SCHIZOAFFECTIVE DISORDER

DSM-IV
295.70 Schizoaffective disorder

This disorder emphasizes the temporal relationship of schizophrenic and mood

symptoms and is used for conditions that meet the criteria for both schizophrenia
and a mood disorder with psychotic symptoms lasting a minimum of 1 month. The
clinical features must occur within a single uninterrupted period of illness (for some,
this may be years or even decades) that is judged to last until the individual is
completely recovered for a significant period of time, free of any significant
symptoms of the disorder. In comparison with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder
occurs more commonly in women than in men.

ETIOLOGICAL THEORIES
Psychodynamics
Refer to CPs: Schizophrenia, Major Depression, and Bipolar Disorder.

Biological
Refer to CPs: Schizophrenia, Major Depression, and Bipolar Disorder.
Recent studies suggest that schizoaffective disorder is a distinct syndrome
resulting from a high genetic liability to both mood disorders and schizophrenia.

Family Dynamics
Refer to CPs: Schizophrenia, Major Depression, and Bipolar Disorder.

CLIENT ASSESSMENT DATA BASE

Neurosensory
Depressed mood (at least 2 wks); manic or mixed mood (at least 1 wk)
Pronounced manic and depressive features intermingled with schizophrenic features
Delusions and hallucinations for at least 2 wks (in absence of prominent mood
symptoms)
Difficulty following a moving object with the eyes

Teaching/Learning
May report previous episode(s) and remission free of significant symptoms; usually
begins in early adulthood (generally earlier than mood disorders)
Absence of substance use or general medical conditions that could account for
symptoms

DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES
Refer to CPs: Schizophrenia, Major Depression, and Bipolar Disorder.

NURSING PRIORITIES
1. Provide protective environment; prevent injury.
 2. Assist with self-care.
3. Promote interaction with others.
4. Identify resources available for assistance.
5. Support family involvement in therapy.

DISCHARGE GOALS
1. Signs of physical agitation are abating and no physical injury occurs.
2. Improved sense of self-esteem, lessened depression, and elevated mood are
noted.
3. Approaches and socializes appropriately with others, individually and in group
activities.
4. Adequate nutritional intake is achieved/maintained.
5. Client/family displays effective coping skills and appropriate use of resources.
6. Plan in place to meet needs after discharge.
(Refer to CPs: Schizophrenia, Major Depression, and Bipolar Disorder for other NDs
that apply, in addition to the following.)

NURSING DIAGNOSIS VIOLENCE, risk for, directed at self/others

Risk Factors May Include: Depressed mood; feelings of worthlessness;
hopelessness
Unsatisfactory parent/child relationship; feelings
of abandonment by significant other(s)
Anger turned inward/directed at the environment
Punitive superego and irrational feelings of guilt
Numerous failures (learned helplessness)
Misinterpretation of reality
Extreme hyperactivity
[Possible Indicators:] History of previous suicide attempts; making
direct/indirect statements indicating a desire to
kill self/having a plan
Hallucinations; delusional thinking
Self-destructive behavior (hitting body parts
against wall/furniture); destruction of inanimate
objects
Temper tantrums/aggressive behavior; increased
agitation and lack of control over purposeless
movements
Vulnerable self-esteem
Desired Outcomes/Evaluation Criteria— Express improved sense of well-being/self-
Client Will: concept.
Manage behavior and deal with anger
appropriately.
Demonstrate self-control without harm to self or
others.
ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE

Independent
Note direct statements of a desire to kill self; alsoDirect and indirect indicators of suicidal intent
note indirect actions indicating suicidal wish, need to be attended to and addressed as being
(e.g., putting affairs in order, writing a will, giving potentially acted on.
away prized possessions; presence of hallucinations
and delusional thinking; history of previous suicidal
behavior/acts; statements of hopelessness regarding
life situation).
Ask client directly if suicide has been considered/ The risk of suicide is greatly increased if the
client
planned and if the means are available to carry out has developed a plan, and particularly if
means
the plan. exist to execute the plan.
Provide a safe environment for client by removing Provides protection while treatment is
being
potentially harmful objects from access (e.g., sharp undertaken to deal with existing situation.
Client’s
objects; straps, belts, ties; glass items; smoking rationality is impaired, she or he may harm self
materials). inadvertently.
Assign to quiet unit, if possible. Unit milieu may be too distracting, increasing
agitation and potential for loss of control.
Reduce environmental stimuli (e.g., private room,In hyperactive state, client is extremely
soft lighting, low noise level, and simple room distractible, and responses to even the slightest
decor). stimuli are exaggerated.
Stay with the client/request client remain in staff Provides support and feelings of security as
view. Provide supervision as necessary. agitation grows and hyperactivity increases.
Formulate a short-term verbal contract with the An attitude of acceptance of the client as a
client stating that he or she will not harm self worthwhile individual is conveyed. Discussion of
during specified period of time. Renegotiate contract suicidal feelings with a trusted individual
as necessary. provides a degree of relief to the client. A
contract
gets the subject out in the open and places some
of
the responsibility for own safety on the client.
Ask client to agree to seek out staff member/friend The suicidal client is often very
ambivalent about
if thoughts of suicide emerge. own feelings. Discussion of these feelings with a
trusted individual may provide assistance before

the client experiences a crisis situation.

Encourage verbalization of honest feelings. Explore Because of elevated anxiety, client may
need
and discuss symbols of hope client can identify in assistance to recognize presence of hope
in life
own life. situations.
Promote expression of angry feelings within Depression and suicidal behaviors may be
viewed
appropriate limits. Provide safe method(s) of as anger turned inward on the self, or anger may

hostility release. Help client identify true source of be expressed as hostile acting-out toward
others. If
anger, and work on adaptive coping skills for this anger can be verbalized and/or released in a
continued use. nonthreatening environment, the client may be
able to resolve these feelings, regardless of the
discomfort involved.
Orient client to reality, as required. Point out Elevated level of anxiety may contribute to
sensory/environmental misperceptions, taking care distortions in reality. Client may need help

not to belittle client’s fears or indicate disapproval distinguishing between reality and
misperceptions
of verbal expressions. of the environment.
Spend time with the client on a regular schedule Provides a feeling of safety and security, while
and provide frequent intermittent checks as also conveying the message, “I want to spend
time
indicated in response to client needs. with you because I think you are a worthwhile
person.”
Provide structured schedule of activities that Structured schedule provides feeling of security
includes established rest periods throughout the day. for the client. Additional rest promotes
relaxation
for the agitated client.
Provide physical activities as a substitute for Physical exercise provides a safe and effective
purposeless hyperactivity (e.g., brisk walks, means of relieving pent-up tension.
housekeeping chores, dance therapy, aerobics).
Observe for effectiveness and evidence of adverse Individual reactions to medications may
vary, and
side effects of drug therapy (e.g., anticholinergic early identification can assist with changes in
[dry mouth, blurred vision], extrapyramidal dosage and/or drug choice, possibly preventing
[tremors, rigidity, restlessness, weakness, facial client from discontinuing drug therapy
spasms]). prematurely with potential loss of control.

Collaborative
Administer medication, as indicated:
Neuroleptics, e.g., chlorpromazine (Thorazine); Pharmacological interventions need to be
directed
at the presenting symptoms and used on a short-
term basis. Antipsychotics may be effective in
reducing the hyperactivity associated with
mania.
May be combined with lithium or antidepressants

and then gradually withdrawn.

Antidepressants, e.g., imipramine (Tofranil); Allows the accumulation of the neurotransmitters
 norepinephrine and serotonin, potentiating their
antidepressant effect. Useful after psychosis has
cleared.
Antimanics, e.g., lithium (Eskalith, Lithobid); The exact mechanism of action of these drugs is
unknown; however, they are thought to alter
chemical transmitters in the CNS, reducing manic

behavior.

Antipsychotics, e.g.: clozapine (Clozaril), Used for management of manifestations of

risperidone (Risperdal), olanzapine (Zyprexa). psychosis. Note: Elderly clients tend to
respond
well to Risperdal.
Prepare for/assist with electroconvulsive therapy May be indicated to alter mood until neuroleptics

(ECT). or antidepressants become effective. Note:

Some
research suggests this is the most effective
treatment for some clients.
Identify community resources including crisis Support systems promote independence/provide
center/hotline. help for dealing with suicidal thoughts/feelings.
Having a concrete plan for seeking assistance
during a crisis may discourage or prevent self-
destructive behaviors.

NURSING DIAGNOSIS SOCIAL ISOLATION

May Be Related to: Developmental regression
Depressed mood; feelings of worthlessness
Egocentric behaviors (which offend others and
discourage relationships)
Delusional thinking
Fear of failure
Impaired cognition fostering negative view of self
Unresolved grief
Possibly Evidenced by: Sad, dull affect
Absence of supportive significant other(s):
family, friends, group
Uncommunicative/withdrawn behavior; absence
of eye contact; seeking to be alone
Preoccupation with own thoughts; repetitive,
meaningless actions
Assuming fetal position; catatonic behaviors
Desired Outcomes/Evaluation Criteria— Verbalize willingness to be with others.
 Client Will: Spend time voluntarily with others, seek out
group activities.
Develop 1:1 trust-based relationship.

ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE

Independent
Spend time with client. (This may mean sitting in Nurse’s presence helps improve client’s
perception
silence for a while.) of self as a worthwhile person.
Develop a therapeutic nurse-client relationship The nurse’s presence, acceptance, and
conveyance
through frequent, brief contacts and an accepting of positive regard enhance the client’s
feeling of
attitude. Show unconditional positive regard. self-worth and facilitate trust and interaction with

others.
Encourage attendance in group activities, after The presence of a trusted individual provides
client feels comfortable in the 1:1 relationship. Nurse emotional security for the client. Moving
slowly
may need to attend with client the first few times to into a more threatening activity and
accepting
offer support. Accept client’s decision to remove self client’s decision to leave promotes self-
trust and
from group situation if anxiety becomes too great. sense of control.
Provide positive reinforcement for client’s voluntary Enhances self-esteem and encourages
repetition of
interactions with others. desirable behaviors.
Verbally acknowledge client’s absence from any Knowledge that absence was noticed may
group activities. reinforce the client’s feelings of importance and
self-worth.
Assist client to learn assertiveness techniques. Knowledge of the appropriate use of assertive
techniques could improve client’s relationships
with others.
Devise a plan of therapeutic activities and provide The depressed client needs structure
because of
client with a written time schedule. the impairment in decision-making/problem-
solving ability. A structured schedule provides
security until the client can function
independently.
Help client learn skills that may be used to approach With practice, these skills become easier
in real-life
others in a socially acceptable manner. Practice these situations, and client feels more
comfortable
skills through role-play, beginning with simple performing them.
assignments (e.g., introduce self in safe environment).
Limit group activities, when client is agitated. Help Client’s ability to interact with others is
impaired.
client to establish 1 or 2 close relationships. More security is felt in a 1:1 relationship that is
consistent over time.

NURSING DIAGNOSIS NUTRITION: altered, less than body

requirements
May Be Related to: Energy expenditure in excess of calorie intake
Refusal/inability to sit still long enough to eat
meals
Lack of attention to/recognition of hunger cues
Possibly Evidenced by: Lack of interest in food; weight loss
Pale conjunctiva and mucous membranes
Poor muscle tone/skin turgor
Amenorrhea
Abnormal laboratory findings (e.g., anemias,
electrolyte imbalances)
Desired Outcomes/Evaluation Criteria— Identify and formulate plan to meet individual
Client Will: dietary needs.
Demonstrate adequate intake to maintain
individual nutritional balance/provide desired
weight gain.
Display normalization of laboratory values and
be free of signs of malnutrition.

ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE

Independent
Determine individual daily caloric requirement, Important for the provision of adequate nutrition.

considering body structure, height, and activity and

realistic weight gain.
Have juice and snacks available at all times. Nutritious intake is required on a regular basis to
compensate
for increased caloric requirements caused by
hyperactivity.
Provide high-protein, high-calorie, nutritious finger Client may have difficulty sitting still long
enough
foods and drinks that can be consumed on the run. to eat a meal because of hyperactive
state. It is
more likely that the client will consume food and
drinks that can be carried around and eaten with
little effort.
Maintain accurate record of intake, output, and Necessary to make an accurate nutritional
calorie count. assessment, identify individual needs, and
maintain client safety.
Recommend weighing on a regular schedule as Helpful in evaluating therapeutic needs and
individually appropriate. effectiveness of treatment plan.
Determine client’s dietary likes and dislikes. Client is more likely to eat foods that are
particularly enjoyed.
Pace or walk with client as finger foods are taken.Presence of a trusted individual may provide
As agitation subsides, sit with client during meals. feeling of security and decrease agitation.

Offer support and encouragement. Encouragement and positive reinforcement

increase self-esteem and foster repetition of
desired behaviors.
Help client learn the importance of adequate Client may have inadequate or inaccurate
nutrition and fluid intake. knowledge regarding the contribution of good
nutrition to overall wellness.

Collaborative
Consult with dietitian as indicated. Helpful in establishing individual needs/program
and provides educational opportunity.
Administer vitamin and mineral supplements, as To improve and/or restore nutritional well-being.
indicated.
Monitor laboratory values and report status/ Provides an objective assessment of therapeutic
significant nutritional changes. needs/effectiveness.