Libraries like OpenCV (computer vision) and Shark (machine learning) are
available for C++.
33
Lisp: Lisp has historical significance in AI, dating back to early AI research. It is known for its
symbolic computing capabilities and has been used for expert systems and symbolic reasoning tasks.
Prolog: Prolog is a language designed for symbolic reasoning and logic programming. It is often used
in AI for knowledge representation and rule-based systems.
Julia: Julia is gaining popularity in the AI and scientific computing communities. It is designed for
high-performance numerical and scientific computing, making it suitable for AI applications that
require both speed and ease of use.
Scala: Scala, a language that runs on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), combines functional and object-
oriented programming paradigms. It is used in AI for its conciseness and compatibility with Java
libraries.
MATLAB: MATLAB is widely used in academia and industry for mathematical modeling, simulation,
and data analysis. It provides toolboxes for various AI-related tasks, including machine learning and
image processing.
JavaScript: JavaScript is often used for AI applications in web development, particularly in building
chatbots and interactive AI-driven web applications. Libraries like TensorFlow.js enable AI in the
browser.
Ruby: Ruby is occasionally used in AI, especially for developing AI-powered web applications. It has
libraries like Ruby ML for machine learning.

34
Goal of Artificial Intelligence
The goal of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is to
develop and create systems, machines, or
software that can perform tasks and make
decisions that typically require human
intelligence. AI aims to replicate and emulate
various aspects of human cognitive functions,
such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving,
understanding natural language, perceiving the
environment, and adapting to new situations.

Here are some key objectives and goals of AI:

Automation: AI seeks to automate tasks and processes across various domains to improve efficiency and
productivity. This includes tasks in manufacturing, customer service, data analysis, and more.

Enhanced Decision-Making: AI systems aim to make better and faster decisions by processing vast
amounts of data, recognizing patterns, and drawing insights. In applications like finance, healthcare, and
autonomous vehicles, AI can help optimize decision-making.

Natural Language Understanding: AI-driven Natural Language Processing (NLP) aims to enable
machines to understand and interact with humans in a way that is natural and intuitive. This includes
chatbots, virtual assistants, and language translation.

Pattern Recognition: AI systems excel at recognizing patterns and anomalies in data, making them
valuable in applications like fraud detection, image and speech recognition, and predictive maintenance.

Robotics: AI-driven robots and autonomous systems aim to perform tasks in various environments, from
manufacturing and logistics to healthcare and exploration.

35
Problem Solving: AI techniques like search algorithms and constraint satisfaction aim to solve complex
problems efficiently. These methods are used in AI planning, game playing, and optimization.

Learning and Adaptation: Machine learning, a core component of AI, focuses on building systems that
can learn from data and improve their performance over time without explicit programming. This includes
supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning.

Autonomous Agents: AI aims to create autonomous agents that can operate in real-world environments,
make decisions, and adapt to changing conditions. This is crucial in applications like self-driving cars and
drones.

Creativity and Art: AI can generate creative content, such as art, music, and literature. Generative models
and neural networks are often used to create new and innovative works.

Ethical and Responsible AI: A growing goal in AI is to ensure that AI technologies are developed and
used ethically, with considerations for fairness, transparency, and accountability to avoid unintended
negative consequences.

Overall, the overarching goal of AI is to enhance human capabilities, solve complex problems, and improve
the quality of life by creating intelligent systems that can perform tasks and make decisions effectively and
efficiently, ultimately augmenting human intelligence and improving the way we work, live, and interact
with technology.

36
AI in the 21st century

In the 21st century, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has experienced significant advancements, transforming
various aspects of our lives and society.
Here are some key developments and trends in AI during this
century:
Machine Learning and Deep Learning: Machine learning,
particularly deep learning, has revolutionized AI. Deep neural
networks have achieved remarkable results in tasks like image
recognition, natural language processing, and game playing. The
availability of massive datasets and powerful hardware
accelerated progress in this area.
AI in Healthcare: AI has made substantial contributions to
healthcare, with applications in disease diagnosis, drug
discovery, personalized medicine, and medical image analysis.
AI-driven tools have improved patient care and enabled early
detection of diseases.
Autonomous Vehicles: Self-driving cars have become a reality,
with companies like Tesla, Waymo, and others working on
autonomous vehicle technology. AI plays a pivotal role in enabling these vehicles to perceive their
surroundings, make decisions, and navigate safely.
Natural Language Processing (NLP): NLP has seen significant advancements, with models like GPT-3
and BERT achieving human-level performance in language understanding and generation. NLP
applications include chatbots, language translation, sentiment analysis, and content generation.
Robotics: AI-powered robots are being used in various industries, from manufacturing and logistics to
healthcare and entertainment. Collaborative robots (cobots) work alongside humans in factories, and robots
assist in surgeries and eldercare.
AI in Finance: The financial industry relies on AI for algorithmic trading, fraud detection, credit scoring,
and risk management. AI-driven robo-advisors offer automated investment services to individuals.
AI in Customer Service: Chatbots and virtual assistants are used in customer service to handle inquiries
and provide support 24/7. These AI systems can engage in natural language conversations with customers.
AI in Education: AI is being used in personalized learning platforms that adapt to individual students'
needs. AI-driven educational tools provide insights into student performance and suggest improvements.
AI in Entertainment: AI is used in the entertainment industry for content recommendation, video game

37
AI, and creating realistic computer-generated imagery (CGI) characters and scenes.
Ethical and Responsible AI: There is a growing focus on ethical AI development, addressing concerns
about bias, transparency, and fairness in AI algorithms. Organizations are implementing ethical AI
guidelines and principles.
AI in Research: AI is accelerating scientific research by automating data analysis, simulations, and drug
discovery. It is helping researchers in fields like biology, chemistry, and physics make breakthroughs.
AI for Sustainability: AI is being leveraged to address environmental and sustainability challenges,
including climate modeling, energy optimization, and wildlife conservation.
AI and Privacy: As AI systems collect and analyze vast amounts of data, concerns about privacy and data
security have grown. Regulations like GDPR aim to protect individuals' data rights.
AI in National Security: AI is used in defense and security applications, including autonomous drones,
cybersecurity, and predictive analytics for threat detection.
AI and Ethics: Discussions around AI ethics, such as the moral implications of AI decision-making and
the potential for AI to replace jobs, are ongoing and essential for shaping AI's future.
AI in the 21st century has made significant strides, with widespread applications across industries and a
growing emphasis on ethical considerations and responsible AI development. As technology continues to
evolve, AI is likely to play an increasingly prominent role in shaping our future.

38
Applications of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has a wide range of applications across various industries and domains. Here
are some notable applications of AI:
Natural Language Processing (NLP)
• Chatbots: AI-powered chatbots provide automated customer support and engage in natural
language conversations.
• Language Translation: NLP enables real-time language translation services.
• Sentiment Analysis: AI can analyze social media posts and customer reviews to determine
sentiment and customer feedback.
Healthcare:
Disease Diagnosis: AI helps in the early detection and diagnosis of diseases using medical images and
patient data.
Drug Discovery: AI accelerates drug discovery by analyzing chemical compounds and predicting their
properties.
Personalized Medicine: AI tailors treatment plans based on a patient's genetic makeup and medical history.
Finance:
Algorithmic Trading: AI algorithms execute high-frequency trading and make investment decisions.
Fraud Detection: AI identifies fraudulent transactions by analyzing patterns and anomalies in financial
data.
Credit Scoring: AI assesses creditworthiness and determines credit scores for loan applicants.
Retail:
Recommendation Systems: AI-powered recommendation engines suggest products to users based on their
preferences and behavior.
Inventory Management: AI optimizes inventory levels, reducing excess stock and improving supply chain
efficiency.
Price Optimization: AI adjusts prices dynamically based on demand and market conditions.
Manufacturing:
Predictive Maintenance: AI analyzes sensor data to predict equipment failures and schedule maintenance
proactively.
Quality Control: AI inspects and identifies defects in manufactured products using computer vision.
Supply Chain Optimization: AI optimizes supply chain logistics, reducing costs and delivery times.
Transportation:
Self-Driving Cars: AI enables autonomous vehicles to navigate roads and make driving decisions.

39
Route Optimization: AI optimizes transportation routes for efficiency and reduced fuel consumption.
Traffic Management: AI systems monitor and manage traffic flow in smart cities.
Energy:
Smart Grids: AI manages energy distribution in smart grids, optimizing energy usage and reducing
wastage.
Energy Consumption Prediction: AI predicts energy consumption patterns for better resource allocation.
Agriculture:
Precision Farming: AI analyzes data from drones and sensors to optimize crop management, irrigation, and
pest control.
Crop Disease Detection: AI identifies and diagnoses crop diseases through image analysis.
Education:
Personalized Learning: AI tailors educational content to individual students' needs and abilities.
Automated Grading: AI automates the grading of assignments and assessments.
Entertainment and Media:
Content Recommendation: AI recommends movies, music, articles, and other content based on user
preferences.
Content Creation: AI generates content, including art, music, and writing.
Security:
Cybersecurity: AI detects and mitigates cyber threats and vulnerabilities.
Facial Recognition: AI-powered facial recognition systems enhance security and authentication.
Environmental Conservation:
Wildlife Monitoring: AI monitors and tracks wildlife populations using camera traps and sensors.
Climate Modeling: AI models analyze climate data and predict climate trends.
Human Resources:
• Recruitment: AI helps in candidate screening and matching job applicants with job descriptions.
• Employee Engagement: AI analyzes employee feedback and engagement to improve workplace
culture.
Language Translation: AI-powered translation services, like Google Translate, enable real-time language
translation and localization.
Robotics: AI-driven robots perform tasks in manufacturing, healthcare, and exploration, such as surgical
procedures and space exploration.
These are just a few examples of the many applications of AI, which continue to expand and evolve as the
technology advances. AI has the potential to transform virtually every industry and aspect of our daily
lives.
40
1.2 Background the research

The present study is based on the effectiveness of artificial intelligence methodology on the
success of the large project comes under IT industry. The research helps in gaining deeper
insight about how artificial intelligence approach helps IT sector to effectively manage their
project and complete the whole project within time.

Artificial intelligence is an iterative process which is linked with self-organizing teams which
constantly learn,develop, and get better in the way of performance. The customers are always
involved in the major decision-making process. Due to which the customers feel involved in the
whole trainingprocess.

In addition to this, the value is provided to the customer and guarantee that the final product
will keep up with the expectations and demands of the customers. That is why artificial
intelligence is said tobe effective in bringing cultural change and it is considered essential to
the success of most projects. In context of current research, the investigator identifies the
effectiveness of agile methodology within IT companies along with their possible applications
in another sector as well.

41
1.3 Scope of the research

The scope of the current research is wider because it aims to collect primary data which covers
first-hand information and knowledge related to the topic. It helps in obtaining a detailed
insight about the concept of agile project management methodology.

Wider Scope

Wider scope for a research project can have several benefits:

Identify
new
research
areas

Address
Increase
relevance complex
problems
Wider
Scope

Improve Increase
external generaliza
validity bility

➢ Identify new research areas: A wider scope can help identify new research areas that
have not been explored before. This can lead to the discovery of new theories, concepts,
or insights that were previously unknown.
➢ Address complex problems: A wider scope can help address complex problems that
require a multidisciplinary approach. By bringing together experts from different fields,
a wider scope can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the problem and
potential solutions.
➢ Increase generalizability: A wider scope can increase the generalizability of the
research findings. By studying a larger population or a broader range of variables, the
research findings can be applied to a wider range of contexts and situations.
➢ Improve external validity: A wider scope can improve the external validity of the
research. By including a larger sample size or a broader range of variables, the research

42
 findings are more likely to be representative of the population or phenomenon being
studied.
➢ Increase relevance: A wider scope can increase the relevance of the research to real-
world problems and situations. By studying a broader range of variables, the research
can provide insights and solutions that are more applicable to real-world problems.

With the use of this report, investigator get to know about the importance of this approach on
various it firm. Apart from that in the present report primary data is being collected which helps
in making numerical insights based on the topic and enhanced knowledge and skill.

43
 1.4 Research aim and objective

Aim
To analyse the effectiveness of AI in IT organisations and their possible applications in other industries.
Objectives of the research

1 To study the concept of AI in various business organisations

2 To identify the major benefits of AI and how it creates a positive impact on the success of an
organisation
3 To Examine the major challenges faced while adopting the AI
4 To develop effective strategies to overcome the challenges faced due to AI

44
1.5 Research Questions

1. Explain the term artificial intelligence used

in the large business projects within IT
sector?
2. Examine the advantages of artificial
intelligence and its favourable influence on
the success of the business?
3. Investigate the major challenges faced by IT
companies in the adoption of artificial
intelligence?
4. How artificial intelligence is effective in
relation to large projects of IT companies?

45
1.6 Research rationale

The main purpose of conducting this research is to analyse the role of artificial intelligence and
how it creates a positive impact on the overall organisation success. The current study willhelp
readers to understand the concept of artificial intelligence along with it supports in enhancing
the business practices. It will be easier to outline the effectiveness of the artificial intelligence
and the existing research is conducted for the purpose of both personal and professional
perspectives.

From a personal outlook, it supports the researcher in understanding the chosen topic in a
proper manner. As well as it also assists in effectively developing the research skill such as
data analytical skill, data gathering skill, communication skill etc., so that investigation can be
carried out accurately. Whereas, from professional perspective, the current research helps in
building a sound professional career of investigator in IT sector. As the researcher will get to
know about the importance of artificial intelligence approach. Thus, the present investigation
is quite significant to attain dual perspective.

46
1.7 Purpose of the study

The main purpose to carry out the current project is to know the detailed understanding about
the importance of agile project management approach for IT sector. In the current digital world,
the use of agile technology helps many companies to carry out their large project in efficient
manner. It is also one of the rapid gaining technologies that is being adopted by various
organisation to gain project success for their wider project.

The existing study helps organisation to use agile project management to create profitable product
for the growth of business. Thus, the present study has a wider scope related with the concept.

47
1.8 Structure of the dissertation
To conduct a dissertation systematically, different chapters are involved that helps researcher
to complete their research in effective manner. In context to current research, its different
chapters are explained below:

Company Profile- The first chapter of this research report is profile of the selected
organisation. Which involve vision, mission, work environment and plans and policies of the
organisations.
Introduction- The second chapter of the dissertation that provide detail overview of the whole
research. It also includes the information regarding aim and objectives that the researcher
intends to conduct the research.
Literature review- The third chapter of the dissertation that includes secondary information
related to the topic. It includes the opinion, perspectives and ideas of other authors related to
the topic.
Research methodology- The fourth chapter of the dissertation that provide information about
the methods and techniques used by the researcher in order to conduct the research insystematic
manner.

Data Analysis- The fifth chapter of the research that analysis and examine the raw collected
information related to the topic. This chapter allows researcher to answer their pre-determine
questions.
Findings and conclusion- The last chapter of the dissertation that provide summary of the all
findings of the research.
Recommendations- It also gives recommendations for the further improvement.

48
 CHAPTER: 3

LITERATURE REVIEW

49
2.1 Introduction

Literature review is the overview of the writings and summary of the chosen topic. In
this data is collected from different sources like articles, books, journal, websites and relevant
sources regarding the topic. It includes the description collected from different sources. In the
present investigation reviews of different authors has been taken into consideration.

A literature review is a critical analysis of published works, such as academic articles, books,
and other sources related to a specific research question or topic. It involves identifying,
evaluating, and synthesizing information from various sources to provide a comprehensive
understanding of the current state of knowledge on a particular subject.

The present investigation is based on artificial intelligence, and various concepts related
artificial intelligence. This chapter includes all the related artificial intelligence theory.
Viewpoints of different authors are taken into consideration in this chapter.

50
How I can help the organisation to achieve its objectives by the use of artificial intelligence?
By the use of artificial intelligence, I can work effectively within the organisation. With the
helpof artificial intelligence, I am able to achieve organisational objectives, related objectives
are mentioned below:

Improved project delivery: By the use of artificial intelligence I can improve the project
delivery. As it focuses on breaking down projects into smaller, more manageable pieces, which
can be completed more quickly and with greater efficiency.

Enhance team collaboration: Artificial intelligence encourages frequent communication,

collaboration, and knowledge sharing among team members. It promotes teamwork and cross-
functional collaboration, which helps break down silos and promotes a culture of collaboration
and trust.

Increase flexibility and adaptability: Artificial intelligence is designed to be flexible and

adaptable to changing requirements, priorities, and customer needs. It encourages teams to be
responsive to changes and to continuously adapt to new challenges and opportunities.

Enhance customer satisfaction: Artificial intelligence emphasizes delivering value to

customersthrough iterative and incremental delivery of projects. By involving customers in the
project planning and delivery process, Artificial intelligence helps ensure that customer needs
and expectations are met or exceeded.

Improve transparency and accountability: Artificial intelligence promotes transparency and

accountability by making the project status and progress visible to all stakeholders. It
encourages regular progress reviews, retrospectives, and open communication, which helps
build trust and accountability among team members and stakeholders.

Foster innovation: Artificial intelligence provides an environment that fosters innovation by

encouraging experimentation, creativity, and continuous learning. It promotes a culture of
innovation and continuous improvement, which helps teams stay ahead of the competition.

Reduce project risk: Artificial intelligence helps reduce project risk by identifying and
mitigating risks early in the project lifecycle. It promotes continuous testing and validation of
project assumptions, which helps teams identify and address potential issues before they
become major problems.

51
To study the concept of AI in various business organisations
According to the viewpoint of author (Ahmed, Jeon, and Piccialli, 2022)

Studying the concept of AI in various business organizations involves conducting research and analysis to
understand how AI technologies are being adopted, applied, and impacting different industries and
companies. Here's a structured approach to studying AI in business organizations:
1. Define Your Research Objectives:
Clarify the specific goals and objectives of your study. What aspects of AI in business organizations do
you want to explore? Are you interested in its adoption, applications, benefits, challenges, or a combination
of these?
2. Literature Review:
Begin by conducting a comprehensive literature review to understand the current state of AI in business.
Explore academic papers, industry reports, books, and online resources to gather relevant information.
3. Select Business Industries:
Choose specific business industries or sectors that you want to study. AI adoption and applications can
vary significantly across industries, so it's important to focus your research.
4. Data Collection:
Collect data through various methods, which may include surveys, interviews, case studies, and data
analysis. Consider the following aspects:
a. AI Adoption Rates: Determine how widely AI is adopted in the selected industries and organizations.
b. Use Cases: Identify specific AI applications within these organizations. What business processes or
functions are being transformed by AI?
c. Benefits: Explore the benefits achieved through AI adoption, such as improved efficiency, cost
savings, revenue growth, and enhanced customer experiences.
d. Challenges: Investigate the challenges and obstacles faced by organizations in implementing AI,
including data quality, skill shortages, and ethical concerns.
e. AI Strategies: Analyse the strategies and roadmaps organizations have in place for AI integration and
development.
AI Ecosystem: Explore the AI ecosystem within these organizations, including the technology stack,
partnerships, and AI vendors.
5. Data Analysis:
Analyse the collected data to derive insights and trends related to AI adoption and usage in the selected
industries. Use statistical tools and qualitative analysis techniques as appropriate.
6. Case Studies:

52
Consider conducting in-depth case studies on specific organizations that are noteworthy for their AI
initiatives. These case studies can provide valuable insights into best practices and lessons learned.
7. Ethical Considerations:
Assess how ethical considerations are being addressed in the use of AI within organizations, such as bias
mitigation and data privacy.
8. Regulatory Compliance:
Investigate how organizations are complying with relevant regulations and standards related to AI in their
industries.
9. Future Outlook:
Predict the future trends and prospects of AI adoption in the selected industries. Consider how emerging
AI technologies may impact business organizations.
10. Recommendations:
Based on your research findings, provide recommendations and insights for business organizations looking
to adopt or expand their use of AI. These recommendations may include strategies for AI implementation,
addressing challenges, and ensuring ethical AI practices.
11. Report and Presentation:
Compile your research findings into a comprehensive report and, if necessary, create presentations or
visualizations to communicate your results effectively.
12. Peer Review:
If applicable, seek peer review or feedback from experts in the field to validate your research methodology
and conclusions.
13. Stay Updated:
Continue to monitor developments in AI technology and its applications in business organizations, as the
field is continually evolving.
Studying AI in business organizations is a dynamic and multifaceted endeavour, and your research can
provide valuable insights into how AI is shaping the business landscape and offer practical guidance for
organizations seeking to harness the potential of AI technologies
To identify the major benefits of AI and how it creates a positive impact on the success of an
organization
As per the opinion of author (Huynh-The, et.al., 2023) AI (Artificial Intelligence) offers numerous
benefits and can create a positive impact on the success of an organization in various ways. Here are the
major benefits of AI and how it contributes to organizational success:
1. Improved Efficiency and Productivity:
AI automates repetitive and time-consuming tasks, allowing employees to focus on more strategic and

53
creative work.
AI-driven automation leads to faster and more accurate processing of data and tasks.
2. Enhanced Decision-Making:
AI analyses large datasets quickly and identifies patterns and trends that may not be apparent to humans,
aiding in data-driven decision-making.
Predictive analytics and forecasting powered by AI provide insights into future trends and potential issues,
helping organizations plan and adapt.
3. Cost Reduction:
Automation through AI reduces the need for human labour in routine tasks, leading to cost savings.
AI can optimize resource allocation, such as energy usage and inventory management, resulting in reduced
operational expenses.
4. Personalization and Customer Engagement:
AI enables personalized customer experiences by analysing customer data and tailoring products, services,
and marketing to individual preferences.
Chatbots and virtual assistants powered by AI provide 24/7 customer support, improving customer
engagement and satisfaction.
5. Enhanced Data Security:
AI can detect and respond to security threats in real-time, providing robust cybersecurity measures.
Machine learning algorithms can identify unusual patterns or behaviours that may indicate a security
breach.
6. Scalability:
AI systems can handle large volumes of data, transactions, or user interactions without a proportional
increase in resources, making them scalable for growing organizations.
7. Competitive Advantage:
Organizations that adopt AI early gain a competitive edge by offering innovative products and services,
optimizing operations, and staying ahead of industry trends.
8. Product and Service Innovation:
AI facilitates innovation by enabling the development of new products, services, and business models.
It supports research and development efforts, leading to breakthroughs and novel solutions.
9. Improved Customer Insights:
AI-driven analytics provides organizations with deeper insights into customer behaviour, preferences, and
sentiment, helping refine marketing strategies and product development.
10. Predictive Maintenance:
AI can predict when equipment and machinery need maintenance, reducing downtime and extending the

54
lifespan of assets, which is crucial in the manufacturing and industrial sectors.
11. Regulatory Compliance:
AI helps organizations ensure compliance with regulations and standards by automating compliance checks
and providing audit trails.
12. Accessibility and Inclusivity:
AI technologies can enhance accessibility for individuals with disabilities by providing voice recognition,
text-to-speech, and other assistive features.
13. Sustainability:
AI can optimize resource use and energy efficiency, contributing to environmental sustainability goals.
14. Employee Satisfaction:
By automating mundane tasks and providing data-driven insights, AI can improve job satisfaction and
reduce employee burnout.
15. Strategic Insights:
AI can uncover strategic insights from unstructured data sources such as social media and news, helping
organizations adapt to market changes and emerging trends.
16. Ethical Considerations:
AI can assist organizations in making ethical decisions by flagging potential biases and ethical concerns in
data and decision-making processes.
17. Innovation in Research and Development:
AI can accelerate scientific research, drug discovery, and engineering by analysing large datasets and
simulating experiments.
In summary, AI offers a wide range of benefits that can significantly impact an organization's success by
improving efficiency, decision-making, customer engagement, and competitiveness, while also reducing
costs and enhancing innovation. Successful AI implementation requires a strategic approach, ongoing
monitoring, and ethical considerations to fully harness its potential.
To Examine the major challenges faced while adopting the AI
The author (Salvagno, Taccone, and Gerli, 2023) mentioned, The adoption of AI (Artificial Intelligence)
in organizations comes with various challenges that need to be carefully considered and addressed to
ensure successful implementation. Here are the major challenges faced while adopting AI:
1. Data Quality and Availability:
Challenge: AI heavily relies on high-quality, clean, and relevant data. Many organizations struggle with
data that is incomplete, inaccurate, or not readily available for AI initiatives.
Solution: Invest in data quality assessment and data cleansing processes. Create data governance strategies
to ensure data availability and integrity.

55
2. Data Privacy and Security:
Challenge: Organizations must protect sensitive data while using it for AI purposes, which can be a delicate
balancing act. Data breaches can result in severe consequences.
Solution: Implement robust data privacy policies and security measures. Ensure compliance with data
protection regulations (e.g., GDPR, HIPAA) and employ encryption and access controls.
3. Talent Shortages:
Challenge: There is a shortage of skilled AI professionals, including data scientists, machine learning
engineers, and AI researchers, making it difficult for organizations to find and retain the right talent.
Solution: Invest in training and upskilling existing staff. Collaborate with universities and training
programs to cultivate a pipeline of AI talent. Consider outsourcing or partnering with AI experts.
4. Ethical and Bias Concerns:
Challenge: AI systems can inadvertently perpetuate bias present in training data, leading to unfair outcomes
and ethical dilemmas.
Solution: Implement fairness-aware machine learning techniques to identify and mitigate biases. Establish
clear ethical guidelines and review processes for AI projects.
5. Cost of Implementation:
Challenge: Building, deploying, and maintaining AI systems can be costly, including expenses related to
hardware, software, talent, and ongoing support.
Solution: Develop a clear ROI (Return on Investment) strategy to justify AI investments. Consider cloud-
based AI solutions to reduce infrastructure costs. Start with smaller, high-impact projects before scaling
up.
6. Integration with Existing Systems:
Challenge: Integrating AI solutions with legacy systems can be complex and time-consuming, leading to
disruptions in existing workflows.
Solution: Plan for seamless integration by identifying integration points early in the AI project. Use APIs
(Application Programming Interfaces) and middleware for smoother integration.
7. Lack of Clear Strategy:
Challenge: Organizations may adopt AI without a well-defined strategy or clear objectives, leading to ad-
hoc and ineffective implementations.
Solution: Develop a comprehensive AI strategy aligned with business goals. Identify specific use cases,
success metrics, and a roadmap for implementation.
8. Regulation and Compliance:
Challenge: The regulatory environment for AI is evolving and varies by region and industry, making it
challenging to navigate compliance requirements.

56
Solution: Stay informed about relevant regulations and standards. Engage with legal and compliance
experts to ensure adherence to evolving rules and guidelines.
9. Resistance to Change:
Challenge: Employees and stakeholders may resist AI adoption due to concerns about job displacement,
unfamiliarity with AI technology, or perceived threats.
Solution: Implement a change management plan that includes education, training, and clear communication
about the benefits of AI for employees and the organization.
10. ROI Measurement:
Challenge: Measuring the return on investment for AI initiatives can be challenging, especially for long-
term projects with indirect benefits.
Solution: Define clear KPIs and metrics to measure the impact of AI on business outcomes. Regularly
evaluate and adjust the measurement framework.
11. Scalability:
Challenge: Scaling AI initiatives from pilot projects to organization-wide adoption can be complex,
requiring careful planning and resource allocation.
Solution: Plan for scalability from the outset. Ensure that the infrastructure, processes, and talent can
support larger-scale AI deployments.
12. Explain ability and Transparency:
Challenge: Complex AI models may lack transparency, making it difficult to explain their decisions, which
can be problematic in regulated industries or for customer trust.
Solution: Invest in model explain ability and transparency techniques, and prioritize models that are more
interpretable. Communicate AI decision-making processes clearly to stakeholders.
13. Keeping Up with Advancements:
Challenge: AI is a rapidly evolving field, and organizations must continuously update their knowledge and
technology to remain competitive.
Solution: Establish mechanisms for ongoing learning and staying up-to-date with AI advancements, such
as attending conferences, collaborating with research institutions, and investing in research and
development.
Addressing these challenges requires a strategic approach, cross-functional collaboration, and a
commitment to responsible AI development and deployment. Organizations that proactively tackle these
challenges are more likely to reap the benefits of AI and maintain a competitive edge in their respective
industries.
To develop effective strategies to overcome the challenges faced due to AI
According to the opinion of author (Zhang, Zhu, and Su, 2023), Developing effective strategies to

57
overcome the challenges faced due to AI adoption is crucial for organizations to harness the full potential
of artificial intelligence while mitigating risks and ensuring responsible deployment. Here are strategies
to address common challenges associated with AI:
1. Data Quality and Availability:
Strategy: Establish Data Governance
Implement data quality standards and data governance practices to ensure data accuracy, consistency,
and reliability.
Create data pipelines and repositories that facilitate easy access to high-quality data for AI projects.
Invest in data cleansing and pre-processing tools and methodologies.
2. Data Privacy and Security:
Strategy: Prioritize Data Protection
Develop comprehensive data privacy policies and security protocols.
Encrypt sensitive data at rest and in transit.
Regularly audit and assess security measures to identify vulnerabilities.
3. Talent Shortages:
Strategy: Invest in Talent Development
Provide training and upskilling opportunities for existing employees.
Collaborate with educational institutions and AI training programs to cultivate a talent pipeline.
Consider outsourcing or partnering with AI experts for specialized projects.
4. Ethical and Bias Concerns:
Strategy: Implement Fairness and Bias Mitigation
Utilize fairness-aware machine learning techniques to detect and mitigate biases.
Establish ethical guidelines and conduct regular ethical impact assessments.
Diversify data sources to reduce biased training data.
5. Cost of Implementation:
Strategy: Develop ROI-Focused Plans
Create clear ROI strategies for AI initiatives.
Consider cloud-based AI solutions to reduce infrastructure costs.
Begin with smaller, high-impact projects before scaling up.
6. Integration with Existing Systems:
Strategy: Plan for Seamless Integration
Identify integration points early in AI project planning.
Utilize APIs and middleware to facilitate integration.
Test integration thoroughly to minimize disruptions.

58
7. Lack of Clear Strategy:
Strategy: Develop a Comprehensive AI Strategy
Align AI adoption with well-defined business objectives.
Identify specific use cases, success metrics, and a roadmap for implementation.
Involve key stakeholders in strategy development and execution.
8. Regulation and Compliance:
Strategy: Stay Informed and Collaborate
Stay updated on evolving AI regulations and standards relevant to your industry.
Collaborate with legal and compliance experts to ensure adherence.
Maintain documentation and audit trails to demonstrate compliance.
9. Resistance to Change:
Strategy: Implement Change Management
Develop a change management plan that includes employee education and training.
Communicate the benefits of AI adoption for employees and the organization.
Involve employees in the AI implementation process to build ownership and enthusiasm.
10. ROI Measurement:
Strategy: Define Clear KPIs and Metrics
Establish key performance indicators (KPIs) and metrics to measure AI impact.
Continuously evaluate and adjust the measurement framework based on real-world outcomes.
Consider both quantitative and qualitative metrics to assess ROI.
11. Scalability:
Strategy: Plan for Scalability
Design AI initiatives with scalability in mind from the outset.
Ensure that the infrastructure, processes, and talent can support larger-scale AI deployments.
Continuously assess and adapt to scaling needs.
12. Explain ability and Transparency:
Strategy: Invest in Model Transparency
Prioritize models that are inherently more interpretable.
Implement post hoc explain ability techniques.
Develop clear communication practices for AI decision-making processes.
13. Keeping Up with Advancements:
Strategy: Foster a Culture of Learning
Establish mechanisms for continuous learning and staying updated with AI advancement. Encourage
employees to attend AI conferences, collaborate with research institutions, and engage in ongoing research

59
and development efforts.
Each organization's strategy for overcoming AI challenges may vary depending on its specific context,
industry, and objectives. Effective strategies often require cross-functional collaboration, a commitment to
responsible AI, and a willingness to adapt to evolving circumstances. Regular evaluation and adjustment
of these strategies are essential to ensure that AI initiatives remain effective and aligned with organizational
goals
What is GPT
GPT stands for "Generative Pre-trained Transformer." It is a type of artificial intelligence model known as
a transformer-based model. GPT models are designed for natural language understanding and generation
tasks and have been at the forefront of advancements in natural language processing (NLP).
Here's a breakdown of what GPT represents:
1. Generative: GPT models are capable of generating human-like text. They can be given a prompt or
context and generate coherent and contextually relevant text as output. This makes them useful for tasks
like text generation, language translation, and chatbots.
2. Pre-trained: GPT models are initially trained on a massive corpus of text data, often drawn from the
internet. This pre-training phase helps the model learn grammar, vocabulary, and a broad understanding of
language. The model is fine-tuned for specific tasks or domains in a subsequent training phase.
3. Transformer: The "Transformer" architecture is the underlying neural network architecture used in
GPT models. Transformers are known for their ability to handle sequential data efficiently and have
revolutionized the field of NLP. They use self-attention mechanisms to process input data in parallel,
making them highly scalable and effective for a wide range of NLP tasks.
The "pre-trained" aspect of GPT is particularly important. During pre-training, the model learns contextual
relationships between words and phrases, allowing it to understand context and generate text that is
contextually relevant.
Several versions of GPT have been developed, with each iteration improving upon the previous one. Some
notable versions include:

- GPT-1
- GPT-2: Known for its large number of parameters and generating highly coherent and contextually
appropriate text.
- GPT-3: The largest and most famous version, with 175 billion parameters, capable of performing a wide
array of NLP tasks and generating human-like text across various domains.

These GPT models have been used in applications such as chatbots, content generation, language

60
translation, text summarization, and more. They have also raised important discussions about AI ethics,
including concerns about bias in generated content and the responsible use of AI for various applications.

Developed by OpenAI, GPT is a remarkable example of how deep learning and large-scale neural networks
can revolutionize the way we interact with and understand human language. In this article, we will explore
the origins, architecture, capabilities, and impact of GPT in the field of AI.
Origins of GPT
The story of GPT begins with the quest to build more sophisticated natural language processing models.
Historically, NLP models faced challenges in understanding context, generating coherent text, and dealing
with ambiguous language. GPT emerged as a response to these challenges.
GPT was first introduced in a 2018 paper titled "Improving Language Understanding by Generative Pre-
training," authored by researchers at OpenAI. The paper presented a novel architecture that combined the
strengths of transformer neural networks with the power of pre-training on massive text corpora.

Understanding the Architecture

At its core, GPT is built upon the Transformer architecture, which has become a fundamental building
block in modern deep learning. Transformers are known for their ability to process sequential data, making
them highly suitable for NLP tasks. They use self-attention mechanisms to weigh the importance of
different words in a sentence, enabling the model to capture contextual information effectively.

GPT's architecture is designed with a stack of transformer layers. These layers allow the model to process
input text step by step, with each layer building upon the representations learned in the previous one. During
training, GPT is exposed to a vast amount of text from the internet, which helps it learn grammar,
vocabulary, and a broad understanding of language.

One of GPT's key innovations is its pre-training phase. During pre-training, the model learns to predict the
next word in a sentence based on the context provided by the preceding words. This process enables GPT
to develop a deep understanding of language structure, semantics, and coherency. Pre-training is followed
by fine-tuning on specific tasks, which allows GPT to adapt to various applications, such as text generation,
translation, summarization, and more.

Capabilities of GPT
GPT has demonstrated an astonishing range of capabilities that have left researchers and practitioners alike

61
in awe. Here are some notable strengths of GPT:
Text Generation: GPT can generate human-like text given a prompt or context. This makes it valuable for
content creation, creative writing, and chatbot development.
Language Translation: GPT can translate text between languages with remarkable accuracy, making it a
powerful tool for breaking language barriers.
Text Summarization: It can summarize lengthy documents or articles into concise and coherent
summaries, aiding in information retrieval and comprehension.
Question Answering: GPT can provide detailed answers to questions posed in natural language, making
it useful for virtual assistants and search engines.
Language Understanding: GPT excels at understanding the context and intent behind user queries,
allowing for more contextually relevant responses.

Conversational AI: GPT has been used to create chatbots and virtual assistants that engage in natural and
context-aware conversations with users.

Impact and Future Prospects

GPT has had a profound impact on various industries and applications. It has found use in customer support,
content generation, healthcare, finance, and more. Its versatility and adaptability make it a valuable tool
for businesses seeking to leverage AI for language-related tasks.

However, the rise of GPT has also raised ethical concerns, especially regarding bias in AI-generated content
and the potential for misuse. Responsible AI development and deployment are crucial to addressing these
challenges.

Looking ahead, the future of GPT and similar models holds great promise. Ongoing research aims to make
these models more efficient, robust, and capable of understanding context even better. As AI technology
continues to evolve, GPT's role in shaping the future of natural language processing is undeniable.

Conclusion
Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) stands as a testament to the incredible progress made in natural
language processing and AI. Its architecture, based on the transformer model, and its ability to generate
coherent and contextually relevant text have opened up new possibilities across various domains. While
GPT has demonstrated its prowess, it also highlights the importance of ethical considerations and

62
responsible AI development. As we look to the future, GPT and its successors are sure to play a pivotal
role in how we interact with and understand human language.

Please note that this article is for informational purposes, and the field of AI is continuously evolving. For
the most up-to-date information on GPT and its developments, it's advisable to refer to recent research
papers and news from organizations like OpenAI.

Neural Network
In the ever-evolving world of artificial intelligence, neural networks have emerged as a foundational
concept, driving innovations in machine learning, deep learning, and a wide array of applications. These
computational models are inspired by the human brain's neural structure and have become essential in
solving complex problems and making sense of vast datasets. In this article, we'll delve into the basics of
neural networks, exploring what they are, how they work, and their significance in AI.
What is a Neural Network?
At its core, a neural network is a computational system designed to mimic the way the human brain
processes information. It consists of interconnected nodes, often referred to as neurons, organized into
layers. These networks excel at tasks involving pattern recognition, classification, regression, and more.
How Do Neural Networks Work?
Neural networks function through a process of learning from data. Here's a simplified overview of how
they work:
1. Input Layer: The network receives input data through the input layer. Each neuron in this layer
represents a feature or attribute of the data.
2. Hidden Layers: Between the input and output layers, one or more hidden layers process the input data.
Neurons in these layers apply mathematical operations to transform the data and extract meaningful
features.
3. Weights and Activation Functions: Each connection between neurons is assigned a weight, which
determines the strength of the connection. An activation function then determines whether the output of a
neuron should be activated (i.e., passed on to the next layer) based on the weighted sum of inputs.
4. Output Layer: The final layer, known as the output layer, produces the network's predictions or
classifications based on the processed data.
5. Training: Neural networks learn by adjusting the weights of connections during a training process. This
involves comparing the network's predictions to the actual target values and iteratively updating the weights
to minimize the prediction errors.

63
Types of Neural Networks
Neural networks come in various architectures, each suited to specific tasks:
1. Feedforward Neural Networks (FNN): These networks have a simple forward flow of data, making
them suitable for tasks like classification and regression.
2. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN): CNNs are designed for image processing and excel at tasks
like image recognition, object detection, and facial recognition.
3. Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN): RNNs are specialized for sequential data and are commonly used
in natural language processing (NLP) tasks like language modelling and sentiment analysis.
4. Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Networks: An extension of RNNs, LSTMs are adept at handling
long sequences of data and are widely used in speech recognition and text generation.
5. Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs): GANs consist of two networks, a generator and a
discriminator, and are employed in image generation, style transfer, and more.
Significance in AI
Neural networks have played a pivotal role in the recent resurgence of artificial intelligence. They have
enabled breakthroughs in image and speech recognition, language translation, autonomous vehicles, and
many other domains. Their ability to learn from data and adapt to complex patterns has unlocked new
possibilities for AI-driven solutions.
Conclusion
Neural networks are the bedrock of modern artificial intelligence, serving as powerful tools for solving
intricate problems and unlocking the potential of AI across industries. As researchers continue to advance
neural network architectures and techniques, their impact on technology and society is only set to grow,
ushering in an era of innovation and discovery.

History Of AI
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has evolved over the decades from a theoretical concept to a transformative
technology that influences nearly every aspect of our lives. In this brief overview, we will explore the key
milestones and developments in the history of AI.

1950s - The Birth of AI

The foundations of AI were laid in the 1950s when computer scientists and mathematicians began to
explore the idea of creating machines that could simulate human intelligence. Notable events during this
period include:
- Alan Turing's Turing Test (1950): Alan Turing proposed a test to determine a machine's ability to exhibit

64
intelligent behavior indistinguishable from that of a human.
- The Logic Theorist (1956): Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon developed the Logic Theorist, a program
capable of proving mathematical theorems.
1960s - Early AI Programs
The 1960s saw the development of early AI programs and the emergence of AI as a formal discipline:
- Eliza (1966): Joseph Weizenbaum created Eliza, one of the first chatbots, which could engage in text-
based conversations with users.
1970s - AI Winter
The 1970s witnessed a period known as the "AI Winter" due to waning interest and limited progress in AI
research. Funding for AI projects was reduced, but research continued in select areas:
- Expert Systems: The development of expert systems, which used predefined knowledge to solve specific
problems, gained attention during this period.
1980s - Renewed Interest
Interest in AI was rekindled in the 1980s with improved computing power and new approaches:
- Backpropagation Algorithm (1986): The development of the backpropagation algorithm for training
neural networks contributed to the resurgence of interest in AI.
1990s - AI in Everyday Life
AI applications began to appear in everyday life, including:
- Natural Language Processing (NLP): NLP technologies improved, leading to the development of more
capable language understanding systems.
2000s - Rise of Machine Learning
The 2000s marked a shift toward machine learning and data-driven AI:
- Deep Learning: Deep learning techniques, including convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and recurrent
neural networks (RNNs), gained prominence, enabling breakthroughs in image and speech recognition.
2010s - AI in the Mainstream
AI became increasingly integrated into mainstream technology and industries:
- AlphaGo (2016): DeepMind's AlphaGo defeated world champion Go player Lee Sedol, showcasing the
power of deep reinforcement learning.
2020s - Ongoing Advancements
AI continues to advance rapidly, impacting fields such as healthcare, autonomous vehicles, and natural
language understanding. Ethical considerations and responsible AI development have also gained
prominence.
Genetic Algorithm
A genetic algorithm (GA) is a type of optimization algorithm inspired by the process of natural selection

65
and evolution. It is used to find approximate solutions to optimization and search problems by mimicking
the principles of biological evolution. Genetic algorithms are widely used in various fields, including
engineering, economics, and computer science, for solving complex problems where traditional
optimization techniques may not be effective.

Here's how a genetic algorithm works:

1. Initialization: The process begins by creating a population of potential solutions (often referred to as
"individuals" or "chromosomes"). Each solution is represented as a set of parameters or genes.
2. Evaluation: Each individual in the population is evaluated for its fitness, which is a measure of how
well it solves the problem. The fitness function is problem-specific and quantifies how close an individual's
solution is to the desired outcome.
3. Selection: Individuals are selected from the current population to serve as parents for the next generation.
Selection is typically based on the individuals' fitness values. Fit individuals are more likely to be selected,
but some degree of randomness is introduced to maintain diversity.
4. Crossover (Recombination): Pairs of selected individuals (parents) are combined to create new
individuals (offspring). This process is analogous to genetic recombination in biology. Crossover points
are chosen randomly in the parent chromosomes, and portions of the parent genes are exchanged to produce
one or more offspring.
5. Mutation: Occasionally, random changes or mutations are introduced into the offspring's genes.
Mutation helps introduce new genetic material into the population, potentially allowing for the exploration
of different areas of the solution space.
6. Replacement: The new offspring, along with some of the fittest individuals from the previous
generation, make up the population for the next generation. The less fit individuals may be discarded to
maintain a constant population size.
7. Termination: The algorithm continues to iterate through selection, crossover, mutation, and
replacement steps for a predefined number of generations or until a convergence criterion is met. The
algorithm stops when a satisfactory solution is found or after a specified number of iterations.

Genetic algorithms excel at solving complex optimization problems where the solution space is vast, poorly
understood, or where traditional gradient-based optimization methods may get stuck in local optima. They
are particularly useful for tasks such as parameter tuning in machine learning algorithms, scheduling, and
optimization problems in engineering and logistics.

66
Key advantages of genetic algorithms include their ability to explore a diverse range of solutions and their
adaptability to various problem domains. However, GAs are heuristic methods, and finding the best
solution is not guaranteed. Their performance depends on factors like the choice of representation, genetic
operators, and population size. Careful tuning and experimentation are often required to achieve optimal
results for specific problems.

Ant Algorithms
Ant algorithms, also known as ant colony optimization (ACO), are a class of optimization algorithms
inspired by the foraging behaviour of ants. These algorithms are used to solve complex optimization
problems, particularly those involving routing and pathfinding, by mimicking the cooperative behaviour
of ants as they search for the shortest path to food sources. Ant algorithms are part of a broader category
of nature-inspired optimization algorithms, known as swarm intelligence.

The fundamental idea behind ant algorithms is to model the problem as a graph, where nodes represent
possible solutions, and edges represent transitions between solutions. Ants are then simulated to traverse
this graph, depositing pheromones on edges as they move. The pheromone trail guides subsequent ants to
explore paths that are more likely to lead to better solutions. Over time, the pheromone trail evolves,
emphasizing optimal paths and de-emphasizing suboptimal ones.

Here's how an ant algorithm typically works:

1. Initialization: Initialize a population of artificial ants at a starting point.
2. Solution Construction: Each ant iteratively constructs a solution by selecting a path through the
problem space based on a probabilistic decision rule. This decision rule typically balances the attractiveness
of a path (determined by pheromone levels) and a heuristic measure (problem-specific information).
3. Pheromone Update: After all ants have constructed their solutions, update the pheromone levels on the
edges of the graph. Ants deposit pheromone on the edges they traverse, and pheromone gradually
evaporates over time. The amount of pheromone deposited is often proportional to the quality of the
solution found.
4. Termination: Repeat the process for a certain number of iterations or until a convergence criterion is
met.
5. Solution Selection: Once the algorithm terminates, the best solution(s) found by the ants can be
extracted based on the pheromone trail.
Ant algorithms have been applied to a wide range of optimization problems, including:
- Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP): Finding the shortest route that visits a set of cities and returns to the

67
starting city.
- Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP): Efficiently routing a fleet of vehicles to deliver goods to a set of
customers.
- Network Routing: Optimizing data packet routing in computer networks.
- Job Scheduling: Scheduling tasks on machines to minimize make span or other objectives.
- Optimization in Telecommunications: Optimizing network design, frequency allocation, and other
telecom-related tasks.

Key advantages of ant algorithms include their ability to explore complex solution spaces efficiently and
to adapt to changing problem conditions. They are particularly useful for problems where the solution space
is large and poorly understood. However, like other heuristic methods, the performance of ant algorithms
can depend on parameter tuning and the choice of problem-specific heuristics.

Types Of AI
Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be categorized into different types based on its capabilities and
functionalities. The classification of AI is often based on its level of human-like intelligence and its ability
to perform specific tasks. Here are the main types of AI:
1. Narrow or Weak AI (ANI):
- Also known as Weak AI, Narrow AI, or Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI).
- This type of AI is designed and trained for a specific task or a narrow range of tasks.
- ANI systems excel in the tasks they are designed for but lack the ability to generalize their intelligence
to other domains.
- Examples include virtual personal assistants (e.g., Siri, Alexa), image recognition software, and
recommendation algorithms on e-commerce websites.
2. General or Strong AI (AGI):
- Also known as Strong AI, Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), or Human-Level AI.
- General AI possesses human-like intelligence and the ability to understand, learn, and apply knowledge
across a wide range of tasks and domains.
- AGI systems can transfer their learning and adapt to new, unforeseen situations.
- Achieving AGI remains a goal of AI research but has not been fully realized as of my last knowledge
update in September 2021.
3. Super intelligent AI:
- This category represents hypothetical AI systems that surpass human intelligence in virtually every
aspect.

68
 - Super intelligent AI, if realized, would have the potential to outperform humans in all cognitive tasks
and may possess abilities beyond human comprehension.
- Concepts like super-intelligent AI often feature in science fiction and discussions about the future of
AI.
4. Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI) Subtypes:
- Within Narrow AI, there are various subtypes based on the specific tasks or functions the AI systems
perform. Some common subtypes include:
- Natural Language Processing (NLP): AI systems designed to understand, generate, and process human
language, such as chatbots and language translation models.
- Computer Vision: AI systems that interpret and analyse visual information, including image and video
recognition.
- Speech Recognition: AI systems capable of converting spoken language into text or commands.
- Expert Systems: AI systems that mimic human expertise in a specific domain, often used for decision
support.
- Machine Learning (ML): AI systems that learn from data to make predictions or decisions.
5. Reactive Machines:
- These AI systems are programmed to perform specific tasks and do not learn from experience or adapt
to changing circumstances.
- Reactive machines rely on predefined rules and do not possess memory or the ability to learn from new
data.
- Chess-playing programs like IBM's Deep Blue are examples of reactive machines.
6. Limited Memory AI:
- Limited Memory AI systems, also known as Transitional AI, have the ability to learn from historical
data and make decisions based on that information.
- They can adapt to some extent to new situations but have limitations in their learning and adaptation
capabilities.
- Self-driving cars, for instance, use limited memory AI to navigate and respond to changing traffic
conditions.
These categories provide a framework for understanding the capabilities and limitations of AI systems.
While significant progress has been made in narrow AI applications, achieving human-level AGI remains
a long-term research goal, and the development of super intelligent AI is a topic of ethical and philosophical
debate.

69
 CHAPTER: 4

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

70
Introduction

Research methodology explains and discusses the

data analysis and collection methods which are
used by the researcher while conducting the
research. This chapter explains what researcher
did and how they did it. It allows reader to
evaluate the validity and reliability of their
research (Kumar. R.). Research methodology
refers to the systematic and rigorous process of conducting research to answer a specific
research question or to investigate a particular phenomenon. It involves a set of procedures,
techniques, and tools used to collect, analyse, and interpret data in a way that ensures the
validity, reliability, and generalizability of the research findings.

Types of research

It is used to describe about the kind of data that is collected and analysed while conducting the
research. There are two main research kinds within research methodology which name as
quantitative and qualitative method. Quantitative research choice is focuses on collecting and
analysing numerical information whereas qualitative research choice is focus on collecting and
analysing in-depth information related to particular topic. In the present investigation
quantitative method is selected by the investigator in order to obtain large amount of data in
numerical terms (Boncz. D. R.).

Data collection

In the present research both the data collection methods are used for collecting relevant
information (King. G.). Primary data is collected by taking survey of selected respondents by
providing questionnaire. On the other hand, secondary data is collected from several sources
such as books, journals and scholarly articles. Primary data is collected by taking survey of
selected respondents by providing questionnaire. In the current research, probability sampling
is used by the researcher for selecting respondents for the current research. In the present study,
researcher selects 40 respondents from the whole population through random sampling. These
respondents are managers of IT organization that helps in providing more accurate and reliable
information.

71
 CHAPTER: 5

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

72
Frequency distribution table

Questions Frequency

1. As per your views, what is artificial intelligence in

simple
terms?
• Branch of computer science 5

• Can simulate human intelligence 5

• It can perform tasks of human 5

• All of the above 25

2. Do you have understanding about the concept of

artificial intelligence in context to IT organisations?

• Yes 25

• No 5

• Neither yes nor no 5

• May be 5

73
3. According to you, is artificial intelligence is required by
all types of organisations?

• Yes, it is essential 20

• Not necessary 5

• Compulsory 10

• Somehow 5

4. Is artificial intelligence play an important role in

managing projects of the organisation?

• Yes 30

• No 3

• May be 4

• Neither yes nor no 3

5. Do you agree with the fact that artificial intelligence is

used in managing large projects of business within IT sector?

• Strongly agree 18

• Agree 15

• Neutral 5

• Disagree 1

• Strongly disagree 1

6. As per your understanding, is artificial intelligence is

fruitful for the large business organisations?
• Yes, it is fruitful 26

• No, it is not fruitful 5

• Might be 4

• Somehow 5

74
7. What are the main advantages of artificial intelligence?
• Reduce waste by minimizing resources 5

• Faster project turnaround times 5

• Better project control 5

• High flexibility and faster detection of issues 5

• All of the above mentioned 20

8. According to your views, how many principles of

artificial intelligence?
• There are 12 principles of artificial intelligence 35

• Artificial intelligence is comprising of 5 2

principles
• There are 10 important principles of artificial 2
intelligence

• Artificial intelligence mainly have 8 principles 1

9. According to your understanding, is there any favourable

influence of artificial intelligence on the success of
business?
• Yes, it helps in achieving success 20

• No, it is ineffective 7

• Favourable influence, leads to success of the 7

business

• Unfavourable influence, hampers the growth of 6

business

10. What is the impact of artificial intelligence on the

organisational projects?
• Positive impact 30

• Negative impact 3

75
 • Neither positive nor negative 4

• None of the above 3

11. What are the major challenges faced by IT companies

while adopting artificial intelligence?
• Lack of planning 4

• Lack of clarity around the roles 4

• Resistance to change 4

• Inconsistent process in teams 4

• All of the above 24

12. What are the most effective ways, by which IT

organisations can deal with the challenges of artificial
intelligence?

• Continuous improvements 4

• Adapting to change 4

• Encouraging collaborations 4

• Prioritizing value of stakeholder 4

• All of the above mentioned 24

13. Do you agree with the fact that organisation can easily
schedule their project by the use of artificial intelligence?
• Strongly agree 14

• Agree 14

• Neutral 6

• Disagree 3

• Strongly disagree 3

76
14. Is it necessary for all the organisation to carried down
their project as per artificial intelligence process?
• Yes, it is necessary 15

• No, there is no compulsion 10

• Neither yes nor no 10

• May be 5

15. What do you think, is artificial intelligence is effective

in scheduling large projects of the organisations?

• Yes, it is most effective process 26

• No, it is ineffective process 8

• Not sure 3

• Might be 3

77
 Data presentation

Table 1: Artificial intelligence in simple terms

1. As per your views, what is artificial intelligence in

simple terms?

• Branch of computer science 5

• Can simulate human intelligence 5

• It can perform tasks of human 5

• All of the above 25

Figure 1: Artificial intelligence in simple terms

5 25

Interpretation: From the above graph, it has been interpreting that there are 40 respondents selected for the specific
question of understanding about the concept of artificial intelligence in context of the organisation. There are 5
people who says that artificial intelligence is the branch of computer science, and 5 respondents are saying that
artificial intelligence is the most effective way to manage projects. On the other hand, 5 people are saying it It can
perform tasks of human while 25 people selected the last option that is all of the above, all the mentioned options
are true in context to artificial intelligence.

78
Table 2: Understanding about the concept of artificial intelligence in context to IT
organisations

2. Do you have understanding about the concept of

artificial intelligence in context to IT organisations?

• Yes 25

• No 5

• Neither yes nor no 5

• May be 5

5 25

· Yes · No · Neither yes nor no · May be

Figure 1: Understanding about the concept of artificial intelligence in context to

ITorganisations

Interpretation: From the above pie chart it has been interpreted that out of 40 respondents, 25
people has understanding about the concept of artificial intelligence in context to IT
organisations. Whereas 4 respondents do not have any knowledge related to the concept of
artificial intelligence and 5 people supports the third option that is neither yes nor no. Apart from
this 5 people selectsthe last option that is may be.

79
Table: 3 Artificial intelligence is required by all types of organisations

3. According to you, is artificial intelligence is required by

al types of organisations?

• Yes, it is essential 20

• Not necessary 5

• Compulsory 10

• Somehow 5

Figure: 3 Artificial intelligence is required by all types of organisations

Interpretation: According to the above graph, it has been analysed that the artificial
intelligence is required by all kinds of organisations. Out of 40 participants 20 are saying that
Artificial intelligence is one of the most effective tools in order to manage project and required
by all the organisations and 5 are saying that is not necessary to carried down project as per
artificial intelligence phases. On the other hand, 10 respondents are saying that artificial
intelligence is compulsory for all the organisation and 5 selects the last option that is somehow.

80
Table: 4 Role of artificial intelligence

4. Is artificial intelligence play an important role in

managing projects of the organisation?

• Yes 30

• No 3

• May be 4

• Neither yes nor no 3

Figure: 4 Role of artificial intelligence

Interpretation: As per the above pie chart it has been interpreted that from the 40 respondents
30 people says that artificial intelligence play a crucial role in managing projects of the
organisation. Alternatively, 3 people selects the second option that is no and 4 people selects
third option that is may be like they are not sure about it. While 3 people selects the last option
that pretends neither yes nor no.

81
Table: 5 artificial intelligence is used in large projects of business within IT sector

5. Do you agree with the fact that artificial intelligence is

used in managing large projects of business within IT sector?

• Strongly agree 18

• Agree 15

• Neutral 5

• Disagree 1

• Strongly disagree 1

5 1 1

18

15

· Strongly agree · Agree · Neutral

· Disagree · Strongly disagree

Figure: 5 Artificial intelligence is used in large projects of business within IT sector

Interpretation: From the above pie chart it is being interpreted that out of 40 respondents 18
are strongly agreed with the fact that artificial intelligence is used managing large projects of
thebusiness organisation within IT sector. On the other hand, 15 people are agreed with it and
5 people select the third option that is neutral. Apart from this 1 people is disagreed with it and
1 people is strongly disagreed it.

82
Table: 6 Artificial intelligence is fruitful for the large business organisations

6. As per your understanding, is artificial intelligence is

fruitful for the large business organisations?
• Yes, it is fruitful 26

• No, it is not fruitful 5

• Might be 4

• Somehow 5

5
4

5
26

· Yes, it is fruitful · No, it is not fruitful · Might be · Somehow

Figure: 6 Artificial intelligence is fruitful for the large business organisations

Interpretation: It is being interpreted from the above pie chart that out of 40 respondents 26
says that artificial intelligence is fruitful for the large business organisations. 5 support the
secondoption that is artificial intelligence is not fruitful for the large organisations. Apart from
this 4 selects the option that is might be like they are not sure about efficiency of artificial
intelligence for top business organisations. 5 respondents select the last option that is somehow.

83
Table: 7 Main advantages of artificial intelligence

7. What are the main advantages of artificial intelligence?

• Reduce waste by minimizing resources 5

• Faster project turnaround times 5

• Better project control 5

• High flexibility and faster detection of issues 5

• All of the above mentioned 20

5
5
20
5

· Reduce waste by minimizing resources

· Faster project turnaround times
· Better project control
· High flexibility and faster detection of issues
· All of the above mentioned

Figure: 7 Main advantages of artificial intelligence

Interpretation: According to the above pie chart, it has been interpreted that there are various
advantages of artificial intelligence. The number of respondents is 40 out of it 5 says that agile
help in reducing waste by minimizing resources and 5 says that by the use of artificial
intelligence organisations can faster their project turnaround times. 5 people supports the 3 their
option thatis better project control and 5 chooses the fourth option that is high flexibility and
faster detection of issues. The last option is all of the above mentioned and majority of people
20 select this option.

84
Table: 8 Principles artificial intelligence
8. According to your views, how many of principles
artificial intelligence?
• There are 12 principles of artificial intelligence 35

• Artificial intelligence is comprising of 5 2

principles
• There are 10 important principles of artificial 2
intelligence

• Artificial intelligence mainly have 8 principles 1

2 2 1

35

· There are 12 principle artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence is comprising of 5 principles
· There are 10 important principles of artificial
intelligence
· Artificial intelligence mainly have 8 principles

Table: 8 Principles artificial intelligence

Interpretation: From the above graph it has been interpreting that out of 40 respondents 35
selects the first option that is there are basically 12 principles of artificial intelligence while 2
is saying that artificial intelligence comprises of 5 principles. Apart from these 2 respondents
are saying that artificial intelligence has 10 principles whereas 1 says that artificial intelligence
has 8 principles. So, it can be interpreted that there are 12 principles of artificial intelligence .
85
Table: 9 Favourable influence of artificial intelligence on the success of business

9. According to your understanding, is there any favourable

influence of artificial intelligence on the success of
business?
• Yes, it helps in achieving success 20

• No, it is ineffective 7

• Favourable influence, leads to success of the 7

business

• Unfavourable influence, hampers the growth of 6

business

7 20

· Yes, it helps in achieving success

· No, it is ineffective
· Favourable influence, leads to success of the business
· Unfavourable influence, hampers the growth of business

Figure: 9 Favourable influence of artificial intelligence on the success of business

Interpretation: It is being interpreted from the above graph that artificial intelligence has
favourable influence on the success of business. The total number of participants are 40 out of
which 20 supports the first option that is yes, it helps in achieving success. Aside from 7 selects
the second option that is no, it is ineffective and 7 choses the third option that is favourable
influence leads to success of the business. While 7 people selects the last option that is
unfavourable influence, hampers the growth of business.

86
Table: 10 Impact of artificial intelligence on the organisational projects

10. What is the impact of artificial intelligence on the

organisational projects?
• Positive impact 30

• Negative impact 3

• Neither positive nor negative 4

• None of the above 3

3
4
3

30

· Positive impact · Negative impact

· Neither positive nor negative · None of the above

Table: 10 Impact of artificial intelligence on the organisational projects

Interpretation: From the above pie chart it can be interpreted that artificial intelligence has
several positive impacts on the projects of organisation. There are 40 respondents out of which
30 supports the first option that is positive in nature and 3 selects the second option that is
negative impact. Aside from 4 people choses third option that is neither positive nor negative
and 3 participants selects the last option that is none of the above.

87
Table: 11 Major challenges faced by IT companies while adopting artificial intelligence
11. What are the major challenges faced by IT companies
while adopting artificial intelligence?
• Lack of planning 4

• Lack of clarity around the roles 4

• Resistance to change 4

• Inconsistent process in teams 4

• All of the above 24

4
4

4
24
4

· Lack of planning · Lack of clarity around the roles

· Resistance to change · Inconsistent process in teams
· All of the above

Figure: 11 Major challenges faced by IT companies while adopting artificial intelligence

Interpretation: From the above-mentioned pie chart it can be interpreted that there are various
challenges faced by the IT companies while adopting the process of artificial intelligence .
Thereare 40 participants out of which 4 choses the first option that is lack of planning, 4 selects
second option that is lack of clarity around the roles, 4 selects the third option that is resistance
to change and 4 selects fourth option that is inconsistent process in teams. Apart from all these
24 respondents selects the last option that is all the mentioned are challenges related to artificial
intelligence .

88
Table: 12 Ways to deal with the challenges

12. What are the most effective ways, by which IT

organisations can deal with the challenges of artificial
intelligence?
• Continuous improvements 4

• Adapting to change 4

• Encouraging collaborations 4

• Prioritizing value of stakeholder 4

• All of the above mentioned 24

4
4

4
24
4

· Continuous improvements · Adapting to change

· Encouraging collaborations · Prioritizing value of stakeholder
· All of the above mentioned

Figure: 12 Ways to deal with the challenges

Interpretation: As per the above graph it can be interpreted that there are many ways to deal
with the challenges of artificial intelligence. The number of respondents is 40 out of which 4
choses the first option that is continuous improvement and 4 selects second option that is
adapting to change as well as 4 selects the third option which is related to encouraging
collaborations and 4 choses fourth option that is prioritizing the value of stakeholder. The last
option is selected by higher number of participants, 24 people choses it as it involves all the
options available.

89
Table: 13 Organisation can easily schedule their project by the use of artificial intelligence

13. Do you agree with the fact that organisation can easily
schedule their project by the use of artificial intelligence?
• Strongly agree 14

• Agree 14

• Neutral 6

• Disagree 3

• Strongly disagree 3

3
3
14
6

14

· Strongly agree · Agree · Neutral

· Disagree · Strongly disagree

Figure: 13 Organisation can easily schedule their project by the use of artificial intelligence

Interpretation: According to the above pie chart it can be interpreted that there are 40 respondents out
of which 14 are strongly agreed with the fact that organisation can easily schedule their project by the
use of artificial intelligence and 3 strongly disagreed it. Apart fromthese 14 respondents are agreed
with it, 3 disagreed the same. While 6 people selects the thirdoption that is neutral.

90
Table: 14 Necessary for all the organisation to carried down their project as per
artificial intelligence process
14. Is it necessary for all the organisation to carried down
their project as per artificial intelligence process?
• Yes, it is necessary 15

• No, there is no compulsion 10

• Neither yes nor no 10

• May be 5

5
15

10

10

· Yes, it is necessary · No, there is no compulsion

· Neither yes nor no · May be

Figure: 14 Necessary for all the organisation to carried down their project as per
artificial intelligence process

Interpretation: It can be interpreted from the above graph that out of 40 respondents 15 choses
the first option that is yes artificial intelligence is necessary for all the organisation in order to
carried down their projects as per the process of agile management and 10 selects another
option that is no, there is no compulsion. On the other hand, 10 participants select the third
option that is neither yes nor no and 5 selects the last option that is may be like they are not
sure about it.

91
Table: 15 Artificial intelligence is effective in scheduling large projects of the
organisations

15. What do you think, is artificial intelligence is effective

in scheduling large projects of the organisations?

• Yes, it is most effective process 26

• No, it is ineffective process 8

• Not sure 3

• Might be 3

3
3

26

· Yes, it is most effective process · No, it is ineffective process

· Not sure · Might be

Table: 15 Artificial intelligence is effective in scheduling large projects of the

organisations

Interpretation: From the above graph it has been analysed that artificial intelligence is one of
the most effective process in order to schedule large projects of the organisation. There are 40
participants out of which 26 supports the first option that is yes, it is most effective process and
8 selects the second option that is no it is ineffective process. Apart from this 3 people are not
sure about it and 3 selects the last option that is might be.

92
 CHAPTER: 6

FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

93
FINDINGS

➢ It has been found out from this

investigation that process of artificial
intelligence is crucial for all the
organisations.
➢ By the use of artificial intelligence
process Cognus technology can
effectively schedule their project.
➢ Data is collected by the use of primary method and interpreted on the basis of pie chart
which help to collect numerical information from authentic sources.
➢ The aim and objectives of the present investigation is effectively taken into
consideration and helpful in making inference out of it.

CONCLUSION

From the above Summer Training ProjectReport,

it can be concluded that artificial intelligence is
one of the most effective tools, should be used
specially by the IT companies inorder to schedule
their projects effectively. In the above project
report there are 6 chapters mentioned from which
first chapter involves the organisation review in
which my internship is taken place.
Organisation’s vision and mission is elaborately
defined in the above report of research. There are
some other aspects of the organisation are also
included such as working environment of the
company, work-life balance in the organisation
and plans and policies of Cognus technology.
The second chapter includes introduction of the selected topic which also comprises of several
sub-points such as overview of the topic in which concept, process, reason behind the selection,
core values, principles of the artificial intelligence is mentioned. The second sub-point is
background of the investigation in which effectiveness of artificial intelligence is discussed.

94
The next sub-point is scope of the investigation in which wider scope is being discussed by the
investigator. The most important sub point is fourth that is aim and objectives of the
investigation and fifth is question of the research. There are various other things discussed in
this chapter such as rational of the investigation, purpose of the study and structure of the
dissertation. This chapter provides base to overall investigation.

The third chapter of this investigation is literature review which involve viewpoints of different
authors on the same concern. All the objectives which are formed in the second chapter are
elaborately discussed in this chapter by various authors. This chapter includes concept of
artificial intelligence in relation to large project within the organisation, benefits, effectiveness
and positive impact of artificial intelligence on the success of the organisation. There are
various challenges faced by the companies in order to adapt the process of artificial intelligence
is also specified in the above investigation report.

The fourth chapter is methodology of research which defines the process of doing investigation.
In the present research study Saunders research onion framework is used by the investigator. It
includes research philosophy, approach, strategy, instrument, time horizon, data collection,
data analysis, sampling, ethical consideration, research validity and reliability.

The fifth chapter is data analysis and findings which involves questionnaire, frequency
distribution table, data presentation, analysis and interpretation. All the information is collected
by the use of primary method of data collection.

In the last chapter of this investigation report all the mentioned chapters are concluded as well
as various recommendations are involved.

95
 CHAPTER: 7

RECOMMENDATIONS

96
From the findings I can suggest various ways by which Cognus technology can deal with the
challenges related to artificial intelligence.

Some ways are specified below:

Continuous
improvement

Continuous Stakeholder
improvement involvement

Recommendations

Communication Training

Time
Flexibility
Management

Communication: Communication is essential in artificial intelligence. Make sure that all team
members understand the goals, timelines, and expectations. Regularly scheduled meetings,
such as daily stand-ups, can help keep everyone on the same page.

Flexibility: Artificial intelligence is all about being flexible and adapting to changes. Be
preparedto adjust plans and timelines as needed to meet changing requirements.

Time management: Artificial intelligence requires effective time management. Prioritize

tasks and break them down into smaller, more manageable chunks to ensure that everything
gets done on time.

Collaboration: Collaboration is key in Artificial intelligence. Encourage team members to

worktogether, share ideas, and provide feedback to one another.

Continuous improvement: Artificial intelligence is all about continuous improvement.

Encourage your team to review and evaluate their work on a regular basis, and adjust as needed
to improve the process.

97
Stakeholder involvement: Stakeholder involvement is critical in artificial intelligence. Make
sure that stakeholders are aware of the project’s progress, and seek their input and feedback
throughout the process.

Training: Provide training to team members who are new to artificial intelligence. This can
help ensure that everyone is on the same page and understands how to effectively manage
projects in an agile environment.

98
APPENDIX

1. As per your views, what is artificial intelligence in simple terms?

• Branch of computer science

• Can simulate human intelligence
• It can perform tasks of human

• All of the above

2. Do you have understanding about the concept of artificial intelligence in context to

ITorganisations?
• Yes
• No
• Neither yes nor no
• May be
3. According to you, is artificial intelligence is required by all types of organisations?
• Yes, it is essential
• Not necessary
• Compulsory
• Somehow
4. Is artificial intelligence play an important role in managing projects of the organisation?
• Yes
• No
• May be
• Neither yes nor no
5. Do you agree with the fact that artificial intelligence is used in managing large
projectsof business within IT sector?
• Strongly agree
• Agree
• Neutral
• Disagree
• Strongly disagree

99
6. As per your understanding, is artificial intelligence is fruitful for the large
business organisations?
• Yes, it is fruitful
• No, it is not fruitful
• Might be
• Somehow
7. What are the main advantages of artificial intelligence ?
• Reduce waste by minimizing resources
• Faster project turnaround times
• Better project control
• High flexibility and faster detection of issues
• All of the above mentioned
8. According to your views, how many principles of artificial intelligence ?
• There are 12 principles of artificial intelligence
• Artificial intelligence is comprising of 5 principles
• There are 10 important principles of artificial intelligence
• Artificial intelligence mainly have 8 principles
9. According to your understanding, is there any favourable influence of artificial
intelligence on the success of business?
• Yes, it helps in achieving success
• No, it is ineffective
• Favourable influence leads to success of the business
• Unfavourable influence hampers the growth of business
10. What is the impact of artificial intelligence on the organisational projects?
• Positive impact
• Negative impact
• Neither positive nor negative
• None of the above
11. What are the major challenges faced by IT companies while adopting artificial
intelligence?
• Lack of planning
• Lack of clarity around the roles

100
 • Resistance to change
• Inconsistent process in teams
• All of the above
12. What are the most effective ways, by which IT organisations can
deal with thechallenges of artificial intelligence ?
• Continuous improvements
• Adapting to change
• Encouraging collaborations
• Prioritizing value of stakeholder
• All of the above mentioned
13. Do you agree with the fact that organisation can easily schedule their
project by theuse of artificial intelligence ?
• Strongly agree
• Agree
• Neutral
• Disagree
• Strongly disagree
14. Is it necessary for all the organisation to carried down their project
as per artificial intelligence process?
• Yes, it is necessary
• No, there is no compulsion
• Neither yes nor no
• May be
15. What do you think, is artificial intelligence is effective in scheduling
large projects of the organisations?
• Yes, it is most effective process
• No, it is ineffective process
• Not sure
• Might be

101
REFERENCES

Books and journal

Kumar. R., Research methodology: A step-by-step

guide for beginners.

Boncz. D. R., Introduction to research methodology

King. G., Advanced Quantitative Research Methodology

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ahmed, I., Jeon, G. and Piccialli, F., 2022. From artificial intelligence to explainable
artificial intelligence in industry 4.0: a survey on what, how, and where. IEEE Transactions
on Industrial Informatics, 18(8), pp.5031-5042.
Huynh-The, T., Pham, Q.V., Pham, X.Q., Nguyen, T.T., Han, Z. and Kim, D.S., 2023.
Artificial intelligence for the metaverse: A survey. Engineering Applications of Artificial
Intelligence, 117, p.105581.
Salvagno, M., Taccone, F.S. and Gerli, A.G., 2023. Can artificial intelligence help for
scientific writing?. Critical care, 27(1), pp.1-5.
Zhang, B., Zhu, J. and Su, H., 2023. Toward the third generation artificial
intelligence. Science China Information Sciences, 66(2), p.121101.

WEBLIOGRAPHY

Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definition, Examples, Types, Applications, Companies, & Facts |
Britannica

What AI decision-making can do for customer engagement | Pega

Saïd Business School, University of Oxford Oxford Artificial Intelligence Programme

(getsmarter.com)

Artificial Intelligence (AI): What Is AI and How Does It Work? | Built In

102