English 1st Bgu

English How did everything begin?
Pedagogical Module 1
Curricular Threads: Communication and Cultural Awareness,
Oral Communication, Reading, Writing, Language Through the Arts
First Course BGU
Simple past and

past of to be 5
Life evolution and

6 environmental awareness
Zero and first conditional 4
Sc
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7
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History of our planet
Future tense 3
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Vocabulary related
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History
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to Science, History, 2 8 Academic reading

and Ecology
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of Our World
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Writing process ge
for paragraphs 1
Values
Rigorous Community Environmental

11 academic approach 10 actions 9 conservation
The Universe Is Extensive and Mysterious
Humans look at the sky and wonder how it was a couple of thousands of years. We have shared
created and what is out there. Somewhere in the land and water with animals and plants that were
universe there is a small blue planet; we live there. here long before the first humans appeared.
It is a wonderful place, full of life and beauty.
However, our intelligence has helped us create
Humans are always trying to discover what and develop wonderful tools and technology
happened before their existence. Scientists try that have taken us to where we are now.
to find clues about the Earth’s past and some Sometimes it seems people forget that some
wonderful past inhabitants, and some answers of our resources are limited, and that we should
that can tell us about the future too. Humans take care of our beautiful home which gives
know that they have lived on the planet just us food, water, and shelter.
Non-Commercial Licence
What do we know about our planet’s past? How can we protect it for future generations?
1
Lesson A
Communication and Cultural Awareness
What do you know about the origin of the universe and our planet?
Origin of the Universe and the Planet

Culture
Some cultures believe
in creation from chaos
and a cosmic egg, like the
Babylonian, Greek, and
Hindu cultures. Others
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believe in creation out
of body parts of gods, like What is the universe? It consists of everything we call matter, stars, galaxies and others,
but surprisingly only 10% of it is matter and 90% is dark space.
the Egyptians and Nordic
cultures. There is also the
idea of creation through The most accepted theory that explains the origin of the universe
alternate universes, as some states that it all started 14 billion years ago. Back then, there was a tiny
North American people particle, like an atom, which was very hot and dense. This particle
believed. And other cultures exploded causing the universe to form; matter started to expand and
believe in mythical animals created millions of galaxies. The galaxy we live in is called the Milky Way.
that came from water Our planet is approximately 4.5 billion (4,567,000,000) years old.
and created everything, Its origin is still a mystery today, but some theories exist. The “Core
believed by the Japanese Accron Theory” states that at the beginning, our solar system was
and Cherokee. rotating dust and gases. Then, the primitive sun’s gravity attracted these
materials and they all started spinning around it. Some clouds formed
and became solids. Our planet was formed by a solid metal core, a liquid
mantle and a thin but hard crust.
Source: https://bit.ly/2Z12wcg | https://bit.ly/2wziNJo | https://bit.ly/2WgauS0
Culture
Many cultures have different views about the creation of the
universe and the Earth. For instance, China has a legend about
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a bored giant who shook the universe causing a huge explosion

that created lots of stars and planets. Ancient Egyptians believed
the god Ra created the universe with his body fluids.
Vocabulary
tiny. very small
matter. the thing that Talk to your classmates about the different views about the origin
forms physical objects of the universe.
and occupies space
• What does your community say about the origin of the universe?
dust. fine powder made from
a particular substance
spin. to turn around

repeatedly
• How did our planet form?
mantle. the middle layer of the
Earth that is between the top
crust and the inner core
2
Oral Communication
Social Studies
How do we know about the past of our planet?
What life forms existed

on the planet before humans?
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Tip
A paleontologist looking for a fossil The geologic time scale

is divided into eons, eras,
periods, epochs, and ages.
Listen to a group of students talking about what they learned in today’s The four major eras are
class. Circle the characteristics about the living things they mention. Precambrian, Paleozoic,
Mesozoic, and Cenozoic,
Bacteria
and they are subdivided
a. large c. released oxygen into shorter periods.
b. tiny d. inhabited planet millions of years
Plants
Vocabulary
a. were the first land beings c. were like mosses
b. had flowers d. appeared 470 million years ago inhabit. to live in a place
ground / land. the solid part

Amphibians of the Earth’s surface;
a geological space
a. first on land c. were fish descendants
b. they stayed on land d. all of them evolved into reptiles remains. the dead body
of a person or animal
Reptiles evolve. to change or develop

slowly often into a more
a. all of them were very similar c. dinosaurs were not reptiles
advanced state; to develop
b. all of them were giant d. many species still survive by a process of evolution
3
Reading
Science
How did life appear?
Origin and Evolution of Life
Interesting Facts
What do you know about the beginning of our planet?
Oxygen was not always Discuss your ideas in small groups or as a class.
present on our planet as
it is now. In the beginning,
toxic gases were all around Everything began. Pre- Cambrian: It started about 4.6 billion years
and some primitive bacteria ago. The Earth was formed in the beginning of this era. The air was
lived and developed in very toxic. The first one-celled living beings appeared, and then multi-
that environment. Ancient celled and more complex beings. They lived in water.
cyanobacteria appeared
and released oxygen into Paleozoic: It was a time of great changes in the planet and it is subdivided
the environment for in six periods:
so long and formed the • Cambrian: First shellfish, primitive fish, corals, algae and mollusks
atmosphere. This caused were dominant in the oceans.
other primitive bacteria
to die. It was the beginning • Ordovician: First land plants and initial fish appeared.
of photosynthesis. • Silurian: First insects emerged and more plants were on land.
Source: https://bit.ly/2XmoMN9
https://bit.ly/2wtHqaj
• Devonian: The first sharks appeared, as well as bony fish.
Amphibians and spiders and the first terrestrial forests started
colonizing land.
Vocabulary
• Carboniferous: The first reptiles and insects with wings appeared
release. to allow on land.
(a substance) to enter
the air, water, soil, etc. • Permian: Diverse animal and plant life appeared, reptiles
diversified. Then there was a mass extinction.
bony. Resembling bone.
Hard substance. Full of bones
Answer True (T) or False (F) according to the information in the reading.
If the sentence is false, correct it to make it true.
What did you learn about the
• The environment in the Pre-Cambrian Era had oxygen
origins of life on our planet?
at the beginning.
• The first living things that appeared were cyanobacteria.
• Amphibians appeared before fish.
• Plants first emerged in water.
• The first fish appeared during the Devonian period.

4
Writing
How did water appear on Earth?
The Origin of Water
1. Complete the following passage using the verbs from the boxes in the
past tense. There will be one extra verb.
arrive help learn think hit appear
Water is an essential part of our planet. Without water, no life would
be possible. We all about the water formula and its cycle

in nature. We have also seen how much water there is in the oceans
on maps, but... do we know how water on our planet?
One of the most known theories says that water in our

planet because asteroids and comets have water in them in the form
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of ice. In the Pre-Cambrian era, thousands of meteorites Water in Young Earth
the surface of Earth, causing great destruction. The water stayed
on our surface and create life. Grammar Note

Another theory claims that water existed on Earth from the beginning. The simple past is used when
Scientists have discovered some asteroids as old as our planet and an action was completed
found evidence of water in them. According to some experts, water
in past.
could have appeared before we even . It means that an action
started and finished at a
Source: https://bit.ly/2BvDfNl | https://bit.ly/2QjxjgX
specific point in the past.
Past time expressions:
2. After reading the text, answer the following questions
in complete sentences.
last, ago, yesterday.
• Which theory do you think is true about the origin of water Simple past
on our planet?
Animals appeared
millions of years ago.
Animals didn’t appear
some years ago.
• Discuss this topic with your teacher and classmates. Did animals appear
Do you think water existed on other planets too? some years ago?
Write your conclusion. Use the past tense.
Past of TO BE
Was (I, he, she, it) /
were (you, we, they)
The Earth was a hot planet
• Find three or four words from the passage that you did not understand.
Write them here and find their meaning in a dictionary.
at the beginning.
The Earth wasn’t cold
at the beginning.
Was the Earth hot
at the beginning?
5
Language Through the Arts
What are some ways I can tell a story?
Comic and Role-Play

Use your creativity
Tip
Create a comic about the first two eras. Draw a 6-panel comic and tell your
classmates about any topic from the unit. Use the simple past and complete
Drawings do not have
sentences. Be prepared to act it out with your classmates. Be creative!
to be perfect. Remember
we all can be artists.
All you need is to be 1 Once upon a time 2
creative. Try to use colors.
3 Some time later 4
5 Finally 6
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Trilobites
Grammar Note
Remember that most
verbs in the simple past
end in -ed, but that many
verbs are irregular and
have different forms, like What did you learn about the origins of life on our planet?
eat-ate, sleep-slept, and
many more. To learn
these, it is best to see
them in context and

not simply memorize
them in a list.
6
Oral Communication
How do we know what creatures existed on earth?
Fossils
What helped scientists discover what creatures existed before humans?

Share your ideas with your classmates.
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Wikipedia Commons
Vocabulary
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shell. the hard outer covering
Insect fossil Dinosaur fossil of an animal, insect, etc., that
protects it
tissue. the material that forms

parts of a plant or animal
decay. to be slowly broken

down by the natural processes
that destroy a dead plant
or body
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amber. a hard orange-yellow

Plant fossil
substance that can be polished
and used for jewelry and
other decorations
Listen to someone talk about fossils. Answer the questions according
to what you hear. footprints. a mark left by a foot
or shoe
• What is a fossil?
• How is a stone fossil formed?
• Where are fossils usually formed?

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7
Lesson B
What do you know about dinosaurs?
Interesting Facts About Dinosaurs
Make a list of facts you know about dinosaurs as a class. Try to answer
questions like: When did they live? Where? What did they eat? How
big were they?
• Dinosaurs inhabited the earth for over 165 million years.

• “Dinosaur” means “terrifying lizard”.
• Eoraptor is the oldest known dinosaur, a carnivore that lived
228 million years ago.
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• Dinosaurs hatched from eggs.

Meat-eater dinosaur
• Dinosaurs were a class of reptiles, but they were different from

those we see today.
Interesting Facts
• Most paleontologists believe that birds are the only
The geological eras were
surviving dinosaurs.
proposed based on studies
done by scientists that have • The most enormous dinosaurs were as long as a blue whale and
researched the topic for much taller than a giraffe. The smallest dinosaurs were as a small
decades. On the other hand, as a chicken.
various religions around
the world propose different • Some dinosaurs were carnivores, meat-eaters, and walked on two
approaches about the origin legs; while some were herbivores, plant-eaters, and walked on all
of the universe and life. four legs.
What we learn is what Source: https://bit.ly/2JPZjcQ
science says. What you think

about it depends on your
beliefs and world view. Answer the questions based on what you read.
• Are there any surviving dinosaurs?
Vocabulary
hatch. to cause (a young bird, • How long did dinosaurs roam the Earth?
insect, fish, etc.) to come out
of an egg — usually used as
(be) hatched • Write 2 facts that you find very interesting about dinosaurs.
roam. to go to different places
without having a particular
purpose or plan
8
Oral Communication
Did all dinosaurs live at the same time?
Mesozoic Era
Vocabulary
Talk about the movies or programs you have seen about dinosaurs.
Did they say when dinosaurs lived? seeds. a small object
produced by a plant from
which a new plant can grow
spread. to open, arrange,

or place (something) over
a large area
mammals. a type of animal

that feeds milk to its young
and that usually has hair or
fur covering most of its body
rodents. small animals

(such as a mouse, rat,
squirrel, or beaver) that
have sharp front teeth
huge. very large, very great

in size, amount, or degree
landscape. a picture that

shows a natural scene
of land or the countryside
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Diplodocus
Listen to someone talk about the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods.
Take notes on what you hear. How much of this information did you
know before?
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Dinosaur species
9
Reading
Language Value: Rigorous Academic Approach
What happened to animals that lived long ago?
Mass Extinction
Interesting Fact Mass extinction is the disappearance of a large number of the
Periodically, every 50 Earth’s species. The most devastating extinction was at the end of the
to 100 million years or so, Permian period; an estimated 95% of marine species and 60% of insects
the Earth has experienced disappeared about 245 million years ago. Huge volcanic eruptions
mass extinctions. There continued for thousands of years and caused destruction and dust that
have been at least ten blocked the sun. It caused global cooling that froze the water’s surface.
extinction events in the past. The most famous mass extinction was in the end of the Cretaceous
Generally, scientists think period, when the dinosaurs and many other plants and animals
that the extinctions resulted disappeared and up to 75% of all marine life died. It occurred 65 million
from drastic environmental years ago. A theory says that a big asteroid with a diameter of 10km
changes that followed hit the planet and created a giant cloud of rocks, dust, and sulfur in the
events such as meteorites, air that blocked the sunlight. Catastrophic climate change did not let
comet impacts, or massive dinosaurs survive.
volcanic eruptions.
Source: https://bit.ly/2Z3oyLy
Circle the correct answer.
1. What was the most

devastating mass
extinction that our
planet faced?
b. Permian extinction
c. Jurassic extinction
d. Cretaceous extinction
2. What caused the

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dinosaurs’ extinction?
c. volcanic eruptions Meteorite falling to Earth
d. cold weather
e. a meteorite
Find three words you do not know, look for their definition and write
3. When did dinosaurs it down. Choose one and use it to write a sentence.
go extinct? Answer
in a complete sentence. 1.
2.
3.
Sentence:
10
Writing
What did I learn about the ancient history of our planet?
Tip
Writing process
Do this in your notebook.
Brainstorming: Write ideas
and words on the topic.
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Organization: Organize the
information. Here it makes
sense to use chronological
order, the order in which
the events happened.
First draft: Write a first
version of your paragraph.
Self-check and peer review:
Check your paragraph’s
punctuation, capitalization,
and grammar. Make any
necessary changes. Let a
classmate read it. He or she
can comment on anything
that may need to be fixed.
Write a paragraph about the history of the planet or evolution. Check the Final product: Write the
writing process in the margin. paragraph in the space given
To express sequence you can use some words like: first, then, next, and with all changes and suggestions.
finally. Use the past tense. Write 60-70 words. Present it.
Graphic organizer
topic
detail
detail
detail
conclusion
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11
What else can we learn about the past?
Ancient Animals Diorama and Oral Presentation

A diorama is a scene that captures a moment in time. Sometimes
dioramas are life-size, like in many museums.
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Materials
• Shoe box or any little box
• Paints or crayons
of different colors
• Cardboard or paper
• Glue and scissors
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• Any material you can
find around you diorama example
Choose any studied period and find its characteristics. Look for more
information about it.
• Draw and paint the back of the box to set the background.
• Draw some animals and plants on paper or cardboard.
• Paste them in the box.
• Present it to the class or to a partner. Use the simple past tense

to explain what happened during the period you chose.
• What period did I choose?
• Why?
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Free
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Oral Communication
Have you seen a fossil?
Natural History Museums
What do you think we can discover through fossils?

Do you think that studying fossils is interesting? Why or why not?
1. Listen to the interview about museums and complete the activities.

Write True (T) or False (F). If it is false, correct it to make it true.
• Sandy T. Brown is a geologist.
• They are talking about art museums.
2. What statements are said in the interview?
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Underline all the correct answers.
a. We can only find dinosaurs in this kind of museums. Fossil of dinosaur
b. We learn about the strangest animals in the world.
c. These museums are very popular.
d. They are not important.
e. These museums have a lot of information about biodiversity

and genetics.
3. Complete the missing words:
When someone they a new species, we can
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it with species and determine if it is new or not.
Fossil of dinosaur in a museum
Is there a museum in your city or town? If so, have you visited it? If not,
as a class discuss the things you would put in a museum in your town
or city. Write down some of your ideas.
José Valencia
Fossil of dinosaur in a museum
13
Graded activities
Assessment
Achievement Level - Reading

Individual activity
1 Natural History Museum L.A: Schedule

Open every day from 9h30 am to 5 pm.
School field trips available every morning from 9am to 2pm.
Dinosaur Encounters Hall: Open only for school field trips on Mondays
from 9am to 10am.
Fossil Detectives Hall: Open only for school field trips on Mondays
from 9am to 12pm.
Circle the correct statements.
1. Everybody can visit all museum’s halls on Mondays from 9am to 5pm.
2. Schools can visit the museum every day at any hour.
3. Dinosaur Encounters Hall opens only for schools on Monday mornings.

Individual activity
2 Different Kinds of Museums

Match the person with the kind of museum they are looking for.
A. Art Institute
B. Museum of Ancient and Modern Times
C. Museum of famous figures
1. Martha is looking for a museum where she can learn about the history
of the country.
2. Louis is looking for a museum where he can learn about the origins of life
and animals that inhabited the planet in the past.
3. Santiago is looking for a museum where he can learn about art, history,
and famous people of the country.
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Assessment How did everything begin?
Achievement Level - Writing

Individual activity
3 Write a story telling about a visit to a museum or historic site. Use the
past tense when necessary. Say when you went and who went with you.
Write 100 - 120 words.
I visited
Achievement Level - Vocabulary / Grammar

Individual activity
4 Complete the following sentences with a few words that express the same
as the given.
My friends were in London a week ago.
My friends last week.
Students talk about their visit to many museums in New York.
Students in New York.
When I studied History I found it boring, but now I love it.
I got but now I love it.
I’m completing this self-evaluation based on what I learned in the module.
Self-evaluation I check the box that most applies to me
I do it I can’t do it
Topics I do it very well I can improve
somewhat well without help
Use the past tense to talk about things

that happened
Talk about prehistoric times
Listen to formal conversations and answer

questions about them
15
Project 1
Let’s Make Our Own Fossil
Materials
• Clay or flour with
• Water
• Toothpicks or sticks
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from plants
• Leaves if necessary
• Glue
Instructions
• Choose a type of fossil and

research it.
illustrated triceratop fossil
• What animal or plant is it?
• When did it live? What

period and era?
• Draw what it looked like Presentation

on a piece of paper.
Use a piece of cardboard or the top of a shoe box to present your fossil.
• Make a model of your fossil
and cover it with glue. My fossil is a
Let it dry.
• Write a short paragraph

It lived during the
(40 - 50 words) about it
and present it to the class.
Useful vocabulary
I chose it because
Petrified, footprint, remains,
printed, amber, frozen,
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period, food, large, little,

hunter, animal, plant.
16
Let's Review
Communication and Cultural Awareness Reading and Vocabulary
There are different world views about the history We have developed skills to understand texts
of our planet. We must respect every person’s with scientific information and search for
beliefs and ideas. specific topics.
Different cultures around the planet have different We have learned several vocabulary words about
theories about origins of the universe and world, science, history, and ecology.
and also about when and how humans first appeared.
We have read about many interesting facts
People from around the world take care of our planet.
of the planet in different ways.
Question: What was your favorite topic from
Question: What do you remember about the first half of the module? Why?
how different cultures care for our planet?
Language Through the Arts Oral Communication and Grammar
We have developed our creativity by: We talked about many topics and shared
our opinions.
• drawing a comic about the history of our planet.
We listened to dialogues, interviews, and passages.
• designing a diorama to show a specific time
of our history. We learned and used past tense patterns
to talk about the history of our planet.
Question: Question: How do you think art has
helped you with language? Question: What have you learned in your debates
with your classmates?
17
Lesson C
What is the origin of humans?
Origin of Humans Through

Different Worldviews
Different cultures in the world have various theories about the origin
Culture of humans. Most of them are related to their religious beliefs.
Incas
There are many theories a. Hindu:
about human origin in Inca
culture; the most known Lord Brahma created the universe,
says the god Viracocha human beings, and all forms of life.
made Earth dark without Different species came from Brahma’s
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ep
sun, moon, or stars. He also body and he first created humans from F
re
created some giant beings his soul as the strongest of all. Lord Brahma
and some humans. His rules

were broken, so he sent 60
b. Mayas:
days and 60 nights of rain.
/ Leonard G.
He kept two humans with The Creators, Heart of Sky, and a Feathered
him and brought eternal Serpent created humans “who could talk and
dia
light, sun, moon, and the
pe
keep the days”, out of white and yellow corn.
iki
W
stars from Lake Titicaca.
Hun Ixim, Mayan god
He then created other living
things and human beings. c. Chinese:
Pangu kept earth and heaven separated.
/ Wang Qi
When he died, his body became parts
Vocabulary
of our planet, his eyes became the sun
dia
soul. the spiritual part of and moon, and a lot of insects turned
pe
iki
a person that is believed into human beings to inhabit earth.
W
to give life to the body and Pangu, The Creator
in many religions is believed
to live forever d. Sumerians:
feathered. covered The gods came to make earth a beautiful place
by feathers
/ Rama
and created men to help them with the labor.

“keep the days”. to be aware The first man was created out of a death god’s
dia
pe
of time blood and clay in a place called Eden.

iki
W
clay. a heavy, sticky material Marduck, The King of Gods

from the earth that is made
into different shapes and
that becomes hard when
it is baked or dried Discuss what your community says about human origin.
Is it similar to any of the stories you just read? How?
18
Oral Communication
How did humans appear on Earth?
Human Development
A Visit to the Natural History Museum
What made human beings
become what we are today?
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1. Listen to a recording about the history of humans and complete the

missing information.
a. Scientists say humans originated .
b. Our early ancestors were such as
, , and chimpanzees.
c. Two groups of primates similar to lived in Africa.
d. Some near resources and the other
did in fields.
Vocabulary
e. One group became and the other
resource. a supply
remained apes. of something that someone
has and can use when
f. The first humans developed a that
it is needed
allowed them to build , ,
field. an open area of land
and walking helped them without trees or buildings
allow. to permit (someone)

2. Listen again and write True (T) or False (F) in the circle. to have or do something
upright. positioned to be
a. There is one single theory about the origin of humans. straight up. vertical
b. Humans, monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees are primates. figure out. to understand
or find (something, such
as a reason or a solution),
c. Evolution helps species survive.
by thinking
d. Humans come from ancient apes that lived near all resources. evolution. it is the process
in which animals change
e. Living in open fields made early humans walk on four feet. over time in order to adapt
and survive
f. Walking upright helped humans become faster. genetics. the study of our
genes and how we develop
g. Early humans had body protection. as a species
19
How do we humans affect our planet, positively and negatively?
Both Sides of Human Intervention
Vocabulary Read the following passage and consider our positive and negative effect
on our planet.
disease. an illness that affects
a person, animal, or plant: Humans have inhabited the planet for about 2 million years, and
a condition that prevents during this time many events have occurred. Human intelligence has
the body or mind from created several things; many of them have helped humanity face diseases
working normally and threats.
threat. something that can
Discoveries and inventions such as vaccines and antibiotics have
put you in danger
saved thousands of lives. The printing press has allowed us to share
vaccine. a substance that is more knowledge and transportation has helped us move around the
usually injected into a person world and trade with other countries. Technology has shortened
or animal to protect against
a particular disease distance in communication and informs us in seconds of events all
around the world.
trade. the activity or process
of buying, selling, However, not all inventions are positive. Other discoveries, like
or exchanging goods technology used for war and mass destruction, as well as nuclear,
or services chemical, or biological bombs are extremely dangerous and might lead
dump. to put (something) humans to extinction.
somewhere in a quick and
careless way Industry causes high levels of pollution and releases carbon dioxide
into the atmosphere, and lots of toxic chemicals are dumped into
commute. to travel regularly
rivers and seas. Global warming is a reality. Everyday activities such
to and from a place and
especially between where as producing our food, commuting, using plastic, large-scale fishing,
you live and where you work monoculture plantations, among others; are destroying our planet little
by little. We hear about hundreds of plant and animal species that are
endangered. used to describe
a type of animal or plant that
endangered or even extinct. We need to take responsibility for our
has become very rare and that actions that affect our planet.
could die out completely
Make a list of all positive and negative effects of humans found in the text.
Interesting Fact
1 Positive 2 Negative
Many countries are really
worried about the future
of our planet and try
to implement policies
and regulations to stop the
accelerated destruction of
nature. In order to do this,
states around the world have
signed agreements that help
stop destruction.
20
Writing
Do you think humans have a positive or negative impact on the planet?
Persuasive Writing
What is persuasive writing? What is its purpose? Tip
The purpose of a persuasive essay is to persuade readers to adopt Topic Sentence: States the idea
the writer’s point of view on an issue and/or agree with a suggested you want to support.
course of action. To accomplish this, you need to develop logical and Supporting details: Include some
reasonable arguments that support your opinions. facts and details that will make
You are going to write a persuasive paragraph of 60-70 words readers believe in your ideas.
about what you think the impact of humans has been on the planet. Conclusion: End your
First, decide if you think humans have had a more positive or negative paragraph with a strong idea
impact. Then, think of ideas to support your opinion, and finally related to the topic sentence.
a concluding sentence. Write your ideas in the graphic organizer below. Never include new ideas in
the concluding sentence.
Title
Main idea (topic sentence)
Supporting Detail 1 Supporting Detail 2 Supporting Detail 3
k
pi
ee
Fr
Conclusion
Vocabulary
persuade. to cause (someone)

Paragraph to believe something: convince
agree. to have the same opinion
accomplish. to succeed
in doing (something)
argument. statement
or series of statements
for or against something
supporting. one that supports:

to defend as valid or right
21
Can we create art from pollution?
Organizing an Art Project
You are an artist!! Let’s make a piece of art out of trash!

Tip
We all are aware of the problem of pollution and garbage we are
A group of students facing nowadays. Some artists from around the world have created
in Barcelona, Spain created amazing pieces of art using trash. The artists’ objective is to promote
a complete piece of art social change either by creating works of art or by performing.
representing the ocean
with only plastic bags.
Wikipedia / Nagesh Kamath
Flickr / Derek Law

“Trash?! No way, Art!!”
“Bristol Whales” by Sue Lipscombe
Your work of art may take some time so it will be presented as a final project.
It is better to work in groups.
Step 1. Identify what material is most commonly thrown away

Wikipedia / Paul Van Welden
in your community.
Step 2. Investigate how long the material takes to decompose

in nature.
Animals made out of plastic and metal. Artur Bordalo

Step 3. Decide what art project you can make with the material.
Vocabulary
trash. things that are no
longer useful or wanted and
that have been thrown away Step 4. Collect the material and create your work of art!
nowadays. at the present time
amazing. causing great

• Present your pre-project to the class.
surprise or wonder
throw away. to get rid • Tell the class what you chose and why. Explain your plans for
of something by treating the project.
it as garbage
22
Oral Communication
What is the world doing to avoid environmental destruction?
Value: Environmental conservation

Protecting Nature
Listen to a person talk about international

agreements to protect the environment.
Fill in the timeline to show the important events.
Wikipedia / GabboT
Leonardo Dicaprio’s speech in the United Nations
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
“Now must be our moment for action” Vocabulary
In 2014, the famous actor Leonardo DiCaprio gave a speech in front agreement. a situation in which
people share the same opinion
of the largest group of government, business, and civil society leaders
in history at the United Nations Climate Summit. treaty. an official agreement
that is made between two
His speech had 1.6 million views on the United Nations channel or more countries or groups
and appeared in over 45,000 news articles across the globe. He asked
concern. a feeling of worry
nations to consider the possibility of using alternative energy sources usually shared by many people
and reducing CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions.
subscribe. to belong
The UN Secretary-General named Leonardo as a United Nations to or support something
Messenger of Peace for Climate. (such as an organization)
spill. to cause or allow

(something) to fall, flow, or run
Do you know what is happening with CO₂ emissions? over the edge of a container
usually in an accidental way
• Discuss the effects of CO₂ emissions as a class. Write down two
of them. whaling. the job or business
of hunting whales
reinforce. to encourage
or give support to (an idea,
behavior, feeling, etc.)
• What can you do to decrease the effects of gas emissions?
speech. a spoken expression
of ideas, opinions, etc., that

is made by someone who
is speaking in front of
a group of people
23
Lesson D
What are other people doing to help the environment?
Invisible but Powerful Actions

Sea Shepherd
Culture There are many non-government organizations that fight every

day to protect nature. Sea Shepherd is a movement that takes action
Indigenous people are
directly to defend, conserve, and protect the oceans of the world from
only 5% of the world’s
illegal profiteering and environmental destruction. Some famous TV
population. Their territories
nature show stars such as Steve Irwin supported this organization for
cover 22% of the planet
a long time. His help was so appreciated that the biggest ship vessel
and make up 80% of the
of the movement had his name and operated defending sea life for
biodiversity of the world.
many years.
They are the guardians
of nature and protect it by https://bit.ly/3aBonNa
keeping old traditions like

growing food. They only From Dump to Nest
grow plants that are part
The beach of Versova in Mombay, India recovered its beauty after
of the environment. They
two years of people cleaning up trash. Afroz Shah went back to his town
hunt only what they need
and saw his favorite beach covered with garbage. At the beginning
to eat or make clothes.
he was all alone cleaning, and then a group of volunteers joined him.
Indigenous peoples adapt
He collected 13,000 kg of debris during the time of the campaign. Now,
to their environment
marine turtles nest and hatch there.
and respect it.
https://bit.ly/38FiOw1
Vocabulary
profiteering. the act of making
money by selling things at
very high prices at a time
when they are hard to get
Flickr / Greg Bishop
support. to give help Flickr / Nat Parra
or assistance to someone
or something
ship/vessel. a large boat Sea Shepherd ship Baby sea turtles hatching from eggs
used for traveling long
distances by sea
dump. a place where waste

is taken and left • Do you and your classmates at school do something in order to help
the environment?
nest. a place where an
animal or insect lives and
usually lays eggs or takes
care of its young
debris. things (such as broken • What can you do at home to start helping nature?
pieces and old objects)
that are lying where they

fell or that have been left
somewhere because they
are not wanted
24
Oral Communication
Can we prevent climate change? How?
Let's Do Our Part!

Value: Community actions
Freepik
Alternative energy sources
Interesting Facts
Listen to someone talk about plans to help the Earth recover and avoid Many countries in the
great destruction in the coming years. Underline the correct statement world have banned single
according to what you hear. use plastic bags, bottles,
1. What will happen to water in the future? containers, and forks,
There will be a lot.
knives, and spoons in order
to reduce plastic pollution.
There will be a little.
France was the first country
2. What will help reduce energy consumption? to ban plastic.
Growing your own food.
Using solar panels.
Vocabulary
3. What will happen to the ocean in the future?
shortage. a state in which
Plastic items will be more numerous than fish. there is not enough of
Large-scale fisheries will be all over the world. something that is needed
4. What are some positive effects of growing your own food? ban. prohibit something
It may reduce monocultures. village. a small town
It will save marine life. in the countryside
5. What are some people going to do? due to. because of

(something)
Take shorter showers.
take-out. to-go, take home
Use solar panels.
reusable. something that
can be used again
greenhouse. a building that

has glass walls and a glass
roof, used for growing plants
25
Reading
What if we do not change habits with the environment?
What If...?
Grammar Note Read the following. Observe the use of zero and first conditionals.
The zero and first Scientists all around the world have warned about the terrible
conditionals are used consequences for our survival if we do not start changing the way
in English to describe we use natural resources.
situations that do happen
or will happen in the future. a. If population growth continues this fast, there will not be enough
food for everybody in the future.
Zero Conditional:
b. If we have high CO2 concentration levels, the sun’s heat does not
Facts, scientific laws, habits, go back into space and stays on the planet.
instructions, and rules.
c. If the sun’s heat stays, it produces a greenhouse effect and
If the sun’s heat stays, global warming.
it produces a greenhouse
effect and global warming. d. If humans destroy ecosystems, many species lose their homes
forever. Now, two in five amphibian species are at risk of extinction.
First Conditional:
e. If farmers do not stop using toxic chemicals on crops, many
Probable result in the future pollinator insects will disappear. In some regions, one in ten insect
for actions in present. species are in danger of extinction.
If the temperature f. If we do not reduce plastic use, our oceans will have more plastic
in the world increases, items in them than animals.
ice from the poles will
melt and disappear. g. If the temperature of the planet increases, ice from the poles will
melt and disappear.
h. If the ice at the poles disappears, many cities on the coasts will
be flooded.
i. If we start doing something now, we will avoid a sad future.
Vocabulary
Reese, 2009; Watts, 2019.
growth. an increase in the
number, amount, or size
of something
From the list presented above, choose four possible consequences
go back. to return of actual human habits on the environment. Write a possible solution for
each of them.
crop. a plant or plant product
that is grown by farmers a.
increase. to become larger

or greater in size, amount,
number, etc. b.
melt. to change or to cause

(something) to change from
c.
a solid to a liquid usually
because of heat
avoid. to prevent the d.

occurrence of something
26
Writing
What will the future bring?
Cause and Effect
Step 1. In the graphic organizer, brainstorm ideas about an environmental

problem that already exists or that might exist in the future. Think Tip
of the cause or causes of the problem, and also the effects it has.
Write them in the boxes. Connector words
Step 2. Take your ideas from the graphic organizer and develop them into
for cause and effect:
a paragraph of 60-70 words in your notebook. Be sure to use because of, in fact,
zero and first conditionals as well as connector words of cause in order to, due to,
and effect. as a result, as a consequence,
Step 3. Read what you have written and see if you need to change anything. for this reason,
consequently, therefore.
Step 4. Exchange your paragraph with a partner. Read your partner’s
paragraph. Discuss these questions about your paragraphs with
each other:
• Can you easily see cause and effects?
Grammar Note
• Is the paragraph well-organized?
• Are there any grammar, spelling, or punctuation mistakes? Future tense:
• Did the writer use the correct words? To be going to/ Present
Step 5. Consider the comments from your partner and make any necessary
Continuous + future
changes. Then turn in a clean copy to your teacher. expression: Plans and
arrangements.
I am going to start taking
Cause Effect
shorter showers.
I am starting today.
Will: Decisions made at the
moment, predictions, offers,
and first conditional.
Scientists say by 2030 there
will be more plastic than fish
Effect
in the oceans.
Simple present:
Scheduled events:
transportation, conferences,
classes, etc.
I am visiting a museum next
week. It opens at 9 am.
Effect
Vocabulary
scheduled. a plan of things

that will be done and the
times when they will be done
27
What does it cost to buy new clothes?
Recycling
Interesting Fact Making clothes has a real negative impact on nature. “Fast Fashion”
It takes 2700 liters of water to is causing lots of pollution in the world. It is said that the clothing
make a t-shirt. That industry releases 8% of all greenhouse gases. What can we do? We can
is what one person drinks recycle. Let’s learn to make interesting things with our old clothes.
in two and a half years. Source: http://cort.as/-Mq0Y
Any old piece of clothing

Convert an old
can be recycled. We can
shirt into a bag
make shopping bags.
Materials
• Old t-shirts
• Needle and different

color thread
• Materials you can find

in your community for
decoration 1 Get an old t-shirt. 2 Draw a circle 3 Cut the neck where
around the neck. the circle is.
• Scissors
4 Cut off the 5 Turn it inside

sleeves. out and sew
the bottom
together
Mineduc
Answer the question. Use your creativity!! Can you recycle other pieces
of clothing? How? What can you make?
Freepik
Bags made of recycled materials.

28
Oral Communication
What is happening with pollution in our country?
Galapagos Islands
Pacific Ocean
Garbage Patch
It is a gigantic floating
island of plastic garbage
in the north of the Pacific
Ocean. It is located between
California and Hawaii.
It is approximately
1,600,000 km2 large
(Ecuador is 283,560 km2)
and is mostly composed
of big pieces of plastic.
Researchers say that some
of that garbage came from
the 2011 tsunami in Japan.
Pixabay / Pen Ash
Besides the Pacific Ocean

Garbage Patch, there are
thousands of little plastic
Galapagos Islands islands floating in the ocean.
Most of them are mainly
fishing nets and debris
from rivers. It is important
Listen to a marine biologist talk about plastic pollution. Decide if each
sentence is True (T) or False (F). If the sentence is false, correct it to
to start reducing plastic use.
make it true. We all can help!
1. Plastic is normal in animals’ lives now. The Ocean Cleanup, 2019
2. Plastic garbage comes from Europe.
3. Plastic decomposes. Vocabulary
remote. far away, distant

4. There are many little plastic islands in the ocean. tiny. very small
single-use. used to describe a

product that is designed to be
5. A solution can be reducing single-use plastic. used only once
reusable. something that can

be used again
6. We do not have to use reusable items to help save the planet.
patch. a small spot or area
that is different from the rest
29
Graded activities
Assessment

Individual activity
1 Read the text about robots and answer the questions that follow.
Robots
Will we have robots at home? There it will drive itself. You will take a nap
already are many kinds of robots! Big or read while the car drives itself
factories use a variety of robots that to your destination.
help put pieces together and do things
that are dangerous for people. There are some companies in the
world that are going to build robot
Some countries have robots that pets, and many of them will be in
do things for people at home; for homes around the world. The Sony
example, there is a robot that can cut Company built a dog called Aibo
the grass while you relax with a glass that can sit and do lots of tricks.
of lemonade! Also, there are robotic Some people are going to buy one
vacuum cleaners. They clean the floor of those dogs so they have a good
by themselves. robotic friend at home. Aibo is also
a great guard dog. He can patrol the
Now, many cars have GPS (Global yard and take pictures of anything
Positioning Systems) in them. A car suspicious with a built-in camera.
with a GPS system can give you As you can see, we will probably have
directions on how to go somewhere, lots of robots around us in the future.
tell you where the closest gas station
is, and, some day in the future, https://bit.ly/2Q1vsyS
Write True (T) or False (F). If it is false, correct the statement to make it true.
a. There are no robots in homes at this moment.
b. It is necessary for a person to control a robotic vacuum cleaner.
c. Big factories still have people doing everything.
d. There is a robot that can help you to have nice grass.
e. Robot pet dogs could stop people from getting into your house.
30
Assessment How did everything begin?
Achievement Level - Writing/Grammar

Individual activity
2 Complete the following sentences to say the same as the one given.
Use only a few words with the future tense.
a. My friends are planning to travel to Egypt next year.
My friends to Egypt next year.
b. Some people predict the use of flying cars in the future.
Some people say in the future.
c. It´s almost 3 pm! My train leaves in half an hour.
My train .
d. I have trouble with my Math homework.
My friend tonight.
Achievement Level - Vocabulary

Individual activity
3 Use each of the following words in an original sentence to show that you
understand what they mean.
a. Soul
b. Threat
c. Accomplish
d. Support
e. Due to
Talk about the environment
Write a cause-effect paragraph
Use zero and first conditional
31
Project 2
Let’s Make Our Own Art
You are going to make your own individual art

project. Your goal is to make your community aware
of the importance of reusing material and recycling
through your art.
Step 1. Determine a material that is most
Freepik
commonly thrown away in my community.
How long does it take to decompose in nature? Present your project to the class.
• List all materials you used.

Step 2. Think of something you can make with • Tell where you found all materials.
that item.
• Say if anyone helped you with the project.
• Explain all the steps you followed to create your

Step 3. Decide what other items you will use work of art. Use words like: first, then, next, and
to make your art. finally. Use the past tense.
• Explain why it is so important to reuse material

Step 4. Create your art! like what you used in your work of art.
Paste a picture or draw your piece of art. Notes
32
English How much have we advanced?
Curriculum : Communication and Cultural Awareness,
Oral Commmunication, Reading, Writing, Language Thogh the Arts
First Course BGU
Write a summary 5
Scientific inventions and
Read about 6 their impact on humanity
discoveries and 4
Sc
inventions
ie
nc
e
7
So
Simple past, History of inventions
3
ci
present perfect,
al
ish
St
past perfect
ud
gl
ie
s
En
Past and present

2 Technology 8
Analyzing short
La
perfect expressions non-fiction pieces
and Beyond
ng
ua
ge
Vocabulary about
technology and 1
inventions
Values
10 Healthcare 9 Importance of immunization
Great inventions that have shaped culture and lifestyle. Our brains have
changed the world. even taken people to the moon and we have
created powerful devices that allow us see the
Have you ever imagined a world without cars vast universe.
or television? Imagine waiting for months to
hear from your loved ones. Imagine getting Nowadays it is possible to video chat with
sick and having no medicine. We are going to anyone anywhere for free. We have access to
travel through history and see the human’s infinite amounts of information and we can post
infinite curiosity and imagination that have led our own thoughts and opinions. Technology
us to great inventions and that have changed has developed a lot during the last hundred
our world forever. Discover creations that have years and will continue to develop in the future.
What positive and negative impacts have human inventions had?
1
Lesson A
Social Studies
How have humans creations changed the world?
Discoveries from Ancient Cultures Interesting Facts
Believe it or not, people that lived many years ago invented things Mayan and Incan creations
that are still used nowadays and have led to other inventions.
The Mayas used cacao beans
Concrete: About 2,100 years ago, Romans created a really hard to make a special beverage
material by mixing rocks with volcanic ash. It was even used to build with cornmeal and pepper.
the famous Coliseum. They had a writing system
called glyphs and most
Earthquake Detector: The Chinese invented the first seismograph
of these symbols are still
2,000 years ago. It was made of bronze and was very accurate in
understood. The Incas
detecting earth movements.
performed brain surgery,
Paper: Around 3,000 BC, Egyptians made the first paper from the which was first used to
fiber of the papyrus plant and also invented a special pen to write reduce inflammation. They
on it. The quality was so good that Egyptian papyrus remains intact. used coca as an anesthetic.
They also built rope bridges
Telescope: The Assyrians could see the stars and the sky 3,000 years and huge highway systems.
ago because they created a special lens that could have been the first
telescope.
Number Zero: This number is somewhat new in human history. Both Vocabulary
the Mayas and the Babylonians had the idea of zero; not as a number,
nowadays. at the present
but as a replacement for other numbers. The Mayas used it to make time.
their calendars. A Hindu astronomer introduced the concept of zero
as an independent number. ash. the soft gray powder
that remains after burning
Source:https://n9.cl/456b
something.
Source: https://https://n9.cl/6nbd
seismograph. a device that
measures and records the
movement of the earth
e
es n
s
edia/Alvaro qc
during an earthquake.
/ @upklyak
/ frimufilm
ons/Kowloo
accurate. free from mistakes

epik
epik
m
ikip
om
Fre
Fre
or errors.
aC
W
di
e
kim
Wi
Concrete Chinese Earthquake Detector Egiptian Papyrus Number Zero somewhat. used to make a
statement or description less
forceful or definite.
1. Discuss the following questions in groups. Then, write your replacement. something that
answers on the lines below. takes the place of something
else.
Which of the inventions is the most important in your opinion? Why?
beverage. a liquid you can
drink, like coffee, soda, or
juice.
Do you think you could have invented one of the items above? cornmeal. flour made from
What does someone need to be a good inventor? crushed corn.
rope. a strong, thick string

that is made by twisting many
thin strings or fibers together.
2
Oral Communication
How have humans inventions and discoveries changed the world?
Listen to the following news report.

Tip
Have you ever thought about the things we use daily? Where do they
come from? Who invented them? When were they invented? Listen Gasoline.
to the following news reports and complete the activities. It is a transparent liquid
derived from petroleum
that powers cars. It was
discovered when trying
to get another derivative
Freepik/ @macrovector
called kerosene. It was

Freepik/ @freepik
Freepik/ @brgfx
discarded at first, but its
potential was recognized
by the end of the XIX
The wheel. Fire. Steam engine train. century. Since then it
has been essential to our
1. Mark the incorrect statements with an X and write the correct ones transportation.
on the line below.
a. Humanity has been shaped by inventions and discoveries.
b. Most inventions have a single creator.
c. The first humans discovered fire but could not control it.
d. Fire was the first great discovery.
e. The steam engine was not useful and did not improve people’s lives. Freepik/ @macrovector
petrol pump
Vocabulary
List 4 inventions that you consider important for everyday life. steam. the hot gas that is
created when water is boiled.
engine. a machine that

changes energy (such as
heat from burning fuel) into
mechanical motion.
figure out. to understand

Compare your list with your classmates and talk about the or find (something, such as
importance of each one. Do you agree? a reason or a solution) by
thinking.
http://learnersdictionary.com
3
Science
Reading
What inventions have improved humans health?
Interesting Facts
Wikimedia Commons/welcomeimages
Freepik/@user12715979
Ants use “social
immunization.” If one ant
in the colony is infected
with a fungus, the other
ants wash the infected
Edward Jenner inoculating babies. Vaccine
insect to transmit the
Vaccination infection to the colony. This
What are vaccines and why are they important? makes all ants in the colony
immune to the fungus.
One of the greatest inventions that has impacted human health is Source: https://n9.cl/k592
vaccination. It has saved millions of lives worldwide and has caused
many diseases to disappear. Vaccines immunize people by mobilizing
antibodies (defenses) that fight the disease so that defenses learn to
fight if the body is exposed to illnesses in the future.
Freepik/ @user7264515
The first time a vaccine was inoculated was in 1796 when Edward
Jenner prevented a child from getting smallpox. A century before,
the Chinese had tried to use an infected skin tear to immunize
against it. The vaccine for smallpox was first developed in 1798
and by 1979 it was globally eradicated. Before vaccines, smallpox Ants
had killed millions of people. Most vaccines we still use today were Vocabulary
created in the early XX century and eliminated several terrible
illnesses. Vaccines are older than antibiotics or anesthesia. vaccination (vaccine). a
Source:http://www.immune.org.nz/vaccines/vaccine-development/brief-history-vaccination substance that is usually
injected into a person or
animal to protect against a
particular disease.
Circle the correct answer worldwide. happening or
existing in all parts of the
What is not true about vaccination? world.
a. It has not had any impact on people. disease/illness. a condition
that prevents the body or
b. It eliminated illnesses. mind from working normally
c. Antibiotics were developed before vaccines. smallpox. a serious disease
that causes fever and a rash
What is true about vaccines? Mark all that apply.
and often death.
a. They prepare the body to defend itself. inoculate. (medical) to give
a person or animal a form of
b. They are antibodies.
a disease in order to prevent
infection.
c. They enter the body and fight against diseases.
eradicate. eliminate or
Are humans the only species that immunize?
destroy (something harmful).
a. Yes, only people immunize against illnesses. immunize. to give (someone)
a vaccine to prevent infection
b. No, there are other species that fight against illnesses by
by a disease.
preparing their defenses.
Source: http://learnersdictionary.com
4
Language
Writing
What inventions have impacted the development of humanity?
Grammar
Read the following text about printing presses. Choose the correct
verb from the box and conjugate it in the present perfect or the Present Perfect
past perfect, depending on the context.
Have/ has + past participle
of verb
become work be able have write buy study
USE:
a. Actions started in the
Printing Press past and continuing in the
Printed materials are part of our daily life; newspapers, present
magazines, and books are just some examples. The printing b. Unfinished period of
press is a machine used for mass production of these printed time
elements.
c. Unspecified period of
This machine _____________ one of the most significant time
inventions. Before it appeared, monks ____________ books
by hand so just a few people ______________ to access d. Experiences.
information. Only very rich families were lucky enough to
Gasoline has been essential
have a book, which was usually the Bible.
to our transportation.
The ancient Chinese used pieces of wood with symbols and
Many diseases have not
drawings to make books. Around the beginning of 1440, a
been eradicated yet.
German man called Gutenberg, who ____________ in basic
forms of printing, started experimenting with improving Have vaccinations impacted
the process and finally discovered that using metal instead humans health?
of wood and blocks with many words could allow people to
reproduce texts in great quantity. The printing press is one Past Perfect
of the inventions that __________ great impact in the world. Had + past participle
After books could be printed in mass quantities, knowledge
became available for most people and the first libraries were USE:
founded. Since then we all __________a book.
a. Actions finished before
Source:https://www.psprint.com/resources/printing-press/ other actions in past
b. Period of time prior to
the past
Before the invention of
Wikimedia Commons/
Wikimedia Commos/
Freepik/@bearfotos
vaccines, smallpox had

killed millions of people.
Blades, W.
Londinos
Scientists thought previous

Monk writing by hand. Early printing press. Modern printer. cultures had not immunized
Vocabulary themselves against
illnesses.
mass. a large number or amount of something.
Had ancient cultures eaten
monk. a member of a religious community of men. meat before they discovered
instead of. in place of someone or something. fire?
Vocabulary
5
How do inventions start?
Drawing is a way to reflect our ideas. Discuss: If you want

to create something, what do you do first? Where do I learn more?
https://www.youtube.com/
Leonardo Da Vinci watch?v=arD374MFk4w
Leonardo DaVinci was a famous artist. His works of art have
impressed the world for centuries becouse of their beauty and unique Interesting Facts
techniques. Works such as The Mona Lisa and The Last Supper are
the most famous portraits of all time. However, did you know that A young African boy
DaVinci was also a scientist, engineer, inventor, anatomist, architect, invented a windmill to give
botanist, musician, and writer? He is considered by some the most electricity and water to
talented person that has ever lived. Besides his famous paintings, his extremely poor town.
his notebooks with drawings and diagrams have been a treasure for This shows that anyone
all generations. can be creative and invent
something necessary.
His drawings showed ideas such as a helicopter, a parachute, and
a flying machine. He also conceptualized some weapons like an
armored car that gave way to the idea of tanks, and the first car that Vocabulary
moved by itself and a transportable bridge. We would not know
portrait. a painting, drawing,
about his great ideas without his sketches.
or photograph of a person
Source: https://www.leonardoda-vinci.org/
that usually only includes the
person’s head and shoulders.
parachute. a piece of
equipment usually made
of cloth that is fastened to
Wikimedia Commons/Leonardo da Vinci
people or things and that

allows them to fall slowly and
land safely.
weapons. something (such as

a gun, knife, club, or bomb)
that is used for fighting or
attacking someone or for
defending yourself when
Leonardo Da Vinci’s sketch someone is attacking you.
armored. covered in flat

Have you ever imagined creating something that can help your pieces of metal, protected by
community? Let’s start now! armor.
1. Identify a necessity in your town or community. tanks. a military vehicle that

moves on two large metal
2. Think of an invention that can help with this need. belts with wheels inside them
and that is covered in heavy
3. List the materials you need. Are they available in your armor.
surroundings?
windmill. a type of tall
4. Design: Here is where we start creating as Leonardo DaVinci did. structure that has vanes that
Draw a sketch of your invention. You may need some colors. are powered by the wind
sketch. a quick, rough

5. Label the parts of your invention.
drawing that shows the main
6. Present your drawing to a partner and explain how it is used. features of an object or
scene.
6
Social Studies
Oral Communication
What inventions have made the world what is is now?
Listen and read important information about useful

inventions. Discuss them in class.
The first complete The Chinese created it first
Wikimedia Commons/Marbregal
alphabet with consonants for fireworks in 904 A.D.,

and vowels appeared but then they realized it
Freepik/ @siiiiiixth
around 1050 B.C. would make weapons more
powerful.
First designed by
Alphabet Gunpowder
Meucci in 1849 and
finally patented
Invented 2,000 by Graham Bell in
years ago in China. Communication Warfare 1876. Telephones
It was used to have helped the
guide sailors. world communicate
for a long time.
Compass Navigation Inventions Communication

Telephone
Construction Media The first wireless

radio was
Freepik/ @yliv
presented by
You have used one Nikola Tesla but a
of them to put a Nails Radio fire destroyed his
Freepik/ @aranjuezmedina
painting or photo laboratory in 1895.

on the wall. They Later Marconi
were invented by presented a radio
Egyptians about and is credited for
3400 B.C. its creation.
Vocabulary
Which of the inventions from the graphic do you think has been patent. the exclusive right
the most useful? Discuss it with a partner. granted by a government to
an inventor to manufacture,
a. Write your conclusion. use, or sell an invention.
I think the most useful invention is A.D.. used to refer to the

years since the birth of Christ.
because
B.C.. before Christ — used to
refer to the years that came
before the birth of Jesus
b. What inventions are the most common in your community? Christ.
wireless. not using wires to

send and receive electronic
signals.
http://learnersdictionary.com/
7
Lesson B
Science
What can we find in outer space?
Where do I learn more?

https://n9.cl/7m0
Vocabulary
Freepik/@fabio.lalama
Culture
Latin American civilizations

like the Mayas had vast
knowledge about the stars
View of the Milky Way
and planets. They created
Beyond Our world a special accessory to help
What do you and people in your community know about observe the sky and develop
outer space? Talk to your classmates and teacher. the calendar. The Incas,
on the other hand, were a
From our planet, outer space starts about 100 km above the surface. horizon-based culture. Their
Farther away, there are only isolated particles of gas and dust in the temples pointed to specific
emptiness of the universe. Some regions have planets and galaxies. astronomical points. This
Some scientists say that there is radiation all around space, but we was very important for
cannot see it. Now, we have some powerful devices that help us see Incan agriculture.
what is out there. Humans have been curious about outer space
since they noticed there was something beyond our Earth.
Pixabay/ PublicDomainImages
What did ancient cultures know about the universe? How
did they know?
The study of the stars was the foundation of past cultures and
civilizations. Since the sky was always changing, it caused
fascination and curiosity. People noticed patterns in the sun and Mayan calendar
moon, also in the stars and planets. Astronomy in ancient cultures Vocabulary
shaped their beliefs and mindsets. The Babylonians were one of the
isolated. separate from
first civilizations to register the movements of the moon and sun. A
others.
brilliant Persian astronomer invented a giant device that accurately
calculated the Earth’s axis. emptiness. containing
Source: https://n9.cl/180f
nothing.
device. an object, machine, or

piece of equipment that has
Talk to your classmates and teacher about the beliefs in your been made for some special
community related to the sun, moon, and stars. Do you have any purpose.
special celebrations related to them? Write something about it.
shaped. a definite form or
arrangement of something.
mindsets. a particular way of

thinking, a person’s attitude
Investigate another culture’s relationship with the stars, planets,
or set of opinions about
sun, and moon. Write two interesting facts. Use your own words
something.
and complete sentences.
accurately. done in a way
that is free from mistakes or
errors.
Source: http://learnersdictionary.com
8
Oral Communication
How do we know what is in the universe?
Telescope Where do I learn more?

https://n9.cl/vmql
Listen to the teacher’s lecture and complete the following Vocabulary
activities. Do you know what we can use to see what is in
outer space? Interesting Facts
Hubble Telescope
This telescope was named
in honor of Edward Hubble
Pixabay/ @ WikiImages / 1174 images
Pixabay/@Andrew-Art / 222 images

who discovered thousands
of galaxies from an
observatory in California.
It is located 547 km from
the planet’s surface and
can travel the complete
The Butterfly Nebula Hubble Space Telescope
orbit in 95 minutes. Since
1990, Hubble has made
Answer true (T) or false (F). If it is false write the correct statement.
more than 1.3 million
observations.
1. Humans have always been interested in learning about the sky. https://n9.cl/9id
2. The telescope has always been the same.
3. The first patented telescope in 1608 was used to see the sky.
4. Galileo Galilei was the first person to see the moon and its craters.
5. The first enormous telescope was invented in 1694 by Christian Hygens.

Freepik/@user6610291
6. Isaac Newton invented a smaller, portable telescope.
Home Telescope
7. M51 is a star.
What did you learn about
telescopes? Write an
8. Giant telescopes were built in the XVIII century. interesting fact.
9. Radio telescopes were invented before giant telescopes.
10. Space telescopes are the most powerful telescopes.
9
Social Studies
Reading
How did we start visiting outer space?
Interesting Facts
Space race
It began in 1955 with the
USA and USSR after World
War II. It was the Cold War,
xxxxxxx/ @cxxxxxxxxx
which meant competition
in every area, including
space. Soviets launched
Laika, Russian cosmonaut dog, 1957.
the first artificial satellite,
Laika Sputnik I in 1957, Sputnik
II with the first living thing
Before reading: in space, and then Sputnik
What do you know about the first astronaut? III. Even though the US
was trying to send a rocket
During the era of the space race between the USA and USSR, the
with a man to orbit the
Soviet Union launched the first living thing into space. It was a
planet quickly, the Soviets
dog named Laika. The objective of the trip was to prove that space
had already done it in 1961,
travel for humans was safe but technology hadn’t advanced enough
sending Yuri Gagarin, the
to bring ships back yet. Laika was a street dog that became an
first man to enter the
astronaut because of her size and calmness. After some training, she
Earth’s orbit.
was ready to go into space. Her ship called Sputnik 2 was launched
https://n9.cl/a8bs
on November 3, 1957. Laika was supposed to orbit the planet some
days and the first reports from Russian space programs said so.
However, in 1993, some Russian space program scientists revealed
that Laika died soon after leaving the planet’s atmosphere because Vocabulary
of stress and overheating. Many people in the world were in great
sorrow because of her death. Since then, her story has spread around launch. to send or shoot
(something, such as a rocket)
the world and has inspired many tales, songs, and poems. Some of into the air or water or into
them say that Laika became a star in the sky. outer space.
Source: https://time.com/3546215/laika-1957/
calmness. not angry, upset or
excited, etc.
Answer the following questions.
overheating. to cause
1. Why has Laika’s story been so famous around the world?
(something) to become too
hot.
2. Why did the Soviet Union and United States want sorrow. a feeling of sadness
to get to space first? or grief caused especially
by the loss of someone or
something.
3. How many ships had Soviets sent to space before tales. an exciting story that
the first man went? may not be completely true.
race. a contest or competition

in which different people or
4. What really happened to Laika? teams try to win something or
to do something first.
10
Language
Writing
What have we learned?
Summarizing Grammar
Writing Process
Choose any of the topics we have studied during lessons A and
B and summarize it. Use present perfect and simple past when Summarizing is
necessary.
analyzing information
Work on the writing process in your notebook and write the final and determining what
product here. is important to mention
Title and what is not. It is also
First
reduces the original text to
a few sentences or a short
Main idea paragraph in your own
Next
words.
Four important Details Steps to summarize:

Then
1. Read the passage that
1.
you find interesting.
Finally 2.
2. Determine the most
3. important idea of the
4. passage.
Summary
3. Highlight important
details.
4. Find keywords and use
them to write the topic
sentence.
It is also a good idea to
answer some questions
in order to in order to
complete the idea:
“Who did what, where, and
when?”
“What is the main idea of
the text?”
Answer the following questions “What are the supporting
1. Why did you choose that topic? I chose that topic because... points?”
https://n9.cl/t5mf https://n9.cl/79wg
https://n9.cl/x8g
2. What is summarizing?
watch?v=eGWO1ldEhtQ
11
Language
Can we make art through writing?
Poems Vocabulary
People write poems to express their feelings about an experience, to _____________.

communicate to the reader, and to get an emotional response.
Language used in poems is a bit different from the language we use
to talk about facts and scientific information. _____________.
https://n9.cl/c8p5textiles/9382382
_____________.
Analyze the model. Read the poem about Laika’s story.
Laika by:
Adnana Zeljkovic
Never have I seen to be first living creature in
space,
sadder eyes than Laika’s,
how insane!
never so lost a look!
After in her mind, like a prayer,
Freepik/ @brgfx
Paddling with her soft paws
wishing farewell
in inimical vacuum,
to stray dogs and stray cats Laika as an astronaut.
(nothing to draw you to your
bosom of Moscow streets,
Form groups of three and
like Mother Earth’s gravitation) to her beloved four leg fellow, complete the following
activies.
herself soft snowflake, she probably thought
1. What words and
opening her soundless mouth I shall surely perish, expressions does the writer
use to describe Laika’s
trying to utter either cry or but my spirit will bellow possible feelings? Write
sigh, them.
of man’s cruelty -
just a tiny, tiniest cry,
Vast universe will echo…
no matter if no one hears…
Never, never have I seen
But as in a dream,
sadder eyes than Laika’s. 2. What do you think the
her efforts were in vain. writer expresses? Is she
Retrieved from: https://n9.cl/085
happy, is she sad, is she
To send a dog up there upset? What makes you
think this?
Analyze the phrases of the poem and discuss their meanings with
your classmates.
Find the words that you do not understand and look up the
meaning. Write them down.
12
Oral Communication
When did man visit outer space?
First Man on the Moon, Vocabulary

The Dark Side of the Moon
concern. a feeling of worry
usually shared by many
people.
threaten. saying someone will

be harmed if you do not do
what someone wants you to
do.
Wikimedia Commons/NASA Neil A. Armstrong

step. a movement made by
lifting your foot and putting it
down in a different place.
manned. done by a person.
claim. to say that something

is true when some people
may say it is not true.
First Man on the Moon.
Listen to a person talk about space travel. Complete the timeline Where do I learn more?
with all the events and years until man stepped on the moon. https://www.youtube.com/
Vocabulary
watch?v=6fn2lXKzddg
1969 First man stepped on

the moon
Interesting Facts
The Dark Side of the Moon

Have you ever looked at the moon? Have you noticed there is
only one side you can see?
The moon only shows one side to us and it is the side we always
see. People generally call it “the dark side of the moon”, some
other call it “the far side of the moon.” It is not actually “dark,”
it is the side that is not lit by the sun when we see it but we
do not know much about it. In 1959 a small ship called Luna
3 brought the first pictures and astronauts in Apollo 8 were
Freepik/@viledevil
the first humans to see that side in 1968. China has sent a
mission to investigate the far side and we will soon have some
information about it.
source: https://n9.cl/emwz The Moon
13
Graded activities
Assessment
Achievement level - Listening

Individual activity
1 Listen to the story of astronaut Story Musgrave. Underline

the correct statements.
1. What is not true about Story He has been to the moon.

Musgrave?
He has done parachute jumping.
He finished school with honors.
3. What hasn’t Musgrave done?
He never went to space.
Been in a war.
He repaired the Hubble telescope.
Traveled in space.
2. What did Story Musgrove do?
Lived in Europe.
He has been the pilot of many different
air crafts.
Achievement level - Reading

Individual activity
2 Read the following passage.
Ohio, ‘birthplace of aviation”

NASA has had about 355 astronauts, Jim Lovell participated in four
many of them are retired and only spaceflight missions but the
38 are ready for missions nowadays. most eminent was Apollo 13,
Becoming an astronaut is not known for suffering an explosion
easy, it is important to know how in space but returning safely
to repair spaceships, you have to to Earth. However, not all
be a laboratory scientist and also astronauts came back. Judith
stay in good stay in good shape. Resnick, the second woman to
Something amazing is that the state go to space sadly died in 1986
of Ohio has produced the most in the Challenger mission that
American astronauts in history. exploded seventy-eight seconds
In the same state, the Wright after launch.
Brothers built and piloted the first
Many astronauts have also
powered airplane. Some famous
helped their communities by
astronauts such as John Glenn, the
sharing their knowledge with
first American to orbit the Earth
young people and preparing the
in 1962, Neil Armstrong, the first
next generation of scientist and
man who stepped on the moon in
explorers.
1969, were both from Ohio, too.
14
How did everything begin?
3 Complete the activities as indicated.

1. What is TRUE about Ohio astronauts? Circle or highlight the correct answer.
a. NASA has 355 astronauts from Ohio.
b. 38 astronauts are in space missions now.
c. A great number of astronauts come from Ohio.
2. What is NOT true about Ohio astronauts. Circle or highlight all possible
answers.
a. John Glenn was the first man who stepped on the moon.
b. Apollo 13 had a small explosion in space.
c. Challenger came back to Earth safely.
3. What did the Wright Brothers do? Answer with complete sentences.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. Use the following words to write a complete sentence.
Nowadays ______________________________________________________
Sorrow _________________________________________________________
Concern ________________________________________________________
Acquire _________________________________________________________
Self-evaluation I check (√) the box that most applies to me

I do it very well I do it I can improve I can’t do it
Reflections somewhat well without help
Reading and understanding scientific information.
Identifying and using present, past, and present perfect.
Writing a short opinion paragraph.
15
Project 1
Materials:
• One empty soda bottle
(big).
• Bright cardboard for the

cone and fins.
• 4 pencils, popsicle sticks, or

any sticks you find around
the same size for the stand.
• A cork or something that

can be used as a cap.
• Vinegar and 2 spoons of

baking soda.
freepic/ @brgfx
• A paper napkin.
• Tape.
Rocket in outer space.
Project 1
How do rockets work?
Let’s make our space rocket!
"To achieve great things, two
Going to outer space is one of the greatest dreams of humanity. As
things are needed: a plan and
you have learned in these lessons, humans have done it, but do you
not quite enough time." know how space rockets work? We are going to recreate a rocket
launch.
- Leonard Bernstein
Tip
Instructions Draw your rocket launch. Did it work?
Useful expressions:
1. Cut the cardboard to make
a cone and two triangles for 1. The materials are….
the fins.
2. First we……
2. Tape the cone and fins to
the bottle. 3. Then……. Next…….
3. Tape the four sticks to the 4. Finally
bottle to make the stand.
4. Pour the vinegar in the

bottle.
5. Put the baking soda on

the napkin and then fold it
carefully.
6. Put it inside the bottle and

put the cork in it.
7. Put the bottle upside down

on the stand.
8. Watch it launch!
16
Review
Communication and Cultural Awareness Reading
We have learned about inventions in ancient We have read information and academic texts.
cultures and their influence for later creations.
We can find specific information and recognize
We learned expressions such as nowadays, when events happened. We can understand
somewhat, somewhat, etc. some words in context.
What ancient invention do you think Is it getting easier to understand academic
influenced modern inventions the most? texts? Read again and write something
relevant about your favorite invention.
Writing Language Through the Arts
We have learned how to write cause and We have used our imagination to draw future
effect paragraphs. We can order and structure inventions. We learned how great inventors
sentences in present, past, present perfect, drew their ideas before becoming real. We have
and past perfect. learned that language changes in poetry and
how it touches our heart by understanding
Can you write a couple of sentences about the someone else’s feelings.
most important inventions?
Could you write down your feelings about your
favorite poem?
Oral Communication Project
We are learning to understand what others say We learned how to make a rocket with similar
in every day conversations as well as scientific principles to real rockets.
facts. We have learned to identify specific
information when people speak. Did you like your project? Did it work? What
did you enjoy the most about the project?
Could you tell your classmates about your
favorite inventions? Do you have similar
conclusions? Write.
17
Lesson C
Social Studies
How did people communicate? Do you know how our ancestors communicated?
Communication in Ancient Cultures Culture
Language has shaped cultures around the world. Since spoken Many ancient civilizations
messages do not stay the same when they are transmitted through such as Egypt, Assyria,
many people, written language was created so that messages arrived Persia, Rome, and China
the way they were sent. had postal systems that
were used to deliver
Written language also served as a means to transport messages in messages to part of their
an easy way. As we know, Egyptians first created papyrus which was empires; and Incas used
light, so messages could travel much faster. The Persian Empire had special roads to deliver
a successful mail system which permitted them to take messages as packages and information.
far as 3,200 km in only ten days. Ancient written
At the beginning, the speed of communication had only depended communications found by
on the speed of people. Some animals were used to help speed up archeologists allowed us
communication such as horses at first and then domesticated to know a lot about those
pigeons, which had the tendency to fly back home from any point, times.
so that some people started using them in the 11th century. Adapted from: http://www.localhistories.
org/communications.html
Source: http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=aa93
http://www.localhistories.org/communications.html

Vocabulary
watch?v=oxTUC5I22LU
Vocabulary
deliver. to take (something)

to a person or place.
Freepik/@upklyak
roads. a hard, flat surface for

vehicles, people, and animals
to travel on.
Papyrus. means. through the use

of (something).
Answer the following questions. light. not heavy, having little

weight or less than usual
1. How did people communicate in the past? weight.
successful. having the correct

or desired result, ending in
2. Family activity: Ask your parents, grandparents or any elder in
success.
your community how they communicated long-distance in the past.
Write what they said. pigeons. a gray bird that is
common in cities and that has
a fat body and short legs.
elder. a person who has

authority because of age
and experience.
18
Oral Communication
Are there any other kinds of communication?
Different Kinds of Communication Interesting Facts
During World War II, the

Talk to your teachers and class about all of the means of Marines of United States
communication you know. used Navajo Language,
one of the most difficult
Believe it or not, there are many other ways to communicate
languages in the world,
beyond speaking and writing. Let’s learn about some of them.
to codify communication
among military units.
It was very hard for the
Listen to facts about other means of communication. enemies to understand
Circle the correct answers. messages.
Mazateco whistle language
1. What is true about the Mazateco whistle language?
a. Everybody can use it to communicate.
b. All sounds are very similar.
c. Whistles represent phrases and words that express

the same as spoken language.
d. The Mazatecos are an indigenous group of people

that lives in Guatemala.
Freepik/@jemastock
Smoke signals in native north american tribes
2. What is not true about Native American smoke signals?
a) Only Native Americans used the language.

Native American’s smoking signals.
b) They used smoking signals to send messages fast.
Vocabulary
c) Others could see the smoke from short distances.
whistle. a high and loud
d) Blankets covered the fire to produce smoke.
sound made by forcing air
https://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/native-american-culture/smoke-signals.htm through your lips or teeth.
wet. covered or soaked with

water or another liquid, not
Are there other means of communication that you know? Are you dry.
surprised by those means of communications? Discuss any other
possible ways to communicate. blanket. a covering made of
cloth that is used especially
on a bed to keep you warm.
among. in or through (a
group of people or things).
What did you conclude? hard. physically or mentally

difficult, not easy.
enemy. a group of people

(such as a nation) against
whom another group is
fighting a war.
19
Reading
Freepik/@macrovector
How did people communicate across long distances?
Evolution of Postal Service and Courier

Before reading: Have you ever heard about letters and Egypt stamp.
post cards? Talk to your teacher about them. Interesting Facts
We may not be so familiar with the postal service, but it has made The U.S. postal service
the exchange of letters possible for years. It has helped people handles more that 44%
communicate around the world. of the world’s cards
The history of postal service can be dated back to the invention of and letters. The service
writing and the need for communication. Some evidence shows that delivers about 212 billion
an organized postal service existed in Egypt with papyrus from 255 (212,000,000,000) pieces
BC. It seems that pharaohs had used some kind of courier system of mail each year. There
to send a decree throughout the empire by 2400 BC. It seems that are over 40,000 post
some ancient cultures such as Persia, China, India, and Rome had offices in the country
created postal systems before we thought. and their territories. The
postal service delivers the
The letters we know are sent in an envelope, but at the beginning mail rain or shine, using
there were no envelopes at all to protect the letters. Paper envelopes different methods of
were first invented in China, but before then Babylonians had already transport from planes to
invented something to protect messages: hollow, clay spheres. mules.
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-
Stamps have been an important part of the postal service; they history/u-s-postal-system-established
were created in 1837 by an English man named Rowland Hill. They
established the first systematic prices based on weight. Now we Vocabulary
continue to use the system, but the prices have definitely increased!
Source: https://www.britannica.com/topic/postal-system pharaoh. a ruler of ancient
Egypt.
From the following statements chose the event that happened first. decree. an official order given
Write first and second. by a person with power or by
a government.
1. Ancient cultures had invented writing before the first postal
service. throughout. in or to every
part of (something).
a. Postal system was invented.
envelope. an enclosing cover
b. Ancient cultures invented writing. for a letter, card, etc.
hollow. having nothing inside,

not solid.
2. After Egyptians had had an organized postal system, Pharaohs
used a kind of courier system. clay. a heavy, sticky material
from the earth that is made
a. Pharaohs used a kind of courier. into different shapes and
b. Egyptians had an organized postal service. that becomes hard when it is
baked or dried.
spheres. a round, 3D object.

3. Persia, China, and Rome had created a postal system. We thought
they created it later. stamps. a small piece of
paper that you buy and then
a. Persia, China, and Rome created a postal system. stick to an envelope
or package to pay the
b. We thought they created it later. cost of mailing it.
20
Writing
What inventions made communications faster?
Grammar
Rewrite the following sentences to form one sentence using past
perfect and simple past. Use words such as after or before. Past Perfect
1. Samuel F.B. Morse transmitted his first message in 1844.
Past perfect is used to
2. Long before transmission, people used signal systems talk about an action that
such as flags or lights. happened in the past
a. before another action that
is normally expressed using
simple past.
1. Morse created the system of dots and dashes
(Morse Code) in 1835.
Some inventors had
created visual telegraphs
2. Morse first demonstrated the use of telegraph before Morse invented the
to his friends in 1837. electrical telegraph.
b.
Some inventors had not
(hadn’t) created visual
1. In 1849, Reuters started using a telegraphic press service. telegraphs before Morse
invented the electrical
2. In 1856, Western Union became the dominant telegraph telegraph.
company in United States.
Had some inventors
c.
created visual telegraphs
before Morse invented the
electrical telegraph?
*It can also be used after
Informational paragraph. by to show that the actions
Step 1: Ask your parents, grandparents, or an older person how they were finished at that time.
communicated before. Take notes on what they say.
Step 2: Write a paragraph (50-60 words) about how things were

different before compared to now. Be sure to use at least three Pixabay/@ OpenClipart-Vectors / 27425
different verbs in the past perfect.
Ex. My grandmother had sent letters before e-mail was invented.
Morse Telegraph (1837)
Vocabulary
dot.a small round mark
dash. a punctuation mark —

that is used especially to show
a break in thought or in the
structure of a sentence.
21
How can we use codes to communicate?
Have you ever heard about codes? Talk with the class Vocabulary
about what codes are and when they can be used.
complex. not easy to
Morse Code understand or explain,
not simple.
Samuel Morse invented the Morse Code. It is a code that has dashes https://www.macmillandictionary.com/
and dots. Letters commonly used such as “E” have a simple code, and
those that were not frequently used, for example “Q”, have longer
and more complex codes.
Morse code letters and
https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/telegraph
numbers.
https://kids.kiddle.co/Morse_code
Is it easy to communicate using codes? A

B
C
Let’s have some fun sending messages using Morse Code.
D
Write a message to your teacher, family, and classmates using Morse E

Code. Then, show them to your classmates and teacher. Do the same F
with your family. First write the message on your notebook and check G
grammar and spelling.Write nice messages. H
I
J
1. To my teacher: K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
2. To my family: T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
1
2
3. To my classmates: 3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
Morse code.
22
Social Studies
Oral Communication
How did people start communicating faster?
The Invention that Rings Interesting Facts
Talk about the images below. Which ones have you seen? The New York Telephone
Listen to the story. Complete the activities. company had 6,000 female
telephone operators by
1910.
When Alexander Graham
Bell died in 1922, all
telephones stopped ringing
for one full minute as a
tribute to the creator.
The first transatlantic
Freepik/ @pantimetr
telephone cable was used in
1956. The cable runs across
the Atlantic Ocean from
Canada to Scotland.
Telephone’s evolution.
There are about 150 million
Answer true (T) or false (F). If it is false write the correct statement. telephone lines in the world
1. Alexander Graham Bell did not invent the telephone.
and the number increases
by thousands daily.
The phone continues to
2. The telephone had been invented before the telegraph.
evolve today. Now we
have much more advanced
features like caller ID,
3. The telephone turns electricity into voice.
texting, mobile video,
safe caller ID, internet,
4. The first phone call was from Alexander Graham Bell to the Queen. and many more features.
Phones connect people,
facilitate business, and
5. Most operators were young boys. even save lives.
https://www.telephone-interpreting-service.
com/early-telephone-fun-facts
6. Telephone calls have always been automatic.
Vocabulary
features. an interesting or
important part, quality,
Ask your classmates how they communicate. Do they use a landline ability, etc.
phone? Talk to at least three classmates and write their answers here. http://learnersdictionary.com/definition/

Vocabulary
watch?v=oxTUC5I22LU
23
Communcation and Cultural Awareness
How has technology changed our culture?
Technology Changes Cultures Worldwide Interesting Facts
Culture is always evolving; each time a new material item appears, Sociologist William F.
nonmaterial culture modifies. It changes when something new Ogburn created the term
adjusts ways of living and new ideas develop. Adopting new ways culture lag to define
of facing everyday situations by using new inventions can change the time that passes by
cultural values. In addition, people require new norms for new between the introduction
situations. When society changes quickly and culture is influenced of a new item or device
by new inventions, it can cause generation gaps. Sometimes a new and its recognition as a
device can take only months to become part of a group of young part of everyday life. It can
people but it might take long time to be accepted by older generations. cause misunderstandings
between generations.
One clear example of cultural change is the process of globalization.
It has brought international cultures to all homes through the https://courses.lumenlearning.com/alamo-
television or internet. It has caused changes in values and lifestyles, sociology/chapter/cultural-change/
and it shows how ideas from one culture are introduced into another
and reshape it. Vocabulary
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/alamo-sociology/chapter/cultural-change/
nonmaterial. not of a physical.
values. a strong belief about

what is valuable, important,
or acceptable.
gap. a space between two

people or things.
lifestyle. a particular way of

living, the way a person or a
group of people live.
shape. to influence the

Freepik/ @nadyaskobeleva
development of (something),
to help (something) become
what it is.
http://learnersdictionary.com/definition
https://www.merriam-webster.com/
Two different generations using technology.
Circle the correct answer. Discuss in class
1. Cultural lag is: • Do you think technology

affects culture positively or
a. Difference in age of people. negatively? Explain.
b. The time it takes for older people to accept new items.
c. Older people that cannot use new devices.
2. The fact that we find McDonald’s in our country is an example of: • Are there any examples of
a. Culture lag. cultural lag in your life?
b. Globalization.
c. Generation gap.
24
Social Studies
Oral Communication
What invention connected the world with images?
Invention of Television
Freepik/ @microone
Listen to the conversation between a
teenager and an elder who talks about the
invention of television.
Young girl watching TV.
Step Step Step Step Step Step Step

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1926 1938 1941 1954 1955 1966 2005
Tip
Listen again and color or highlight all the correct statements
according to the story. Think about movies or
The first televisions were mechanical. sitcoms, TV shows and
other programs. Which
The first TV transmission was the image of the dollar sign. ones are your favorite?
WRGB TV station has been operating continuously since 1926. Have you ever imagined
life without all the images
At the beginning, programs were commercial-free.
we watch on TV?
Remote controls were invented before color TVs.
By the time color TVs were sold, all programs were recorded
in color, too.
The first 3D flat screen appeared in 2005.

Freepik/ @ brgfx
Talk to your classmates in groups of three. Have you ever seen an old
TV? Does anyone in your family have different kinds of TVs? Write
down notes about what you discuss.
Old television.
Vocabulary
flat. having a smooth, level,

or even surface, not having
curves or bumps.
25
Reading
What changed technology forever?
Before reading: Do you know what a transistor is? Have Interesting Facts
you ever heard about its use? Discuss it as a class.
Bardeen, Brattain, and
The transistor: A New Era Shockley won the Nobel
Prize for Chemistry in 1956
The transistor is an underappreciated invention that changed the
for inventing the transistor.
world forever. Believe it or not, it is the crucial component of an
electronic device. Our televisions, radios, cell phones, and computers A transistor is like a
work with them. Televisions used to work with some tubes that were miniature on-off switch
slow and used a lot of energy. You may ask your grandparents how that allows a computer to
long televisions took to turn on about 70 years ago. process information.
Three people invented the transistor: William Shockley, John A computer can’t operate
Bardeen and Walter Brattain. Shockley started working in 1936 on without an integrated
the transistor. Although he could successfully work out the theory, he circuit (chip), and a chip
could not build a working model in eight years. Bardeen and Brattain can’t operate without a
helped him develop the model. Sometime later, Texas Instruments transistor.
of Dallas first started commercial production of junction transistors
for portable radios in 1954. The Sony Company of Japan soon The first Intel computer
acquired the right to produce transistors and dominated the market. chip had 2,300 transistors,
In the 1960’s, Sony began to manufacture television sets using while the latest one has 820
transistors instead of tubes. Afterwards, vacuum tube technology million.
became obsolete. https://www.svconline.com/news/
http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/transist.htm fascinating-facts-about-transistors-370620
Answer true (T) or false (F). If it is false write the correct statement.
Vocabulary
1. Televisions have always worked with transistors.
underappreciated. not
appreciated or valued
2. Transistors are the key piece in every single electronic device. enough.
work out. to devise, arrange,

or achieve by resolving
3. William Shockley invented a working transistor. difficulties.
junction. an interface
in a semiconductor
4. Transistors were first used in portable radios. device between regions
with different electrical
characteristics.
5. The first company that created a device using transistors was Sony.
acquired. to get (something):
to come to own (something).
afterwards. at a later
time, after something has
Answer the following questions. happened.
1. What happened after Sony started using transistors in televisions? vacuum. an empty space in
which there is no air or other
gas, a space from which all
2. Why are transistors so important? or most of the air has been
removed.
26
Language
Writing
How has our life changed due to technology?
Tip
Cause and Effect Paragraph
How has our society changed due to the inventions that A cause and effect
we have studied? paragraph explains the
consequences of an action,
event, decision, etc. A
Write a cause and effect paragraph. cause and effect paragraph
Writing process in your notebook: brainstorming, first draft, can be organized in
and self and peer editing different ways. It can be
organized chronologically
After completing the process, write the paragraph in the space
given. or based on the
importance of the events.
It is useful to complete
the entire writing process
in order to write a correct
paragraph.
Freepik/ @jiwingka Grammar
Some useful expressions

Cause and effect representation.
for cause and effect are:
Cause Effect
Because of …
As a result of …
As a consequence of …
…resulting from ….
… is due to …
Effect … is because of …
Some useful expressions to
express effect are:
The first effect of … is …
Another result of … is …
As a result, …
Effect
As a consequence, …
Consequently …
Therefore, …
… is the reason for …
https://www.thoughtco.com/cause-and-
effect-composition-1689834
27
Are all programs appropriate for all ages?
Let’s make a television set!
Materials.
• Carboard boxes any sizes, a little one if you want

to make a remote control.
• Any useful material you find in your community.
• Paintings
Freepik/ @alxyzt
• Scissors or box cutter
• Carboard of many different colors.

Modern television.
Instructions. • Describe the television according to its

characteristics. (flat screen, old television, etc.)
• Cut the carboard box in the shape you want
your television to have. • Determine and list the kinds of programs
children and adolescents should watch and
• Add any decorations you would like to have on share it with classmates.
a TV set.
• Paint it with any color you want.
Vocabulary
cutter. a tool that cuts something.
advice. an opinion or suggestion about what

Mineduc
someone should do.

Cardboard televisions.
28
Oral Communication
What has technology brought us?
Computers and Cellphones

Write about something that
What do you think about the latest electronic devices?
you found interesting in the
Are they useful? Do you like them? audio.
Dr. Lisa P. Wayne is going to tell some students about changes due • Discuss the positive and
to technological advances and how they have affected our society negative aspects of the use
positively and negatively. Listen to the class and answer and of technology with the class.
Is it affecting you? How?
complete the activities.
• Discuss the use of social

networks. Are they
appropriate for every
person? Is it good that little
kids have access to social
networks? Why or why not?
Freepik
Teenagers using electronic devices.
Color or highlight the statements expressed in the audio.
1. Technology has changed the world in a very profound way.
2. Technology is very important in our daily activities.
3. Life was easier before the invention of cellphones and computers.
4. Cellphones help us stay away from society.

Vocabulary
5. We cannot find all information on the internet.
6. Technology helps people to be around others. appropriate. right or

suited for some purpose or
7. Kids and adolescents are always expecting the approval of others situation.
on social networks.
due to. because of
8. It is good to be contacted by strange people. (something).
29
Graded activities
Assessment
Achievement level - Listening

Individual activity
1 Listen to the person talking about the history of computers.

Decide if each statement is true (T) or false (F).
1. Charles Babbage created two different models of early computers. _________
2. All computers have been the same since the beginning. _________________
3. The first computer was used for math calculations. _____________________
4. Old computers had punched films or cards to calculate. _________________
5. Vacuum tubes made computers become faster and more accurate. ________
6. Old computers were exact in math calculations. _______________________
7. Cellphones are little computers.____________________________________
8. The first electric computers were very little. __________________________
9. Microprocessors changed the size of computers. ______________________
10. Some computers were used in war. ________________________________
What do you think is the most important invention that changed technology
in computers?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Achievement level - Writing

Individual activity
2 Write a short cause and effect paragraph (60- 70 words) about changes in
society because of computers. Use your notebook for the writing process.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
30
How much have we advanced?

Individual activity
3 Read the following article and complete the activities as indicated.

Social networking is a topic that divides opinion - some people think it’s an
amazing tool but others are worried about the impact it has on people’s lives.
Some people decided to find out the benefits - and potential risks - of using
social networks. Here are some of their conclusions as to the main benefits
and drawbacks of social media.
Not everyone may think about the negative effects of having social
networking accounts - but simple things like not setting your privacy properly
or liking someone’s photo can have bad results.
Social networking has lots of good points. You can express yourself, post your
favorite songs or your latest picture with friends. It is a lot easier to do it over
the internet than in person. You can keep in touch with your friends and
relatives around the world.
Taken and adapted from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schoolreport/22065333
4 Answer the following questions:

1. What do you think is the most important negative aspect about social networks?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. Why should we be careful with strangers on social networks?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. List the positive points that you consider the most important about social networks.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Reflections
Using simple past and past perfect correctly.
Understanding conversations and identifying details.
Writing a cause and effect paragraph.
31
Project 2
Objectives.
• To find out how students

Research project of BGU are using social
networks.
As Previously said, technology has modified the way we live
and the way we do things. A crucial topic related to this is the • To identify what social
appropriate use of social networks. networks they use.
This is a research project and through it you are going to practice and • To establish if their
“friends” or “followers” are
keep learning. You are going to apply some basic statistics and share people students know or
the results with classmates. are strangers.
• To guide students in the

correct and safe use of
social networks.
Notes
Freepik/ @ Freepik
Social networks.
Steps
• Identify the group you are going to investigate.
• Create a survey.
• Using the objectives, create some questions to ask your classmates

with the help of your teacher. It should not have more than 5 or 6
questions. When your survey is ready, ask all of your classmates, and
if possible, students from 2nd and 3rd BGU, too.
• Show the results of your questions in percentages. Did you find

anything worrying?
Freepik/@Freepik
• Investigate about security on social networks for kids and teenagers.
• Present a brief guide about security on social networks to your

classmates. Statistical table.
32
English Why myths, legends, and stories
Pedagogical Module 3 are so important for humanity?
Oral Commmunication, Reading, Writing, Language Throgh the Arts
First Course BGU
Vocabulary used
to tell mystery 5
and scary stories
New discoveries about
6 the past and conspiracy
Create and theories
4
Sc
ie
write a legend
nc
e
Intercultural views
7
So
and monomyths.
ci
Past modals for
3
al
speculation
ish
St
ud
gl
ie
s
En
Myths and legends

Adverbs of Manner 2 What a 8 from around the
Mistery La
world
ng
ua
ge
Past Continuous 1
Values
Education for the media Socio emotional skills

10 Critically evaluating 9 Self-regulation
contents Decision Making
Stories that shape culture.
We have all grown up surrounded by myths, to globalization. We know now about some
legends, stories. They are part of our culture famous stories from far away cultures and they
and our lives. We have our own beliefs and know about us.
faith. However, many cultures in the world
may have similar stories, myths, or beliefs, Nowadays, means of communication offer
that is what makes us humans. Our way of infinite amounts of information for anyone.
thinking is shaped by our culture but it may Even if it allows us to get knowledge, it is really
evolve and take some traits from others due important to identify reliable sources and do
further research.
What can we learn about other cultures?
1
Lesson A
Science
What do stories say about cultures?
Myths, legends and culture Culture
All cultures have myths, stories, legends, and folklore. They show Abstract values, beliefs,
what groups of people think about the world and how it is perceived. and world view that
Oral arts and traditions are a way to preserve and transmit customs are reflected in people’s
and values as well as to shape behavior. behavior. Culture is
learned.
A really interesting discovery about myths in cultures is that there
https://web.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/
are universal myths across different cultures from all around the hum211/CoursePack/culture.htm
world. These similarities are related to images, structures, events,
and characters that answered the most common questions humans
have, such as the origin of the universe and the meaning of life.
Value: Interculturality
There are various similar myths and legends across cultures, for
example epic cosmic battles, and the Great Flood which is part of the Respecting identities.
Christian and Jewish tradition, as well as Sumerian, Greek, Hindu, We respect other’s
Mayan, and Native American legends. The most similar belief in identities and their cultural
all cultures is the existence of a great supreme being that created background in our country
everything. and abroad.
Freepik/@ studiogstock
Vocabulary
perceive. to notice or
become aware of something.
Man reading about creation customs. an action or way of
behaving that is usual and
traditional among the people
Answer true (T) or false (F). If it is false write the correct statement. in a particular group or place.
1. Culture is not reflected in people’s behavior. shape. to influence the

development of something,
to help something become
what it is.
2. Folklore, myths, stories, and legends are part of a culture.
behavior. the way a person or
animal acts.
3. The way people perceive the world is related to culture.
battle. a fight between
people or groups in which
each side tries to gain control
4. Customs can be transmitted through written stories. of something.
flood. a large amount of

water covering an area of
5. People’s behavior is shaped by their culture.
land that is usually dry.
2
Oral Communication
What are superstitions? Are they similar across cultures?
A group of students are talking about different Vocabulary

superstitions their families and friends have. Listen to the
conversation and complete the activities. clover. a small, green plant
that usually has three leaves
on each stem and that usually
has round flowers that are
white, red, or purple.
Freepik/ @Freepik /@ tassel78/@ dvarg/@ gstudioimagen

faith. strong belief or trust in
someone or something.
hope. to want something to

happen or be true and think
that it could happen or be
true.
luck. the things that happen

to a person because of
chance: the accidental way
things happen without being
planned.
Superstitions http://learnersdictionary.com
• Talk with your teacher and classmates about the most common Interesting Facts
superstitions in your family, friends, and community. Are they the
same? Lucky Charms
• Do you, your teacher, or your classmates have any special lucky They are natural or artificial
charms? What do they represent? Talk about it. objects or symbols that are
supposed to bring you good
luck or protect you against
Answer true (T) or false (F). If it is false write the correct statement. bad situations. Four-leaf
1. If you put your bag or purse on the floor, clovers represent faith,
you will get a lot of money. hope, love, and luck.
https://www.thebalanceeveryday.com/
lucky-charms-to-attract-good-luck-895277
2. Knocking on wood is used to prevent something
from occuring to you.
3. Sitting at the corner of the table will bring you a husband

or wife very soon.
4. Sitting at the corner of the table will bring you a husband

or wife very soon.
Freepik/@Bazzier
5. Seeing white butterflies means you will have a new house.
Maneki neko
3
Language
Reading
What do stories say about a culture?
Stories from Around the World Interesting Facts
Japanese ghost stories show us the fine line between life Famous all around
and death. Here is one of those famous stories. the world, Japanese
stories about ghosts can
Ghost Story of Okiku sometimes be really scary,
Okiku, by Yoshitoshi Taiso (1839-1892) but their origin is pretty
interesting. They firmly
Long ago, there was a young lady called Okiku who worked for a believe that the dead ones
Samurai and his wealthy family. They owned ten valuable plates. It can come either to help the
is said that once someone broke a plate and told the samurai that living or to bother the ones
she did it when she was washing as usual. She was really surprised that hurt them. The spirits
and profoundly scared. She counted the plates…one…two... of women are particularly
three…four…five…six…seven…eight…nine… She knew he would prominent in these stories.
be punished by death… so she counted the plates again and again. https://aeon.co/essays/japanese-ghost-
stories-dwell-in-the-spirit-of-their-times
Her master was so upset that he killed her and threw her corpse
in a well. Not long after, her ghost was seen wandering the castle
gardens. While people were sleeping, she rose from the well and Vocabulary
counted from one to nine, looking for the missing plate. Many of
those who lived there got sick; so one day, the master of the castle wealthy. having a lot of
asked a priest if he could stop her suffering… He waited for her to money and possessions: rich.
come out from the well, he saw her. She started counting from one own. to have (something) as
to nine, and before she could scream for only having nine plates, property: to legally possess
the priest shouted TEN!!! Okiku’s ghost was relieved that someone (something).
found the missing dish and could finally rest. corpse. a dead body.
http://yokai.com/okiku/
well. a deep hole made in the
Answer the questions in complete sentences based on the story. ground through which water
can be removed.
1. How many valuable plates did the Samurai family have?
rise. rose, risen: to move
upward.
2. Why was Okiku punished by death?
castle. a large building usually
with high, thick walls and
towers that was built in the
past to protect against attack.
3. Where was Okiku’s corpse?
priest. a person who has the
authority to lead or perform
ceremonies in some religions.
4. What were people doing while Okiku’s ghost was wandering?
relieve. to reduce or remove
(something, such as pain or
5. How did the priest stop Okiku’s suffering? an unpleasant feeling).
rest. to lie in a grave after

6. Did you like the story? Why or why not? death.
wander. to move around or

go to different places usually
7. Are there similar stories in your community? If so, what are they? without having a particular
purpose or direction.
4
Writing
How do we write stories?
Narrative – Storytelling Grammar
Write a suspense story that people tell in your family Past Continuous or Past
or community. Progressive
A narrative tells a story. It can be a fiction (not real) or nonfiction Was/were + verb -ing
(real). Narratives have specific components:
This form describes
conditions in the past, an
Characters Plot action that was ongoing
Main participants Events that
in the story occur in the past, an action that
was happening at an exact
moment in the past or
Protagonist Exposition habitual action in the past.
(hero)
People in the castle were
Rising action sleeping when Okiku came
out to look for the plate.
Antagonist People in the castle were
(opposed) Climax not / weren’t sleeping
when Okiku came out to
Two other important look for the plate.
Falling action
components are: Were people in the castle
1. Conflict. Between sleeping when Okiku came
protagonist and antagonist Resolution out to look for the plate?
2. Setting. Time and location of https://study.com/academy/lesson/

the story what-is-narrative-writing-definition-types-
characteristics-examples.html
Use the graphic organizer above to organize your narrative in your

notebook. Once you have all of your ideas, write a draft of your
paragraph in your notebook. Exchange your paragraph with a partner.
Read your partner’s paragraph and comment on each element of the
narrative. Are they all clear? Does the narrative flow? Discuss your
ideas with each other. Then write a final version below:
Wikipedia/@Tsukioka Yoshitoshi Okiku
Okiku
5
How do I use role-play to improve my communication skills by telling a story?
Representing Stories: Role-Play Tip

Role-play is a theatrical representation that takes place when two
Make sure that each
or more people act out roles to explore or represent a particular
group in the class chooses
scenario.
a different story; it can
be funny or scary, but
Value: Socio emotional skills: Working with others. it has to be part of the
oral tradition in your
community.
After you have watched your

classmates perform, answer
the questions:
Freepik/ @ Macrovector
1. Which of the stories
presented in class did you find
most interesting? Write the
name of the story.
Theater and acting.
• You are going to write your own role play. Form groups of 3-4 stu-
dents and follow the steps below. 2. What was the story about?
1. Choose a traditional story or myth from your family or

community. Write the name here:
2. Set the characters: How many are there?

3. Why did you like it? Had
you ever heard that story
before?
3. List the characters:
4. Write the script. Pay attention to what each character says, and
include their actions in parentheses. You should include at least 10
lines per character.
Vocabulary
5. Costumes: Find something useful at home that can help you
represent the characters, try to use your own clothes. Use your
script. the written form of a
imagination!
play, movie, television show,
6. It may take some time to prepare the play, plan in advance and etc.
practice before presenting.
costumes. the clothes that
7. When starting your presentation, write the name of the story on are worn by someone (such
the board or on a piece of cardboard so everyone knows it. as an actor) who is trying to
look like a different person or
• You can prepare a few questions you can ask your classmates at the thing.
end of each presentation. http://learnersdictionary.com
6
Language
Oral Communication
What has technology brought us?
Tales from around the world Interesting Facts
Many of the stories and fables we have always known We can find a similar story
come from different parts of the world and have been of “The Boys Who Cried
adapted to different cultures. Before listening, talk about Wolf” in different versions
tales and fables you know. adapted according to time
and cultures. All of them
The boys who cried wolf – A story from Pakistan
have a moral at the end.
It is said that myths are
Value: Honesty: Telling the truth no matter what consequences you
may face. An honest person never lies, cheats, or steals. created because all human
beings have a universal
characteristic in our brain
structure. All humans have
a common legacy that goes
beyond race and culture.
Freepik/ @ Jehsomwang
Vocabulary
moral. a lesson that is

learned from a story or an
experience.
fable. a short story that

The Boy who Cried Wolf. usually is about animals and
that is intended to teach a
Listen to a Pakistani story called “The Boys Who Cried Wolf”. lesson.
Answer true (T) or false (F). If it is false write the correct statement
based on what you hear.
a. Write three more sentences
1. The story takes place in the mountains to end the story.
2. Hamza used to go with his father to watch the animals.
3. The boy and the father had cows and goats.
b. What is the moral of the

4. The wolf attacked the village one night while people were resting. story?
5. The boys were having lots of fun when they decided to

play a joke on their neighbors.
7
Lesson B
Do you believe in ghosts?
Common supernatural stories

in our country Illustrate both of these
stories according to how
“The Tamarind Widow” – from Posorja, Guayas you understand them. Be
prepared to explain your
People in this community talk about an extremely beautiful woman drawings to the class.
who used to enchant her victims, who were usually drunk men that
1. “The Tamarind Widow”
were walking back home after a long night. The elderly people and
taxi drivers say that men fell in love immediately and followed the
beautiful lady to a tamarind tree. There, she showed her real figure,
which was a skeleton and skull with a woman’s shape and clothes.
Nowadays, the tree is in the same place but with no sign of that
story.
“The Loma Grande Countess” – from Quito, Pichincha
A beautiful, high society young woman from Europe lived in a
beautiful house in the Loma Grande neighborhood. As old people
still say, the lady would go out on Friday nights to have fun in the
bars around downtown. The decade of the 1880’s was all celebrations
and parties because of that beautiful lady. She was called “the
countess” and many young gentlemen were in love with her beauty.
People started to notice that the men that left the bars with her
just disappeared without a trace. Years after she left the city many
corpses were found in the gardens or her former home. Everybody
thought that she had killed the men and buried them.
2. “The Loma Grande

Countess”
Freepik/ @ Vectorpouch
A cemetery
Culture
Supernatural experiences have been told around the world

for centuries. The supernatural can be a powerful source of
meaning, community, and identity in a culture, even though
not everyone agrees on their existence.
• Have you ever experienced any supernatural event? Do you believe

in supernatural events? In groups of three students, talk about any
supernatural event you or anyone you know had.
• Do you know any story from your community? Share it with the class.
8
Oral Communication
Have you ever had supernatural experiences?
Supernatural experiences
Freepik/ @ Vectorpocket
Knock knock
Which words are describing actions? Read the following
story and circle the correct word. Then listen to the story Ghost
and check your answers. Check pronunciation and repeat
difficult words. Underline the correct
statement:
Knock knock! is a scary story about a young boy and his sister who
are left home alone when their parents go out for the night. 1. The kids stayed home with
their parents.
As their mother was leaving, she serious / seriously told her children 2. The mother told the kids
not to open the door under any circumstances. But the boy and his not to open the door under
any circumstance.
sister didn’t pay attention to their mother’s warning. They thought
she was being too careful / carefully. 3. A friend of them knocked
at the door many times.
About an hour after the parents left, the kids heard a knock, knock, 4. The boy went downstairs
and knock on the front door. They decided to ignore it, but again, before the girl.
they heard a knock, knock, knock. It happened again and again 5. The girl and the boy
and it grew louder each time. Eventually, the girl couldn’t stand became ghosts.
it anymore and she anxiously / anxious told her brother she was
going to answer the door. He reminded her their mother’s nervous / Vocabulary
nervously warning, the girl just didn’t listen.
knock. to hit something (such
Again, they heard the knock, knock, knock on the door and finally as a door) with the knuckles
the sister cautious / cautiously went downstairs. Her brother laid of your hand or with a hard
on the sofa watching TV. He heard her going down and doubtful / object (such as a knocker)
doubtfully asking “who is it” and also heard her opening the lock of in order to get people’s
attention.
the door.
lay. to place (someone or
He laid there silently / silent for a while and he heard nothing. He something) down gently in a
started getting scared. His sister still hadn’t returned. He was afraid flat position.
to call her out, so he fast / fastly sneaked out the back door and
warning. something (such as
scape to their neighbors’ house. When he went into their house, his an action or a statement) that
neighbor was watching the local news on TV. They were talking about tells someone about possible
a mysterious / mysteriously murder. Then they showed a reported danger or trouble.
live at the scene of the murder next door. He suddenly remembered cautious. careful about
him and his sister going to open the door… and the last thing he avoiding danger or risk.
saw... was a horrifying red eye and a felt really cold… he tried to
doubtful. uncertain or unsure
speak…but nobody heard… he was just a ghost…
about something.
http://www.scaryforkids.com/knock-knock/
Grammar sneak out. leave furtively and

stealthily.
Describing actions ghost. the soul of a dead
person thought of as living
We can use adverbs of manner to describe actions. They are in an unseen world or as
formed by adding -ly to the adjectives. Some are irregular like appearing to living people.
fast, hard, late that do not change to describe actions. http://learnersdictionary.com/
9
Reading
Do you believe in coincidences?
Freakiest coincidences in History

Underline the correct
Read the passage and complete the following activities. statement:
The Titanic and the Titan 1. The novel Futility was
published 14 years after the
In the late 1899’s and 1900’s ocean liners were a convenient way to Titanic tragedy.
travel and very popular due to its luxury. 2. The Titan was bigger than
the Titanic.
The Wreck of the Titan, or Futility novel was published in 1898,
3. The Titanic had less
14 years before RMS Titanic was even finished being built. It was lifeboats that the Titan.
written by Morgan Robertson. The Titan was described as the largest
4. More people survived in
and greatest ship men could see, a first-class hotel, and of course, the Titanic tragedy than with
unsinkable. The Titan was a British vessel, that measured 800 feet the Titan.
long and had about 2500 passengers. In April, around midnight, 5. Both boats sank exactly the
while moving at 25 knots, it struck and iceberg 400 nautical miles same way.
from Newfoundland, North Atlantic. The ship sank immediately and
had only 24 lifeboats so many lives were lost. It became the world’s
greatest tragedy. Only 13 passengers survived after it capsized. Where do I learn more?
The Titanic was a British vessel that measured 882 feet long and watch?v=_RoSIurIGg0
carried 2200 passengers. The Titanic was the biggest ship ever built,
Vocabulary
completely luxury, and unsinkable. It had 20 lifeboats. Early in the
morning of April 15th, 1912 the ship hit a 100-foot-tall-iceberg. It liner. a large ship used for
happened 400 miles from Newfoundland, North Atlantic. Moving carrying passengers.
at 22.5 knots. One ship’s sides started sinking and soon the ship
luxury. a condition or
split in two pieces. After recue, 704 people survived. It became the
situation of great comfort,
world’s greatest tragedy of that time. It was Titanic’s first journey. ease, and wealth.
Source: https://allthatsinteresting.com/the-wreck-of-the-titan
unsinkable. incapable of
https://www.cracked.com/article_18421_6-insane-coincidences-you-wont-believe-actually-happened.html
being sunk.
https://allthatsinteresting.com/titanic-photos#35
ship/ vessel. a large boat
used for traveling long
Alike and different: In the following Venn Diagram establish distances over the sea.
similarities and differences between the Titan and the Titanic.
struck. strike. to hit (someone
or something) in a forceful
Titan Titanic way.
sank. sink. to cause (a ship or

Similar boat) to go down below the
surface of water.
capsized. to turn over: to turn

so that the bottom is on top.
hit. to touch (something or

someone) in a forceful or
violent way after moving at a
high speed.
Different Different split. to break apart or into

pieces especially along a
straight line.
10
Writing
Could you create your own scary story?
Writing a Fictional Ghost Story Grammar
You have read some supernatural stories so far in this Remember to use the
module. Now it is time to create your own! This is a past continuous (was/
creative writing piece, so you can use your imagination. were –ing) when you are
describing background
information, something
Step 1. Brainstorm some ideas about your story. Where will it take that was happening at a
place? Who are the main characters? What is the problem? Write particular time. You can
them here: use the simple past for the
Setting: action that interrupts it.
It was raining and old
Characters:
music was playing on the
radio when suddenly we
heard a noise.
Problem:
Step 2. Begin to organize your ideas. Use the organizer below.
The story begins with:
Main events:
Climax:
Resolution:
Step 3. Write what you have on this page in an organized story

Freepik/ @Freepik
in your notebook. It should be between 80-100 words. Include

descriptive words to help your reader feel your story and some of
the new vocabulary words you have been learning in this module.
Scared person walking in the darkness.
11
Can we create movies by drawing?
Interesting Facts
Telling a Legend
Between 1930 and 1950,
What is a common legend in your community?
considered the “Golden
Think of the stories you have heard in your community that have Age” of animation,
survived generations. Maybe it is a story your grandparents told, theatrical cartoons became
or something all people in your city or town know. You are going to an integral part of popular
write and illustrate that story in English in a comic. culture. These years are
defined b Walt Disney,
Warner Brothers, MGM,
Break the story into 10 parts. Illustrate each part in each one of the and Fleischer (Betty Boop,
frames (boxes) below. Be sure to write a caption – a short text at Popeye).
the bottom of every drawing. You can also include text bubbles for Source: https://history-of-animation.
things that each of the characters say. webflow.io/
1 2 3
4 5 6 7
8 9 10
12
Oral Communication
Could it have been true?
The legend of Giants that once Interesting Facts

roamed the Earth
What is a legend?
Listen to a part of a documentary and complete the
requested activities: A legend is a story that has
myths or unreal situations
as well as historical facts.
Answer true (T) or false (F). If it is false write the correct statement. It can be about a particular
figure or person. They can
1. Stories and legends about giants are not told
all around the world.
be supernatural beings,
elements of mythology,
or explanations of natural
2. Most stories are exaggerated. phenomena related to
particular places or people
and told as part of the
3. Evidence of very tall people has not been found. story.
4. David vs Goliath is a story told in the Bible.
5. It is said that a group of scientists want evidence to be shown.
6. People in the USA became curious because of skeleton findings.
Freepik/ @Izakowski
7. Skeletons of giants were found in North America and China.
David vs. Goliath
8. All giants were gentle and nice.

Underline the correct
statement:
9. There is solid evidence to prove the existence of giants. • Some evidence of giants
has been found in:
a. Europe, Africa, and North
10. Many people were afraid of giants. America.
b. Africa, North America,
and South America.
c. North America, South
America and Europe.
Answer the following questions:
• People became curious
1. What do you think about the Legend of Giants? Could it be true? about the existence of
giants:
a. From the 1800s to the
2. Have you ever heard any similar stories in your community? 1900s.
Do you believe them?
b. Before the 1800s.
c. After the 1900s.
13
Graded activities
Assessment
Achievement level - Listening:

Individual activity
1 Underline the correct answers:

1. What where they doing when they saw the mysterious creatures?
a. They were walking back home.
b. They were on the bus going back home.
c. They were going to the forest.
2. Where did the group of friends find the creature?
a. Next to a lake
b. Next to the trees.
c. At home.
3. What were the groups of friends doing while walking?
a. They were playing with a ball.
b. They were playing with the trees.
c. They were playing with the leaves.
4. What was the creature wearing?
a. It was wearing green clothing.
b. They do not know what it was wearing but it looked like leaves.
c. It was not wearing anything
Achievement level - Vocabulary / Grammar

Individual activity
2 Complete each of the sentences in an original way using

the past continuous to complete the ghost story.
A long time ago, there was a young boy. One day, he ______________out-
side when suddenly he saw a ghost. He screamed and tried to run away. Whi-
le he___________, the ghost ___________________. He ran into his house and
his mother and father ______________________. He asked them if they saw the
ghost and they said no. “I can’t believe it!” said the boy. “I _____________ when
I saw him!” His parents thought their son ____________. They turned to look at
him and he had disappeared.
14
Assessment Why myths, legends, and stories
are so important for humanity?
Achievement level - Vocabulary / Grammar

Individual activity
SPECIAL SCHEDULE
The curse of
“la Llorona”
A MOVIE VERSION WITHOUT HORROR SCENES
FOR KIDS OVER 8 YEARS OLD WILL BE PRESENTED FROM MONDAY
TO FRIDAY AT 10 AM DURING SUMMER.
A MOVIE VERSION WITH SOME

HORROR SCENES FOR TEENAGERS FROM 13 UP TO 17 YEARS OLD
WILL BE SHOWN THURSDAY AND FRIDAY AT 5 PM AND 7 PM.
ADULT MOVIE VERSION WITH NO HORROR SCENES

RESTRICTION WILL BE SHOWN EVERY DAY AT 9 PM.
3 Movies this week

1. What is true about the movie schedule? Circle the correct answer.
a. Everybody can see the movie on weekdays in the morning.
b. Only adolescents can see the movie at nights with no scene restriction.
c. Adults are not allowed to see the movie at any of the times.
2. Where is the legend of La Llorona from? Write a complete sentence.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Topics
Understand vocabulary related to stories.
Write my own story.
Use a Venn Diagram to compare and contrast.
15
Project 1
Let’s Create!!!
1 2
My posters of Myths
and Legends
Why are myths and legends
part of a culture?
Myths and legends are an

important part of the culture
because they show how a group 3
of people see the world around
them.
Freepik/ @IFreepik
With a partner, make your own
posters about local legends
Model
and myths.
Answer the question:
Instructions: What legends did you chose? Why?
1. Choose a partner to work

with.
2. Do some research about

local myths and legends.
3. Choose two legends.
4. Write them in your own

words in English and draw or
paste images related to them.
5. Present your posters to the

class and other classes.
Materials:
• Paper (any paper you find,

it can be recycled)
• Large cardboard (different

Freepik/ @IVectorpouch
colors)
• Scissors and glue
• Markers and colored pencils

or any similar material. Team work
16
Review
Grammar Reading
Complete each of the following sentences in an Remember the readings you did during the
original way using either the past continuous first part of this module. Go back and review
or the simple past according to the context. their titles and what they were about. Then
answer the following questions.
1. The other day, my brother was doing his
homework while my sister… 1. What was your favorite reading? Why was it
your favorite?
2. Yesterday, I did a lot of things. I…
3. Jenny was watching TV when suddenly…

2. Which reading was the most difficult for
you? What made it difficult?
Vocabulary
Recall the meaning of the following words and

use them to write a sentence with each one. In
your sentence you should show that you know
the meaning.
1. Scared
2. Wealthy
3. Script
4. Luck
Freepik/ @IVectorpouch
5. Behavior
17
Lesson C
Social Studies
Why did some great ancient civilizations disappear?
The Maya’s Disappearance

The Mayas are recognized for their refined calendar and writing
systems, architecture, and other aspects of their culture. They built
magnificent temples and palaces and their territory extended along
some southern parts of Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and Belize.
Freepik/ @IIngram
Around 900 A.D., most of those areas were abandoned. Nowadays,
archeologists keep finding new temples that have been covered by
the jungle for centuries. These findings have led people and scientists
Mayan Ruins in Honduras
to wonder why the Mayans mysteriously disappeared after having
flourished. List some possible causes
for the disappearance of
Many hypotheses have been established to explain what could
Mayas suggested in the
have happened to such a great civilization. Some scientists believe passage.
overpopulation may have caused a lack of resources. Others think
they may have collapsed due to warfare. There are even some
non-science-based ideas saying that the civilization might have
been invaded by aliens or taken somewhere out space. However,
more plausible options have been proposed by scholars whose last
archeological investigations suggest that there was not one only
reason for the collapse of the civilization but many consecutive
events. Most of them agree that deforestation must have caused
rains to reduce which produced severe droughts and loss of crops. It
could have led the Mayans to abandon so many cities.
Vocabulary
Freepik/ @IIngram
flourished. to be very
successful, to do very well.
warfare. military fighting in a

Mayan Ruins in Honduras
war.
Based on the reading, decide if each of the following sentences plausible. possibly true:
are true (T) or false (F). believable or realistic.
1. Scientists know with certainty what caused Mayan scholar. a person who has
studied a subject for a long
cities to be abandoned.
time and knows a lot about it.
2. Overpopulation surely caused a lack of resources. droughts. a long period of
time during which there is
3. There are a couple of theories without any scientific foundation. very little or no rain.
4. It is possible that wars caused the fall of the Mayas. crops. a plant or plant
product that is grown by
5. Scientists are very sure that droughts caused the Mayans farmers.
to abandon their cities. source: http://learnersdictionary.com/
18
Oral Communication
Could it have been true?
Out-of-Place Artifacts Found Grammar

Throughout the World.
Past Modals for
As archeological investigations advance, some findings amaze Speculation
scientists. Traditional history says humans have been present
for about 200,000 years and major technological advances have We use past modals to say
developed in the last century. However, there have been some how certain we are about
stunning discoveries that seem to be millions of years old. These events that happened in
items are called Out-of-Place Artifacts or “Ooparts”. the past.
https://www.ancient-origins.net/unexplained-phenomena/ Ex: It must have been
17-out-place-artifacts-said-suggest-high-tech-prehistoric-civilizations-020544
formed by a natural
process.
Value: Education through the Media
Must: very certain about
Critical Evaluation of Contents: Internet offers a lot of something.
information. Much of it may be fake. It is important to make
Might, may, could: it is
sure that web pages have an author who is responsible for the
possible.
information and some references.
Vocabulary
artifacts. a simple object that

Wikimedia commons/ @IRobert Huggett
was made by people in the

past.
Wikimedia commons/ @Ironie
stunning. very surprising or

shocking.
Listen to the following extract

South African Metal Spheres Bagdad Battery of a documentary. Circle the
statements that are true.
1. Some findings make
scientists believe that some
ancient cultures might have
been more advanced than we
think.
Wikimedia commons
2. Scientist are pretty sure

that the Bagdad battery
generated about one volt of
electricity.
3. Archeologists are sure
The Antikythera Mechanism that the South Africa metals
spheres were naturally
formed.
What do you think about the mentioned findings? Write a sentence
about each one. Use past modals for speculation. 4. The spheres could have
been formed 2.8 billion years
1. ago.
2. 5. The Antikythera
Mechanism seems to be an
3. old computer.
19
Reading
How did people learn about strange things some time ago?
Ripley’s Believe It or Not! Interesting Facts
Before the internet, people from around the world learned about Ripley’s Aquarium, Canada.
different and strange items, people, and events thanks to a man
called Robert Ripley. He was born in California. He became a sports Located in Toronto, the
reporter but soon his natural curiosity and his talent for illustration aquarium contains 5.7
led him to create cartoons to represent the most interesting and million litres of water. One
unbelievable achievements. It was the beginning of his empire. He of the most exciting exhibit
started to travel around the world to find new and interesting things, is the underwater viewing
then by 1929 he published his first book titled Believe It or Not! tunnel from which you can
see animals like Sand Tiger
After telling wonderful stories through radio broadcast, he started Sharks, Green Sawfish
his own show on TV. and Green Moray Eel. You
can see them swimming
Although he sadly died in 1949, a year later the first permanent
around.
museum called Odditorium (odd) was founded. It presents a 100
year collection with more than 25,000 pieces gathered mainly by
Ripley on his visits to places around the world. New pieces are still
added to the collection. Many of them may not be surprising for
us now, but in the past, they were considered amazing. His strange
Wikipedia/press release/FromRipleyOffice
stories remain strong today.
Some famous actors brought Believe It or Not! to TV in 1980 and
then in 2000. It came back again in 2019.
https://www.ripleys.com/
After reading about Ripley, answer the following questions in

complete sentences.
1. Why did Robert Ripley start to collect strange items from around Robert Ripley
the world?
2. Who presented the Believe It or Not! TV program? When was it

Wikipedia/@Yo Shi
presented?
3. What do you think the name Odditorium means? Ripley’s Believe It or Not! Hollywood
a. A museum that displays normal items.

Vocabulary
b. A museum that shows strange pieces.
c. An auditorium that shows strange people. achievement. something that
has been done or achieved
through effort. a result of
4. Circle the word that DOES NOT have a similar meaning hard work.
as gather.
odd. strange or unusual:
a. collect b. spread different from what is normal
or expected.
c. assemble d. accumulate http://learnersdictionary.com
20
Writing
What are some unsolved mysteries?
The Voynich Manuscript Grammar
Read the following information about the Voynich

Past modals for speculation
manuscript and fill in the blanks with the correct verb and
are very useful when
past modal. Sometimes more than one answer is possible.
we want to talk about
Pay attention to additional information given in order to
hypothetical situations
help you.
in the past. When we talk
write be collected make create belong about some mysteries from
the past, we can use them
This famous manuscript is named after Wilfrid Voynich, a bookseller to express level of certainty
who bought the book in 1912. Since it was discovered, it has been about facts.
in the library at Yale University. Although many believe Voynich
Scholars say some
______________ the book to become famous, many scholars
botanists may have created
have tried to decipher the text, which was written in an unknown
the manuscript. (active
language and also has many strange plants and objects.
voice)
The manuscript might
Based on its illustrations, the book was divided into six sections have been created by some
according to what scholars think its topics _____________. botanists. (passive voice)
Nobody knows where exactly it was created but research suggests
The modals we can use, in
it _______________. According to radiocarbon dating, the authors
order of least certain to
of the manuscript ___________________it in the 15th or 16th
most certain, are: might/
century. Most theories claim that the book _________________
may, could, must
medicine plants and their effect on people. Others say the language
_______________ to a culture that had only spoken language and Then we use “have”, then
someone tried to write down their knowledge. Theories about the the past participle of the
manuscript are always appearing and the mystery continues. main verb.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Voynich-manuscript
What are your speculations about this mysterious manuscript?

Use past modals and write three complete sentences.
1.
Wikipedia/Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript LibraryYale University
2.
3.
Vocabulary
decipher. to find the meaning of (something that is difficult to read

or understand).
radiocarbon dating. a scientific way of finding the age of something

that is very old by measuring the amount of certain forms of carbon in it.
A page from the Voynich manuscript
21
Have you seen a mysterious creation?
The Mystery of Crop Circles

Materials:
Sand Model • A piece of cardboard or
wood of about 50cmx50cms
Crop circles are weird patterns that mysteriously appear overnight in
large fields mostly found in the United Kingdom. They have caused • 2 to 3 pounds of sand or soil
intrigue that has inspired blogs, books, investigations, and some
• Liquid glue
films. Crop circles may have first appeared in Australia around 1966.
https://www.livescience.com/26540-crop-circles.html
• A stick or a pencil with
eraser
Group work: Collaborative Learning • Circle patterns to create the
model
Make a model of crop circles • Yellow or brown paint
Step 1. Research about crop circles. Remember to use reliable web

pages to investigate about the topic and cite them.
Instructions:
Step 2. Get the materials to make the model.
1. Paint the cardboard or
Step 3. Present it to the class and talk about some theories and wood and let it dry.
explanations using past modals for speculation.
2. Create a circle design with
the circle pattern or copy one
that you found.
3. Once the carboard or wood

dries, cover it with liquid glue.
4. Put the sand or soil all over

it and start drawing the circles
with a stick or an eraser.
Mineduc
Mineduc
Crop Circles Crop Circle in Diessenhofen
22
Oral Communication
What might have been their message?
The Nazca Lines

The Nazca lines have been a mystery for over 80 years. Scientists Class discussion: Talk in
groups about the mystery
keep asking who might have created them. There are many theories of the Nazca lines.
about it.
• How do you think they have
might been made?
• Who could have made

them?
Frepik/@ lovelypeace
• What might have been their

purpose?
Nazca lines
Lucy went to Peru last summer. Listen to a part of her blog and
underline o highlight the ideas that are mentioned.
1. The Nazca lines are located in the north of Lima.
2. Most Nazca lines represent animals, plants, or humanoids.
• Write two or three
3. Nazca lines are 2,000 years old. conclusions.
4. All lines and figures were discovered at the same time
a long time ago.
5. Scientists are sure about who made the lines.
6. Some people think that the figures had an astronomy-related
purpose.
7. It is sure that aliens participated making the lines.
8. It is possible that the lines are part of a ritual for the gods
to ask for rain.
9. Researchers are sure that the lines were made by the Nazca
culture.
10. The lines have been conserved because they are located
in the dessert.
23
How can mysteries and beliefs change culture?
Interesting Facts
UFO Culture
“Flying saucers” were a cultural phenomenon in the 1940’s and About 80 years ago, a
50’s. All those fears of strange beings coming to our planet whether radio broadcast terrified
to invade us or to help us were the perfect material for movie thousands of people. A
production in Hollywood. It is said that the idea of other intelligent famous actor performed
and superior species represents the hopes and fears of humanity. H.G. Wells classic science-
fiction book, The War of
Media keeps the idea of UFOs in the headlines, even if the reports of the Worlds. It made people
people who claim to see flying objects have significantly reduced in run away from their houses
past years. Believing in aliens visiting our planet has become part of with towels on their faces
many cultures, however scientists do not support that assumption. to protect themselves from
They say it is interesting to explore the idea of extraterrestrial life, the “gas” that aliens used to
but we must evaluate those ideas and proof. Some scholars compare attack.
UFOs and aliens to a religious belief that shows how humans deal https://www.livescience.com/63958-war-
of-the-worlds-aliens.html
with unexplainable experiences.
https://medium.com/s/reasonable-doubt/americas-enduring-obsession-with-ufos-b582ca8f86cb
https://www.vox.com/culture/2019/6/4/18632778/ufo-aliens-american-cosmic-diana-pasulka
We have asked some people about UFOs.

Let’s see what they say.
Have you ever seen any strange object in the sky?

What would you do if you saw one?
Freepik/ @Freepik
Well, it is difficult to say but I think that if I saw a

UFO, I would try to take a picture immediately so
my friends would believe me!
Wikipedia/Commons.wikimedia @ George Stock

Luisa, Argentina
Freepik/ @Freepik
As a truck driver I have seen

many things in my life, but If
I saw a strange flying object
in the sky, I wouldn’t say
anything because nobody There have been many reports
would believe me. in my country about UFOs.
But if I saw some lights in the
Rabda, India
Freepik/ @Freepik
sky, I wouldn’t believe it at first Image of supposed UFO, New Jersey.1952

sight.
Jimmy, USA Vocabulary
UFO. a flying object in the

What would you do if you saw a strange flying object in the sky? sky that some people believe
Complete: could be a spaceship from
another planet.
If I saw a UFO, I
headlines. the major
news stories reported in
newspapers, magazines, or
television news programs.
24
Oral Communication
Is time travel possible?
Time Travel Grammar
The Nazca lines have been a mystery for over 80 years. Scientists Second Conditional
keep asking who might have created them. There are many theories
about it. It is used to talk about
hypothetical situations in
Listen to an interview about time machines in fiction and what
the present or future. The
scientists say about them. Then answer the questions below. situations can be possible
in some time, very unlikely,
1. Does Dr. Chang think time travel is possible in the future?
or impossible.
If I could travel in time, I
would go to the time of the
2. Why may time travel be dangerous for humans? dinosaurs.
If clause: If + S + verb past
tense
3. Why does Jack think time travel would be incredible?
Main Clause: S + would /
could / may / might + Verb
base form
• Write down the most

interesting answers. Use
second conditional and
complete sentences.
Freepik/ @vectorpouch
Speaking activity:
• In groups of three students ask each other about time travel.

Freepik/ @vonyxprj
• If you could travel in time, what would you do? Where would
you go? Who would you meet?
25
Reading
How do we know what is true?
Fake News
In a world where anyone can say anything at any time and for free,
some people believe that anything said on the web is true. Fake news
are stories created to deliberately misinform people. The more a
Freepik/ @Maxstock
piece of information is repeated and “liked”, the more people think
it is true. It is common to find news on social networks that cause
fear in many people and turn out to be false. Also, free access to
almost an infinite amount of information without any filter has
caused many people to believe any article on the internet.
How dangerous can it be? It seems to be very harmful for a society Tip
because those kinds of news could cause fury. Societies were used to
getting news from reliable sources such as newspapers or TV news; Before sharing
now the internet holds lots of information without any regulation. information on social
In order to recognize fake news, it is extremely important to develop media, check the date,
critical thinking in children and teenagers, even in adults. Believing place, and investigate the
and spreading fake news might cause great damage. source. You can look for
more information if you
https://www.webwise.ie/teachers/what-is-fake-news/
are not sure about the
news.
Vocabulary
led (lead). to guide the

actions of a person or group:
to be in charge of a person,
group, activity, etc.
Freepik/ @Brazhyk
fake. meant to look real

or genuine but not real or
genuine.
deliberately. in a way that is

The power behind media meant, intended, or planned.
turn out. to develop in a

Think about the idea of fake news and answer the following particular way, or to have a
questions. Then discuss your answers as a class. particular result.
1. What would happen if fake information affected really important
decisions in a country? harmful. causing or capable
of causing damage or harm.
fury. violent anger.
reliable. able to be believed:

2. What would you do if you noticed fake news in your school? likely to be true or correct.
damage. problems that are

caused by a mistake, wrong
action, etc.; bad or harmful
3. What can you do in order to teach people in your community to
identify fake news? effects on a situation, a
person’s reputation, etc.
http://learnersdictionary.com/
26
Writing
Do you like helping your friends in hard times?
Your Friend Needs Help! Grammar
One of your friends writes you an email to explain a

problem he has and wants to know what you think. Read We use were in the second
the email below and answer in 80-100 words giving your conditional with the verb
advice using the second conditional at least three times in TO BE, no matter what the
your recommendations. subject is.
Hi, If I were my friend, I

would accept that boy’s
I’m writing you an email instead of calling you because I have a invitation.
serious dilemma and I don’t want anyone to hear me. I failed my
last Math test. It was an important test and everyone’s parents have If she were nicer, we would
to sign it. Part of me wants to change the grade by hand from 3 to talk to her.
8, but I am scared my parents will notice. Or I can tell my teacher I
forgot to ask my parents to sign it. Or should I just tell the truth? I Vocabulary
really don’t know what to do. What would you do in my situation?
dilemma. a situation in which
Thanks in advance, you have to make a difficult
choice.
Adrian.
Freepik/ @Microone
27
How do you make a difficult decision?
Real Tough Situations

Tip
Role-Play
You can choose:
Objective: To represent a real situation in which a person
or a group does something wrong or dangerous. What A party where alcohol is
would you do? served to underage people.
Some of your friends
are offering dangerous
Value: Socio emotional skills: Self-regulation and decision making. substances.
Talking to unknown
people on the street.
Accepting gifts from
someone without knowing
their real intentions.
Freepik/ @Vectorpouch
You can also propose your
own case according to
your reality.
Teenagers in a party
Steps
Notes
1. Choose a situation with a group of classmates.
2. Create a role-play to represent the situation and the danger of

acting a certain way. Each participant should have at least 7 lines.
Write the script in your notebook.
3. Perform your role-play in front of the class.
4. As a class, talk about possible risks of making the wrong decision.
5. Ask your classmates what they would do in that situation.
6. In your notebooks, write your own sentence for each role play
about what you would do.
Example: If I were asked to take something from a store without

paying, I would tell the person that it is wrong.
28
Oral Communication
Can misinformation cause damage?
Panic in Quito Interesting Facts
As well as in New York, a radio in Quito broadcasted a The book The War of the
program that cause panic in the population with some sad Worlds has inspired the
consequences. creation of many movies.
The first one was released
in 1953 and another
more modern version was
presented in 2005.
Discuss these questions in

small groups.
How would you feel in a

situation like this? Would
you panic? Why or why not?
Freepik/ @Freepik
Radio broadcast
Listen to the story about what caused panic in Quito. Underline or

highlight the statements that were mentioned.
1. The event happened in 1959.
2. People in Quito did not like TVs and only listened to the radio.
3. Producers on the radio wanted to scare people.
4. The use of sound effects made the story very real.
5. People were in a state of panic because they thought aliens

were coming.
6. News about other cities’ destruction increased the level of

panic.
7. People were not happy with the news.
8. Nobody tried to avoid the fire in the building.
9. There were deceased and injured due to the fire.
10. After the event, the government set new regulations for media.
29
Graded activities
Assessment

Individual activity
1 Conspiracy Theories
According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, a conspiracy
theory explains an event or set of circumstances as the result
of a secret plot by usually powerful people that can have hi-
dden agendas or are evil. Conspiracy theories have always
existed, many books were published and movies were filmed
inspired by some of these theories. Many of them were even
taken as historical documents that changed the way people
saw past events and their causes. Recently, many YouTubers
have appeared with theories that explain some phenomenon
without any scientific support. The problem is that kids and
teenagers believe them and take those claims as truths. Some
arguments that support false theories have some little facts
that attract teenagers. Other support for conspiracy theories
is that a couple of them turned out to be true some time ago.
It is important to teach children and adolescents to check and
investigate any information they find on the internet and draw
conclusions by themselves.
Choose T for true and F for false. If the statement is false,

correct it.
1. Conspiracy theories explain reality.
_________________________________________________
2. Conspiracy theories did not exist twenty years ago.
_________________________________________________
3. People believed some books represented real history.
_________________________________________________
4. Conspiracy theories have scientific support.
_________________________________________________
5. A good way to stop children and adolescents from believing
everything they see is to teach them to investigate.
_________________________________________________
30
Assessment Why myths, legends, and stories
are so important for humanity?
Achievement level - Writing

Individual activity
2 Self-esteem and stereotypes

1. Karen thinks she is very smart.
2. Karen is not happy with her looks.
3. Karen is very popular at school.
4. She thinks she is not thin enough.
5. She decided to go to the school dance.
Complete:
If Karen were funnier,______________________________________________.
If Karen were smarter,_____________________________________________.
If you could choose any place in the world to travel, where would you go? Why?
Write a short paragraph of 60-70 words.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________

Topics
Use past progressive or continuous
Using past modals for speculation
Use second conditional for hypothetical situations.
31
Project 2
Tip
Fake News Awareness in My Community
To give advice, you
Objective: Share useful information about fake news and
can either use a modal
its effects in your school, community, or family.
verb like should (as a
recommendation) or the
imperative form of the
verb.
You should pay attention to
what is happening around
you.
Get your news from reliable
sources.
Instructions:
Get in groups of 3-4 students

Freepik/ @Primulakat
and start working on your

project.
1. Create a short survey to

find out where some people
Fake news can be spread really fast of your community get their
news.
You might want to do some research about cases of fake news in the
country and its effects. 2. Explain what fake news is.
• Find some useful information to share with the audience. 3. Talk about the possible
negative effects in the family,
• Tell them how to recognize false from true and recommend some community, etc.
reliable sources.
4. Teach them how to avoid
• Decide what visual aid you will use to present your information spreading false information.
(PowerPoint, flyers, posters, etc.)
• Prepare the material, organize the work with your classmates, work
on the visual.
• How did it go? Write some conclusions about the project. Did peo-
ple know about the difference between fake and real?
Freepik/ @nainizul
32
English What is so wonderful
Pedagogical Module 4 about our country?
Oral Commmunication, Reading, Writing, Language Through the Arts
First Course BGU
Writing reviews 5
Writing a process
paragraph 4 6
Culture, traditions
and cuisine
So
ci
lSa
tu
Using theimperative 3
die
s
h
lis
Ph
7 Sports in Ecuador
g
ys
Relative pronouns
2
En
ic
and relative clauses
Wonders
al
Ed
of Ecuador
uc
at
io
Vocabulary related
1
n
to culture and sports
Values
8 Respecting identities
Ecuador, a Small but Magical sports. There have been many important people,
Country teams, and sports that have brought glory to the
country. Let’s start this adventure of knowing
Our little but wonderful country is located more about our amazing and magical country.
on the Equator. It has different regions and
therefore various traditions and cultures. There
are handicrafts that are famous around the world
because of their beauty and uniqueness. Our food
is also delicious; it is difficult to determine which
dish is the best.
But Ecuador is much more than that.
Ecuadorian people are nice, hardworking,
Freepik
and passionate. They love traditions and also

What do you think makes Ecuador unique?
1
Lesson A

Social Studies
What do you know about our country?
Wonderful Ecuador
Interesting Facts
Talk as a class. What are some interesting facts you already know
about Ecuador? The indigenous population
in Ecuador is about 1.1
million people. They are
General Information composed of 15 indigenous
nationalities. Ecuador
The official name of our country is the Republic of Ecuador. It is
voted in favor of the UN
the second smallest country in South America, with 256,370 square
Declaration on the Rights
kilometers. Due to its position on the Equator, our country has
of Indigenous Peoples.
incredible biodiversity and wonderful landscapes.
About 24.1% of Ecuador’s
The official language is Spanish. Quichua is spoken by many indigenous people live in the
indigenous nationalities. About ten other native languages are also Amazon region.
official in their communities. According to the law, all ancient languages https://www.iwgia.org/en/ecuador
in Ecuador will be respected and preserved.
Ecuador uses the United States Dollar as its currency. The capital
city is Quito. • Based on the reading, circle
the correct statements.
Value: Interculturality 1. Ecuador is the second
largest country in South
America.
2. We have great biodiversity

because we are far from
the Equator.
3. About 12 languages are

spoken in our country.
4. Approximately 24.1% of
indigenous people live in
the Amazonia.
5. There are about 1.1 million

indigenous people in
Ecuador.
• What else do you know

about different indigenous
groups?
Freepik
Ecuador
2
Oral Communication
What are some interesting attractions for tourists in Ecuador?
Interesting Facts
Talk about some interesting touristic attractions in Ecuador that Scientists first thought
students know. Compare class answers with the following descriptions. Chimborazo Volcano was
extinct, but new research
Ecuadorian Treasures shows that it is still active
and has erupted at least
Listen to a foreigner tell their family about some wonderful features seven times in the past
of our country. 10,000 years.
https://url2.cl/CJrEF
Complete the following chart. What does the visitor say she learned Vocabulary
about the following touristic attractions in Ecuador? Use your own words.
straw. the dry stems of wheat
and other grain plants
1. Panama Hat
dormant. not doing anything
at this time: not active but
able to become active
evolve. to develop by a process

of evolution
Freepik
Panama Hat
2. Chimborazo Volcano • Which of the three things

described would be the
most interesting to you
as a foreigner?
Flickr/ @xavi jimix
Chimborazo Volcano
3. Galapagos Islands
• Why?
Pixabay/ WikiImages
Charles Darwin
3
Reading
Social Studies
Why are toquilla straw hats called “Panama hats”?
Interesting Facts
Have you ever heard about these kinds of hats? Does anyone in your
family have one? Tell your classmates what you know about them. Paja toquilla hats are made
in Montecristi, Cuenca, and
Chordeleg, but most hats
The History of Paja Toquilla Hats come from Cuenca. In fact,
It is said that back in 1835, people in Montecristi, Manabi sent boxes there is a hat museum in
of hats to Manta and Guayaquil to be exported to Panama. The time Cuenca in which visitors
coincided with the California Gold Rush (1848-1855), which made the can learn about their history
hat famous because of the abundant sun on the west coast of the United and the process involved in
States. They became so popular in the ports of Panama that the name making them. You can find
was quickly linked to that location. hats from $20 to $5000.
During the construction of the Panama Canal, Theodore Roosevelt,

who was the president of United States at that time, wore those kinds of
hats and contributed to their increasing popularity. Many workers also
wore them. It is said that many passengers who were passing through
the canal also made the hats famous. They became really valued around
the world. Edward VII of England ordered a hat for himself and paid
a lot of money for it. In 1985, the hat was selected as one of the 100
best designs ever by the Conrad Foundation in England. Also, in 2017,
the UNESCO declared paja toquilla hats as part of the list of Intangible
Cultural Heritage of Humanity.
Fill in the blanks using information from the reading.
1. Paja toquilla hats are called .
2. Theodore Roosevelt wore those kinds of hats during
.
Freepik
3. ordered a hat for himself and paid a lot of money.

Panama Hats
4. In Ecuador, paja toquilla hats are made in ,
and .
5. There is a museum about the history of hats in Vocabulary

gold rush. a situation in which
6. Write 4 interesting facts about the history of paja toquilla hats. many people go quickly to a
place where gold has been
discovered because they
hope to find more gold and
become rich
ports. a town or city where

ships stop to load and
unload cargo
4
Writing
What is your favorite handicraft from your community?
A Short Review
Analyze the model: Tagua nut jewelry Grammar Note
Jewelry made of a seed does not seem so elegant, but there are There are two types
some beautiful pieces. Tagua comes from a palm tree that grows in my of relative clauses:
community. It is called “vegetable ivory”; it is very similar to the ivory
that people take from elephants. The best part of tagua is that no plant Defining: used to define the
or animal gets hurt and you can create wonderful pieces of jewelry. My noun that comes before them.
favorite piece is a colorful necklace that I have had for years and goes Non-defining: used to
well with almost all my clothing. I also have a pair of earrings which are identify the noun that
absolutely wonderful. I really like tagua jewelry and I am sure I will get comes before them.
more pieces.
Relative clauses start with
a relative pronoun: who for
Step 1. Topic sentence: Introduce the idea of your favorite handicraft. people and which for things.
In non-defining relative
clauses, who and which
can be replaced by that.
Step 2. xplain where the materials come from.
Step 3. Explain how it can be used. Is it a decoration, clothing, jewelry?
Flickr/ @ dunamis ecuador

Step 4. Say why you like it and recommend it.
Tagua earrings
Identify four examples

Step 5. Write your paragraph by joining all the sentences you wrote of relative clauses on the
above. Try to use at least two relative clauses. Share your previous pages. Write them
paragraph with a classmate and exchange ideas. and identify who or what they
are talking about.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5
How can we represent native animals through art?
Pastaza Balsa Wood Animal Carvings

Colorful birds and animals carved in balsa are a very good example
of how we can represent our surroundings by using art. In the village of
Ahuano on the Napo River, there are some artists who create the most
accurate bird reproductions with wonderful details. It is sad to say that
as time passes by, all the people that used to work on these crafts are
working in local businesses, and fewer people continue with this special
art. The animals that are normally carved in balsa are monkeys, turtles,
Flickr/ @pedro katz

frogs, fish, and amazing colorful toucans and parrots.
What is nice about your community? People? Animals, buildings,

plants, clothing? Let’s make a craft that represents something
Otavalo Market
interesting from our surroundings. Use your imagination!
1. Materials:
a. Any material that you have available (paper, cardboard, wood)
b. Colored pencils, crayons, markers, sticks.
2. Instructions:
a. Get in pairs or small groups. Discuss something representative
of your community.
b. Choose a way you can display it using available materials.
c. You can model it, draw it, build it, or paint it.
Freepik
d. Work on your craft.
Ingapirca, Cuenca, Ecuador
e. Show it to the class and tell them about it.
3. Class presentation. You may present your craft by answering the

following questions:
a. What is it? A handicraft? A building? An animal? A plant? Flickr/ @Marcelo Jaramillo Cisneros
b. What materials did you use?
c. How long did it take you to do it?
d. Why did you choose it? What does it represent and why is it
important for you?
Animal Carvings
Vocabulary
carve. to make (something,

such as a sculpture or design)
by cutting off pieces of the

material it is made of
accurate. free from mistakes

or errors, exact
6
Oral Communication
How detailed can jewelry be?
Filigree Jewelry
Have you ever heard about filigree jewelry? Do you like it? What kind Interesting Facts
of jewelry do you like? Filigree is an ancient
technique. It has its origin
Our visitor keeps traveling around the country, and now she is
in Mesopotamia, where
visiting the southern region. Listen to the conversation and complete
they have made this kind of
the activities.
jewelry since 3000 B.C. The
Egyptians also used wire
Circle the correct answer to make pieces of jewelry,
but it was not as popular.
1. Where is the visitor currently staying?
The Greeks also created
a. Chordeleg wonderful pieces, and
b. Cuenca filigree reached perfection
c. Quito
from the 6th to the 3rd
century B.C.
2. Filgree is made of
a. different kinds of metals
b. metal threads and beads
c. beautiful metal pieces
3. Filigree designs are inspired in

a. nature and other shapes
Flickr/@ Ana Villar

b. animals and plants
c. hearts and love
4. Candongas are Filigree
a. unique earrings from Chordeleg

b. unique pieces from India
c. traditional Ecuadorian rings Flickr/@ Jorge Mario Mora Alzatear
Filigree
Vocabulary
thread. a long, thin piece of

cotton, silk, etc.
bead. a small, usually round

piece of glass, wood, stone,
etc., that has a hole through
its center and that is put on

a string with other similar
Freepik
pieces and worn as jewelry

or that is sewn onto clothing
Jeweler
7
Lesson B
What is a traditional and meaningful piece of clothing in our country?
Ponchos and Their Meaning

Interesting Facts
Our intercultural country has a variety of typical clothes, one of Ponchos are worn in most
which is the poncho, which protects us from the cold and is really of Latin America, especially
comfortable. in the highlands. All of
We have seen ponchos around us most of our lives. We may not them have some specific
know that besides being a beautiful piece of clothing that protects characteristics. The word
people from the cold, a poncho can also have different meanings “poncho” may have different
according to its colors and shapes. The different designs represent origins. Some say it comes
peoples’ gods, feelings, and roots, as well as elements in nature. Ponchos from the word “punchu”,
are luxury pieces that hold ancient wisdom and are also a symbol of a “Quichua” word with
each community; they may even show if a person is single or married. the same meaning. Others
claim the word has Spanish
In Ecuador, we can find more than 15 different kinds of ponchos. origin and it refers to a “little
Each community has its own kind of poncho with unique characteristics blanket”. Either way, the
that represent the identity of each group. They are made of alpaca word “poncho” is recognized
or sheep wool and can be many different colors. Red represents the all around the world.
blood of our ancestors in fights for freedom as well as the vitality of
https://url2.cl/sSIJk
living things. Blue represents the ocean and our taitas’ wisdom. Black
represents feelings, sorrow, the night, and our mother Earth. It is a
beautiful part of our identity, culture, and traditions; something to be
Value: Interculturality,
proud of and also respect. Respecting Identities
https://url2.cl/xnihA
https://url2.cl/fBcKh
Answer the following questions in complete sentences.

1. Who wears ponchos?
Pixabay/yolandacoevers
2. What do the different designs represent?
3. Complete the meaning of the different colors. You can use means,
represents, shows to start your sentence. Use your own words.
Red:
Freepik
Blue:
Colorful ponchos
Black: Vocabulary
shape. the form or outline

of an object
root. the origin of something
8
Oral Communication
Social Studies
How can food be a unique feature of a region?
Food as Part of Identity and Traditions

What is your favorite food? What would you recommend a visitor Circle all the correct answers
to try? What is a traditional dish in your community? 1. The visitor explains how
this is made:
Do you remember our visitor? She is now trying some of our
delicious food and is preparing a short radio broadcast for her blog to a. chugchucaras
talk about it. Listen to it and complete the following activities. b. maito
c. cangrejo
2. What cities does she

Wikimedia commons Bbb-Commons
mention?
Flickr @Jorge Mario Bolaños

a. Latacunga and Guayaquil
b. Macas and Latacunga
c. Guayaquil and Quito
3. What kind of food did she
Chugchucaras Crabs not try?
a. cangrejos
b. hallullas
c. chugchucaras
Flickr/ @Coen Wubbels
Flickr/@ Nazyra Proaño
4. At what time did she eat

cangrejos?
a. morning
Maito Fritada
b. afternoon
c. night
What is your favorite traditional food? What region or city is it from? 5. What region has she
Do you eat it often? visited the most?
Talk about it in groups of three. Share some comments with the class. a. Coast
b. Highlands
c. Amazon
Vocabulary
feature. an interesting or
important part, characteristic,
ability, etc. Usually plural
dish. food that is prepared

in a particular way
seasoning. a substance (such

as salt, pepper, a spice, or
an herb) that is used to add
flavor to food
9
Reading
What is the origin of some traditional food?
The Origin of Yahuarlocro

Yahuarlocro is a thick potato soup prepared with different kinds of
Have you ever eaten
potatoes as well as sheep gut and blood. The word locro comes from the yahuarlocro? Do you like it?
“Quichua” word lugru, which means “potato soup”, and yahuar means Where did you eat it? If you
“blood”. Locro is prepared with a variety of ingredients such as beans, haven’t had it, would you like
corn, spinach, and other vegetables. to try it? Why or why not?
Yahuarlocro is certainly one of the most emblematic dishes in our

country and its origin seems misterious. Many scholars have done
research about it and there are some theories about the history of this
delicious dish. In the oldest recipe books, there’s no information about
this soup, although many other traditional preparations and ingredients
were registered. This shows that yahuarlocro may have been served
only at farms and countryside fairs. Sheep arrived to Quito in the XVI
century, so the use of it in the recipe may have started at that time in
farms and little towns.
Nowadays it is served with onion salad, avocado, and sheep blood.
Many people enjoy this soup and other traditional dishes in restaurants
as well as at markets.
https://url2.cl/B2MXm
https://url2.cl/4Twaz
Flickr/@ koli52000
Fix these incorrect statements and write the correct ones
on the lines.
Yahuarlocro
1. The only ingredients in locro are yellow potatoes.
Vocabulary
2. Locro is very watery.
thick. of a liquid: not flowing
easily
3. The origin of yahuarlocro is clear. sheep. an animal with a
thick woolly coat that is often
raised for meat or for its
4. Yahuarlocro is not an emblematic dish of our country. wool and skin
gut. the internal organs

of an animal
5. The recipe for yahuarlocro was registered centuries ago.
although. used to introduce
a fact that makes another fact
unusual or surprising
6. People in big cities and towns used to eat yahuarlocro
countryside. land that is away
from big towns and cities.
7. If you want to eat yahuarlocro, you can only do it in restaurants. fair. a large public event at
which there are various kinds
of competitions, games, rides,
and entertainment
10
Writing
Can you prepare a traditional dish?
Sharing Recipes. Writing a Process

(How-to) Paragraph
In order to write about a process we need to think about chronological Grammar Note
order and separate the process into steps. Use numbers to indicate the Imperative form is used
stages and use the verb in the imperative form to give instructions. Use to give an order, a warning,
commas when listing more than two things. or a piece of advice. You can
Let’s write our recipe! make a request adding the
word “please”.
Dish:
Order: Come here!
Warning: Be careful!
epik
Fre Advice: Eat fruit. It’s healthy.
Request: Close the door,
please.
Negative Don’t go. Don’t
point at people! Do not
walk here.
Useful Vocabulary
add. to put ingredients
together, to put one
ingredient with others.
chop. to cut into small
pieces, generally used with
vegetables.
combine. to put two or more
things together.
boil. to heat water
or another liquid until
bubbles form.
cut. to separate or divide
a solid by using a knife.
drain. to remove excess
liquid from food after
washing or cooking it.
fry. to cook by putting food
into extremely hot oil.
cook. To prepare food by

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heating it so that it is not

raw and can be eaten.
11
What is special about my community?
Special Features of My Community

Think of the stories you have heard in your community that have
survived generations. Maybe it is a story your grandparents told, or Useful expressions
something all people in your city or town know. You are going to write In order to present your
and illustrate that story in English in a comic. collage or poster to your
classmates, you may need
some useful expressions.
1.To introduce your

• Get in groups of three or four students. presentation:
Good morning! We are
• Find something characteristic of your community. It can be clothing, going to talk about
food, handicrafts, among others.
• Do some research about the origin or meaning of the object that you
have chosen. /We are going to present
• Prepare a short presentation to talk about this special feature of your 2.The origin is
community.
• Use your imagination and use the materials you have available. You
can use paper, pictures, drawings, cardboard. It would be a good idea
to prepare a collage or poster.
• Show it to the class.
3.The materials, ingredients,

etc. are
4.It is worn, prepared by

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Write a couple of sentences about your experience. Did you learn a lot
with your research? What is something new you learned about your
community?
5.It is interesting/ important
because
12
Oral Communication
What can you enjoy during Carnival holidays?
Traditions
How do you celebrate Carnival in your community? Do you have
special traditions, food, or parades?. List some of the ideas mentioned Listen to the dialogue and
answer the questions in
in the group. complete sentences.
1. What is the meaning of

Have you ever visited other communities during Carnival holidays? the word “Coangue”?
Talk to your classmates about different traditions in our country
for Carnival. You can prepare some notes here:
2. What is the typical music

in El Chota?
Underline the statements

mentioned in the
conversation.
a. The visitor has never
visited any carnival
celebration in
Ecuador.
b. Coangue Carnival is an
old tradition.
c. The Chota river builts
the culture and identity
of the community.
d. People celebrate next
to the Chota River.
3. What can you find in

Coangue Carnival? Circle
the correct answers.
a. music
b. dance
c. paintings
d. poems
e. theater
Frlickr/ @Marcelo Quinteros Mena
f. handicrafts
g. traditional clothing for sale
h. folk songs
i. fast food
j. some sports
Coangue Carnival
13
Graded activities
Assessment
Achievement Level - Listening:

Individual activity
1 Listen to the following radio broadcast. Answer True (T) or False (F). If it is false,
write the correct statement based on what you hear.
1. The name of the radio program is “Our Culture Is Our Identity”.
2. The tourist is only visiting Ecuador.
3. Años viejos only represent famous people or politicians.
4. People in Guayaquil build statue-like años viejos that are very accurate.
5. Burning años viejos symbolizes good luck for the last year.

Individual activity
2 Complete the following testament with the correct relative pronouns.

(which, who, that)
For this year is ending. I want my dear children, are the light
of my life, to remember me as a tough but interesting year. I leave my chair at work
to my lovely coworkers, have been very nice. Maybe next year will
bring more money, maybe a pay raise.
For my students, are reading in English, I give you my heart because

you are working hard. We have learned that English, is difficult,
is also fun. Happy New Year!
14
Assessment What is so wonderful about our country?

Individual activity
3 Read the passage and complete the activities. Answer the following questions in
complete sentences.
New Year’s Traditions
In my first visit to Ecuador I was really surprised when I saw the uncommon
image of men dressed like women who are supposed to be the widows of the año
viejo. These characters with colorful wigs and little black dresses block the streets
and dance suggestively for people passing by, especially men, in order to get some
money “to survive” after their husbands are burned. It has become very lucrative
for the young men who dress up, since they can get more than a hundred dollars
in a couple of hours.
Many people gather together in traditional neighborhoods or in family groups
to make the año viejo with funny messages and of course a will or testament in
which drama and humor are combined to talk about good and bad moments,
about family members, and also about the situation of the country. It shows
Ecuadorian creativity and imagination.
What are some characteristics of viudas?
Why do viudas ask for money on the street?
What do wills talk about?
What characteristics do wills have?
Topics I do it very well I do it somewhat well I can improve I can’t do it without help
Read about culture and traditions
Use relative pronouns correctly
Write a recipe
15
Project 1
Important Traditions Interesting Facts
Ecuador is a diverse country. Its three regions have different “Tradition is not the worship
clothing, food, and traditions. Each city, town, and community has of ashes, but the preservation
its own unique customs. Now it is your turn to organize a project of fire.”
with your classmates to celebrate your uniqueness and remind Gustav Mahler
people of the richness of our culture.
Step 1. Talk to the teacher and the class and choose what artifacts
of the culture you are going to show. Is it clothing? Food?
Dances? If you are a large group, you can choose a lot of
them and divide them into small presentations. You may Here are some expressions
want to organize a Culture Fair in your school and show your that can help you present your
project to other classes. project.
Step 2. You don’t need to spend money or get difficult materials 1. We are going to present
or resources. You only need to use what you already have
available in your community.
Step 3. Do some research, either in books, on the internet, or asking

the wise elderly people of your community about some
traditions and their meaning, about old ways to make food or
ingredients that are not used anymore.
Step 4. Gather all the information available and start organizing your 2. It represents (make it
project with your classmates and teacher. plural if necessary)
Step 5. Present your project, either with posters, PPT, real food,
clothing, or a beautiful piece of typical music or dancing.
Answer the following question. 3. We chose this (name

what you chose: food,
Did you enjoy investigating about some traditions of your community? clothing, etc) because it is
How did you feel?
4. It means
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5. The material, ingredients,

music, etc. is/are
Teamwork
16
Review
Grammar
Fill in the blanks with a relative pronoun: who,
which, or that
Washkas, means “necklace”, are
made of minerals and gems such as amethyst
and obsidian, as well as corals. According to the
indigenous worldview, they have special powers.
Women wear them keep their
balance and good energy. Washkas,
also keep bad spirits away, are worn in weddings,
ancient festivities, and religious celebrations. In
Flickr / Romulo Moya Peralta

the past, people had many washkas
were considered wealthy. Nowadays, old
necklaces are considered an Andean treasure.
Find these 10 words in the word search. Then choose

4 of the words and write a sentence using them.
accurate - blood - carve - chop - feature - gut

- roots - straw - thick - thread
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1.
2.
3.
4.
17
Lesson C

Social Studies
How do sports shape culture?
Sports and Culture Interesting Facts
It is said that culture is everything around us. It is the way we speak, The history of sports can
we dress, even the way we think about certain topics. The word culture be traced back 3000 years.
comes from the Latin “cultura”, which means to tend to, to cultivate. Some evidence shows that
in the beginning, sports
It was first understood as growing through education, but in the were preparation for war
middle of the 19th century it was related to collective customs and or training for survival
inherited traditions and patterns of meanings in societies. All cultures activities. Many early
are different and even in a single country many subcultures can be games involved throwing
identified. rocks, spears, or stakes.
Sports are a universal element found in all cultures. They provide Archaeological pieces have
young people with experiences, fun, good physical health, as well as shown that ball games were
opportunities for social interaction and skills necessary for participation played by the Chinese and
in society. Young athletes are also agents of change in their communities; the Aztecs.
they can educate others and inspire young athletes. When people are https://www.britannica.com/sports/sports
engaged in sports, identities and goals are shared. Bonds are cultivated
across racial, ethnic, and class lines. In this way, sports help human
rights to progress.
https://www.coe.int/en/web/compass/culture-and-sport
Answer the questions in complete sentences.
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a. When may have sports appeared?
Aztec ball game court
Underline the ideas present in

the text.
1. Culture reflects everything

we are.
b. What does evidence say about ball games?
2. Culture only means “to be
educated”.
3. Culture is the same in all

societies.
4. We can find sports in all

cultures.
Vocabulary
5. The only benefit sports
inherit. to get (a personal quality, interest, etc.) because of the offer is physical well-being.
influence or example of your parents or other relatives
6. Athletes may become
bond. an emotional or social connection between people
the inspiration for young
spear. a weapon that has a long straight handle and a sharp point people.
stake. a pointed stick or post that is pushed into the ground especially 7. Sports promote human
to mark a place or to support something rights around the world.
18
Oral Communication
Physical Education
What sports are practiced in Ecuador?
Ecuador and Sports

Do you practice any sports? What kinds of sports do people in your Interesting Facts
community practice? Discuss the sports or games you practice as a class.
The first time a soccer ball
arrived in Ecuador was in
Listen to the radio program about sports and answer the following 1899. Two brothers came
questions in complete sentences. from England and got people
interested in the sport and
1. What is the most practiced sport in Ecuador?
created the first soccer
institution called Guayaquil
2. Where are new trendy sports mostly played? Sport Club. The first games
started in 1900 and the first
championships started in 1922.
https://url2.cl/Upi79
Circle the sports that are

mentioned in the program
1. hockey
2. skating
3. american football
4. skiing
Commons.wikimedia/ Carlos Rodríguez/Andes
5. cycling
6. rugby
7. martial arts
8. swimming
9. soccer
10. boxing
Antonio Valencia. Ecuador vs Perú, Rusia 2018
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Basketball Volleyball
19
Reading
Are there any traditional Ecuadorian sports?
Ecua-volley
Have you heard about this sport? Do you know why it is called Interesting Facts
that? Have you seen people in your community playing Ecua-volley? Volleyball was invented in
Discuss this as a class. 1895 by William G. Morgan.
Ecua-volley or local volley is believed to have its origin in Ecuador at He created the game as a
the beginning of the 19th century. It is now the second most practiced combination of basketball,
sport in the country, usually played in little towns and neighborhoods. baseball, handball and tennis.
What is interesting about this practice is that around an Ecua-volley Nowadays, volleyball is so
game people play cards, others bet, and there can even be music. popular that it is the second
most played sport in the
How are ecuavoley and volleyball alike and different? world.
Ecua-volley has three players on each team while volleyball has six https://url2.cl/r15zz
players per team. The position and size of the net is also different. In
Ecua-volley, the net is less than a meter wide, and it is 2.75 meters high.
In volleyball, the net is one meter wide and 2.30 meters high on average.
Ecua-volley is played with a #5 soccer ball, while volleyball has its own
special ball.
Despite the number of people that like, play, and follow the sport all
around the country, it is considered a recreational sport, so there are
no official championships besides those organized in neighborhoods.
On the other hand, volleyball is an Olympic sport practiced in many
countries.
Due to migration, Ecua-volley is practiced in Spain, Italy, the United
States, and some countries in Latin America.
https://url2.cl/7Na3t
Commons.wikimedia/
Use the following Venn Diagram to compare and contrast volleyball
and Ecua-volley.
Ecuavoley
Volleyball Ecua-volley
Vocabulary
Similar
bet. an agreement in which
people try to guess what will
happen and the person who
guesses wrong has to give
something (such as money) to
the person who guesses right
net. a fabric that is hung

across the middle of a playing
area in some games (such as
tennis, badminton,
or volleyball)
Different Different wide. measured from side
to side
20
Writing
What sports or games are practiced in your community?
Popular Sports
Write a short paragraph about a sport that is commonly practiced Grammar Note
in your community.
Present Passive
Passive voice is used to
Use your notebook for the writing process.
focus on the object of the
• Brainstorm – make a list of ideas sentence. It means it focuses
• Outline – organize your ideas in a logical way on the recipient instead
of on the agent or doer
of an action.
The following questions may help you write your paragraph:
Active Voice
• What sports are practiced in our community?
People in Ecuador practice
• Who plays them? (kids, adults, men, women) many sports.
• When is the sport practiced? Passive Voice
• Are there any other activities that people do during those games?
Many sports are practiced
• Do you like it? in Ecuador.
• Do you practice it? In the passive voice we use
the verb to be and the past
participle of the verb.
Value: Health care: Health Care, Healthy Recreation Habits
Write the final paragraph, 50-60 words.
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21
Can some sports be artistic?
Artistic Skating
Skating can be divided in two types: roller skating and ice skating. Interesting Facts
Artistic roller skating is practiced worldwide, even in our country. Both Ice skates have special metal
skating types are demanding because strength and speed are combined blades that allow skaters
with grace, poise, precision, and agility. to smoothly slide on the
Ice skating may have originated in southern Finland about four ice. The blades have edges
thousand years ago. It started as a recreational activity and became a that generate speed. For
sport in the 19th century. Now it has become the most popular sport of professional ice skaters, the
the Winter Olympic games. quality of the ice is very
important. For that reason,
Figure skating consists of free and expressive techniques based on there are ice rinks created to
dance movements. Music is an important part of this sport. Skaters practice the sport and also
used to create their routines using classical music, but nowadays many for recreation. In countries
kinds of music are used, even rock. where it is really cold in the
https://url2.cl/1dlSx winter, many people
skate outdoors.
https://url2.cl/UGuZj
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Roller skates
Vocabulary
strength. the quality or state

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of being physically strong

Ice skater
grace. a way of moving that
is smooth and attractive and
Write 5 characteristics of ice skating:
that is not stiff or awkward
1.
poise. a graceful way of
2. walking, moving, standing, etc.
3. blade. the sharp metal piece

on the bottom of an ice skate
4.
edge. the part of a blade
5. that cuts
22
Oral Communication
Do you know any famous Ecuadorian in sports?
Sport Achievements
Get in groups of three students
Have you heard about Ecuadorian sport achievements? Have we won
and talk about your feelings
any international championships or medals? related to sport achievements.
Do you feel happy? Do you
Some students in school asked their teacher about famous Ecuadorian think famous sports players
people in sports and their achievements. Listen to the teacher’s answer should earn a lot of money?
and complete the activities. Is it important for you and the
members of your community
to enjoy sports and
international tournaments?
Write your thoughts.
Flickr/@ Fer Parra
Jefferson Pérez
List four sport achievements mentioned by the teacher.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Commons.wikimedia// @Pruneau
Flickr/@Ivám Mejía
Iván Vallejo Andrés Gómez
23
Do you think sports are related to people’s identities?
Sports and Identity

Sports move entire countries into moments of uncertainty, hope,
and happiness; they can also bring sadness and disappointment. Either
way, sports cause extreme emotions in many people.
There is a complex relationship between sports and culture.
The passion people have for sports can either unify or divide them.
However, most of the time, sports give a sense of union as well an
awareness of national identity. Beyond ethnicity, gender, religion, or
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class, a national team that participates in any sport becomes the country
itself by representing the feelings of millions of people. This shows the Ecuadorian team celebrating
connection between sports, identity, and the sense of belonging to a

specific group or country. How do you feel about
sports? Does it cause
Despite the happiness and emotions sports can bring, unbalanced emotions in you? Positive?
passion can cause violence and people may get hurt if respect and Negative? Both? Have you
tolerance are not part of the sports culture. Sports should promote ever seen a sports situation
get out of control?
peace and inspire future generations.
https://url2.cl/Cl13h
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Sports prizes
Answer True (T) or False (F). If it is false, write the correct statement
based on what you hear. Vocabulary
1. Sports only bring happiness to people.
uncertainty. something that
is doubtful or unknown
2. Sports do not cause emotion in people. disappointment. something
that is sad because you did
not expect it
3. Sports can cause division in people if there is not respect and
complex. not easy to
tolerance.
understand or explain;
not simple
4. Through sports, people are aware of their national identity. awareness. knowledge,
consciousness, and familiarity
with something
24
Oral Communication
Have we ever won any international races?
Rolando Vera: “El Chasqui de Oro”

Have you ever heard about Rolando Vera and the San Silvestre races? What other athletes have
medals in San Silvestre races?
Culture
Write their names and
The San Silvestre races are held every year on December 31st in the years in which they
various places of the world. The name comes from the book of participated. Paste a picture
of any of them.
Catholic saints, in which Saint Silvester is celebrated on that date.
In South America, the race is in Sao Paulo, Brazil and it is the most Use reliable sources such
famous race in the region. It used to be done at night, but now it as the news or sports
is done in the morning. The road and distances have also changed magazines.
with time, but it is still important for South American runners.
https://url2.cl/qZrP3
Listen to the teacher talk about some important sport achievements.

Complete the following statements.
1. The teacher used to to watch

with .
2. Rolando Vera was born in .
3. He brought much and to the country.
4. He also won Los Angeles

and Chuncheon.
5. He participated and won San Silvestre

from to .
Vocabulary
pride. a feeling of happiness

that you get when you or
https://atletarolandovera.wordpress.com/
someone you know does

something good, difficult, etc.
race. a competition between

people, animals, vehicles, etc.,
to see which one is fastest
in a row. when something

happens various consecutive
Rolando Vera times without stopping
25
Reading
Have we ever gotten an Olympic gold medal?
“Gold Jefferson” Culture
Do you know who Jefferson Pérez is? Have you ever talked about Race walking is a very
him in school?. Read the following passage and complete the difficult Olympic sport. It is
activities as requested. a long-distance race in which
the athletes must walk and
not run. In race walking,
It was July 26th, 1996. A young man from Cuenca, called Jefferson there is a rule known as the
Pérez, participated in the Atlanta Olympic Games in race walking. He “straight leg rule,” which
got the gold medal in 20 kms and became the first and still the only means that when the front
Ecuadorian to get a gold medal in the Olympic games. People in Ecuador touches the ground, the
were amazed with such an achievement and everybody celebrated. The front knee is not allowed to
former President Sixto Durán-Ballén declared Jefferson Pérez a national bend until the back leg passes
hero. Twelve years later, he won the silver medal in the Olympic games under the center of the body.
of Pekin. He was also recognized around the world for being the world
https://url2.cl/mNTXs
champion in race walking in 2003, 2005, and 2007.
He was born on July 1st, 1974. He started his successful career in 1988
Vocabulary
when he won his first championship in South America. By the time he
won the Olympic gold medal, he had won about 40 championships. He straight. not having curves,
competed with the best athletes worldwide and showed that Ecuadorians bends, or angles
can be on top. He worked hard and trained for years in order to bring bend. to move (a part of your
glory to our country. Jefferson Pérez should always be remembered and body, such as an arm or leg)
appreciated, as well as all those who have made Ecuador known around so that it is not straight
the world.
https://url2.cl/kf9Ar
Answer the questions in complete sentences based on the story.
1. When and where did Jefferson Pérez win both Olympic medals?
2. How many championships had Jefferson Pérez won before

his Olympic achievement?
3. Complete the timeline with the achievements of Jefferson Pérez

mentioned in the passage. Write the year in the circle and the
event on the line.
Commons.wikimedia/ Marco Togni
J. Pérez participating in an international race.
26
Writing
Can you write your own creative sports story?
Creative Writing
Interesting Facts
You are going to write a short story about a fictional sports hero.
Discuss some of the famous sports glories you have already discussed What about other successful
as class so that you can start getting ideas. tennis players?
Nicolas Lapentti Gomez
Creative writing is an opportunity for you to be just that: creative.
Use your imagination to create a short story about a fictional Ecuadorian He was born in Guayaquil
sports hero. Follow these steps. and started playing tennis
when he was 7. His father
was a known basketball
Step 1. Start brainstorming. Ask yourself these questions: What player and supported him
sport to I want to focus on? What will be the name of my during all his career. He
hero? Where will my hero be from? What will be his or her
started participating in
greatest achievement?
international tournaments
Step 2. Write down the information you brainstormed here to at the age of 13. After years
organize it. of being a junior player he
a. Name of the sports hero: became a professional. He
won numerous international
b. From:
prizes, and by 1999 he was
c. Sport: the sixth best tennis player in
d. Achievement and details: the world.
e. There have been many
tennis players that deserve
Step 3. Put your story together with the information above. Start with a
to be mentioned: Miguel
sentence that catches your reader’s attention. Develop the story
in a logical order and finish with a sentence that makes it clear Olvera, Pancho Guzmán,
that it is the end of your story. Write a draft of your story in your Eduardo Zuleta, María
notebook. (80-90 words) Guzmán, Ricardo Ycaza, Raúl
Step 4. Exchange your story with a partner. Comment on each
Viver, Luis Morejón, Pablo
other’s stories. What did you like? What can be done better? Campana, among others.
Are there any language errors? https://url2.cl/PWr3j
Step 5. Write a final version of your story to give to your teacher.
Vocabulary
match. a contest between two

Commons.wikimedia/ Marco Togni
or more players or teams
tournament. a sports
competition or series of
contests that involves many

players or teams and that
usually continues for at least
Andres Gómez playing Roland Garros tournament.
several days
27
What are the most memorable soccer achievements of our country?
Ecuadorian Goals
Answer the following
Soccer is the most followed sport in Ecuador. We have won some questions in complete
soccer prizes, and we have also celebrated many achievements. sentences.
1. What did you learn

about soccer?
Let’s do some research. What are the most wonderful soccer
achievements that have caused excitement in the whole country?
1. Get into groups and choose the topic you want to present
to your classmates.
2. You can investigate on the internet, in newspapers, or asking

adults about it.
3. Choose the way you want to present your information.

a. photo collage 2. What was your favorite
soccer achievement?
b. drawings
Why?
c. posters
d. play
e. song
4. Check the previous pages for useful expressions.
5. Organize the class presentation. You might want to invite

other classes to see it.
Flickr/ Rodrigo Angobaldo
Ecuadorian team playing against Perú
28
Oral Communication
What other sports have we practiced?
More than We Can See

Cut out and paste or draw
There have been other sports and tournaments that Ecuadorian
pictures of all the athletes
representatives have participated in and succeeded. Do you know mentioned in the program.
about them? Have you ever heard about swimming or climbing Compare them with your
achievements? Talk about it with your teacher and the class. classmates and talk about
their achievements.
Jorge Delgado, Galo Yépez,

Listen to the program and complete the activities that follow. Sara Palacios, Iván Vallejo,
Carla Pérez
1. Underline all the statements mentioned in the program.
Research about one of them
a. We got the fourth place in the Olympic Games in 1972. and write some sentences.
b. The English Channel is cold and part of the Atlantic Ocean.
c. Galo Yépez was the first person in the world to cross the
English Channel.
d. Sara Palacios swam through the channel before Galo Yépez.
e. Iván Vallejo was the first person to climb the fourteen highest
mountains of the world without oxygen.
f. Carla Pérez was the first woman to get to the top of the
Everest.
2. Correct the statements that were wrong in the previous activity.
3. Which of the athletes mentioned is the most admirable for you?

Why?
pik
Free
29
Graded activities
Assessment
Achievement Level - Listening

Individual activity
1 Listen to a teacher talk about the first famous tennis player of our country,
Pancho” Segura. Write 5 important facts about Pancho” Segura.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Individual activity
2 Alberto Spencer, “Magic Head”. Answer the questions according to the text.
This mythical soccer player was born in Ancón (Santa Elena) in 1937. For those
who were not lucky enough to see him play, there are some black and white videos
and pictures that show his unique skills. He is considered the best Ecuadorian soccer
player of all time, besides being the best goal scorer ever in Copa Libertadores. He is
even one of the best soccer players of the 20th century. He was part of the Ecuadorian
team and thanks to his performance, in 1959 he was hired by the soccer team Peñarol
from Uruguay, and after some time he was asked to become Uruguayan, which he
accepted after being part of the national team. His abilities were compared to the
Brazilian Pelé by many European journalists. He died in 2006 and is remembered
because he was humble and always loved Ecuador.
Alberto Spencer was born .
What were his main characteristics? (Answers may vary.)
Who was he compared with? Why?

30
30
Assessment What is so wonderful about our country?

Individual activity
3 Ecuadorian Pride
Who has been your favorite Ecuadorian sport player? Why? Write a short review
of 40-50 words. Explain who the person is, what he or she did, and why he or she
is your favorite.
Topics I do it very well I do it somewhat well I can improve I can’t do it without help
Read about culture and traditions
Use relative pronouns correctly
Write a recipe
31
Project 2
Tip
Let’s Organize a Sport Tournament
The purpose of our tournament is to motivate Survey: Useful Advice

people of our community or school to practice
sports and have healthy habits. It is important to make
clear and objective
questions. Try not to ask it
Step 1. Create a short survey asking your classmates or members of too long.
your community what sports they would like to practice.
Ask questions like:
Step 2. Before starting the tournament, do a little research about the
chosen sport and give some pieces of information to your What is your favorite
classmates.
sport?
Step 3. After getting the results, get together with your classmates
and organize a little tournament. It is not necessary to spend Would you like to practice
any money. that sport?
Step 4. Ask the teams to organize schedules and uniforms in order Would you be able to
to play. participate in a short
Step 5. Play and enjoy. tournament?
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32
English What can nature do?
First Course BGU
Climate and
Write a cause and 5 natural disasters
4
Sc
effect paragraph
ie
nc
e
Simple past passive 3 6
The worst natural
So
disasters in history
ci
al
St
ish
ud
2
ie
gl
Past time expressions
s
Identifying different
7
En
The Power parts of the world
Ge
of Nature
og
Natural disasters and
ra
1
p
weather vocabulary
hy
Values
8 Lifelong learning
A natural disaster is a major catastrophic that the situation is grave, not only for
event caused by natural processes of the Earth. scientists and politicians, but also for industries
Some examples of natural disasters are floods, and business. Climate change may also have
hurricanes, tornadoes, volcanic eruptions, consequences on the laws and rules in society.
earthquakes, tsunamis, and other geological For example, governments can create laws to
processes. regulate pollution and carbon emissions. They
can also create laws to make sure the citizens are
Another cause of extreme natural events is safe in case of any natural disaster. We have to do
climate change. This is a very serious problem something, before it’s too late.
nowadays. The records for average annual
temperatures are broken over and over. It is clear Source: https://cutt.ly/pfjFmFu
Do natural disasters scare you?
1
Lesson A
How does the weather affect human behavior and culture?
Weather, Climate, and Culture

Climate conditions can really affect human behavior and culture.
The climate has a powerful influence on our mood, activities, food, and
even fashion. The climate determines energy usage, transportation,
infrastructure, and water supplies. It certainly shapes cultures!
As Ecuadorians, we have the privilege of living in a place with warm
and mild climate, but other countries are not as lucky. Some people face
great climate challenges such as extreme heat or cold.
Source: https://bit.ly/32lhEo9
Oymyakon, Russia: the Col bited Place on Earth

Flicker/ Maarten Takens
There is a little place in Russia called Oymyakon. It has only 500

inhabitants. The people that live there used to be nomads, but then
they were forced to settle in this region. The coldest temperature ever
registered in Oymyakon was -71 degrees Celsius. In this city, food is
Oymyakon, Russia
sold frozen and cars are left with their motors running all the time. The
most common food is spaghetti with frozen blood.
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BgzkrfksvP4
Dallol, Ethiopia: the Hottest Place on Earth

Dallol may be the least explored place in the world. It is the home
of the Afar people, a nomad group that survives thanks to the Awash
River. The landscape of Dallol is similar to the planet Mars due to its
dryness. The temperature can rise up to 41 degrees Celsius.
Source: https://cutt.ly/hfjRR5L & https://cutt.ly/pfjREzu
Answer the following questions:
1. What is the coldest inhabited place on Earth?

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Dallol, Ethiopia
2. What is the hottest inhabited place on Earth?
Vocabulary
nomad. a person who moves

from place to place instead 3. How can culture be shaped by climate?
of living in only one place
settle. to move to a place

and make it your home
inhabitant. a person or animal

that lives in a particular place
dryness. the quality of having

very little water or liquid
2
Oral Communication
Why are there different seasons?
Four Seasons Around the World
Many students have asked their teachers why there are four seasons in Listen to a friend who has
many countries, while we don’t have them in Ecuador. Students also traveled around many
wonder why different seasons exist. countries talk about how
seasons are different in
Some people believe that what causes seasons is the distance between the Northern and Southern
the Earth and the Sun, but this is not true. What causes seasons is the Hemispheres. Complete the
planet’s axis of rotation of 23.5 degrees. following sentences based
on what you hear.
Our country is always in the same position, no matter what the The Earth tilts
Earth’s position is. This happens because we are between the Northern
Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. That is the reason why we
only have dry and rainy seasons. Even though sometimes we would relative to its orbital plane.
like to have snow in winter and warmer weather in summer, we do not Throughout the year, different
have the four seasons. parts of Earth receive the
Sun’s
Source: https://scijinks.gov/earths-seasons/
When it is summer in the

Northern Hemisphere, it is
in the Southern Hemisphere.
As Ecuadorians, we do
not have four seasons
because we are between the
Vocabulary
axis. a real or imaginary

straight line going through
the center of an object that
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is spinning
Earth’s rotation
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Winter Spring Autumn Summer
3
Reading
What happens in extreme weather conditions?
Balto, the Sled Dog Hero

Interesting Facts
Sometimes extreme weather How many hero dogs do you know? Have you heard about Balto’s
conditions bring difficulties story? Have you seen the movie about him?
to people. Cold and snowy
places may be hard for
transportation of food In 1925, the little town of Nome, in Alaska, was hit by a deadly
and supplies, commuting, infection called diphtheria. There was not enough medicine to cure
agriculture, and other people, and the closest city to get supplies, Anchorage, was 800 km
activities. Despite that, many away. In order to help people get the medicine sooner, it was sent by
people live in places with train to Nenana, a small town closer to Nome.
extreme weather conditions,
Alaska’s harsh winter made it impossible for planes to fly, and using
such as Alaska, where
the common roads would take over a month. Time was passing and
temperatures are usually
people were getting sicker and sicker. Luckily, two people volunteered
between -45° C and -51° C.
to carry the medicine with their sled dogs. The canine leader of one
team was 12-year-old Togo, an experienced dog; while the leader of the
other team was Balto, a 3-year-old inexperienced dog.
The dog sled teams started carrying the medicine on routes of 35 to
Wkimedia/commons / Brown Brothers image, website
80 kilometers, completing the path fragment by fragment. Togo’s team

was responsible for carrying the medicine through the longest fragment
of the route, and Balto’s team needed to carry the medicine in the last
fragment of the route. And in spite of the strong winds that lifted the
sleds and dogs up into the air, Balto and his team never gave up and
stayed on the road. The precious medicine arrived in Nome after five
days, carried by Balto’s team. It had taken five days of effort and courage
of many hearts, hands, and paws to save the lives of the people in Nome.
Balto and the other dogs became heroes.
https://bit.ly/32lhEo9
Celebrated sled dog Balto with Gunnar Kaasen.
Vocabulary Answer True (T) or False (F). If it is false, write the correct statement.
commute. to travel regularly 1. Diphtheria attacked Anchorage in 1927.

to and from a place like work,
school, etc.
supplies. things (such as food, 2. Planes took the medicine from one city to another.
equipment, medicine, etc.)
that are needed for a particular
purpose and will be used by
a particular person or group
3. The medicine was transported only by Balto
sled dog. a dog that is trained
to pull a sled
lift. to rise up from the ground

or some other surface 4. The distance between Anchorage and Nome was 35 to 80 kms.
paw. the foot of an animal

that has claws
4
Writing
Why are the four seasons different?
Colorful Changes
Grammar Note
Complete the paragraph with the correct comparative or superlative
form of the adjectives in the box. We use comparatives
to compare two things
or two people.
hot cold short dry colorful warm long
Guayaquil is larger
Every season brings changes in the environment. The four seasons than Quito.
vary according to the location, but their main characteristics stay the Quito is more populated
same in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The four seasons are than Guayaquil.
winter, spring, summer, and fall (also called autumn).
We use superlatives to show
Winter is season of the year. Some places may have the difference between more
snow or ice, while others can be very cold and rainy. Some animals than two things or more
change their appearance to adapt, and others travel to , than two people.
sunnier places. Plants do not grow. Days are short.
Everest is the highest
In the spring, vegetation begins to grow, and animals return to mountain in the world.
warmer areas, often with their offspring. The weather is nicer than
in winter. There is more rainfall. There are a lot of brightly colored Everest is the most
flowers: it is season. dangerous mountain
in the world.
Summer is the season of the year. It is also the
season of the year, because there is almost no rain. If it
is too hot, there can be heat waves and droughts that cause problems to
people and animals. Summer usually has hot and sunny days. In some
parts of the world, the days in summer last until 9 pm. Summer has
days of the year.
In the fall, the weather becomes cooler and days are ,
as they last less time than in summer. Many trees change their green for
yellow, orange, or red and then their leaves fall.
Sources: https://cutt.ly/1fjSTbz
Write a paragraph about what is your favorite season from the ones
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described above. Write 50-60 words.
Four Seasons
Vocabulary
offspring. the baby

of an animal
heat wave. a period of

unusually hot weather
drought. a long period of time

during which there is very
little or no rain
5
Can we make art using things we find in nature?
Painting the Seasons
Tip
Use your creativity! You are going to make some artwork to represent
the seasons. You can make a poster or a diorama. Objective: You will be
able to tell your family
or friends about the
four seasons and their
characteristics. You can
also explain to them why
we don’t have the four
seasons in Ecuador.
Materials:
• A shoe box or carboard
• Paint
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• Leaves, sticks, little rocks,

or any other material
A fox in winter available in nature
• Glue
Instructions:
1. Make four trees using sticks and leaves. You can paste them in the
box or on the cardboard.
2. Create four landscapes using paint, rocks, or other natural materials

you find around you.
3. Paint the leaves of each tree according to its season. You may want
to add some flowers or pictures of animals if you have them.
4. Show your artwork to your class or other classes and talk about the
characteristics of each season.
5. Talk about the seasons we have in Ecuador and discuss the positive
side of not having all four seasons.
Write down your thoughts about this experience.

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Painting
6
Oral Communication
Can extreme weather conditions be dangerous?
Heavy Rainfall and Its Consequences
Have you ever seen what happens if it rains too much, or if it is too hot?
Are you prepared to act if that happens? What is the worst weather
you have seen? Discuss these questions with your class.
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Flood
Listen to the news about some extreme weather conditions and the
Pixabay/ Simon Steinberger

disasters they can cause. Underline the piece of information that is not
mentioned in the news.
1. Rainstorms are needed to maintain local water supplies.
2. Too much rain affects cities and streets.

Heavy rains
3. If it rains too much, a little stream can become a dangerous river.
4. Flood warning systems can save people’s lives. Vocabulary
5. Accidents are caused by ice and snow. water supply. a source

of water for a community,
6. Heavy rains can cause great damage in agriculture. usually including reservoirs,
tunnels, and pipelines
stream. a small river

In groups of three students, discuss measures that can be taken to flash flood. a flood of short
avoid problems if it rains too much in your community. Write down duration generally resulting
some of your conclusions. from heavy rainfall
warning. an alarm or signal
casualty. when a person/thing

is injured, lost, or destroyed
slippery. when something

is so wet or smooth than
it can cause something/

someone to slide or fall
soil. the upper layer of earth

in which plants grow
7
Lesson B
What can we do to reduce the impact of natural disasters in our communities?
Promoting a Culture of Disaster Preparedness

As we saw in the last pages, weather can cause natural disasters.
However, there are many other factors that can also cause these events.
We live on an active planet. This means that it moves and reacts.
Earth’s movements can cause changes in the weather. In addition, there
are many active volcanoes around the world, and our tectonic plates are
always moving. This is why every place in the world faces the threat
of a natural disaster. There has been major progress in technology
that can help us prevent many disasters. However, there’s still no way
to predict some events, such as earthquakes.
Besides this, the way we have treated our planet has made natural
Flicker/ Maarten Takens
disasters cause more destruction and suffering. This is why we have

to be more responsible about the protection of natural resources, the
environment, and nature in general.
Planting It is important to promote better practices when building houses

or other constructions, and to be careful when choosing the places
in which we settle. Education is also a powerful tool to teach people
how we can reduce the impact of natural disasters on our lives.
There are specific institutions in our country (like the Ecuadorian
Secretariat for Risk Management) that are in charge of informing people
about ways to prevent damage and lower the impact of natural disasters.
1. Why are there natural disasters? Use complete sentences in

your answer.
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2. What can we do to reduce the impact of natural disasters?

Underline the correct answers:
Pick up trash
a. Learn about better ways to build our houses
Vocabulary b. Use the special equipment available to predict earthquakes
c. Take care of nature
tectonic plates. Large pieces
d. Choose dangerous places to live
of the earth that move and
can cause earthquakes e. Educate people so we all know how to react if something happens.
threat. the possibility of 3. Discuss these questions with your class. Then, talk to your family
something bad or harmful and friends about disaster prevention.
happening
d. Do you know about possible dangers in your community?

suffering. physical, mental,
e. Do you know what to do if a natural disaster occurs?
or emotional pain
8
Oral Communication
Science
What happens in extremely hot weather?
Extreme Temperatures
Extreme temperatures, either too high or too low, can damage our
health and affect our normal abilities.
Have you ever been too hot or too cold? Do we have extreme
temperatures in our country? Discuss the advantages of our climate.
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Vocabulary
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deadly. causing or able

to cause death
dehydration. losing too

Listen to the podcast and complete the following table with the mental much water
and physical consequences of extremely hot weather.
tiredness. feeling a need
to rest or sleep
Mental Consequences Physical Consequences
nausea. the feeling you have
in your stomach when you
think you are going to vomit
pulse. the rhythmic movement

of blood through your body
that is caused by the beating
of your heart and that can be
felt by touching certain parts
of your body
chemical reaction. a chemical

change that occurs when two
or more substances combine
to form a new substance
long-term. occurring over

or involving a relatively long
period of time
9
Reading
What happens in extremely cold weather?
Freezing!
We have learned about the effects of extremely hot weather. Now

we are going to talk about extremely cold weather and how it affects
people. Have you ever experienced intense cold? What did you do?
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Severely cold temperatures may affect your health. How?
Extremely low temperatures
can affect you in many ways. For
example, they can cause something
called frostbite, an injury that
makes your skin turn red and
numb. Frostbite works like a cold
According to the passage,
burn; when the skin is exposed to
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what is the meaning of the

the cold for too long, your tissues following words?
can freeze and die. It can occur on your fingers, toes, ears, and nose. In
our country, frostbite may happen in high snowy mountains. 1. Frostbite:
Another effect of low temperature is hypothermia. This occurs

when a person’s body loses heat faster that it can be produced. It may
cause a state of shock in which the respiratory system can fail.
2. Hypothermia:
Your body has some ways of protecting you against the cold. For
example, shivering (which is when you tremble in the cold) helps your
body generate heat. Additionally, there are some things you can do to
protect yourself from the cold weather. In order to protect your lungs, it
is suggested to cover your nose and mouth with a scarf or any available 3. Shivering:
piece of clothing. When it is too cold, it is not recommended to practice
sports outdoors. Remember that cold weather can also cause your skin
to become dry and itchy, so you should apply moisturizing cream in the
areas exposed to the cold. Even though we don’t have extremely cold
weather in our country, if we live in high, windy cities or towns, we
have to take care of our health and wear warm clothing. Vocabulary
numb. unable to feel

anything in a particular
List all the recommendations of how to protect our health mentioned part of your body because
in the passage. of cold, injury, etc.
tissue. the material that forms

the parts of our body
moisturizing. a substance that

adds humidity or hydration to
something, like a person’s skin
lung. one of the two organs

that people and animals use
to breathe air
10
Writing
Can you describe the weather in your community?
A Postcard
Imagine you have some friends from another country that want to
come and visit your community. Their country has the four seasons,
and they are asking you to describe the weather in your city or town so
they know what to bring.
Start writing your postcard. First, write the name of your town or
community; you may also want to name one or two of its characteristics.
Then, describe the normal weather conditions in your city/town so your
friends know what to bring with them.
Hi, !
I hope you are doing very well. I am glad you are coming to visit us. I live
in . It has beautiful
The weather is
See you soon!

Pixabay/ Nietjuh
Sincerely,
Vintage postal
11
Do we know how to react to extreme temperatures?
Helping the Community

Although we live in a beautiful country with nice and warm weather,
Materials:
it is necessary to know what to do if we face extreme temperatures.
• Large piece of cardboard
In order to inform other people and classmates about this, we are
going to make a poster using infographics to tell others what to do • Colors, crayons, markers
when temperatures get too high or too low. • Pictures you have
What are infographics? • Glue and tape
Infographics are visual representations of complex data • Any other material you have
or information that has to be presented quickly and clearly. They
are similar to telling a story, but with graphics and short, complete
sentences. You can create them in a computer or by drawing and pasting
pictures. All infographics must have: 1. visual elements, and 2. facts
or statistical data (numbers).
Source: https://www.seguetech.com/infographics/
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Step 1. Summarize all the recommendations

for extreme weather conditions.
Step 2. Get in groups of 4-5 students and

choose either extremely high
or extremely low temperatures.
Step 3. Prepare your infographics with the

recommendations and show them
to your teacher.
Step 4. Present your infographics. Put them

all around the school so other students

can see them and learn about the
recommendations.
12
Oral Communication
Social Studies
Are we prepared for extreme weather conditions?
Do’s and Don’ts of Natural Disasters
Due to changes both in the climate around the world and in the natural
cycles of the planet, we are experiencing more and more natural
disasters. Are we prepared for them? Do you know what to do? Share
your thoughts with the class.
Listen to experts from the Ecuadorian Secretariat for Risk Management

give some advice about actions and attitudes we need in order to be
prepared for natural disasters. Complete the chart with the do’s and
don’ts mentioned in the audio.
Do’s Don’ts
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Natural disasters
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13
Graded activities
Assessment

Individual activity
1 Read the passage about recommendations on preparing for natural disasters. Then
organize the information in the chart below by writing the different places mentioned
and the actions we can do to be more prepared.
Governments around the world are trying to mitigate the impact of natural
disasters. International committees recommend that countries create education
programs and other information methods so that the population has access to disaster
prevention information.
The committees give different recommendations for different places. At home, we
should look for information on household survival plans, precautionary measures, and
emergency supplies. In our community, we should promote planning, education, and
preparedness in hospitals, churches, schools, businesses, neighborhood organizations,
and other groups. In schools, we need to protect children and their families through
information on natural disaster preparedness, warnings, and responses. In the
workplace, we should ensure the safety and security of workers. In universities, it is
necessary to incorporate disaster reduction in the education of all relevant professions.
The media (radio, web, and TV news) should develop procedures to inform the public
before, during, and after a disaster. Finally, professionals should provide continuous
education and information about natural disasters.
Place Actions
14
Assessment What can nature do?
Achievement Level - Grammar

Individual activity
2 Write four statements about the weather in different places in the world: two using
comparatives and two using superlatives. Example: New York is colder than Miami
in the winter.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Individual activity
3 Choose five words from the vocabulary studied in the previous lessons and write
a sentence using each of them showing that you understand the meaning.
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
Read and understand information related to weather
Understand radio programs with some scientific facts
Understand comparatives and superlatives
15
Project 1
Education for Prevention Objective
Use your creativity to inform

Does your school or community have prevention programs?
people in your school or
community about possible
dangers of natural disasters.
As students, you can start helping your community or school by organizing
prevention programs with your teacher. When people are informed, the
dangers and negative consequences of natural disasters can be lowered.
Answer the following

questions.
Step 1. Do some research about natural disaster plans in your school
or community. Are there prevention programs, evacuation 1. What did you learn about
maps, safe places? the prevention of natural
disasters?
Step 2. Now you know what is missing and what you can do to help.
Form groups of 4-5 students. Choose the way you are going
to present this information to other people.
Step 3. Prepare your presentation. Be sure to use some type of visual

aid, and pay attention to the grammar and spelling you use
on it. Get the materials to make the model.
Step 4. Present it to the class and talk about some theories

and explanations using past modals for speculation.
2. Do you think your

community can easily
follow your plan? Why
or why not?
EXPONIENDO
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16
Let's Review
Reading Writing
What Is a Polar Climate? Read the following information about the North
and South Poles. Then, write three sentences
Can you imagine a place where you can make comparing them.
snowmen, have snowball fights, live in an igloo, and
wear thick coats, boots, and gloves every day of the Arctic (North Pole) vs. Antarctic (South Pole)
year? There are places like this on Earth, and they Similarities and Differences
are located in the polar climates of the North Pole
and the South Pole. Characteristics North Pole South Pole
A climate is the type of weather found in a 55 million
particular place. A polar climate is a place where Area square miles 54 million square miles
(in winter)
the temperature is usually below freezing. These
places are dry, icy and covered in snow most of the 2 m above 2835 m above sea
Height
sea level level
year. This happens because polar climates don’t get
+ 13° C to
direct sunlight like other parts of the Earth do. Some Temperature
-43°C
-12.3 °C to -62 °C
animals, like polar bears, live in the polar climate of
Several
the Arctic. species of Only one species of
Animal Life
large land insect
animals
1. Circle all the true statements. Some native
Human life No inhabitants
inhabitants
a. In polar climates, you can wear any kind
of clothing during the year.
b. Polar climates are humid. 1.
c. There are polar climates in both the North

and South Poles.
2.
d. Polar bears live in the polar climate of the
Antarctic.
2. Answer the questions with complete sentences. 3.
a. What is a climate?
b. Why are polar climates so cold?

Osopolar
Pixabay/ Efraimstochter
Polar bears
17
Lesson C
Can natural disasters affect culture?
Cultural Changes and Natural Disasters
Culture Culture can be understood as everything we are, eat, think, dress,

etc., as well as the place in which we live. Our surroundings are part of
Resilience: This word has
who we are. When they are affected, our culture can be affected too.
a many uses when we talk
Sometimes this can happen because of natural disasters.
about how people recover
after passing through bad Earthquakes, landslides, floods, heat waves, fires, and other disasters
times. It refers to the ability can affect or destroy monuments, archeological sites, and landscapes.
to become strong, healthy, If these places are destroyed, which can be representations of culture,
happy, or successful again people may feel that they have lost part of their cultural identity forever.
after going through tough However, human beings have always adapted and reshaped culture by
circumstances. adjusting to different circumstances. Historically, large populations
have moved away and started again in new settlements, creating new
customs and building new monuments and houses. Other groups of
people have stayed in the same locations and adapted their lives to the
risks caused by natural disasters.
People experience great pain after natural disasters but the resilience
they show after the losses they face is also related to their culture.
This is because it is usually based on their beliefs and religion. We
can definitely say that the relationship between humans and nature is
essential in culture.
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Fre
Answer True (T) or False (F). If it is false, write the correct statement.
Vocabulary 1. Monuments, archeological sites, and landscapes do not

represent people’s culture.
earthquake. a shaking of
a part of the Earth’s surface
that often causes great
2. When representations of culture are destroyed, people
damage
may feel like they lost part of their cultural identity.
landslide. a large mass of
rocks and earth that suddenly
and quickly moves down the 3. People always move to a new location after suffering
side of a mountain or hill the impact of natural disasters.
landscape. an area of land
that has a particular quality
or appearance 4. Culture always stays the same, even after our
surroundings change.
settlement. a place where
people have come to live
and where few or no people
lived before 5. The relationship between humans and nature is not
important in culture.
risk. the possibility that
something bad (such as an

injury or loss) will happen
tough. something that

is difficult
18
Oral Communication
How many natural disasters can you think of?
Earthquake in Ecuador
Interesting Facts
Think of some natural disasters that have recently happened in Ecuador. The Pacific Ring of Fire,
Where were you during the event? How do you remember it? Talk to your also known as the Circum-
teacher and classmates about it. Pacific Belt, is a path
along the Pacific Ocean
characterized by active
volcanoes and frequent
earthquakes. The majority
of Earth’s volcanic eruptions
and earthquakes take place
along the Ring of Fire.
Source: https://n9.cl/jsbz
Vocabulary
Pixabay /Tobamedia
quake. earthquake
tremor. a minor earthquake
Pedernales, 2016
Underline the correct statement:
1. Ecuador was hit by two major earthquakes in 1987 and 2016.

2. In 2016, 70,000 people were affected by the quake.
3. 35.000 houses were damaged or destroyed.
4. In 2016, a tremor was felt in most locations of the country
as well as in Colombia and Brazil.
5. In 1987, one thousand people were killed by the earthquake.
6. In 2016, Ecuador was hit by other natural disasters besides
the earthquake.
7. Healthcare facilities were not affected.
ik
Freep
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19
Reading
Can pandemics be considered disasters?
The Black Death: One of the Most Devastating

Pandemics in History
Interesting Facts There are some illnesses that kill many people. Even though they are
A bird-like beak mask was not caused by nature itself, sometimes they are considered as natural
worn by doctors to protect disasters because they cause a great amount of suffering. Do you know
them from being infected if something like this has happened in our country?
by the disease, which they
During the mid-1300s, a terrible disease called the Black Death spread
believed was in the air. To
across Europe and Asia. The disease was caused by a bacterium that
battle this imaginary threat,
circulated among wild rodents. At that time, people were surrounded
the long beak was filled
by black rats that lived in their houses and roads—but it was not the
with sweet-smelling plants
rats who caused this terrible disease, it was their fleas. After killing
such as dried flowers, herbs,
thousands of rats, fleas looked for other hosts to live on, so they started
and spices.
biting humans. The disease was spread across many countries because
Source: https://n9.cl/gqa2j of ship rats, and also because it was highly contagious. It was called
the Black Death because it caused some parts of the skin to become
black. It also caused lumps as big as oranges to appear under the arms.
Doctors could not find a cure for it, and most people died 12 hours after
Vocabulary becoming sick. 60% of Europe’s population was killed in this pandemic.
illness. a specific condition Sources: https://n9.cl/0vcdf

that prevents your body or
mind from working normally;
a sickness or disease
Complete the graphic organizer with some characteristics of the Black
rodent. a small animal (such Death. Use these questions to guide you: What caused it? Why did it
as a mouse, rat, squirrel, spread? What were its characteristics? How many people were killed?
or beaver) that has sharp
front teeth
flea. a very small insect that

lives on animals and sucks
their blood; it has strong legs
used for jumping
host. an animal or plant

in which another animal
or plant lives and gets
its food or protection
Black Death
bite. to press down on or cut
into something with the teeth
ship rats. rats that lived

in ships and traveled
all around the world
beak. the hard, usually

pointed parts that cover
a bird’s mouth
threat. the possibility that

something bad or harmful
could happen
20
Writing
Social Studies
Are there any famous historic natural disasters?
The Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD

Controlled writing
Grammar Note
Simple Past Passive
To make a past passive form
we use was/were + past
participle of the verb.
The passive voice is used
to show interest in the
person or object that
experiences an action rather
than the person or object
Pixabay / WikiImages
that performs the action.
In other words, the thing
or person that receives the
action becomes the subject of
the sentence.
Example:
Complete the following story about a natural disaster using the verbs
in the box in simple past passive. Active: A bacterium caused
the disease.
change discover surprise cover throw recover Passive: The disease was
caused by a bacterium.
Mount Vesuvius is an active volcano in southern Italy. It is famous for Source: https://n9.cl/ywz6b
its eruption in the year 79 AD. The eruption of Mount Vesuvius led
to some really interesting discoveries about the cities of Pompeii and
Herculaneum. Initially, nobody knew about the existence of these cities. Interesting Facts
Then, their ruins by accident in the 18th century; and A pyroclastic flow is a
fast-moving current of hot
people by what was found among them. The cities’
gas and volcanic matter that
ruins had thousands of statue-like remains of the victims of the volcanic
moves away from a volcano.
eruption! Pompeii and Herculaneum’s citizens by Pyroclastic flows travel
the ash and mud of the volcano after the explosion. This ash, mud,
at about 100 km/h on
and rocks out of the volcano at temperatures of average, but they are capable
about 300º Celsius in pyroclastic surges. It is known that there were of reaching speeds of up
about six pyroclastic surges, with some periods of calm between to 700 km/h.
them. This may have caused people to stay instead of looking for
safe places to go. During the explorations, many paintings about old Source: https://bit.ly/32LmEnn
Pompeii , too. They showed how the landscape

Vocabulary
by the powerful eruption.
recover. to get back something
Source: https://n9.cl/u5ryh that was stolen or lost
21
Why do volcanoes erupt?
Making a Volcanic Eruption

Volcanic eruptions happen when gas bubbles inside magma, which
Materials:
is hot liquid rock, expand and cause pressure to build up. This pressure
pushes on weak spots in the earth’s surface, or crust, causing magma • 1/2 cup of water
to exit the volcano.
• 1/4 cup of vinegar
Sources: https://n9.cl/0vcdf
• 1/2 cup of water mixed with
detergent
• Red or orange food coloring

This experiment will help you understand how volcanoes erupt!
• 2 tablespoons of baking
1. Put a container in the middle of the cardboard sheet. It can be an soda
old water or soda bottle with its top cut off.
• Clay or wet paper with glue
2. Cover the sides of the container with clay or wet paper and glue
to create the shape of the volcano. Don’t cover the top of the • A used plastic bottle or
container! container
3. Pour the water, vinegar, water mixed with detergent, and food • A tissue or a small piece of
coloring into the container. Do not add your baking soda yet. paper napkin
4. Add the baking soda when you are ready for the eruption. Simply • A sheet of cardboard
wrap the baking soda in a tissue and drop it into the volcano. The
baking soda will react with the vinegar and cause an eruption.
Draw the steps to make a volcano erupt.
Step 1. Step 3.
Step 2. Step 4.
Result
22
Oral Communication
Can climate cause natural disasters?
Hurricanes, Typhoons, Cyclones, and Tornadoes
Vocabulary
Have you ever heard about hurricanes and tornadoes? Fortunately,
funnel. shaped like an ice
they are not common in our country due to its location. However,
cream cone with a tube
they occur pretty often in countries near us and cause great damage
extending from its bottom
in those places.
Write the name of the natural

disaster under each picture.
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Listen to a teacher explain the differences between hurricanes,
typhoons, cyclones, and tornadoes. Then, complete the activities.
• Complete the sentences about tropical storms:
a. In North America and the Caribbean, they are called

b. In the Indian Ocean they are called
c. In Southeast Asia they are called
• Match the natural disaster with its corresponding characteristics.

Try to use different colors.
Mostly occur over the ocean.
Are violent spiraling funnel clouds.
1. Tornadoes Last days or even weeks.
Have winds of about 480 km/hour.

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2. Hurricanes
Are larger.
Are rotating storms.
Last from a few seconds to some hours.
23
Lesson D

Social Studies
How bad can a hurricane be?
Hurricane Katrina
Interesting Facts Natural disasters cause great damage and suffering and can also
It is estimated that about bring changes to a population and culture. Hurricane Katrina is a good
2,000 people died because example of this phenomenon.
of Katrina. This is in part In late August 2005, New Orleans, a city on the East Coast of the
because assistance for the United States, was struck by hurricane Katrina, one of the worst and
people who evacuated costliest hurricanes in modern times. The city was built below sea
took more than a week to level, and during the hurricane the strength of the water damaged the
arrive to New Orleans and protection system the city had in place. This caused the city to flood.
many died because of the Some people were evacuated, but some decided to stay and others could
unhealthy and overcrowded not leave. Since the floods were not contained, 80% of the city was
conditions. covered in water in a couple of days. More than 100,000 homes were
Source: https://n9.cl/ct6tm
destroyed, and more than 90% of the population left the city looking
for shelter. Today, the population in the city is 29% less than what it
used to be, however it became more diverse after its amazing rebirth.
Many people that worked in the reconstruction of the city settled there,
mixing different customs and traditions. The tourism and economy of
the city also increased in recent years, which makes it one of the greatest
revivals of a city. Now, it truly is a “New” Orleans!
Source: https://n9.cl/zt2g
Answer the following questions using complete sentences.
1. Where is New Orleans located?
2. Why did the city flood?
3. How many people left the city because of the hurricane?

Pixabay
2005, New Orleans, Hurricane Katrina

4. Why is the city more diverse now?
Vocabulary
5. Why do you think population in the city was reduced
costliest. the most expensive
after the hurricane?
below. in a place lower than

something else
settle. to move somewhere

and make it one’s home
24
Oral Communication
What is the most powerful earthquake ever registered?
The Valdivia Earthquake
Have you ever felt an earthquake? Was it powerful? Are you used
to feeling earthquakes? Do you know how we measure the magnitude
of an earthquake? Get in groups of three students and talk about some
of your experiences during quakes.
Pixabay
Houses destroyed by the Valdivia earthquake
Interesting Facts
In addition to causing
damage in many regions
of Asia and Oceania, the
tsunami arrived nearly 15
hours later in the Hawaii
Islands (which are located
10,000 kilometers away
from Valdivia) and killed 61
people and caused millions
of dollars of damage.
Chile earthquake of 1960 Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. (May 22, 1960).
https://n9.cl/wo2v3
Listen to an interview with a geologist about earthquakes on a radio

program. Which of these statements are mentioned? Underline them.
1. The most powerful earthquake in history had a magnitude of 9.9.
2. Scientists know about natural disasters in ancient times because

of texts, paintings, and stone figures.
3. Thanks to the Richter scale, we can know the magnitude of all

Wikimedia commons/ Yamaguchi
earthquakes in history.
4. Earthquakes can cause tsunamis.

5. Two million people were killed by the Valdivia earthquake.
6. The quake injured 3,000 people.
7. Countries far from Chile were greatly affected by the tsunami. Kinemetrics seismograph
25
Reading
What is a tsunami?
The Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami

Interesting Facts
The beaches of Indonesia Do you know what a tsunami is? Have you heard about any tsunamis
are famous worldwide that have happened recently?
because of their beauty and
comfortable resorts. From
the 5,400 people who died, Tsunamis are giant waves caused by earthquakes or volcanic
2,000 were tourists who had eruptions under the sea. Tsunami waves do not dramatically increase in
been visiting the islands. height while they are deep in the ocean, but as the waves travel inland,
Deadly waves also reached they become higher and higher.
the coasts of Somalia, On December 26, 2004, an undersea area off the west coast of
Tanzania, and Kenya in Sumatra was struck by the third-most powerful earthquake in recorded
Africa, killing 300 people. history. It had a magnitude of 9.3, and it created a massive tsunami
Source: https://n9.cl/r6qv that killed people in 14 separate countries. It is estimated that between
230,000 and 280,000 people were killed. In some places like Indonesia,
the tsunami waves reached 30 meters in height. Images and videos
recorded by many tourists travelled around the world. Before this event
occurred, people did not know how dangerous tsunamis were; it was
only after this happened that governments from around the world got
together in a global cooperation effort for risk reduction by installing
earthquake sensors and creating early warning systems.
https://n9.cl/d74z
Circle the correct answer
• Inferring: Underline the facts you can infer after reading the text.
a. Tsunamis can be as strong as the earthquakes that cause them.

b. One single, powerful earthquake underwater can cause
a huge tsunami.
Vocabulary c. Many tourists were in safe places when the tsunami
hit the beach.
deep. located far inside
something d. We can predict a future earthquake and tsunami.
e. A tsunami wave can cause great destruction.
inland. in, into, or toward land: f. Before the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake, there was no
away from the coast equipment to warn countries of underwater earthquakes.
undersea. below the sea g. There was an early warning about the 2004
or the surface of the sea Indian Ocean tsunami.
h. Tsunamis cannot travel long distances.
reach. to grow, develop,
or increase to (a particular
amount, size, etc.) • What is the most interesting fact you learned about tsunamis?
warning. something (such as

an action or a statement) that
tells someone about possible
danger or trouble
26
Writing
What are some of the effects of a natural disaster?
Cause and Effect
Culture
Step 1. In the graphic organizer, brainstorm ideas about natural In writing, cause and effect
disasters described in the previous pages. Think of their is a method of paragraph
consequences and write your ideas in the boxes on the right.
development in which a
Step 2. Take your ideas from the graphic organizer and develop them writer analyzes the reasons
into a paragraph of 60-70 words in your notebook. Be sure or the consequences of an
to use the simple past passive tense as well as connectors
action, event, or decision.
of cause and effect.
Step 3. Read what you have written and see if you need to change A cause-and-effect
anything. paragraph or essay can be
organized in various ways.
Step 4. Exchange your paragraph with a partner. Read your partner’s
https://tinly.co/6gdP1
paragraph. Discuss these questions about your paragraphs
with each other:
a. Can you distinguish the cause and effects? Grammar Note

b. Is the paragraph well-organized? Use these connectors to
c. Are there any grammar, spelling, or punctuation mistakes? show cause and effect:
d. Did the writer use the correct words? because of, in fact, in order
Step 5. Consider the comments from your partner and make any
to, due to, as a result, as a
necessary changes. Then turn in the final version to your teacher. consequence, for this reason,
consequently, therefore.
Cause Effect
Pixabay
27
Can we recreate tsunamis?
Tsunami in a Bottle
Interesting Facts
“Tsunami” comes from This activity will help you understand more about earthquake science
Japanese, and it means “wave and preparedness. It can be done at any time, but make sure to do it
in the harbor.” Tsunamis outdoors to have more fun and avoid making a mess indoors.
can be caused either by
underwater earthquakes or
by huge landslides on islands.
Instructions:
Step 1. Fill about ¼ of the bottle with the soil and stones. Then put
Materials: the bottle upright.
• A 2 to 3-liter soda or water Step 2. Fill the bottle with water very slowly, and then keep it still
plastic bottle for a moment.
• Some small stones and soil
Step 3. Now, carefully put your bottle in a horizontal position. You will
• Water see a small hill made up of the soil and rocks you put in. Wait
for a moment until the water is still.
Step 4. Now use your fingers or hand to press the bottom of the
Tip “ocean” (your bottle), pretending it is an earthquake.
This activity will help you Step 5. Watch, draw, and describe what happened in your experiment
understand more about in the following chart.
earthquake science and 1 2
preparedness. It can be done at
any time, but make sure to do it
outdoors to have more fun and
avoid making a mess indoors.
Vocabulary
avoid. to prevent the 3 4

occurrence of (something bad,
unpleasant, etc.)
harbor. a part of the ocean,

a lake, etc., that is next
to land and that is protected
and deep enough to provide
safety for ships
upright. positioned to be
straight up: vertical Describe what happened to the water inside when you pressed
the bottle.
still. without moving: without
motion
hill. a formation similar to

a mountain, but much smaller
and rounder
28
Oral Communication
How far can a tsunami travel?
The 2010 Tsunami in Japan
Interesting Facts
Recall what a tsunami is and how it is formed. Check the previous
information about tsunamis. Did you know that some years ago According to Collins
tsunami waves arrived in some parts of Galapagos? Dictionary, the large
majority of languages in
the world use the Japanese
word “tsunami” to refer to
this natural phenomenon.
The only thing that differs
slightly is the pronunciation
between different languages.
Some don’t pronounce the
first “t” sound, and some
pronounce the vowels
a little differently.
Pixabay / auntmasako Source: https://bit.ly/3hHbLas
Discuss the following questions

with 2-3 classmates.
• Listen to the radio broadcast and complete the statements.Tsunamis 1. Do tsunamis scare you?
can be as strong as the earthquakes that cause them.
a. The effects of the enormous quake all

around the world, from Norway to Antarctica.
b. Residents of Tokyo received a before the
strong shaking.
c. Over buildings were completely 2. What natural disasters
destroyed. are the scariest for you?
Why?
d. Garbage from the tsunami has continued
the ocean years later.
e. The earthquake lasted for about .
• Answer the question using complete sentences.
Do you think that early warning systems are important when facing 3. Do you think there is
natural disasters? Why? anywhere in the world
that doesn’t have natural
disasters?
29
Graded activities
Assessment

Individual activity
1 Hero Dogs in Natural Disasters

The brave Frida is part of the Mexican Navy’s Canine Unit. She is 7 years old
and has been dispatched to a few natural disasters, including the aftermath of
the 7.8 magnitude earthquake in Ecuador in 2016. The lovely Labrador retriever
helps authorities search through rubble to find survivors. So far, Frida has
managed to rescue 53 people, including 12 people in live-threatening situations.
She had a lot of tough work after the 8.1 magnitude earthquake that devastated
Oaxaca in 2017. She tried to save people trapped in debris after the deadly
earthquake killed at least 245 people and injured more than 2,000.
In Ecuador, 120 dogs that belonged to the country’s firefighter rescue
team also helped save people after the quake. Sadly, one of them died because
of injuries. The name of this hero dog was Dayko.
Trained rescue dogs are true heroes, and we have yet another reason to call dogs
wonderful animals.
Write True (T) or False (F). If the statement is false, correct it.
1. Frida is a Mexican rescue dog.
2. Rescue dogs help find survivors after natural disasters.
3. In the 2016 earthquake in Ecuador, 200 dogs helped rescue people.
4. Frida has rescued 63 people in her career.
5. Dayko was a Mexican dog that was injured and died as a hero.
30
Assessment What can nature do?

Individual activity
2 Listen to the audio about the most dangerous disaster that happened on Earth.
Then, infer the correct answer to these questions.
The passage is talking about:
a. A great storm
b. Asteroid impacts
The largest species killed by this natural disaster were the:
c. Dinosaurs
d. Fish

Individual activity
3 Write about the most interesting fact you learned in this module.
I think the most interesting thing I learned is
because
Understand and use indefinite pronouns
Talk about the past using “used to”
Recognize and produce the /k/ sound
31
Project 2
Teaching About Natural Disasters
You are going to be teachers for a day! Pretend you are going Tip
to speak to younger students about natural disasters. Using the
information you learned and extra material you find, prepare a short Remember that since this
class for the young students. Follow these steps below. presentation should be for
little children, you should
use language that they
Step 1. Form groups of 4-5 students. Decide what natural disasters
can understand. If you are
you are going to present and who is going to do what in going to use a word that
your group. you think they will not
know, be sure to explain
Step 2. Put your information together. Use what you have learned
in class and search for additional information that you think the word in a simple way.
children would like to know. Think about how you can present
it so that it is interesting for kids. Can you create a game?.
Step 3. Make a PowerPoint or poster to use as a visual for the young

students. Be sure to include clear images and simple words so
that your visuals are easy to see and understand.
Step 4. Present your project to the class, or, if you can, to younger Notes
students.
Step 5. After all the presentations, discuss what information you

remember from what you saw. What made you remember it?
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32
English What is the impact
Pedagogical Module 6 of music?
First Course BGU
Write a summary 5
Read about music 4 6 Musical instruments
Ar
t
Mixed tenses 3 7 History of music
So
ci
al
ish
St
ud
gl
ie
Mixed tenses
2
s
En
Music and
expressions The Music 8 emotions
Sc
of Our Lives
ie
nc
e
Music vocabulary 1
Values
9 Cultural identity
Music is an art form; an expression of emotions But it goes beyond rhythm and fashion; music
through musical sounds. Music is also a form of has a deep impact on people’s lives, emotions,
entertainment that joins sounds together in a way and memories. It helps create bonds in families
that makes people dance. and communities and is closely related to one’s
identity and sense of belonging. Music is a
Most music includes people singing or playing universal language.
musical instruments such as the piano, guitar,
or drums. The word “music” comes from the
Greek word mousike which means “(art) of the
Muses.” In Ancient Greece, the Muses included
the goddesses of music, poetry, art, and dance.
Music has transformed throughout time. It has
passed from primitive religious rites to wonderful
pieces of classic art; from disco to electronic and
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new types of rhythms that become trendy.

Is music important for you?
1
Lesson A

Social Studies
When do you think music appeared?
The Origin of Music

Interesting Facts It is very difficult to determine the exact origin of music because there
Some evolutionary scientists are no archaeological records that can help us determine the exact year
believe that a musical culture or place it appeared. We think it is possible that music began with
could have helped the human singing, clapping or beating different surfaces like drums.
species to survive because What we know is that about 60,000 to 30,000 years ago, humans
music helps communicate experienced a sort of ‘cultural explosion’ and started creating art by
important messages, help painting on cave walls, creating jewelry and ornaments, and by burying
people to identify with their dead ceremonially. It might be that when these intentional forms
a group, and support other of art appeared, music may have appeared too.
group members.
Vocabulary
clap. to hit the palms of your

hands together
beat. to hit something

repeatedly
cave. a large hole that was

formed by natural processes
in the side of a cliff or under
the ground
ornament. a small, fancy

object that is put on
something else to make it
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more attractive
support. to help someone

or something
• Answer the following questions with complete sentences.
1. How did music likely begin?
2. How did the ‘cultural explosion’ possibly help music to appear?
• List all forms of art that humans may have had. Then, draw one
of them.
2
Oral Communication
Art
What did people use to play music?
First Musical Instruments
Do you know what a musical instrument is? Have you ever played Is there any traditional
one? In groups of three, discuss any musical instruments that you instrument played in your
know about. community? When is it used?
Using the information from the audio and the words from the box,
complete the time line below.
harps and flutes percussion instruments natural trumpet
lyres and clarinets guitar
4000 BC 2500 BC
Prehistoric 3000 BC 1500 BC

times
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3
Reading
Social Studies
Can you sing along with others?
Choral Music
Interesting Facts
Many choral performances Have you ever seen people singing together either at church or at
school? Do you like singing?
do not need any music. All
the voices sing together with
perfect rhythm and tones so Choral music is a type of music sung by a choir with two or more
that it seems that music is voices assigned a part to sing. It was developed in Greece around
being played, but it is only 800 B.C.E. It is music that a choir sings or performs, and was often
the voices of the singers. performed by traveling musicians. Around 300 B.C.E., Greek musicians
These are called Acapella invented a way of writing musical notes to describe songs. Then, the
choirs. Nowadays, Acapella Egyptians started to use this method as well. During medieval times, the
groups not only sing Gregorian Chants in Western Europe were common which were many
religious songs but they also voices singing at the same time. This kind of choral music is directly
perform modern music. related to religion. During the Renaissance, sacred choral music, made
up of groups of people, sang in intervals and kept a unique rhythm that
would sound very beautiful. Many famous choral pieces were composed
during this period.
Answer the questions. Source: https://www.britannica.com/art/choral-music
1. What is choral music?
2. Who first invented a way
Pixabay / David Mark

to write music? When?
Answer True (T) or False (F). If it is false, write the correct statement.
Vocabulary
1. A choir is music sung by one person.
choir. a group of singers
especially in a church
sacred. something that 2. Choral music is related to religion.

is worthy of religious
worship; very holy
interval. a period of time 3. Gregorian chants were sung by traveling musicians.

between events
rhythm. a regular, 4. Sacred choral groups did not sing in intervals.

repeated pattern of sounds
or movements
4
Writing
What does music mean to me?
Music and Meanings
Culture
Write a short paragraph describing what music means to you. Start Some research has shown
with these questions to generate some ideas: that people older than 60
a. Is music important? develop better self-identity,
better connection with
others, maintain their
well-being, and feel more
spiritual because of music.
It has been shown that
b. Do you listen to music while doing homework or practicing sports? music may help avoid
feelings of loneliness
and isolation.
Sorce: https://n9.cl/g3h6
c. Where do you usually hear music?
d. What is your favorite type of music to listen to?
Interesting Facts
Even though it is not known when humans started creating and

playing musical instruments, some flutes were found in southern
Germany. They were made of bird bone and mammoth ivory.
As described in the Journal of Human Evolution, carbon dating
showed the flutes were 42,000 and 43,000 years old. It is believed
that flutes and other early instruments helped the first humans to
develop relationships.
Before these flutes were discovered, other bones were considered the
oldest flutes. It was not known if they were made by Neanderthals
or Cro-Magnons. Some years later a study showed that the flute was
actually a bone chewed up by hyenas.
Source: https://n9.cl/g0krd
Wikimedia Commons
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Isturitz Flutes
5
Can we make a choir?
Singing as an Art Form

Interesting Facts Music is an art that combines vocal or instrumental sounds for beauty
Freddie Mercury was a or to express emotions, usually according to cultural standards of rhythm
legendary singer. He was or melody. You don’t have to be an artist or have a beautiful voice, music
the vocalist of the British is all about feeling and experiencing the joy music brings to us.
band Queen. He was born
in Tanzania. He is really
famous for his extraordinary Instructions
voice which was studied
by some scientists who Step 1. Get together in groups of 5 students.
concluded that his vocal Step 2. Choose a song everyone in the group knows in English. Try
cords moved faster than the to choose a song that is not too fast. Then, ask your teacher
average person. He had more to help you find the lyrics.
teeth than usual and that is Step 3. Listen to the song and practice singing along with the lyrics.
why his teeth looked bigger. Try to understand the meaning of the song you chose with
In spite of that, he did not your group. Pay attention to the pronunciation.
want to fix it because he Step 4. Present the song in class with your group.
thought that it would change
his magnificent voice.
ik
Freep
Answer these questions with your group.

Wikimedia Commons
1. The name of the song we chose is.
2. It is sung by.
Freddie Mercury performing 1977
Vocabulary 3. It talks about.
vocal. something that has

to do with the human voice
melody. a series of musical

4. Did you like the activity? Why or why not?

notes that form the main
part of a song or piece
of music; similar to the
Spanish word “melodía”
6
Oral Communication
Science
Is music good for us?
Health Benefits of Music
Discuss these questions in class. Do you think that music can be healthy Listen to a TV program talk
for us? Why or why not? What do you feel when you listen to music? about the benefits of music.
Then, underline the correct
answers.
a. Music is not healthy for us.

AN CONCER b. Studies show that
MIL T listening to upbeat music
can increase our heart
rates and blood pressure.
c. Some people choose to
listen to classical music
when exercising.
d. Classical music can reduce
stress and improve our
immune system.
e. There are many benefits
in learning how to play
a musical instrument.
f. All types of music have
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the same effect.
Answer the following questions with complete sentences.
1. Is there any type of music that you and your friends like to listen to?
Write a sentence describing it.
2. How often do you listen to music?
3. Are there any activities that you like to do while listening to music
like cleaning or studying?
4. Do you play an instrument? If not, what kind of instrument would

you like to learn how to play?

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7
Lesson B

Science
Do you think music is related to culture?
Pair work. Discuss these questions with a classmate.
1. How do you think music is related to culture?
2. What culture would you like to learn about through music?
Music and Language

Some of the first acts of communication that we receive in our
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lives are through music. Mothers play music for their babies and sing
to them while they are still in the womb. Parents and teachers use
songs to teach children about many things like numbers or letters. For
example, do you remember how your parents or teachers taught you
about the alphabet? It was probably with a song!
You can also learn words and phrases through songs as well. Chances
are you probably know the words to a song in a different language but
you might not know what they mean. If you want to learn another
language you can start by memorizing parts of songs that you like in
that language along with their meanings. Since music provides an
entertaining form of repetition that helps us memorize the rhythm
and lyrics, you can begin to learn a new language in no time! Learning
another language through songs or music is also a great way to learn
about other cultures. As a famous musician once said, “The world’s
most famous and popular language is music.”
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Source: https://n9.cl/cnnz
Vocabulary
Answer the following questions.
womb. uterus; the part
of the belly of a woman 1. Remember the first songs you ever learned. What did they teach you?
where a baby is formed
chances are. it is very likely
2. List all the things you think you can learn about through music.
8
Oral Communication
Science
Can we remember memories with music?
Soundtracks of Life
Interesting Facts
For years, popular culture
has believed that we could
be either right- or left-
brained and even personality
has been determined by
that assumption. However,
scientists have found
through brain imagery that
Freepik
both sides of the brain work
together in most activities.
Even though some functions
are done by specific zones,
Listen to the radio broadcast and fill in the blanks.
the whole brain works
1. Neuroscientists have studied the effects of and together. It means that there
the for a long time. are not left-brained and
right-brained people and
2. The hippocampus and the frontal cortex are two large personality does not depend
in the brain that are associated with . on one hemisphere being
more active than the other.
3. The reason a song reminds us of a particular moment or feeling
Source: https://n9.cl/ktk9
is because it contains a and that
helps our brains to access that information in a unique way.
Tip
4. There are different types of memory, like and
memory. Look at the words from

5. Implicit memories are more and . the vocabulary before you
listen to the audio.
6. When we feel emotions listening to a song, it is triggered by our
.
Vocabulary
soundtrack. sounds or music

recorded for something like
Pair work. What do you remember or feel when you think about a movie or a show
music? Tell your classmate about a song that makes you remember a
neurologist. someone
special or happy memory. Do you remember any sad memories about
who studies the brain and
a particular song?
nervous system
subconscious. something
that exists in a part of the
mind that a person is not
aware of
triggered. (past tense

of trigger) to cause something
to happen or activate
9
Reading
Social Studies
Do you know the important periods in the history of classical music?
Classic Music and its Origins
Have you ever listened to classical music? Have you ever heard music
from famous composers like Vivaldi or Bach? If possible, listen to
a short extract of classical music.
The most important periods in the development of classical music

were the Baroque period (1600 – 1760), the Classical Period (1730-
1820), and the Romantic Period (1780 – 1880). During the Baroque
period, the violin was created and Bach, Vivaldi, Handel, and other
composers wrote music that included the violin. Baroque music
is characterized with organized melodies that are usually very elaborate.
Ludwig Van Beethoven
In the Classical period Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven composed
great symphonies of music that were balanced and clear. Composers Vocabulary
like Chopin, Mendelssohn, and Schumann composed music during the
Romantic Period and their aim was to express emotions through music. composer. a person who
writes music
https://n9.cl/eyr8
characterized. (past tense
of characterize) a typical
feature or quality of someone
or something
elaborate. something that

has many parts that are
carefully arranged or planned
symphonies. long pieces

of music that are usually
performed in four separate
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sections by an orchestra
Read the text and complete the chart with the missing information.
Period
Composers
Characteristics
10
Writing
What does music mean to me?
Music and Meanings

The purpose of a descriptive paragraph is to make the reader form
Write your final paragraph.
a picture in their mind by capturing every detail. When we relate
memories with music, we can describe lots of different feelings and
sensations. In order to include every single detail, we have to start with
our five senses. Is there anything we see, hear, smell, taste, and feel
in the song? It is important to use colorful words or powerful adjectives
to describe.
Freepik
Write a short paragraph about one or two songs that bring back
memories. Brainstorm some songs in your head and make an outline
about what you will write. Use the following questions to guide you:
a. What is the name of the song/s?
b. What genre of music is the song/s from?
c. Who sings the song/s?
d. When and where did you hear it?
e. What special memory does it remind you of?

ik p
Free
f. What do you like most about the song/s?
11
Art
What songs remind your family of certain memories?
Our Family Members’ Favorite Music
Culture
One of the most familiar Let’s find out about the songs that are special to our family members and
music sung in the Eastern create a poster to present to the class.
world are Christmas carols.
Each culture has its own Our family is the first people we meet after we are born. They are
songs. In Latin America our support, the ones that give us love, sometimes they can cause
most countries are very frustration and embarrassment.
religious and carols have
their roots in religious There are memorable moments and celebrations that are closely
hymns. Some other related to music. Many families have their own playlists of music
countries such as the United associated with special celebrations. There are some special Christmas,
States have more popular wedding, or birthday songs.
songs and some of them are Create your family music poster based on the songs that are important
famous during the season to you and your family.
even though their lyrics are Source: https://n9.cl/b5rqz
not related to Christmas.
Beyond their origin all
families sing them and have
their favorite ones.
Sorce: https://n9.cl/mjm9
Materials:
• Cardboard
Freepik
• Scissors
• Glue
• Pictures, photos,
or drawings
• Markers, coloring pencils Instructions
or crayons
Step 1. Ask your parents and grandparents about any special songs
that remind them of special moments in their lives.
Step 2. Listen to those songs and choose which ones you like the best.
Step 3. Create a poster using some of the songs and draw the
memories that those songs bring to your family. You can add
some photos if they are available.
Step 4. Don’t worry if the songs are not in English. All you need to do
pik
Free
is show the relationship between the songs and the memories

your family members told you about.
Step 5. Present the poster to the class and if you can, play some parts
of the songs to your classmates.
12
Oral Communication
Can you understand songs in English?
Identifying Expressions in English
Do you have any favorite songs in English? Answer the following questions.
Can you understand some things?
1. Is it easy to understand what the song says?
Why or why not?
Discuss a song (that is in English) in the class that

most students recognize. Your teacher can help
you find a song that is not too difficult and give 2. What is your favorite part of the song?
you the lyrics of the song.
• Name of the song:
• Name of the singer or band who plays it:
This is a wonderful song used in many movies in

both of its versions. Read it with your classmates and
discuss about its meaning. What does it tell you?
• Now, listen to the song without looking at the
lyrics and try to write down as many words as This song is well known all over the world. It first
you can. Then, check the lyrics and complete appeared in the 1939 movie The Wizard of Oz and
what is missing. When everyone is finished, sing was sung by Judy Garland, but since then many
the song together as a group! other artists have done their own version, including
Ariana Grande.
Here are the original lyrics. What do you think they

express?
“Over the Rainbow”

LE.Y. Harburg
Somewhere over the rainbow, way up high

There’s a land that I heard of once in a lullaby.
Somewhere over the rainbow skies are blue
And the dreams that you dare to dream really
do come true
Someday I’ll wish upon a star
And wake up where the clouds are far behind me
Where troubles melt like lemon drops
Away above the chimney tops
That’s where you’ll find me
Somewhere over the rainbow bluebirds fly
Birds fly over the rainbow
Why then, oh, why can’t I?
If happy little bluebirds fly

Beyond the rainbow
Why, oh, why can’t I?
13
Assessment

Individual activity
1 Answer the following questions with complete sentences.

1. Describe the benefits of music.
2. What is the connection between music and culture?
3. What has been the most interesting thing that you have learned about music
in this module?

Individual activity
2 Match the instrument with its corresponding description.

There is one extra instrument.
a. Flute 1. A stringed musical instrument which is operated from

a keyboard. The strings are struck by wooden hammers.
b. Guitar
2. A small, guitar-like musical instrument associated with
c. Violin Hawaiian music.
d. Ukulele 3. A musical wind instrument which is a tube with
e. Lyre fingerholes or keys.
f. Piano 4. A string instrument that has four strings and is played

with a bow, it is held between the shoulder and the chin.
5. A string instrument played by plucking the strings and

usually made from wood or plastic.
14
Assessment What is the impact of music?

Individual activity
3 Interesting Facts About Music
Researchers in Finland have developed a new method to study how the brain
processes different parts of music. The study showed that many areas of the
brain that are responsible for triggering emotions and creativity are activated
when listening to music. This means that music is one of the few activities
that makes us use our entire brain. Researchers have also found that our brain
reacts to music the same way it reacts to food! This is because a chemical called
dopamine is released in our brain every time we experience something that we
really like; so dopamine is released when you eat a delicious food like pizza and
when you listen to a really good song.
https://n9.cl/2f36o
Write True (T) or False (F). If the statement is false, correct it.
1. Researchers in America have developed a new way to study the
brain and music.
2. Music is an activity that makes us use our entire brain.
3. Our brain does not react to music the same way it reacts to food.
4. Dopamine is released into our bodies when we experience

something bad.
I understand and use mixed tenses.
I know vocabulary related to music and musical

instruments.
I understand reading passages about music.
15
Project 1
Your Own Musical Instrument
Interesting Facts Musical instruments can be very expensive, but if you use recycled
materials and your imagination it can be cheap, easy, and fun.
Making instruments at
home or school not only
helps nature because of
recycled materials but also
promotes creativeness and
self-expression as well as
rhythm and coordination.
Being familiar with musical
instruments and music from
an early age develops and
improves listening skills.
Music may also increase
emotional intelligence and
memory. If done at home,
it promotes nice memories
and reinforce bonds.
ik p
Free
Source: https://n9.cl/p1e5w
Materials:
• Scissors
• Glue
• Tape
Form groups of five students and choose some instruments to create
• Paint, paper a band. You are going to present the instruments to the class and
• Waste materials from home describe how you made them.
• Maracas
We can make maracas by using plastic bottles 1/3 filled with dry
beans or rice. You can also use paper, glitter or different materials to
decorate them.
• Guitar
Get an empty tissue box and a toilet roll. Glue the roll to the short
side of the box. Then, using a stapler, attach some rubber bands. You
can also use a cereal box and a paper towel roll. Pain it or decorate it
using your creativity!
• Drums
Get some plastic or metal containers. Be careful, they may have some
Freepik
sharp edges. Decorate them and use a wooden spoon to play them.
16
Let's Review
Listening Vocabulary
Listen to the audio. Answer the questions with Write five sentences using the words from the boxes.
a classmate.
Percussion Instruments Lyres and Clarinets
1. What is a multi-instrumentalist?
Trumpet Harps and Flutes Guitar
2. What are the benefits of playing different
instruments?
3. What instruments should you learn how to 1.
play if you want to play classical music?
4. How many instruments would you like to play?
2.
Why?
3.
Reading
Disco music first appeared during the 1960’s and

1970’s. Its name comes from the French word 4.
“discotheque”. This music genre was first ignored by
radios but became popular in nightclubs because of
its special rhythm which was composed by different 5.
musical traditions like soul, funk, and even salsa.
Deejays were the creators of this particular music by
mixing songs. The first disco hit was Gloria Gaynor’s
“Never Can Say Goodbye” in 1974, other popular
song which is even danced nowadays is YMCA
by Village People. Some movies such as “Saturday Writing
Night Fever” with John Travolta represented the
popularity of Disco music. Opposite to what we Write five interesting things that you learned
may think that the disco ball appeared during those in the first part of the module.
decades, it is known that those colorful balls were
first used in 1897 and by 1920 it was patented and 1.
called “Myriad Reflector”.
Answer the following questions: 2.
a. Why was disco music popular?
3.
b. Who first created disco music?
4.
c. In what decade did disco become most popular?
5.
d. What is the name of a famous song that is still

danced in clubs?
17
Lesson C
Does music affect what people wear?
Music and Fashion

Interesting Facts
Music is something that can
Elvis Presley was a music
influence many things in our
icon that changed rock
lives and in the world. It is clear
forever and influenced
that music can influence fashion.
fashion in many different
When a trend is spotted in the
ways. He started singing in
music industry, like a new type
a religious choir when
of electronic music, it is usually
he was young and then
followed by a similar fashion
combined different music
trend. Another example of how the
styles together. He created
music industry has influenced the
a new hair style which he got
fashion industry over the years is
from his favorite comic hero
the punk movement. This popular
Captain Marvel. Elvis also
style of music is characterized by
changed how people danced
fast melodies with controversial
at the time which used
lyrics and people that like punk
Pixabay
to be very conservative.
music can have a unique style.
Source: https://n9.cl/xc8u9 They might wear dark clothes like Elvis Presley
skinny jeans and leather jackets

and they sometimes wear crazy jewelry and have long hair styles.
Music has set the standards for what becomes popular in fashion or
decades. Famous bands and artists like The Beatles and Elvis Presley
impacted the culture of their times through music and their fashion
styles. We can still see this happen today. Can you think of any artists
Pixabay
that have influenced fashion and culture recently?

Elvis Presley y Richard Nixon, 1970
Source: https://n9.cl/h18pw Source: https://n9.cl/77lw
Vocabulary
spotted. seen or noticed

by someone or something Read the text and underline the correct sentences.
trend. something that 1. Music has little influence in the world.

becomes popular or 2. Fashion and music influence each other.
fashionable for a certain time
3. The punk movement is an example of music influencing fashion.
punk. a type of loud and
4. People that like punk music might wear dark clothes and have
intense rock music that
long hairstyles.
became popular from the
1970s to the 1980s. 5. Famous artists can impact culture through their music.
jewelry. objects like rings,

necklaces, and earrings
artist. a singer or musician Pair work. Discuss it with a classmate and write your answer here.
that records their music Describe some fashion trends you and your friends follow because
of an artist/s.
rock. a type of popular music
with a strong beat that is
played with instruments like
the electric guitar and drumsv
18
Oral Communication
Art
Can you play the guitar?
The Guitar
Tip
What facts do you know about the guitar? Discuss them in class. You can Learn the vocabulary
ask: What kind of music can we play with the guitar? What is the origin words before you listen to
of the guitar?
the audio.
Listen to the audio that describes a guitar. Then, complete the activities. Interesting Facts
1. Complete the names of the parts of the guitar. You can listen to the The Frying Pan
audio as many times as you need.
The first electric guitar
ever was created by George
Bauchamp in 1931. It was
1
called the “frying pan”
because it had a flat, circular
body and a handle.
Its creator did not patent
2
the guitar until 1937, so
other companies started
producing electric guitars.
There have been many
3 wonderful creations, each
of them with a special sound
and characteristics. Fender,
Gibson, Van Halen, among
others, have been played
by famous bands.
Source: https://n9.cl/7ao66
Vocabulary
4 string. a long and thin piece

of a stretched material
attached to an instrument that
2. Write five genres of music that use the guitar that are not mentioned is used to make sounds
in the audio.
strum. to play music on a
a. stringed instrument like the
guitar by moving your fingers
b.
over the strings
c.
pluck. to pull and release
d. a string on a musical
instrument with your fingers
e. to make a sound
19
Reading
What year do you think the violin was created?
The Creation of the Violin

Violins appeared in the early 16th century in northern Italy. They
were typically made with the wood from maple trees that are available
in the Lombardy region of Italy.
There were two main cities where violins were made: the city
of Brescia and the city of Cremona. Brescia was the first city to make
quality violins, but the city of Cremona was home to some of the
most famous luthiers like Giuseppe Guarneri, Antonio Stradivari and
the Amati family. The Amati family became so famous for their skills
in crafting violins that Catherine de Médicis, a ruler from France, asked
them to make a variety of string instruments for the Royal Ensemble.
Antonio Stradivari The popularity of violins continued to increase and famous

composers like Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741), Franz Joseph Haydn
(1731-1809), and Niccolò Paganini (1782-1840), combined them
Vocabulary
with other instruments to create beautiful sounds. Now, violins are
luthier. someone who makes a popular instrument to learn how to play and they are an important
stringed instruments like part of orchestras.
violins or guitars
Sources: https://n9.cl/jyod
ruler. a person who governs
a country, area, group, etc.
Read the text and answer these questions with complete sentences.
ensemble. a group of people or
things that make up a complete a. What material were violins made from?
unit like a musical group
b. What was the city of Brescia known for?
c. What was the city of Cremona known for?
d. Why was the Amati family famous?
e. How do you think famous composers influenced in the popularity

of the violin?
Freepik
Let’s do some research. Find some information about the composers

mentioned in the text and write some interesting facts about their music.
Discuss the evolution of the
violin with a classmate. You
can ask: How did the violin
become a popular instrument?
20
Writing
How do we report what other people say?
An Interview with Andy Allen

Grammar Note
Interviewer: What inspires you
to be creative? Indirect speech (reported
speech) is a report on what
Andy Allen: For me, inspiration someone else said or wrote
comes from many different places. without using that person’s
It can come from watching another exact words (which is called
artist produce amazing work. For direct speech). How do
example, there have been times when you turn direct speech into
I’ve felt very inspired while listening indirect speech? Use this
to the Everly Brothers band on my guide to help you.
Pixabay
Discman at 3 in the morning. I’m

Andy Allen
also inspired every time I see movies I feel quite creative today.
that really electrify my senses, like (present simple) → Andy said
“Cool Hand Luke.” Reading is a big source of inspiration for me, too. I must he felt quite creative that
read every day to get my mind working and push myself mentally. Just by day. (past simple)
looking up new words, I can already feel my imagination coming to life.
I am interviewing Andy
Finally, inspiration may also come from watching people in my daily life
Allen. (present continuous)
like men and women trying to do the right thing.
→ The reporter said she was
Adapted from: https://n9.cl/4kd69 interviewing Andy Allen.
(past continuous)
I was listening to music
• Read the interview of Andy Allen, a professional actor and to feel inspired. (past
musician. Then, write an article reporting what he said. Remember
to use the information in the grammar box.
continuous) → Andy said he
had been listening to music
to feel inspired. (past perfect
continuous)
I can feel my imagination
coming to life. (can) → Andy
said that he could feel his
imagination coming to life.
• Write about two instances in which someone told you a story. Look (could)
at the structures in the grammar box to help you.
My inspiration may come
a. from watching people in my
daily life. (may) → Andy said
b.
his inspiration might come
c. from watching people in his
d. daily life. (might)
Adapted from: https://n9.cl/6l1hi
Vocabulary
Group work. Get in groups of 3-4 students. Take turns telling your
classmates a story someone told you about. Remember to use the electrify. to cause someone
structures from the grammar box. to feel a lot of excitement.
21
How can we show connections between things?
Let’s Make a Mind Map
Mind maps help us to organize information about a particular subject. Read the text and answer
Read the text below and complete the mind map. these questions.
a. According to the passage,

a fiddle is
The violin is an instrument that has four strings and is played with
a bow. It is the smallest and highest pitched instrument in the string
family. A violinist is someone who plays the violin which is sometimes
called a “fiddle.”
b. Why is it said that the violin
The violin played an important part in the development of music in is a new instrument?
Europe even though it is newer than other instruments. The modern
violin is about 400 years old while other string instruments like the
harp have been around for almost 1,000 years. Violins became one of
the most important instruments in orchestras in the 17th century and
c. Why did many composers
many composers wrote music that included the violin. write music that included
the violin?
The most famous and expensive violins in the world today are
Stradivarius’s because of their sound quality. These violins are built by
members of the Italian family Stradivari that we learned about on page 20.
Sources: https://n9.cl/v4ts1
6 2 Freepik
Violin and Bow
Vocabulary
The violin
bow. a tool that is used for
playing a violin or similar
musical instrument that is
made of a thin stick of wood
with its ends connected by
stretched pieces of hair or
5 3 fiber
orchestra. a group of
musicians who play classical

music together
pitch. the highness or

4 lowness of a sound
22
Oral Communication
Do you know the origins of some musical instruments?
Origins of Musical Instruments
Musical instruments have been around for a very long time but some
were invented many years before others. Discuss some of the first
musical instruments that you think were created.
Culture
Pianos have been part of culture for about two centuries. Some
pianists claim there is no “Stradivarius” version for pianos, which
means there is none with a perfect sound, not even in concert halls.
Wikimedia Commons/ Harry Burton

Listen to the audio about the origins of some musical instruments and
answer the questions.
• Circle the names of all the musical instruments mentioned.

Flute Piano Cello Guitar Trumpet Harp
Silver trumpet from Tutankhamun’s tomb
• Write three characteristics about each instrument. You can listen to
the audio again.
Vocabulary
a.
narrow. long and not wide;
b. small from one side to the
other side
c.
flute. a musical instrument
d. that is shaped like a thin pipe
e. and that is played by blowing
across a hole; similar to the
f. Spanish word “flauta”
trumpet. a musical instrument

that you blow into that has
three buttons which you
Answer True (T) or False (F). If it is false, write the correct statement. press to play different notes;
similar to the Spanish
1. The ancient guitar probably originated from Germany.
word “trompeta”
brass. a yellow metal that

2. The flute in the National Music Museum is 35,000 years old. is made of copper and zinc
3. Flutes have existed for a very long time.

4. Ancient trumpets were very small.

Freepik
23
Lesson D
How do you think music can connect people across the world?
Music and Connections

We have seen that music can influence fashion but music has a
Pair work. Ask your classmate
stronger power that runs deeper than clothing. Music is something we
about a song/s that they really
share around the world across cultures and religions. Although music like. Write the name of the
trends are usually generational, there is something powerful about song and the singer or band
music genres that can create a feeling of solidarity across age groups that sings it. You can also
and even countries. ask: What genre of music is it
from? What language is it in?
Certain music styles have particular rhythms and sounds found
in a specific country or region that distinguishes them from other
music forms. For example, vallenato is a music style that originated in
Colombia and is now enjoyed by many people all over Latin America
and the world, but this style of music is primarily enjoyed and loved
where it originated in the Caribbean region of Colombia.
Pixabay/ Idearriba
Songs from previous decades like the 70’s and 80’s have been heard
by many generations and a lot of those songs are still enjoyed by younger
generations and played on the radio today. As we can see, music is not Vallenato
limited to a region, country or era. All people can like all types of music!
Source: https://n9.cl/77lw
Look for the lyrics of the song
and write the parts that you
like the most. If the song you
like is in another language, try
to figure out the meaning of
the words.
Vocabulary
Freepik
generational. relating
Couple dance to different generations
of people; similar to the
Spanish word “generacional”
solidarity. a feeling of unity

Now what about you? Write the name of a song you really like and do
between people that have the
some research about it. Who sings it? Where did the genre of the song
same interests, goals, etc.
originate from? In what year was the song made?
vallenato. a popular music
genre in Colombia that is

usually played with the
accordion, the guacharaca
and the caja
24
Oral Communication
How does classical music influence today’s music?
The Influence of Classical Music
Interesting Facts
Before you listen to the audio, discuss these questions with a Recently, there have been
classmate: How is classical music different than the music that exists many singers and bands
today? Do you think classical music could have influenced modern day
that have included different
music? Listen to a news report about classical music and complete
the activities. languages in their songs
which transcends language
barriers. According to
Billboard, the song “Bailando”
by Enrique Iglesias is one of
the most famous songs due
to its strong English and
Spanish chorus. The song
stayed in first place on the
list for several weeks.
Source: https://n9.cl/rm64
Freepik
Orchesta
1. Why is classical music still popular?
2. What are some of the ways classical music has influenced Wikimedia Commons
modern music?
Adele
3. What is the part of songs that we remember the most? Why?
Discuss your favorite types of

music in class and compare
them with classical music. Are
they similar? Why or why not?
Do some research. Find information about one of the composers
mentioned in the audio. Write three of their most famous creations.
Composer:
Pieces of music:
25
Reading
Do you know any musical legends?
A Violinist and the Devil

When people have an outstanding skill or talent, some people will
make up mythical stories to explain that person’s amazing talent. This
happened to a violinist named Paganini.
Niccolò Paganini was a very talented violin player known as “the
Devil’s Violinist.” He was born on October 27, 1782, in Genoa, Italy.
It is said that Paganini’s mother wanted him to become a famous violinist
so people believed that she had made a deal with the Devil; trading her
son’s soul to him so that he would be the greatest violinist in history.
Wikimedia Commons
Paganini became famous for many reasons. One reason is because he

was one of the first violinists to publicly perform various pieces of music
without looking at a music sheet. He would memorize entire songs and
Niccolò Paganini play from memory. He also had extremely long limbs, thin fingers, and
unusual flexibility; that is why he got the nickname “Rubber Man.”
Interesting Facts
These traits were later thought to be related to two possible physical
After his death in Nice, syndromes: Marfan’s and Ehlers-Danlos.
France, all churches refused
to bury him in their yards His exceptional musical skills made people wonder why he was so
because of his nickname. talented and it lead some of them to call him “the Devil’s Violinist”
His son was finally able to because they could not understand his success. Even though Paganini
bury him after 36 years. faced many difficulties, he forever changed the perceptions of how
Paganini’s remains now rest a violin could be played. Due to his syndromes he died with many
in Parma, Italy. illnesses in 1840, leaving behind an incredible musical legacy.
Source: https://n9.cl/y6wa
1. Why was Paganini’s nickname “the Devil’s Violinist?

Pair work. Imagine that you
could play an instrument so
well that you became famous 2. Why did Paganini have long fingers and unusual flexibility?
for it. Which instrument would
you like to play and why?
Discuss it with a partner.
Vocabulary Answer True (T) or False (F). If it is false, write the correct statement.
1. Paganini was famous because he always read music sheets

sheet. a rectangular piece
when he performed in public.
of paper
limb. someone’s arm or leg

2. Paganini changed the perceptions as to how to play the violin.
perception. the way you think
about or understand someone
or something
3. After his death, Paganini’s body was buried in a church yard
legacy. the way people in France.
remember you for something
that you did
26
Writing
What have we learned about violins?
Summarizing Information
Grammar Note
Write a paragraph of 60 – 70 words about the violin. Check the writing Mixed tenses
process in the box and use the graphic organizer to help you.
In real life we do not only
use one tense to talk. When
speaking English, we use
different tenses according
to what we want to say. The
most commonly used are:
Simple past: Actions finished
in past.
Simple present: Routines
and facts.
Simple future: Decisions
made at the moment,
promises, offers, requests.
We also use perfect tenses:
Present perfect: Actions
started in past and not
finished, experiences.
Past perfect: Actions that
happened before others in
the past.
To be going to / present
continuous: Plans for
the future.
Remember to use different
Tip
tenses when writing
your paragraph.
Writing process, do this in your notebook:
Brainstorming: Writing ideas and words.
Organization: Organize information. Graphic organizer. Topic
First Draft: Write a first version of your paragraph. Detail

Self-check and peer review: Check your paragraph’s
punctuation, capitalization, and grammar. Make any necessary Detail
changes. Let a classmate read it.
Final product: Write the paragraph in the space given with all Detail
changes and suggestions. Present it.
Conclusion
27
Can you write a song?
Songwriting
During all the module we have talked about music What kind of song are you going to write?
and our favorite songs. Now is your turn to try and
write a short song in English. Share the lyrics with Topic:
the class and choose your favorite song.
Verse:
Freepick
Songwriting is the process of writing the words

and music of songs. When we listen to a song, we may
think that it is really easy to write it. In fact, there are Chorus:
specialized people called songwriters. They are also
called composers and they write the lyrics of a song
and original music compositions. Some songwriters
have learned to do it by apprenticeship but in general
you need a university degree to learn some other
skills such as songwriting elements and business.
Although we need a degree for this profession it also
needs creativity and feeling to write a song.
There are some specific steps to be followed in Bridge:
order to writing a song, some experts say it is very
similar to write a story. It also has specific parts in
order to be complete. Check this out!
Topic: Your song must be related to a specific topic.
Verse: Set background and context about the
story you want to tell.
Chorus: It emphasizes the most important part
of the story and is repeated some times in the song.
Bridge: Tells a part of the story in a different way Vocabulary

and the music of this part is also different from the
rest of the song. verse. writing in which words are arranged
in a rhythmic pattern
Source: https://n9.cl/gyn16
28
Oral Communication
Is Andean music famous around the world?
Sounds from the Mountains
Tip
Recall what a tsunami is and how it is formed. Check the previous
information about tsunamis. Did you know that some years ago Learn the vocabulary
tsunami waves arrived in some parts of Galapagos? words before you listen
to the audio.
Listen to the audio about the history of Andean music and complete Vocabulary
the activities. Complete these statements.
degree. different levels
Ecuador was hit by two major earthquakes in 1987 and 2016. of something
1. Traditional melodies come from areas inhabited by hit. something that
from , Bolivia, Ecuador, , is very successful
, and . 35,000 houses

were damaged or destroyed.
2. Andean music is most popular in and
. In 1987, one thousand people were killed by the
earthquake.
3. The Nueva Canción movement revived the genre across
and brought it to places where it was
or .
4. The was a decade for Andean music’s biggest
.
5. Los Kjarkas became hits in and would later take it to
the rest of the .
Freepick
Let’s do some research. List the five most common instruments that
are used to play Andean music. Then, describe the main characteristics
of each one.
The five most common instruments used to play Andean music are:
Answer these questions with
a. a classmate.
b. • Why do you think Andean
music is more popular in
c. some areas of Latin America?
d. • In what other countries
e. do you think Andean music

is popular?
• Do you like Andean music?

Why or why not?
29
Assessment

Individual activity
1 El Condor Pasa
Alomía Robles was influenced by indigenous movements during the 20th

century to compose a zarzuela, which is a Spanish operetta, written to be played
by an orchestra that he called El Cóndor Pasa. In 1933, he sold the rights to
El Cóndor Pasa to the Edward B. Marks Music Corporation.
In the 1960s, Andean bands became very popular in Europe. One of these
groups was called Los Incas. They performed their own version of El Cóndor Pasa
with Andean instruments. Paul Simon, from the band Simon & Garfunkel, saw
them perform in Paris and he learned the melody and added his own lyrics to it.
He named the new version If I Could and it became the most popular song across
Europe; especially in countries like Spain, Austria, and the Netherlands. However,
Paul Simon didn’t know that the copyrights to the song didn’t belong to the group
Los Incas. The son of Alomía Robles sued Paul Simon and, after some time, the
authorship of the composer was reestablished. One hundred years after it was
written, El Cóndor Pasa is now free for the public to use.
• Write True (T) or False (F). If the statement is false, correct it.
a. Alomia Robles was influenced to compose El Condor Pasa in the
20th century
b. The version of El Condor Pasa that became famous in Europe was

originally created by Paul Simon.
c. El Cóndor Pasa is not free for the public to use.
• Read the text and answer the questions.

d. Who first wrote El Cóndor Pasa?
e. What happened to the original composition?

f. In 1933...
30
Assessment What is the impact of music?

Individual activity
2 Listen to a conversation between two friends and answer the questions.

1. What is the name of the band that Carla’s dad is in?
2. What is the name of the song the band wrote?
3. How many songs will the album of the band have?
4. In how much time will it be released?

Individual activity
3 Write a short paragraph of 60-70 words about your favorite topic on music.
Use mixed tenses.
Know about music from the world.
Write a descriptive paragraph.
31
Project 2
Music genres of Ecuador
Pasillo: It is a genre that is known in many countries of South

America such as Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, and Ecuador. Mostly, it is Write your questions
dance music but it turned differently in our country. At the beginning
of the XX century an interesting literature movement influenced music
with sorrow and sadness which led to the creation of Ecuadorian pasillo.
It is the only one with this sad tone and lyrics. The main representative
was Julio Jaramillo who was the first artist to make our music famous
around the world.
Yaravi: It is an extremely sad music with indigenous influence that
was created for funerals.
Pasacalle: It is called this way because people used to dance that rhythm
when musicians played on the streets. Pasacalle is greatly influenced by
Spanish music.
Marimba: Traditional music from Esmeraldas which is a typical
festivity and also a musical instrument. Its essential elements are music
and a kind of frenetic dance called “Currulao” performed by women.
Each region has its preference about music. You are going to find out what
the most common kind of music is in your community. Is it tropical music?
Andean music? Old or new music? Follow these steps.
Step 1
Form groups of 5 students. Together, make a list of questions that you

would like to ask people in your community about their musical preferences.
You should think of 7-8 questions. Write the questions in English, but you
can ask the participants in Spanish if they don’t know English. They can
be questions with options, or open questions where the participant can
respond anything.
Step 2
Each student should ask 10 people the questions on the survey. Be sure
to write the age of the person you ask, because maybe you will notice
interesting results according to age groups.
Step 3
Put your results together with your group members’ results. You should
have a total of 50 participants. Make tables and charts to show the results.
Step 4
Present your results to the class. Do you notice some similarities among all the
groups? What can you conclude about your community’s musical preferences?
32

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English How did everything begin?

First Course BGU

Simple past and

Life evolution and

to Science, History, 2 8 Academic reading

Rigorous Community Environmental

The Universe Is Extensive and Mysterious

Communication and Cultural Awareness

Origin of the Universe and the Planet

a bored giant who shook the universe causing a huge explosion

tiny. very small

spin. to turn around

How do we know about the past of our planet?

What life forms existed

A paleontologist looking for a fossil The geologic time scale

ground / land. the solid part

Reptiles evolve. to change or develop

How did life appear?

Origin and Evolution of Life

• The first living things that appeared were cyanobacteria.

• Amphibians appeared before fish.

• Plants first emerged in water.

• The first fish appeared during the Devonian period.

How did water appear on Earth?

The Origin of Water

arrive help learn think hit appear

Water is an essential part of our planet. Without water, no life would

be possible. We all about the water formula and its cycle

on maps, but... do we know how water on our planet?

One of the most known theories says that water in our

on our surface and create life. Grammar Note

What are some ways I can tell a story?

Comic and Role-Play

3 Some time later 4

them in context and

How do we know what creatures existed on earth?

What helped scientists discover what creatures existed before humans?

tissue. the material that forms

decay. to be slowly broken

amber. a hard orange-yellow

• How is a stone fossil formed?

• Where are fossils usually formed?

Communication and Cultural Awareness

What do you know about dinosaurs?

Interesting Facts About Dinosaurs

• Dinosaurs inhabited the earth for over 165 million years.

• Dinosaurs hatched from eggs.

• Dinosaurs were a class of reptiles, but they were different from

What we learn is what Source: https://bit.ly/2JPZjcQ

science says. What you think

• Are there any surviving dinosaurs?

Did all dinosaurs live at the same time?

spread. to open, arrange,

mammals. a type of animal

rodents. small animals

huge. very large, very great

landscape. a picture that

What happened to animals that lived long ago?

Circle the correct answer.

1. What was the most