DRRR REVIEWER BY MV

THUNDERSTORM
Thunderstorm- is a violent, transient type of weather disturbance associated with thousans of meters tall cumulonimbus clouds and which
usually involves lightning and thunder, strong winds, intense rainfall and occasionally tornadoes and hail.
-It is formed when warm, moist air rises into cold air. The warm air becomes cooler, which causes moisture, called water vapor, to form small
water droplets a process called condensation.
-Also known as an electrical storm or lightning storm, is a storm characterized by the presence of lightning and its acoustic effect on the
Earth’s atmosphere, known as thunder. Relatively weak thunderstorms are sometimes called thundershowers.

Elements of Thunderstorm
1. LIGHTNING- the visible discharge of electricity that occurs when a region of a cloud acquires an excess electrical charge, either positive or
negative, that is sufficient to break down the resistance of air.
2. RAIN- precipitation of liquid water drops with diameters greater than 0.5 mm (0.02 inch). When the drops are smaller, the precipitation is
usually called drizzle.
3. HAIL- precipitation of balls or pieces of ice with a diameter of 5 mm (about 0.2 inch) to more than 15 cm (about 6 inches). In contrast, ice
pellets (sleet; sometimes called small hail) have a diameter less than 5 mm.
4. THUNDER- sound caused by a lightning discharge. Lightning heats the air in its path and causes a large over-pressure of the air within its
channel. The channel expands supersonically into the surrounding air as a shock wave and creates an acoustic signal that is heard as thunder.

Causes of Thunderstorm
1. MOISTURE- is the presence of a liquid, generally water, in trace amounts. For a thunderstorm to occur, moisture is considered to be a
mandatory condition. It is measured in dew points. Dew point it is the amount of moisture in the air or can be defined as the temperature to
which the air must be cooled to become saturated with water vapor. Severe thunderstorms are more probably to occur when the surface dew
point is 55 F or higher.
2. RISING UNSTEADY AIR- instability is a condition in which air will rise freely on its own because of positive buoyancy. This causes air to rise so
quickly to form thunderstorms.
3. LIFTING MECHANISM- while instability release is like a plastic ball rising from the bottom of a swimming pool, lifting is caused by air being
forced to rise. The object will not rise on its own until a force causes it to rise. Thus, Instability cannot be released without the forced lifting.

Stages of Thunderstorm
1. CUMULUS/DEVELOPING STAGE- the first stage involved in the formation of thunderstorm is the cumulus stage or developing stage.
Thunderstorms occur in a type of cloud named as a cumulus.
2. MATURE STAGE- a cumulus cloud becomes very large, where the water therein becomes large and heavy, drops begin to fall through
the cloud when the rising air can no longer hold them up. In the mature stage involved in the formation of a thunderstorm,the warmed air
continuous to rise until it reaches a region of warmer air and can rise no more.
3. DISSIPATING STAGE- after 30 minutes, thunderstorm begins to dissipate, this occurs when the downdrafts in the cloud begins to
dominate over the updraft. Since warm moist air can no longer rise, cloud droplets can no longer form. The dissipating stage usually deals
with the downdraft process. The downdraft will push down the thunderstorm, hit the ground, and spread out. This phenomenon is known as a
down-burst.

Types of Thunderstorm
1. Single Cell Thunderstorm- also called a “pulse” thunderstorm, this type of thunderstorm is typically short-lived and dissipate very quickly
because its downdraft quickly cuts off the updraft of warm air which is the primary reason that the storm keeping alive.
2. Multi-cell Thunderstorm- consist of a group of cells moving along. Multi-cell can lived for a good deal of time because these storms often
have a gust front, and the outflow from the gust front lifts air ahead of the gust front, allowing new cells to continually form. As a result, a
“conveyor belt” of storms can form and sustain itself for several hours.
3. Super Cell Thunderstorm- is a long-lived (greater than 1 hour) and highly organized storm feeding off an updraft that is tilted and rotating.
This rotating updraft - as large as 15 kilometers in diameter and up to 50,000 feet tall - can be present as much as 20 to 60 minutes before a
tornado forms.
4. Squall Line Thunderstorm- is a group of storms arranged in a line, often accompanied by “squalls” of high wind and heavy rain. Squall lines
tend to pass quickly and are less prone to produce tornadoes than are supercells. They can be hundreds of miles long but are typically only 15
or 30 km wide.

DO’s and DON’Ts WHEN IN A THUNDERSTORM

What to do :
1. Prepare an emergency kit
2. Secure Your House and surroundings
3. Stay Updated
4. Remain Indoors for at least 30 minutes after the last Strike
5. Close windows, external and internal doors

What not to do
1. Don't touch metal or electrical things
2. Don't be in water
3. Don't take shelter under a tree
4. Don't be near Windows
5. Don't stay in open structures
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STORM SURGE
Storm Surge or “Daluyong Bayo” in the Philppines system where the irregular sea-level during tropical cyclone or “bagyo” occurs.
-a localized unusual increase of sea water level beyond the predicted astronomical tide level primarily due to intense winds and lowered
atmospheric pressure during the passage of an intense tropical cyclone from the sea to the land.
-also defined as the abnormal rise in sea level generated by a storm, over and above the predicted astronomical tides. It is primarily caused by
strong onshore winds and low atmospheric pressure, pushing water toward the shore.

Factors That Contribute To Storm Surge Formation

1. Low Atmospheric Pressure- storm surges are primarily driven by the low atmospheric pressure associated with strong storms,
such as hurricanes, tropical cyclones, or severe coastal storms. Low pressure at the center of the storm creates a "bulge" in the
sea surface, causing water to pile up.
2. Wind Speed and Direction- the speed and direction of the winds associated with the storm play a crucial role in generating
storm surges. Strong onshore winds push the water toward the coast, causing it to accumulate and raise sea levels. The longer
the duration and higher the wind speed, the greater the potential surge.
3. Storm Size and Intensity- the size and intensity of the storm influence the magnitude of the storm surge. Larger storms with
wider wind fields can generate more significant surges over a larger area. Intense storms with sustained high winds intensify the
surge by pushing more water ashore.
4. Slope and Shape of the Coastline- the coastal topography affects how storm surges propagate and amplify. A gently sloping
coastline allows the surge to spread over a larger area, increasing the potential for flooding. In contrast, a steep coastline can
focus the surge, leading to higher and more localized inundation.
5. Tides- the interaction between storm surges and tidal cycles can significantly influence the overall water levels experienced
during a storm event. When a storm surge coincides with a high tide, the combined effect can result in even higher water levels,
exacerbating flooding and coastal impacts.

Potential Hazards And Impacts Associated With Storm Surges

1. Coastal Flooding
2. Erosion and Land Loss
3. Destruction of Infrastructure
4. Property Damage
5. Loss of Life
6. Environmental Effects
7. Contamination and Pollution

Mitigation And Preparedness

1. Coastal Defenses
2. Land-Use Planning
3. Early Warning Systems
4. Evacuation Plans
5. Public Awareness Campaigns
6. Community Engagement and Participation

NATURAL SIGNS OF IMPENDING TSUNAMI

TSUNAMI- the word tsunami (pronounced tsoo-nah'-mee) is composed of the Japanese words "tsu" (which means harbor) and
"nami" (which means "wave").
- a series of sea waves generated by various geological processes and commonly generated by under-the-sea earthquakes and
whose heights could be greater than 5 meters.

Tsunami vs. Storm Surge

Tsunami- is a Japanese word meaning “harbor waves”. Tsunami is commonly generated by distances associated with
earthquakes occurring below or near the ocean floor. It occurs when earthquake is shallow-seated and strong enough to
displace parts of the seabed and disturb the mass of water over it.
Storm surge- the increase in wave heights associated with or during typhoons (where there are strong winds) or tropical
cyclones
 DRRR REVIEWER BY MV
How are tsunamis generated?

TWO TYPES OF TSUNAMI

1. Local tsunamis are confined to coasts within a hundred kilometers from the source. It is usually generated by earthquakes
and landslide or pyroclastic flow. It can reach the shoreline within 2 to 5 minutes.
2. Far field or distant tsunamis can travel from 1 to 24 hours before reaching the coast of the nearby countries. These tsunamis
mainly coming from the countries bordering Pacific Ocean like Chile, Alaska in USA and Japan. Pacific Tsunami Warning Center
(PTWC) and Northwest Pacific Tsunami Advisory Center (NWPTAC) are the responsible agencies that closely monitor Pacific-
wide tsunami event and send tsunami Phivolcs.dost.gov.ph warning to the countries around the Pacific Ocean.

NATURAL SIGNS OF AN IMPENDING TSUNAMI

1. FEEL AN EARTHQUAKE
2. SEE OCEAN WATER DISAPPEAR FROM THE BEACH, BAY, OR RIVER
Drawback- Water receding from the coast, exposing the ocean floor, reefs and fish before returning as a fast-moving wall of
water
3. HEAR AN UNUSUAL ROARING SOUND
Roaring- sound similar to that of a train or jet aircraft.

TSUNAMI WARNING SIGN

 DRRR REVIEWER BY MV
What Should You Do When a Tsunami Threatens?
1. Preparations before a tsunami:
a. If you live near or visit a coastal area, learn about the risk of a tsunami. Some at-risk communities have maps with evacuation
zones and routes.
b. Learn the signs of an impending tsunami.
c. Know and practice community evacuation plans and map out your routes from coming from your house, work, and other
areas.
d. Create a family emergency plan with all your family members.
2. During the event of a tsunami:
a. Protect yourself first from an earthquake if you are in a tsunami area. Do the Duck, Cover, and Hold. Tsunamis generated in
distant locations will generally give people enough time to move to higher ground. For locally generated tsunamis, where you
might feel the ground shake, you may only have a few minutes to move to higher ground.
b. If there is a warning, either from the officials or a natural sign, move immediately to a safe place as high and as far from the
inland as possible.
c. If you are outside the tsunami hazard zone and a warning has been issued, stay where you are unless officials tell you
otherwise.
d. If you are in school and a tsunami warning has been issued, follow the advice of teachers and other school personnel.
e. If you are at home and hear there is a tsunami warning, you should make sure your entire family is aware of the warning.
Move in an orderly, calm and safe manner to the evacuation site or to any safe place outside your evacuation zone. Always
follow the evacuation instructions of local emergency and law enforcement authorities.
f. High, multi-story, reinforced concrete hotels are located in many low-lying coastal areas. The upper floors of these hotels can
provide a safe place to find refuge should there be a tsunami warning and you cannot move quickly inland to higher ground. On
the other hand, homes and small buildings located in low lying coastal areas are not designed to withstand tsunami impacts. Do
not stay in these structures should there be a tsunami warning.
g. Offshore reefs and shallow areas may help break the force of tsunami waves, but large and dangerous waves can still be
threat to coastal residents in these areas. Stay away from all low-lying coastal areas when there is a tsunami warning.
h. If you are in a boat at sea or in a harbor, and a tsunami warning has been issued for your area, do not return to port. Tsunamis
are imperceptible and can cause rapid changes in water level and unpredictable dangerous currents in harbors and ports.
i. Contact the harbor authority before returning to port to verify that conditions in the harbor are safe for navigation and
berthing.

FLOOD AND FLASH FLOOD

FLOOD- is a high-water stage in which water overflows its natural or artificial banks onto normally dry land, such as a river inundating its
floodplain. The effects of floods on human well-being range from unqualified blessings to catastrophes.

Causes of Flooding
1. Heavy rainfall- intense or prolonged rainfall can overwhelm the capacity of rivers, lakes, and drainage systems to handle the incoming water,
leading to flooding.
2. River overflow-When a river's water level exceeds its capacity, it spills over onto surrounding areas, resulting in flooding. This can occur due
to heavy rainfall, rapid snowmelt, or a combination of both.
3. Coastal flooding- storm surges, which are elevated sea levels caused by strong winds and low atmospheric pressure during tropical storms
or hurricanes, can result in flooding along coastlines. Rising sea levels due to climate change also contribute to increased coastal flooding risks.
4. Dam or levee failure- if a dam or levee (a man-made barrier designed to control water flow) fails or is overwhelmed by excessive water, it
can lead to catastrophic flooding downstream. Such failures can be due to structural issues, inadequate maintenance, or extreme weather
conditions.
5. Urbanization and poor drainage- rapid urban development often replaces natural land cover (such as forests and fields) with concrete and
buildings, reducing the ground's ability to absorb water. This can lead to increased surface runoff and overwhelm drainage systems, causing
urban flooding
6. Deforestation- clearing forests for agriculture, logging, or urbanization reduces the natural water-absorbing capacity of the land. Deforested
areas are more prone to soil erosion, which can clog rivers and streams, obstructing the natural flow of water and increasing the risk of floods.
7. Climate change- changing weather patterns and rising global temperatures contribute to more frequent and intense rainfall
events. Climate change also leads to the melting of glaciers and ice caps, raising sea levels and increasing the likelihood of
coastal flooding.

TYPES OF FLOODS
1. Inland flooding- is the technical name for ordinary flooding that occurs in inland areas, hundreds of miles from the coast
2. Flash floods- are caused by heavy rain or the sudden release of water over a short period of time.
3. River-flooding- occurs when water levels in rivers, lakes, and streams rise and overflow onto the surrounding banks, shores, and
neighboring land.
4. Coastal flooding- is the inundation of land areas along the coast by seawater.
5. Urban flooding- occurs when there is a lack of drainage in an urban (city) area.
 DRRR REVIEWER BY MV
FLASHFLOOD- are fast-moving waters that sweep everything in their path. They are caused by heavy rainfall or rapid snow thaw. Flash floods
usually cover a relatively small area and occur with little no notice, generally less than six hours. The rapid water torrents can move large
objects like cars, rocks, and trees.

CHARACTERISTICS
• Quick onset
• High velocity
• Short Duration

CAUSES
•Heavy rain
•Sudden release of dam water
•Debris flow after wildfires

Effects of flooding
 Loss of human lives
 Damage to infrastructure
 Displacement and damage to homes
 Agricultural losses
 Health risks and waterborne diseases
 Agricultural losses
 Environmental damage
 Economic impact

Flash Flood Warning Systems

Technologies used
• Weather radars
• Rain gauges
• Automed sensors

Impacts of Floods and Flash floods

 Loss of life
 Economic Impact
• Disruption of businesses
• Agriculture
• Transportation networks
 Environmental Impact
• Soil erosion
• Contamination of water sources
• Damage to ecosystems

Flood preparedness and Safety Tips

•Emergency Preparedness: Create a family emergency plan and assemble a disaster supply kit.
•Stay Informed: Monitor weather forecasts, warnings, and evacuation orders.
•Avoid floodwaters: Do not walk, swim, or drive through flooded areas.
• Evacuation procedures: Know evacuation routes and have a plan for relocating to higher ground.

Flood Mitigation Strategies

• Floodplain zoning: Restricting construction in flood-prone areas.
•Stormwater Management: Improving drainage systems and retention ponds.
• Flood control infrastructure: constructing leeves, dams, and flood barriers.
• Afforestation and watershed management: Planting trees and preserving natural water storage areas